EE 271 Lab Report of Experiment 11

Name Sadeem Alsahli ID GR

202161309

Part 1: Z-Parameters Characterization

1. Build the circuit in Figure 1 in Multisim.

2. Apply a test DC voltage source with your choice of value to the input port then to the output port
of the circuit with the other port open.
3. Use a voltmeter and ammeter to read the values of the voltages and currents necessary to compute
Z11, Z12, Z21 and Z22. Observe the proper polarity and direction of the voltages and currents.
4. Record the read values of the voltages and currents in Tables 1 and 2. (Show 3 digits after decimal point)
5. Build the circuit in Figure 1 using hardware components.
6. Apply the same DC voltage source value used for the Multisim to the input port then to the output
port of the circuit with the other port open.
7. Use a voltmeter and ammeter to read the values of the voltages and currents necessary to compute
Z11, Z12, Z21 and Z22. Observe the proper polarity and direction of the voltages and currents.
8. Record the read values of the voltages and currents in Tables 1 and 2. (Show 3 digits after decimal point)
9. Compute and record the Z-parameters based on Multisim and hardware measurements in Table 3.

10 k
I1 I2

1 k 3 k
+ +
V1 V2
 3 k 

Figure 1: Two-Port Circuit Diagram

Table 1: Current and Voltage Measurements for the Circuit of Figure 1

Parameter V1 [V] V2 [V] I1 [mA] I2 [mA]

3 000V 9
Simulation Value .
.

09/ +1 .
273 0

Hardware Value 4 990. V

4 . 096 + 1 . 275 0

% Difference 0 .
200 % 0 .
100 % 0 .
150 % -

Table 2: Current and Voltage Measurements for the Circuit of Figure 1

Parameter V1 [V] V2 [V] I1 [mA] I2 [mA]

Simulation Value 3 . 000

↑
. 000
5 0 0 .

933 mA

4 990
Hardware Value 2 . 992 .

0 0 .

912mA
% Difference 0 .
266 % 0 .
020 %
- 2 .
250 %
 Table 3: Z-Parameters of Two-Port Circuit of Figure 1

Parameter Z11 = Z12 =

E Z21 = Z22 -
928Rn 5 359km
Simulation Value 3 3 215kN 3 214 kn
.

.
. .

3927 7 n 3271 450m

Hardware Value 330n 3205 8 5470 .

,
.
m

% Difference 0 .
00763 % 1 752
.
% 0 .
255 % 1 . 0796 %

Part 2: Analysis of Loaded Two-Port Circuit

1. Build the circuit in Figure 2 in Multisim.

2. Apply 8V DC voltage source and insert multimeters to read the voltage and current of the load
resistance.
3. Run the simulation and record the values of the load voltage and current in Table 4. (Show 3 digits
after decimal point)
4. Build the circuit in Figure 2 using hardware components.
5. Apply 8V DC voltage source and use a voltmeter and an ammeter to read the relevant load resistance’s
voltage and current. Record these values in Table 4. (Show 3 digits after decimal point)

Rs =100  I2
I1 +
2-Port +

RL =1 k
V1 V2
Circuit
Vs  

Figure 2: Loaded Two-Port Circuit

𝐕𝟐 𝐈𝟐
6. Evaluate the voltage gain 𝐆𝐯 =
𝐕𝐬
and current gain 𝐆𝐢 =
𝐈𝟏
and record the results in Table 5.

Table 4: Current and Voltage Measurements for the Circuit of Figure 2

Parameter V1 [V] V2 [V] I1 [mA] I2 [mA]

Simulation Value 7 667
.
1 .
683 3 .

3 29 -
1 .
683

Hardware Value 7 .
649 1 . 688 3 .
314 >
- 1 .
673

% Difference 0 .
235 % 0 .

247 0 .

450 % 0 -
590 %

Table 5: Voltage and Current Gains

Parameter Gv Gi
Simulation Value 0 .

210 -
8 . 505

Hardware Value 0 . 21) - 0 .

504

% Difference 0 . 476 % ,
0 198 %
From the results you obtained answer the following questions:

1. When comparing the simulation and hardware measurement, what would be the sources of any
discrepancies?
- Tolerances and variations in component values: The actual values of resistors, capacitors, and other components used in hardware may deviate from their ideal values. This can result in
differences in circuit behavior, as the performance of the circuit is affected by the actual component values rather than the ideal values assumed in simulations.

- Non-ideal behavior of components: Real-world components may exhibit non-ideal characteristics that are not accurately captured in simulations. For example, resistors may have
temperature-dependent resistance, capacitors may have frequency-dependent capacitance, and diodes may have nonlinear voltage-current characteristics. These non-ideal behaviors can
significantly impact the circuit's performance and introduce discrepancies between hardware behavior and simulation results.

- Measurement errors: Errors can occur during the measurement of component values or circuit parameters using instruments like voltmeters and ammeters. These errors can be due to
instrument inaccuracies, noise, or improper measurement techniques. As a result, the measured values obtained in hardware may differ from the expected values based on simulation
results.

2. Explain whether this two-port circuit is reciprocal, and why?

Is ,
due to 2122

3. Explain whether this two-port circuit is symmetric, and why?

No , due to 2 + 222

21 = 3 -

928M
222 = 5 .

3594n

4. Deduce the values of the Y-parameters directly from your results. * from Simulation

↑ = =
5 .
000 x

↑ 12 -2 999 X
-
.

=
=

↑2 990N5
=
= -2 .
n
=

↑2 665 x 10 In
=

z = 3 .

12 = n 222-212221 =
107/7142

5. Comment on the usefulness of the Z-parameters (and other types of parameters) for analyzing
circuits such as that of Figure 2.

1. Independence of load impedance: Z-parameters are load-independent, which means they are unaffected by the impedance connected to the
output of a network. This makes them particularly useful when dealing with cascaded networks, as they allow for the separate analysis of individual
stages without considering the load impedance.
2. Easy transformation between different parameter sets: Z-parameters can be easily converted to other parameter sets, such as Y-parameters
(admittance parameters), H-parameters (hybrid parameters), and S-parameters (scattering parameters). This flexibility enables the use of different
parameter sets depending on the requirements of the analysis.
3. Intuitive interpretation: Z-parameters have a straightforward physical interpretation. The diagonal elements of the Z-matrix represent the input
impedance seen by each port when all other ports are open-circuited, while the off-diagonal elements represent the voltage transfer ratios between
different ports. This makes it easier to understand the behavior of the circuit in terms of impedance and voltage relationships.
4. Circuit characterization and design: Z-parameters allow for the characterization of circuit behavior, such as gain, impedance matching, and
stability. They provide insights into how a circuit responds to different input and output conditions, aiding in the design and optimization of circuits for
specific applications.
6. Referring to Part 2: Derive the Thevenin equivalent as seen by the load resistance.

Rth
2 793kn
.
-
>

Nu
6 .

383r
L -

>
-

An

6. Based on the Z-parameters obtained in Part 1, derive the expressions for the voltage & current gains
Gv & Gi. (Hint: write KVL equations for the input and output loops, in addition to the Z-parameters equations)
El 2s >
[2
7 &

=
↑ T

V
& O
⑦ VI V2
-
22

-=

vi = 21 + 212 [2

(2 =
221[1 22212
+

vz = 22)(1 + 222(
-
from KWL : -

x1 = vs - [, 2s
(2 =
-

IzzL

ov = 5 =

-S
221
221 F + (2) + 222) z = 0

[c
=
=

- =
-

E
wa

+ 22