MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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FLUID MACHINERY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
What is a pump?
a pump is a machine used to move
liquid through a piping system and
to raise the pressure of the liquid.
a machine that uses several energy
transformations to increase the
pressure of a liquid.
Pumps have two main
purposes.
Transfer of liquid from one place to
another place ( e.g. water from an
underground into a water storage
tank).
Circulate liquid around a system
(e.g. cooling water or lubricants
through machines and equipment).
- FLUID MACHINERY ... ,~
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING -·., ··
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01.
STATIC ELEVATION
A liquid's pressure must be increased to
raise the liquid from one elevation to a
:....~ higher elevation. This might be necessary,
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for example, to move liquid from one floor
I _-I" l_ __ of a building to a higher floor, or to pump
liquid up a hill.
0 2. Friction
It is necessary to increase the pressure of a
liquid to move the liquid through a piping
system and overcome frictional losses.
Liquid moving through a system of pipes,
alves, and fittings experiences frictional
losses along the way. These losses vary with
he geometry and material of the pipe,
alves, and fittings, with the viscosity and
density of the liquid, and with the flow rate.
03. Pressure. 04. Velocity.
In some systems, it is necessary to
increase the pressure of the liquid for Not all of the velocity energy in a pump is converted
process reasons. In addition to moving to potential or pressure energy. The outlet or
the liquid over changes in elevation and discharge connection of most pumps is smaller
through a piping system, the pressure of than the inlet or suction connection. Because
a liquid must often be increased to liquids are, practically speaking, incompressible,
move the liquid into a pressurized vessel, the velocity of the liquid leaving the pump is higher
such as a boiler or fractionating tower, than that entering the pump. This velocity head
or into a pressurized pipeline, or it may may need to be taken into account (depending on
be necessary to overcome a vacuum in the point of reference) when computing pump total
the supply vessel. head to meet svstem reauirements.
FLUID MACHINERY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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Pumping
System
COM PON ENT S
Pump casing and impelle rs Other fittings, control s and instrum entatio n
Prime movers: electric motors, diesel End-use equipm ent, which have differen t
engines or air system requirements (e.g. pressure, flow) and
therefo redeter mine the pumpin g system
Piping used to carry the fluid components and configu ration. Examples
include heatexchangers, tanks and hydrau lic
Valves, used to control the flow in the machines.
system
CLASSIFICATION
OF PUMPS
There exist a wide variety of pumps that are designed for various specific applications.
However, most of them can be broadly classified into two categories as mentioned below.
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- 0 J. Dynami c Pressure Pumps
energy is continuously added to the liquid to increase its velocity. When the liquid
velocity is subsequently reduced, this produces a pressure increase. Although
there are several special types of pumps that fall into this classification, for the
most part this classification consists of centrifugal pumps.
0 2. Positive Displacement Pumps
In a PO pump, energy is periodically added to the liquid by the direct application of
a force to one or more movable volumes of liquid. This causes an increase in
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pressure up to the value required to move the liquid through ports in the discharge
q line. The important points here are that the energy addition is periodic (i.e., not
continuous) and that there is a direct application of force to the liquid. This is most
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easily visualized through the example of a reciprocating piston or plunger pump.
As the piston or plunger moves back and forth in the cylinder, it exerts a force
directly on the liquid, which causes an increase in the liquid pressure.
Pwnps
Dynamic pressure pumps l PHidw
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Centrifuaal
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• Propeller I Redprocalin&
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Rotary
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• Turbine
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• Piston • Gear
• Diaphra1m • Lobe
• Screw
• Vane
• Rotary
plunaer
DYNAMI-·
PRESSU
PUMPS
In dynamic pressure pump,
during pumping action,
tangential force is imparted
which accelerates the fluid
normally by rotation of
impeller. Some systems
which contain dynamic
pump may require positive
displacement pump for
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pnm1ng.
They are normally used for
moderate to high
discharge rate. The
pressure differential range
for this type of pumps is in
a range of low to moderate.
They are popularly used in
a system where low
viscosity fluids are used.
