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Chapter 6 - Application of Integration

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Chapter 6 - Application of Integration

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Rotation is used in many manufacturing processes. The photo shows an artist throwing a clay pot on a rotating potter’s wheel.

In
Exercise 6.2.87 we explore the mathematics of designing a terra-cotta pot.
Rock and Wasp / Shutterstock.com

6 Applications of Integration
IN THIS CHAPTER WE EXPLORE some of the applications of the definite integral by using it to
compute areas between curves, volumes of solids, and the work done by a varying force. The com-
mon theme is the following general method, which is similar to the one we used to find areas
under curves: We break up a quantity Q into a large number of small parts. We next approximate
each small part by a quantity of the form f sx i*d Dx and thus approximate Q by a Riemann sum.
Then we take the limit and express Q as an integral. Finally we evaluate the integral using the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus or the Midpoint Rule.

435
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
436 CHAPTER 6 Applications of Integration

6.1 Areas Between Curves

In Chapter 5 we defined and calculated areas of regions that lie under the graphs of func-
tions. Here we use integrals to find areas of regions that lie between the graphs of two
functions.

y ■ Area Between Curves: Integrating With Respect to x

y=ƒ
Consider the region S shown in Figure 1 that lies between two curves y − f sxd and
y − tsxd and between the vertical lines x − a and x − b, where f and t are continuous
functions and f sxd > tsxd for all x in fa, bg.
S Just as we did for areas under curves in Section 5.1, we divide S into n strips of equal
width and then we approximate the ith strip by a rectangle with base Dx and height
0 a b x f sx*i d 2 tsx*i d. (See Figure 2. If we like, we could take all of the sample points to be
y=©
right endpoints, in which case x*i − x i.) The Riemann sum
n

o f f sx*i d 2 tsx*i dg Dx
FIGURE 1 i−1

|
S − hsx, yd a < x < b, is therefore an approximation to what we intuitively think of as the area of S.
tsxd < y < f sxdj
y y

f( x *i )
f( x *i ) -g( x *i )

0 a x 0 a x
b b
_ g( x *i )
x *i
Îx

FIGURE 2 (a) Typical rectangle (b) Approximating rectangles

This approximation appears to become better and better as n l `. Therefore we

define the area A of the region S as the limiting value of the sum of the areas of these
approximating rectangles.

n
1 A − lim o f f sx*i d 2 tsx*i dg Dx
n l ` i−1

We recognize the limit in (1) as the definite integral of f 2 t. Therefore we have the
following formula for area.

2 The area A of the region bounded by the curves y − f sxd, y − tsxd, and the lines
x − a, x − b, where f and t are continuous and f sxd > tsxd for all x in fa, bg, is

A − y f f sxd 2 tsxdg dx
b

Notice that in the special case where tsxd − 0, S is the region under the graph of f and
our general definition of area (1) reduces to our previous definition (Definition 5.1.2).

y In the case where both f and t are positive, you can see from Figure 3 why (2) is true:
y=ƒ A − farea under y − f sxdg 2 farea under y − tsxdg
S
− y f sxd dx 2 y tsxd dx − y f f sxd 2 tsxdg dx
b b b
y=© a a a

0 a b x
EXAMPLE 1 Find the area of the region bounded above by y − e x, bounded below by
y − x, and bounded on the sides by x − 0 and x − 1.
FIGURE 3
A − y f sxddx 2 y tsxddx SOLUTION The region is shown in Figure 4. The upper boundary curve is y − e x and
b b

a a
the lower boundary curve is y − x. So we use the area formula (2) with f sxd − e x,
tsxd − x, a − 0, and b − 1:
y
A − y se x 2 xd dx − e x 2 12 x 2 g
1 1

0 0

y=´ x=1 − e 2 12 2 1 − e 2 1.5 n

1 In Figure 4 we drew a typical approximating rectangle with width Dx as a reminder of

y=x Îx the procedure by which the area is defined in (1). In general, when we set up an integral
0 x for an area, it’s helpful to sketch the region to identify the top curve y T , the bottom curve
1
yB, and a typical approximating rectangle as in Figure 5. Then the area of a typical rect-
angle is syT 2 yBd Dx and the equation
FIGURE 4
n

o sy T 2 yBd Dx − ya sy T 2 yBd dx
b
y
A − lim
n l ` i−1
yT
summarizes the procedure of adding (in a limiting sense) the areas of all the typical
yT-yB rectangles.

yB Notice that in Figure 5 the left-hand boundary reduces to a point, whereas in Figure 3
Îx the right-hand boundary reduces to a point. In the next example both of the side boundar-
0 x
ies reduce to a point, so the first step is to find a and b.
a b

