The Role of Supernatural Elements in Shaping Narrative and Theme in Medieval English Literature: A

Study of Beowulf

Supernatural elements have played a fundamental role in the development of narrative and thematic
elements within medieval English literature. This essay aims to explore the profound influence of
supernatural elements by focusing on the epic poem Beowulf. By thoroughly analyzing the presence
and function of supernatural elements in Beowulf, we can gain a deeper understanding of their
significance in shaping the narrative and thematic dimensions of this iconic medieval work.

Beowulf, as a quintessential example of medieval English literature, extensively incorporates

supernatural elements throughout its narrative. These elements manifest themselves in various
forms, such as monstrous adversaries, divine intervention, and magical objects. The inclusion of
these supernatural elements effectively transports the reader into a realm beyond the ordinary,
heightening the sense of awe and adventure within the poem.

Supernatural elements in Beowulf serve multiple functions, each contributing to the complexity and
depth of the poem:

For one, they are used for advancing the Plot. Supernatural encounters in Beowulf propel the plot
forward, serving as catalysts for the heroic journey undertaken by the protagonist. For instance, the
malevolent Grendel, described as a descendant of Cain, emerges from the darkness to terrorize the
Danish kingdom. This initial supernatural confrontation sets the stage for the epic battles that ensue.
As Tolkien asserts, "Grendel and his dam are monsters of the primeval doom" (Tolkien 260).
Grendel's existence and subsequent clashes with Beowulf drive the narrative, creating a sense of
urgency and purpose.

Enhancing Characterization:

Supernatural elements also play a crucial role in character development, particularly that of the hero
and his adversaries. Beowulf's confrontations with supernatural beings highlight his exceptional
qualities, showcasing his physical prowess, unwavering courage, and indomitable spirit. These
supernatural adversaries serve as foils against which Beowulf's heroic virtues shine even brighter. As
Drout observes, "The monsters serve to magnify and intensify the hero's greatness" (Drout 52).
Through these encounters, the poem delves into the depths of the hero's character, revealing his
resilience and selflessness.

Conveying Symbolism and Allegory:

Supernatural elements in Beowulf often carry symbolic and allegorical significance. The monsters,
such as Grendel and the dragon, represent more than mere physical threats; they embody abstract
concepts, such as evil, chaos, and the transitory nature of life. Grendel's relentless attacks on the
Danes symbolize the struggle between good and evil, while the dragon represents the
impermanence of power and the inevitability of mortality. These supernatural creatures, steeped in
metaphorical resonance, invite readers to contemplate universal themes and engage in moral
reflection.

Thematic Significance of Supernatural Elements in Beowulf

Supernatural elements in Beowulf contribute significantly to the exploration of central themes,
offering profound insights into the medieval worldview:

The Struggle between Good and Evil:

The eternal conflict between good and evil stands as a pervasive theme in Beowulf. The supernatural
adversaries embody the forces of malevolence that threaten the order and harmony of the human
world. Grendel, with his monstrous nature and insatiable bloodlust, represents the embodiment of
evil. Beowulf's valiant battles against these supernatural beings symbolize the perpetual struggle to
uphold righteousness and protect the innocent. The poet describes Grendel as a creature "moved in
darkness" (Beowulf 103-104), emphasizing the contrasting forces at play. Through these encounters,
the poem explores the complexities of moral choices, the consequences of actions, and the nature of
heroism.

The Fragility of Human Existence:

Another significant theme that emerges through the inclusion of supernatural elements in Beowulf is
the transitory nature of life. The poem reminds us of the impermanence of human existence,
highlighting the necessity of courageous and honorable actions. Beowulf and his fellow warriors
navigate a world where death lurks around every corner, where heroic deeds and legacies become
fleeting in the face of inevitable mortality. As the poet laments, "Every day life passes away like a
shadow" (Beowulf 1768). The presence of supernatural beings serves as a reminder of the fragile
nature of existence and the need to act valiantly in the face of uncertainty. The supernatural
elements thus contribute to a reflection on mortality and the transient nature of human life.

Reception and Interpretation of Supernatural Elements in Beowulf

The role of supernatural elements in Beowulf has sparked significant scholarly discussion and
interpretation, offering diverse perspectives on their meaning and significance:

J.R.R. Tolkien, in his influential work "Beowulf and the Critics," challenges the prevailing notion that
Beowulf is primarily a historical document. He argues that the poem's supernatural elements are
central to its artistic and thematic significance. According to Tolkien, the monsters in Beowulf
represent the embodiment of ancient fears and provide a rich mythological context for the hero's
deeds (Tolkien 245-295).

Michael D.C. Drout, in his publication "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics," focuses on the heroic
qualities and virtues that supernatural encounters bring to the forefront. Drout argues that the
supernatural adversaries function as amplifiers, allowing Beowulf's heroic attributes to shine even
brighter (Drout 52).
Moreover, modern adaptations of Beowulf, both in literature and film, often highlight the role of
supernatural elements. The 2007 film adaptation directed by Robert Zemeckis portrays Grendel and
the dragon with stunning visual effects, emphasizing their menacing and otherworldly nature.

Conclusion

In conclusion, supernatural elements play a fundamental and multifaceted role in shaping the
narrative and thematic dimensions of medieval English literature, as exemplified by the epic poem
Beowulf. The prevalence of supernatural encounters in Beowulf advances the plot, enhances
characterization, and delves into symbolic and allegorical dimensions. The themes of the struggle
between good and evil and the transitory nature of life gain depth and resonance through the
inclusion of supernatural elements. Scholars such as Tolkien and Drout have provided valuable
insights into the interpretation and significance of these elements. By delving into the realm of the
supernatural, Beowulf invites readers to contemplate the complexities of human existence and the
eternal struggle between light and darkness.

Works Cited

Primary Source:

Anonymous. Beowulf. Translated by Seamus Heaney, W.W. Norton & Company, 2001.

Secondary Sources:

Drout, Michael D.C. "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics." Medieval Institute Publications, 2011.

Tolkien, J.R.R. "Beowulf and the Critics." Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 22, 1936, pp. 245-
295.

Zemeckis, Robert, director. Beowulf. Paramount Pictures, 2007.