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Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm

Naïve Bayes algorithm is a supervised learning algorithm, which is based on Bayes
theorem and used for solving classification problems.

It is mainly used in text classification that includes a high-dimensional training dataset.

Naïve Bayes Classifier is one of the simple and most effective Classification algorithms
which helps in building the fast machine learning models that can make quick
predictions.

It is a probabilistic classifier, which means it predicts on the basis of the probability

of an object.

Some popular examples of Naïve Bayes Algorithm are spam filtration, Sentimental
analysis, and classifying articles.

Why is it called Naïve Bayes?

The Naïve Bayes algorithm is comprised of two words Naïve and Bayes, Which can be
described as:

Naïve: It is called Naïve because it assumes that the occurrence of a certain feature is
independent of the occurrence of other features. Such as if the fruit is identified on the
bases of color, shape, and taste, then red, spherical, and sweet fruit is recognized as an
apple. Hence each feature individually contributes to identify that it is an apple without
depending on each other.

Bayes: It is called Bayes because it depends on the principle of Bayes' Theorem.

Bayes' Theorem:
Bayes' theorem is also known as Bayes' Rule or Bayes' law, which is used to determine
the probability of a hypothesis with prior knowledge. It depends on the conditional
probability.

The formula for Bayes' theorem is given as:

Where,

P(A|B) is Posterior probability: Probability of hypothesis A on the observed event B.

P(B|A) is Likelihood probability: Probability of the evidence given that the probability of a
hypothesis is true.

P(A) is Prior Probability: Probability of hypothesis before observing the evidence.

P(B) is Marginal Probability: Probability of Evidence.

Working of Naïve Bayes' Classifier:

Working of Naïve Bayes' Classifier can be understood with the help of the below example:

Suppose we have a dataset of weather conditions and corresponding target variable "Play".
So using this dataset we need to decide that whether we should play or not on a particular day
according to the weather conditions. So to solve this problem, we need to follow the below
steps:

1. Convert the given dataset into frequency tables.

2. Generate Likelihood table by finding the probabilities of given features.

3. Now, use Bayes theorem to calculate the posterior probability.

Problem: If the weather is sunny, then the Player should play or not?

Solution: To solve this, first consider the below dataset:

Outlook Play

0 Rainy Yes

1 Sunny Yes

2 Overcast Yes

3 Overcast Yes

4 Sunny No

5 Rainy Yes

6 Sunny Yes

7 Overcast Yes

8 Rainy No
 9 Sunny No

10 Sunny Yes

11 Rainy No

12 Overcast Yes

13 Overcast Yes

Frequency table for the Weather Conditions:

Weather Yes No

Overcast 5 0

Rainy 2 2

Sunny 3 2

Total 10 5

Likelihood table weather condition:

Weather No Yes

Overcast 0 5 5/14= 0.35

Rainy 2 2 4/14=0.29

Sunny 2 3 5/14=0.35

All 4/14=0.29 10/14=0.71

Applying Bayes'theorem:

P(Yes|Sunny)= P(Sunny|Yes)*P(Yes)/P(Sunny)

P(Sunny|Yes)= 3/10= 0.3

P(Sunny)= 0.35

P(Yes)=0.71

So P(Yes|Sunny) = 0.3*0.71/0.35= 0.60

P(No|Sunny)= P(Sunny|No)*P(No)/P(Sunny)

P(Sunny|NO)= 2/4=0.5

P(No)= 0.29

P(Sunny)= 0.35

So P(No|Sunny)= 0.5*0.29/0.35 = 0.41

So as we can see from the above calculation that P(Yes|Sunny)>P(No|Sunny)

Hence on a Sunny day, Player can play the game.

Advantages of Naïve Bayes Classifier:

Naïve Bayes is one of the fast and easy ML algorithms to predict a class of datasets.

It can be used for Binary as well as Multi-class Classifications.

It performs well in Multi-class predictions as compared to the other Algorithms.

It is the most popular choice for text classification problems.

Disadvantages of Naïve Bayes Classifier:

Naive Bayes assumes that all features are independent or unrelated, so it cannot learn
the relationship between features.

Applications of Naïve Bayes Classifier:

It is used for Credit Scoring.

It is used in medical data classification.

It can be used in real-time predictions because Naïve Bayes Classifier is an eager

learner.

It is used in Text classification such as Spam filtering and Sentiment analysis.

Types of Naïve Bayes Model:

There are three types of Naive Bayes Model, which are given below:

Gaussian: The Gaussian model assumes that features follow a normal distribution. This
means if predictors take continuous values instead of discrete, then the model assumes
 that these values are sampled from the Gaussian distribution.

Multinomial: The Multinomial Naïve Bayes classifier is used when the data is
multinomial distributed. It is primarily used for document classification problems, it
means a particular document belongs to which category such as Sports, Politics,
education, etc.
The classifier uses the frequency of words for the predictors.

Bernoulli: The Bernoulli classifier works similar to the Multinomial classifier, but the
predictor variables are the independent Booleans variables. Such as if a particular word is
present or not in a document. This model is also famous for document classification
tasks.