EXAMPLE 2 Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabolas y − x 2 and
FIGURE 5
y − 2x 2 x 2.
SOLUTION We first find the points of intersection of the parabolas by solving their
equations simultaneously. This gives x 2 − 2x 2 x 2, or 2x 2 2 2x − 0. Thus
2xsx 2 1d − 0, so x − 0 or 1. The points of intersection are s0, 0d and s1, 1d.
yT=2x-≈ We see from Figure 6 that the top and bottom boundaries are
y
(1, 1) y T − 2x 2 x 2 and yB − x 2

The area of a typical rectangle is

yB=≈
sy T 2 yBd Dx − s2x 2 x 2 2 x 2 d Dx − s2x 2 2x 2 d Dx
Îx
(0, 0) x
and the region lies between x − 0 and x − 1. So the total area is

A − y s2x 2 2x 2 d dx − 2 y sx 2 x 2 d dx
1 1
FIGURE 6
0 0

−2 F x2
2
2
x3
3
G S D
1

0
−2
1
2
2
1
3
−
1
3
n

Sometimes it’s difficult, or even impossible, to find the points of intersection of two
curves exactly. As shown in the following example, we can use a graphing calculator or
computer to find approximate values for the intersection points and then proceed as
before.

EXAMPLE 3 Find the approximate area of the region bounded by the curves
y − xysx 2 1 1 and y − x 4 2 x.
SOLUTION If we were to try to find the exact intersection points, we would have to
solve the equation
x
− x4 2 x
sx 2 1 1

1.5 This looks like a very difficult equation to solve exactly (in fact, it’s impossible), so
x
y= instead we graph the two curves using a computer (see Figure 7). One intersection
œ„„„„„
≈+1
point is the origin, and we find that the other occurs when x < 1.18. So an approxima-
tion to the area between the curves is

F G
_1 2

y
1.18 x
y=x $-x A< 2 sx 4 2 xd dx
0 sx 1 1
2

_1
To integrate the first term we use the substitution u − x 2 1 1. Then du − 2x dx, and
FIGURE 7 when x − 1.18, we have u < 2.39; when x − 0, u − 1. So

du
A < 12 y 2y
2.39 1.18
sx 4 2 xd dx
1 su 0

− su g
1
2.39
2 F x5
5
2
x2
2
G 1.18

s1.18d5 s1.18d2
− s2.39 2 1 2 1
5 2

< 0.785 n

y If we are asked to find the area between the curves y − f sxd and y − tsxd where
y=© f sxd > tsxd for some values of x but tsxd > f sxd for other values of x, then we split the
S¡ S£ given region S into several regions S1, S 2, . . . with areas A1, A 2, . . . as shown in Figure 8.
S™
We then define the area of the region S to be the sum of the areas of the smaller regions
y=ƒ S1, S2, . . . , that is, A − A1 1 A2 1 ∙ ∙ ∙. Since

H
0 a b x
f sxd 2 tsxd when f sxd > tsxd
FIGURE 8
| f sxd 2 tsxd | − tsxd 2 f sxd when tsxd > f sxd

we have the following expression for A.

3 The area between the curves y − f sxd and y − tsxd and between x − a and
x − b is
A−y | f sxd 2 tsxd | dx
b

When evaluating the integral in (3), however, we must still split it into integrals cor-
responding to A1, A2, . . . .

EXAMPLE 4 Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y − sin x, y − cos x,
x − 0, and x − y2.
y SOLUTION The points of intersection occur when sin x − cos x, that is, when x − y4
y =cos x y=sin x (since 0 < x < y2). The region is sketched in Figure 9.
Observe that cos x > sin x when 0 < x < y4 but sin x > cos x when
A¡ A™ y4 < x < y2. Therefore the required area is
π
x=0 x=
2
A−y | cos x 2 sin x | dx − A
y2
1 1 A2
0
0 π π x
4 2
−y scos x 2 sin xd dx 1 y
y4 y2
ssin x 2 cos xd dx
FIGURE 9 0 y4

f g f g
y4 y2
− sin x 1 cos x 0
1 2cos x 2 sin x y4

− S 1
s2
1
s2
1
2 0 2 1 1 20 2 1 1 D S 1
s2
1
s2
1
D
− 2s2 2 2

In this particular example we could have saved some work by noticing that the
region is symmetric about x − y4 and so
y
A − 2A1 − 2 y
y4
y=d
scos x 2 sin xd dx n
0
d

