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Sad Reviewer Chimney

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12 views3 pages

Sad Reviewer Chimney

Uploaded by

aachecheutautauta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Igneous Rocks – formed from molten materials that cooled and hardened.

Has 2 types: Intrusive or


Plutonic and Extrusive or Volcanic.

Intrusive or Plutonic – Formed within Earth’s interior due to solidification of magma.

Extrusive of Volcanic – formed from cooling of the lava.

Sedimentary Rocks – formed from sand, shells and other particles known as sediment. Also formed
from pre-existing rocks like igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks.

Clastic – Mechanically-weathered and cemented.

Chemical – Chemical reaction occurred in forming rocks.

Organic – formed from organic debris, shells & bones.

Metamorphic rocks – formed under the surface of the earth from metamorphoses.

The three rocks classification undergo in Rock Cycle.


Contact – if there is a direct source of heat.
Regional – happens in larger area.
basalt - dark-colored rock Schist – exposure to heat
Dolomite – accumulation of land
Amphibolite - formed from high viscosity Gabbro – exhibits properties
Diorite – coarse-grained rock from cooling of lava Quartzite – from sandstone
Breccia – rock filled with small particles Flint – tough rock
Slate – layered/banded appearance Obsidian – dark colored volcanic gas
Granite – solidification of molten lava Hornfels – baked rock
Sandstone – sand-sized weathering Siltstone – mechanical weathering debris
Water – chemical substance with hydrogen and oxygen and clear, colorless, odorless, tasteless

Life – originated in aqueous solutions

Sources of water:

• Surface water – any body of water above ground, streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs
and creeks.

Perennial or Permant – Surface water persists throughout the year.

Ephermal or Semi-Permanent – Surface water exists only part of the year.

Man-made – Surface water found in artificial structures.

• Groundwater – water found underground, stored in and moves slowly through geologic
formation called aquifers.

Serious threats of human activities to our water supply:

• Sedimentation – activities like farming, forest clearing, building roads, and mining.
• Pollution – Industrial waste, sewage, runoff from farmlands, cities, factory effluents.
• Climate change – reducing runoff in areas already suffering from water shortages.

Glaciers – are affected by climate change.


Minerals – naturally occurring substances.

Mining – excavates the ground to find ore.

Exploration – Is the first stage in the mining cycle.

Prospecting - The land’s geology is evaluated for mineral deposits. Done to identify any geohazards.

Drilling – Next step in the mining cycle.

Modeling – Process wherein the collected data from various surveys in creating a map.

Development and design – the site is assessed if it can be operated in a responsible manner.

• Scoping – Identifying the scope of the mining operation.


• Feasibility Studies – identifying the resources needed.
• Procurement option of necessary facilities and equipment – materials and facilities needed.

Construction – building roads to access mining sites.

Production – stage where the actual extracting of minerals occurs.

Closure and reclamation – process of closing the mine and returning the land to its original form.

Mining techniques

Communution – reduction process of ore particles.

Dredging – underwater excavation of placer deposits.

Dewatering – removal of superficial water.

Ways to mine ores:

• Surface Mining – allows the extraction of ores that are close to the earth’s surface.

Open-pit Mining – Removal of mineral deposits from open-air pit.

• Strip Mining – removal of soil and rock material above a layer or seam.
• Placer Mining – separating valuable metals from sediments in river channels.

Mountaintop removal mining – blasts 120 meters of the mountain via use of explosives.

• In-situ Mining – Known as solution mining used in mining uranium.

• Underground Mining – recover ores that are deeper into earth’s surface.

Fossil Fuels – Hydrocarbons formed from remains of plants and animals.

Andreas Libavius – introduced the theory that fossil fuels formed from remains of dead organism.

Mikhail Lomonosov – 1757. Fossil fuels examples: coal, oil, natural gas, kerosene, propane.

Three types of fossil fuels: Coal, Natural Gas & Petroleum

Coal – formed from decay of land vegetation. Used to cook food, produce steam in railway, used to
generate electricity in thermal plants, used as fuel.

Petroleum – clear, oily liquid, has strange smell, mixture of petroleum gas, diesel, parrafin wax, petrol,
lubricating oil, etc.
Natural gas – clean non-toxic fossil fuel. Colourless and odorless transferred through pipes, stored
under high pressure, less polluting, less expensive fossil fuel.

Methane – most important natural gas.

Advantages

• Can generate large amount of electricity at single location.


• They are found easily and cost-effective and have become safer over time.
• Even if they are a finite resource, it is available in plenty.

Disadvantages

• Emit carbon dioxide when burnt which is a greenhouse gas, it can cause pollution.
• They are non-renewable sources, once used, they cannot be replaced.
• Combustion of fossil fuels makes environment more acidic.
• Harvesting of fossil fuels can cause fatal diseases.

Humans – have always harnessed energy from the planet.

Planet – caters to different energy which we can use to run power plants.

Geothermal Energy – heat tapped from Earth’s Interior. Two ways to harness this: Geothermal power
plants – generating steam, makes electricity and Geothermal heat pumps – for household purposes.

3 types of geothermal power plants

• Dry steam plants – uses steam directly


• Flash steam plants – take high pressure hot water from deep inside the earth.
• Binary-cycle power plants – transfer the heat to another liquid.

Geothermal heat pumps – Used to heat and cool buildings.

Aircons and refrigerators are examples of heat pumps.

Hydroelectric Energy – Kinetic energy produced by running water.

Types of Hydroelectric energy plants

• Impoundment facility
• Diversion facility
• Pumped-storage facility
•
• Soil – contains minerals, soil organic matter, living organisms, gas and water. Soil Function:
Medium for plant growth - Anchor for plants roots as a water holding tank. Habitat for many organism –
soils are the environment in which seeds grow. Filtration system for surface water – The water moves into
the underground aquifers. Carbon Store – soil contains large amounts of stored carbon. Maintenance of
atmospheric gases – Soils naturally absorbs carbon from the atmosphere in a process known as a
sequestration.
• Farming – Use of fertilizers, organic or artificial, affects the quality of soil.
• Construction – To make roads, houses, shopping malls, and other buildings.
• Waste Disposal – Soil pollution refers to anything that causes contamination of soil. Occurs
when the pollutants reduce quality of soil.
• Pesticides and herbicides – two of the major cause of soil pollution.

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