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Sobhit Nirwan Matter in Our Surroundings Class 9

shobit nirwan sir biology class 9 ch-1

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4K views15 pages

Sobhit Nirwan Matter in Our Surroundings Class 9

shobit nirwan sir biology class 9 ch-1

Uploaded by

skabusayeed1979
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Characteristics of these ‘Particles’ of Matter Pada eh Petre ea arm NL Pada mat ae ya States of Matter AUD meh ed The Liquid State MLCT Matter In Our Surroundings Changes of States of Matter Effect of Change in Temperature Effect of Change in Pressure ETT Te nic Cooling Effect due to evaporation The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds , stars, plants and animals, even a small drop of sand- everything is matter. Basically everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists have named matter. Matter on the basis of Physical Properties: Solid, liquid and Gas =. Matter on the basis of Chemical Properties: Elements, Compounds and Mixtures *But in this chapter we'll study about physical nature of matter only. Physical Nature of Matter 7 eS Every matter is made up of ho And, these particles are very very small in size a 24 Characteristics of these ‘Particles’ of Matter: [t] Particles of matter have spaces between in them. When we make tea, coffee or lemonade (nimbu Paani), particles of one type of matter get into the spaces between particles of the other. This Lemon particles shows that there is enough space between particles of matter. articles water Pi Lemonade (Nimbu Paani {a} Particles of matter are continuously moving. The particles inside a matter are continuously moving and due to this motion, they generate kinetic energy. @---:: a Have you noticed when we put a small drop of die in ‘ \ a) glass of water, it instantly dissolves/intermix \ : into it changing the colour of water? | i This intermixing of particles of matter on their own ' , is know as Diffusion. 2) ee I he es eee ee oe a Se, oi Now, tell me one thing? What happens when you put a spoon of sugar into a bowl filled with water? - It will dissolve (but very slowly) Now what will happen if we place this bowl on a gas burner? - The rate of diffusion/intermixing will become faster, right ? sin — — a a This shows that rate of diffusion increases on increasing temperature. OR \ We can also say, with the increase in temperature, the kinetic energy 3 5 ice “particles also i increases. (0) Particles of matter attract each other. Particles of matter have force acting between them. This force keeps the particles together. The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another. For Example: - Particles of solid matter will have high force of attraction which makes solids not easy to break - Liquids will have relatively lower force of attraction, and - Gases then will have relatively more less. OP KO GS won oh gh ven € oe “or Sao & \ (anthem }- - - - er L.P. 4- Which of the following are matter? ' Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, lemon water, smell of perfume. Ans- The chair, air, almonds, lemon water, and the smell of perfume | are considered matter because they have physical properties, occupy space, and possess mass. ; Love, smell, hate, thought, and cold, on the other hand, are not v matter as they are abstract concepts, sensations, or mental processes that lack physical properties. ’ \ L.P. 2: Give reasons for the following observation: t The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away, but. to get the smell from cold food you have to go close. Ans- As we know as we increase the temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles increases and as a result they move faster as \ compared to the food which is cold. This is the reason why the smell | of hot sizzling food reaches us several metres away, but to get the | smell from cold food we have to go close. ( ( fi ' L.P. 3: A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does this observation show? Ans- The diver is able to easily cut through the water in the j swimming pool because of the weak forces of attraction between | water molecules. It is this property of water that contributes to \ easy diving 4 States of Matter ' t t f I i - 21 the Solid State Solids have a definite shape, distinct boundaries and fixed volumes, that is, have negligible compressibility. Solids have a tendency to maintain their shape when subjected to. a outside force. ' i For example: Rubber band. Arubber band changes shape under force and regains the same shape when the force is removed. + But, if excessive force is applied it will break. Therefore- . Solids may break under force but it is difficult to change their shape, So they are rigid. For example: Salt & Sugar both the crystals have a particular shape which is fixed either you put it in any jar or plate. . Generally, solids have higher density as compared to liquids and gases. Dons changes its shape when compressed, how come it is a solid? 4 Generally, solids are considered incompressible because of the i higher intermolecular attraction and closed packed nature. fl Sponge is an exception to these only because of its porous nature | and air cavities. It has minute pores in which air is trapped, on | pressing the air is expelled. 