Îy
■ Area Between Curves: Integrating With Respect to y
x=g(y) x=f(y)
Some regions are best treated by regarding x as a function of y. If a region is bounded by
c
y=c curves with equations x − f syd, x − tsyd, y − c, and y − d, where f and t are continu-
ous and f syd > tsyd for c < y < d (see Figure 10), then its area is
0 x
A − y f f syd 2 tsydg dy
d

FIGURE 10 c

y
If we write x R for the right boundary and x L for the left boundary, then, as Figure 11
illustrates, we have
d
A − y sx R 2 x L d dy
d
xL xR c

Îy Here a typical approximating rectangle has dimensions x R 2 x L and Dy.

xR -x L
c EXAMPLE 5 Find the area enclosed by the line y − x 2 1 and the parabola
y 2 − 2x 1 6.
0 x
SOLUTION By solving the two equations simultaneously we find that the points of
FIGURE 11 intersection are s21, 22d and s5, 4d. We solve the equation of the parabola for x and

y
(5, 4)
notice from Figure 12 that the left and right boundary curves are
4
x L − 12 y 2 2 3 and x R − y 1 1
1
x L=2 ¥-3
We must integrate between the appropriate y-values, y − 22 and y − 4. Thus
xR=y+1

0 x
A − y sx R 2 x L d dy − y
4

22
4

22
fsy 1 1d 2 ( 12 y 2
2 3) dy g
_2 −y (212 y 2 1 y 1 4) dy
4
(_1, _2)
22

FIGURE 12
−2
1
2
S D y3
3
1
y2
2
1 4y G 4

22
y
− 216 s64d 1 8 1 16 2 ( 43 1 2 2 8) − 18 n
y= œ„„„„„
2x+6
(5, 4)
NOTE We could have found the area in Example 5 by integrating with respect to x
A™ instead of y, but the calculation is much more involved. Because the bottom boundary
y=x-1
consists of two different curves, it would have meant splitting the region in two and
3 A¡ 0 x computing the areas labeled A1 and A2 in Figure 13. The method we used in Example 5
(_1, _2)
is much easier.

y=_ œ„„„„„
2x+6 EXAMPLE 6 Find the area of the region enclosed by the curves y − 1yx, y − x, and
y − 14 x, using (a) x as the variable of integration and (b) y as the variable of integration.
FIGURE 13
SOLUTION The region is graphed in Figure 14.
(a) If we integrate with respect to x, we must split the region into two parts because the
y
top boundary consists of two separate curves, as shown in Figure 15(a). We compute the
area as

S D
1 1
y=x 1 1
A − A1 1 A 2 − y ( x 2 14 x) dx 1 y
1 2
y=x 2 x dx
0 1 x 4
y= 41 x
f 38 x g f g
1 2
− 2
1 ln x 2 18 x 2 − ln 2
0 1 2 x 0 1

(b) If we integrate with respect to y, we also need to divide the region into two parts
FIGURE 14 because the right boundary consists of two separate curves, as shown in Figure 15(b).
We compute the area as

A − A1 1 A 2 − y
1y2

0
(4y 2 y) dy 1 y1y2
1
S D
1
y
2 y dy

f 32 y g f g
1y2 1
− 2
0
1 ln y 2 12 y 2 1y2
− ln 2

y y
(1, 1) (1, 1)

1 1 1 1
y=x x=y
1 x=y 1
y=x ”2, 2 ’ A™ ”2, 2 ’
A¡ A™ 1
2
A¡
y= 41 x x=4y
0 1 2 x 0 1 2 x

FIGURE 15 (a) (b) n

■ Applications
√ (mi/h) EXAMPLE 7 Figure 16 shows velocity curves for two cars, A and B, that start side by
60 side and move along the same road. What does the area between the curves represent?
50 A Use the Midpoint Rule to estimate it.
40
SOLUTION We know from Section 5.4 that the area under the velocity curve A repre-
30 B sents the distance traveled by car A during the first 16 seconds. Similarly, the area
20 under curve B is the distance traveled by car B during that time period. So the area
10 between these curves, which is the difference of the areas under the curves, is the
distance between the cars after 16 seconds. We read the velocities from the graph and
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 t
convert them to feet per second s1 miyh − 5280
3600 ftysd.
(seconds)

FIGURE 16 t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
vA 0 34 54 67 76 84 89 92 95
vB 0 21 34 44 51 56 60 63 65

vA 2 vB 0 13 20 23 25 28 29 29 30

We use the Midpoint Rule with n − 4 intervals, so that Dt − 4. The midpoints of

the intervals are t1 − 2, t2 − 6, t3 − 10, and t4 − 14. We estimate the distance between
the cars after 16 seconds as follows:

y
16
svA 2 vB d dt < Dt f13 1 23 1 28 1 29g
0

− 4s93d − 372 ft n

EXAMPLE 8 Figure 17 is an example of a pathogenesis curve for a measles infection.