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How does Centrifugal
Pump works? . eller
a centrifugal pump cons ists of an irnP d
a
attached to and rotating with the shaf t an a
. II r • In
casing that encloses the 1mped e• to the
.
centrifugal pump, liquid is force msphe nc
h
inlet side of the pump casing by atrno Ast e
pressure or some upstream pressure. rd the
_........ IMPELLE
impeller rotates, liquid moves towa reates a
EYE h'
lier
discharge side of the pump. T is c .
l t
void or reduced pressure area at the irn~e
sing in e'
inlet. The pressure at the pumpdcaressure a
t
. . .
which is higher than this redu ce P
.. I liqUld into
the impeller inlet, forces add1t1ona
99 the impeller to fill the void.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
th e
to the pum p inlet conta ins a noncondensable gas such as air, then
If the pipeline leading sure
ly causes the gas to expand, and suction pres
pressure reduction at the impeller inlet mere th
r unless is
not force liquid into the impeller inlet. Consequently, no pumping action can occu
does
ss known as priming the pump.
noncondensable gas is first eliminated, a proce
Pressure s1 e
Driveshaf
u flange
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If vapors of the liquid being
pumped are present on the
suction side of the pump, this
results in cavitation, which can
cause serious damage to the
pump. liquid t •
Once it reaches the rotating impeller• the en enng the
. asing ,·n .
pump moves along the impeller vanes' incre ve1oc,ty •
a cent rifug al pum p a as It
progresses. The vanes in re usually
the direction of rotat ion. curved
backward to
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es of Dynamic '
:J C
ressure Pumps [ J C J ( ( I )I ( ) C J C
PROPELLER PU M p99~- --- --- --- --- --
propeller pump is a high flow, low lift
impeller type device featuring a linear flow
~ath. The propeller pump may be installed
m. a . vertical, horizontal, or angled
orientation and typically has its motor
situated above the water level with the
impeller below water. These pumps
function by drawing water up an outer
Outlet
casing and out of a discharge outlet via a casing
propeller bladed impeller head.
Shalt
One thing that needs to be kept in mind Propell11•
while using a propeller pump is the head
capacity. If there is even a slight increase
in size of a pumping head it can lead to
large decrease in the amount of water What are the advantages of a propeller pump?
supplied. It is vital that a propeller pump is • Deliver large amounts of water at low pressure
operated with the as lower a head as • Can work with both external source of powe r
possible. Increasing the head capacity not or with internal combustion engine
only decreases the water output but also • Can pump water with sand in it
leads to increase in consumption of power. • These pumps are portable
Main usage of Propeller Pump
The working of a propeller pump makes
it ideal for drawing out for Irrigation and
drainage in agriculture as well as in
fisheries. It is not a complex machine to
Install and use. Propeller pumps can be
powered by single-cylinder petrol or
diesel engines and can be used for
irrigation and drainage by smaller
farmers. The designs have evolved over
the years to give more performance over
the years.
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s of Dynamic
J6
;ressure Pumps
TURBINE PUMP
pressure
Turbine pumps are centrifugal pumps that use
a rotary mech anism to
and flow in combination with
oy blade geom etry,
transfer fluid. They typically empl
s to add
which causes fluid circulation around the vane
s operate
pressure from inlet to outlet. Turbine pump
impe ller.
using kinetic energy to move fluid utilizing an
housing
The centrifugal force drives the liquid to the
ller or
wall in close proximity to the vanes of the impe
urved
nstead of having the traditional backward-c propeller. The cyclic al move ment of the impe ller
has radia lly
anes. a regenerative turbine impeller produces pressure in the pump ing bowl. The shap e of
depth
riented teeth or buckets, having an increasing turbine pumps also contributes to suction and disch arge
s, it
vith increasing diameter. As the impeller rotate rates.
moves
ncreases the liquid's velocity. As the liquid
sing
)ast the teeth, the expanding area from the increa
liquid velocity to decrease,
fepth causes the
1chieving the chang
e to pressure energy The most common application for the regenera
tive
rs. For
turbine pump is small commercial boile
ve the
applications where this pump type can achie
mos t
hydraulics, it is often the lowest cost and
as a
compact alternative, although not as effic ient
sets
multistage pump. Another characteristic that
othe r
the regenerative turbi ne apar t from
le up
centrifugal pumps is that the pum p can hand
in the
to 20% vapor or noncondensable gases
pumped liquid
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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMPS
pum p is
The term positive displacement
ps are
quite descriptive, because such pum
a mor e or less fixed
designed to displace
cycle of
volume of fluid during each
operation.