4 /9n fe ca And do you know opposite is also true- decreasing the temperature by cooling, a gas can be converted into liquid and a liquid can be converted into solid state. Sublimation 4% Deposition When. a solid is melted on increaing the temperature, the temperature of the system does not change after the melting point is reached, till all the ice melts. Where does the heat go? When a solid (lets say ice) is melted by heating, this heat gets used up in changing the state by overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles. As this heat energy is absorbed by ice without showing any rise in temperature, it is considered that it gets hidden into the contents of the beaker and is known as the latent heat. The word ‘latent’ means ‘hidden’, at Po now particles of water at 0 C (273 K) have this additonal latent heat which particles of ice dont have. So we can Say, particles in water at 0 C (273 K) have more energy as compared to particles in ice at the same temperature. Similarly, water vapour at 373 K (1000 C) have more energy than water at the same temperature. This is because particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of vaporisation. Latent heat of Fusion (Solid to Liquid Change) The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion. Types of Latent Heat e Latent heat of Vapourisation (Liquid to Gas Change) The amount of heat energy that is required to change 4 kg of a liquid into gas at boiling point without any rise in temperature is known as the latent heat of fusion. * 1 Effect of Change in Pressure: As we know the difference in various states of matter is due to the difference in the distances between the constituent particles. So what if we start putting pressure and compress a gas to make the particles come closer? This will increase the force of attraction between them also as they are more closer now ! Hence, Gases can be liquefied on applying pressure. ¢?—_— | A ee ee ee \ LP. 4- Convert the following temperature to celsius scale: | a300K b, 573K Ans- To convert temperatures from the Kelvin (K) scale to the Celsius (°C) scale, you can use the following formula: °C =K - 273.15 a) 300 K °C = 300 - 273.15 °C = 26.85 ( 1 | | | I | Using this formula, we can convert the given temperatures: \ ( \ Therefore, 300 Kelvin is equivalent to 26.85 degrees Celsius. ' b) 573K °C = 573 - 273.15 °C = 299.85 Therefore, 573 Kelvin is equivalent to 299.85 degrees Celsius. | LP. 2- What is the physical state of water at: a,250C b.100C? Ans- (a) At 250°C - Gaseous state since it is beyond its boiling point. (b) At 100°C - It is at the transition state as the water is at its boiling point. Hence it would be present in both liquid and gaseous state. L.P. 3- For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state? Ans-The temperature remains constant of the substance during change of state as all the heat is used up for the phase change process & breaking the bonds or interparticle force. Therefore, no external heat is released or absorbed & there is wo change in temperature. LP. 4- Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases. Ans-In order to liquefy a gas, the constituent particles or molecules have to be brought closer. The atmospheric gases can be liquefied either by increasing pressure or by decreasing temperature Evaporation Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes into a gas at any temperature below its boiling point. For Example: When we leave a wet cloth in sunlight, the water from the cloth slowly evaporates and turns into water vapor. Why Evaporation occurs? The particles of liquid have different amount of kinetic energies and those particles which are present at the surface possess comparatively higher kinetic energy as compared to those present in the bulk. Therefore, these higher kinetic energies’ particles from surface are able to break away from the force of attraction of other particles and get converted into vapours. A Rfactors affecting evaporation: Temperature: Higher temperatures generally increase the rate of evaporation, as higher temperatures provide more energy to the liquid particles, enabling them to escape and convert into vapor more quickly. Example: When clothes are hung outside on a sunny day, they dry faster due to the higher temperature, which enhances the rate of evaporation. Surface Area: Larger surface areas facilitate faster evaporation, as more liquid molecules are exposed to the surroundings and can escape into the vapor phase. Example: While hanging the clothes outside, we spread them out for faster evaporation. Humidity: Humidity refers to the amount of moisture present in the air. Higher humidity levels result in slower evaporation, as the air is already saturated with moisture and cannot accommodate more water vapor. Example: On a humid day, drying clothes takes longer because the surrounding air is already holding a significant amount of moisture, reducing the rate of evaporation. Wind Speed: Increased air movement enhances evaporation by carrying away the vapor molecules from the liquid surface, thereby maintaining a concentration gradient and allowing more liquid particles to evaporate. Example: Wet clothes dry faster on a windy day because the moving air removes the water vapor from the clothes, promoting faster evaporation. 3! 44 Cooling Effect Due to Evaporation: What does it feels when we put perfume on our palm? Cool cool right?? But why?? It is because of evaporation! When we put some perform or acetone or petrol on our palm, it evaporates very fast (being volatile). During evaporation, particles of the liquid absorbs energy from the surface of the palm to compensate fir the loss of energy, making the surroundings cool. This is why our palm feels cold. And this is known, as cooling effect of evaporation. Daily life examples of this effect: wy “At After a hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof or open ground because the large latent heat of vaporisation of water helps to cool the hot surface. ane

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