Python Implementation of the Naïve Bayes algorithm:

Now we will implement a Naive Bayes Algorithm using Python. So for this, we will use the
"user_data" dataset, which we have used in our other classification model. Therefore we can
easily compare the Naive Bayes model with the other models.

Steps to implement:

Data Pre-processing step

Fitting Naive Bayes to the Training set

Predicting the test result

Test accuracy of the result(Creation of Confusion matrix)

Visualizing the test set result.

1) Data Pre-processing step:

In this step, we will pre-process/prepare the data so that we can use it efficiently in our code. It
is similar as we did in data-pre-processing. The code for this is given below:

Importing the libraries

import numpy as nm
import matplotlib.pyplot as mtp
import pandas as pd

# Importing the dataset

dataset = pd.read_csv('user_data.csv')
 x = dataset.iloc[:, [2, 3]].values
y = dataset.iloc[:, 4].values

# Splitting the dataset into the Training set and Test set
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, test_size = 0.25, random_state = 0)

# Feature Scaling
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
sc = StandardScaler()
x_train = sc.fit_transform(x_train)
x_test = sc.transform(x_test)

In the above code, we have loaded the dataset into our program using "dataset =
pd.read_csv('user_data.csv'). The loaded dataset is divided into training and test set, and then
we have scaled the feature variable.

The output for the dataset is given as:

2) Fitting Naive Bayes to the Training Set:

After the pre-processing step, now we will fit the Naive Bayes model to the Training set. Below
is the code for it:

# Fitting Naive Bayes to the Training set

from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
classifier = GaussianNB()
classifier.fit(x_train, y_train)
In the above code, we have used the GaussianNB classifier to fit it to the training dataset. We
can also use other classifiers as per our requirement.

Output:

Out[6]: GaussianNB(priors=None, var_smoothing=1e-09)

3) Prediction of the test set result:

Now we will predict the test set result. For this, we will create a new predictor variable y_pred,
and will use the predict function to make the predictions.

# Predicting the Test set results

y_pred = classifier.predict(x_test)

Output:
The above output shows the result for prediction vector y_pred and real vector y_test. We can
see that some predications are different from the real values, which are the incorrect
predictions.

4) Creating Confusion Matrix:

Now we will check the accuracy of the Naive Bayes classifier using the Confusion matrix. Below
is the code for it:

# Making the Confusion Matrix

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)

Output:
As we can see in the above confusion matrix output, there are 7+3= 10 incorrect predictions,
and 65+25=90 correct predictions.

5) Visualizing the training set result:

Next we will visualize the training set result using Naïve Bayes Classifier. Below is the code for it:

# Visualising the Training set results

from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
x_set, y_set = x_train, y_train
X1, X2 = nm.meshgrid(nm.arange(start = x_set[:, 0].min() - 1, stop = x_set[:, 0].max() + 1, step =
nm.arange(start = x_set[:, 1].min() - 1, stop = x_set[:, 1].max() + 1, step = 0.01))
mtp.contourf(X1, X2, classifier.predict(nm.array([X1.ravel(), X2.ravel()]).T).reshape(X1.shape),
alpha = 0.75, cmap = ListedColormap(('purple', 'green')))
mtp.xlim(X1.min(), X1.max())
mtp.ylim(X2.min(), X2.max())
for i, j in enumerate(nm.unique(y_set)):
mtp.scatter(x_set[y_set == j, 0], x_set[y_set == j, 1],
c = ListedColormap(('purple', 'green'))(i), label = j)
mtp.title('Naive Bayes (Training set)')
mtp.xlabel('Age')
mtp.ylabel('Estimated Salary')
mtp.legend()
 mtp.show()

Output:

In the above output we can see that the Naïve Bayes classifier has segregated the data points
with the fine boundary. It is Gaussian curve as we have used GaussianNB classifier in our code.

6) Visualizing the Test set result:

# Visualising the Test set results

from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
x_set, y_set = x_test, y_test
X1, X2 = nm.meshgrid(nm.arange(start = x_set[:, 0].min() - 1, stop = x_set[:, 0].max() + 1, step =
nm.arange(start = x_set[:, 1].min() - 1, stop = x_set[:, 1].max() + 1, step = 0.01))
mtp.contourf(X1, X2, classifier.predict(nm.array([X1.ravel(), X2.ravel()]).T).reshape(X1.shape),
alpha = 0.75, cmap = ListedColormap(('purple', 'green')))
mtp.xlim(X1.min(), X1.max())
mtp.ylim(X2.min(), X2.max())
for i, j in enumerate(nm.unique(y_set)):
mtp.scatter(x_set[y_set == j, 0], x_set[y_set == j, 1],
c = ListedColormap(('purple', 'green'))(i), label = j)
mtp.title('Naive Bayes (test set)')
mtp.xlabel('Age')
mtp.ylabel('Estimated Salary')
mtp.legend()
 mtp.show()

Output:

The above output is final output for test set data. As we can see the classifier has created a
Gaussian curve to divide the "purchased" and "not purchased" variables. There are some wrong
predictions which we have calculated in Confusion matrix. But still it is pretty good classifier.

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