Lecture - 05 - Elements of Civil Engineering
Lecture - 05 - Elements of Civil Engineering
Structural Engineering
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Bridges
A bridge is a structure that is used to get from one side of an
obstacle (such as a river, lake, or road) to the other side.
Importance of Bridges:
• Connects difficult terrains
• Easy trade and transportation of goods
• Reduces travelling time
• Military use
• Political and economic importance
• Less emission due to displacement
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PM Modi inaugurates India's longest rail-road bridge in Assam
The 4.94km-long Bogibeel Bridge in Assam is India’s longest rail cum road bridge
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Components of Bridge
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Pier/Abutment
• Pier is a part of the substructure which supports the
superstructure at the end of the span and which transfers loads
on the superstructure to the foundations.
• Depending up on aesthetics, site, space and economic
constraints various shapes of piers are adopted to suit to the
requirement.
• Mostly Reinforced Concrete or prestressed concrete are
adopted for the construction of piers.
• Piers are compression members. Depending on the loading and
bearing articulations, piers may be subjected to bending as
well.
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Bearing
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Girders and Deck slab
• Girder is a large iron or steel beam or compound structure used
for building bridges and the framework of large buildings.
• Girder is the part of superstructure which is under bending along
the span.
• It is the load bearing member which supports the deck.
• Span is the distance between points of support (i.e. piers,
abutment).
• Deck is bridge floor directly carrying traffic loads.
• Deck transfers loads to the Girders depending on the decking
material.
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Types of Bridges
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Cable stayed bridge
• Cable stayed bridges are usually constructed over gorges (Narrow
valley) in hilly countries where the water flow in the stream below is
very fast.
• Cable stayed bridges are constructed with boulders where piers
cannot be easily constructed.
• These bridges have a span of 150 meters and are usually meant for
pedestrian traffic.
• The deck is supported by long cables carried over tall towers
provided at their ends.
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Cable stayed bridge
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Suspension bridge
• Suspension bridges are long-span bridges involving creative
works and great skill on the part of the bridge engineer.
• For the stability of such long-span bridges of 600 m and above,
considerations has to be given for the following parameters.
(a) the control of aerodynamic movement,
(b) the local angle changes in the deck and
(c) vertical oscillations caused by serve winds
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Suspension bridge
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Cantilever bridge
• It is so called as in a single span there are cantilever arms from
each pier to the ends where the freely supported suspended span
rests.
• Cantilever bridges, due to their heavier weights and labor involved
in construction compared to the cable stayed bridges for the same
spans, are no longer popular.
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Cantilever bridge
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Truss bridge
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Truss bridge
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Arch bridge
• In case of arch bridges the abutments must be strong enough to carry the
thrust exerted by the ribs.
• In such cases heavy expensive abutments will be required, unless there is
a gorge with rocky banks which might be strong enough to bear the load
exerted by the ribs; and it is in such situations where arch bridges are
most recommended.
• Arch bridges may be made of masonry or steel. For long spans, steel arch
bridges are generally used.
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Arch bridge
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