rmin ed by
The volumetric flow rate is dete
of the moving
the displacement per cycle
roca ting)
member (either rotating or recip
times the cycle rate (e.g. rpm).
design,
The flow capacity is thus fixed by the
the pum p.
size, and operating speed of
the pump
The pressure (or head) that
resistance
develops depends upon the flow
is installed
of the system in which thepump
of the driving
and is limi ted only by the size
s.
mot or and the stre ngth of the part
from the
Consequently, the discharge line
pum p should never be closed off
allowing for recyclearound the
with out
pum p or s
damage to the pump could result.
classifications
Displacement pum ps are
Positive
ating
classified into two types: reciproc
and rotary pumps.
Piston
Types of reciprocating pumps are
Pump and Diapragm Pum p.
Pumps,
Types of Rotary Pumps are Gear
pum p,
Lobe Pump, Screw pump, Vane
and rotary plunger pump.
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ECIPROCATING sit ive o,s p ac pu rn P
typ es of Po
PUMPS
Piston P u m p
e of po sit ive
A pis ton pu mp is a typ
ere the hig h-
dis pla ce me nt pu mp wh
s wi th the
pressure sea lre cip roc ate
pis ton cyl ind er
pis ton . The pu mp has a
, go es aw ay
arr an ge me nt. As the pis ton
pre ssu re is
aft ert he delivery sto ke , low
ich op en s the
cre ate d in the cyl ind er wh
rds tok e, the
suc tio n valve. On for wa
cyl ind er is
flu id fille d inside the
op en s the
compressed wh ich int ern
ry of liq uid .
delivery valve for the de live
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Diaphragm Pump
the reciprocating
uses a com bin ati on of
op las tic or Teflon
act ion of a rubber, the rm
non-return check
dia ph rag m and suitable
metimes thi s typ e
valves to pu mp a fluid. So
mbrane pump.
of pu mp is also called a me
ROTAR
PUM PS
In rotary pumps, relative movement between rotating elements and the stationary element
of the pumpcause the pumping action. The operation is different from reciprocating
pumps, where valves and a pistonare integral to the pump. They also differ from centrifugal
pumps, where high velocity is turned intopressure. Rotary pumps are designed so that a
continuous seal is maintained between inlet and outlet portsby the action and position of
the pumping elements and close running clearances of the pump. Therefore,rotary pumps
do not require valve arrangements similar to reciprocating pumps.
Master Gear Lobe pumps are similar to external gear pumps
in operation in that fluid flows around the
interior of the casing. As the lobes come out of
mesh, they create expanding volume on the inlet
side of the pump. Liquid flows into the cavity
and is trapped by the lobes as they rotate. Liquid
travels around the interior of the casing in the
pockets between the lobes and the casing.
Finally, the meshing of the lobes forces liquid
Slave Gear
through the outlet port under pressure.
Gear pumps Vane Pump
Uses the meshing of gears to Lobe pump A rotary vane pump is a
pump fluid by displacement. Discharge positive-displacement pump
They are one of the most that consists of vanes
common types of pumps for mounted to a rotorthat rotates
hydraulic fluid power inside of a cavity. In some
applications. The rigid design cases, these vanes can be
of the gears and houses allow variable length and/or
for very high pressures and the tensioned tomaintain contact
ability to pump highly viscous with the walls as the pump
fluids. Suction rotates.
Screw Pump
These pumps are rotary, positive displacement pumps that
can have one or more screws to transfer high or low viscosity
fluids along an axis. Although progressive cavity pumps can be Rotary Plunger Pump
referred to as a single screw pumps, typically screw pumps The pumping action takes place by rotating rotor and
have two or more intermeshing screws rotating axially reciprocating plunger. In a rotary plunger rotary pump, the
clockwise or counterclockwise. Each screw thread is matched axes of the plungers are perpendicular to the rotational
to carry a specific volume of fluid. Screw pumps provide a axis of the rotor or at an angle of not less than 45° to the
specific volume with each cycle and can be dependable in axis; the rotor is located eccentrically with respect to the
metering applications. axis of the case.