It shows how the disease develops in an individual with no immunity after the measles
virus spreads to the bloodstream from the respiratory tract.
N
1500

1000
Number of
infected cells
per mL of
blood plasma
500

Symptoms Pathogen
appear is cleared
FIGURE 17
Measles pathogenesis curve
0 10 –11 12 17–18 21 t (days)
Source: J. M. Heffernan et al., “An
In-Host Model of Acute Infection:
Measles as a Case Study,” Theoretical Pathogen Infectiousness Infectiousness
Population Biology 73 (2008): 134 – 47. enters plasma begins ends

The patient becomes infectious to others once the concentration of infected cells
becomes great enough and remains infectious until the immune system manages to
prevent further transmission. However, symptoms don’t develop until the “amount of
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
442 CHAPTER 6 Applications of Integration

infection” reaches a particular threshold. The amount of infection needed to develop

symptoms depends on both the concentration of infected cells and time, and corresponds
to the area under the pathogenesis curve until symptoms appear. (See Exercise 5.1.15.)
(a) The pathogenesis curve in Figure 17 has been modeled by f std − 2tst 2 21dst 1 1d.
If infectiousness begins on day t1 − 10 and ends on day t 2 − 18, what are the corre-
sponding concentration levels of infected cells?
N (b) The level of infectiousness for an infected person is the area between N − f std and
the line through the points P1 st1, f st1dd and P2 st 2 , f st 2dd, measured in (cellsymL) days.
P¡
(See Figure 18.) Compute the level of infectiousness for this particular patient.
P™
f SOLUTION
(a) Infectiousness begins when the concentration reaches f s10d − 1210 cellsymL and
ends when the concentration reduces to f s18d − 1026 cellsymL.
(b) The line through P1 and P2 has slope 1026 2 1210 184
18 2 10 − 2 8 − 223 and equation
N 2 1210 − 223st 2 10d &? N − 223t 1 1440. The area between f and this
line is
0 10 18 t
y y
18 18
(days) f f std 2 s223t 1 1440dg dt − s2t 3 1 20t 2 1 21t 1 23t 2 1440d dt
10 10
FIGURE 18
− y s2t 3 1 20t 2 1 44t 2 1440d dt
18

F G
18
t4 t3 t2
− 2 1 20 1 44 2 1440t
4 3 2 10

− 26156 2 ( 28033 13 ) < 1877

Thus the level of infectiousness for this patient is about 1877 (cellsymL) days. n

6.1 Exercises
1–4 5–6 Find the area of the shaded region.
(a) Set up an integral for the area of the shaded region.
5. y y=x
(b) Evaluate the integral to find the area. y=˛-3x
1. yy 2. yy (2, 2)

y=3x-≈
y=3x-≈ (1,
(1, e)
e)
y=´
y=´
(2,
(2, 2)
2) x
0
y=x
y=x 11 (1,
(1, 1)
1)
(_2, 2)
00 xx y=≈
y=≈
00 xx

6. y=≈ y
3. y y 4. y y 3y=2x+16
x=¥-4y
x=¥-4y (1, 6)
x=¥-2
x=¥-2 y=1
y=1
(_3, 3) 3)
(_3,
(2, 4)
y x
x=e y x
x=e
y=_2x+8
(_2, 4)
y=_1
y=_1 x x
x=2y-¥
x=2y-¥ 0 x

7–10 Set up, but do not evaluate, an integral representing the area 37. T
he graphs of two functions are shown with the areas of the
of the region enclosed by the given curves. regions between the curves indicated.
(a) What is the total area between the curves for 0 < x < 5?
7. y − 2 x, y − 3 x, x − 1
(b) What is the value of y05 f f sxd 2 tsxdg dx ?
8. y − ln x, y − lnsx 2 d, x − 2
9. y − 2 2 x, y − 2x 2 x 2 y

10. x − y 4, x − 2 2 y 2 f

11–18 Sketch the region enclosed by the given curves. Decide

27
whether to integrate with respect to x or y. Draw a typical
approximating rectangle and label its height and width. Then 12
g
find the area of the region.
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
11. y − x 2 1 2, y − 2x 2 1, x − 0, x − 1
12. y − 1 1 x 3, y − 2 2 x, x − 21, x − 0
; 38–40 Sketch the region enclosed by the given curves and find its
13. y − 1yx, y − 1yx 2, x − 2 area.
14. y − cos x, y − e x, x − y2 x x
38. y − , y − , x > 0
15. y − sx 2 2d , y − x 2 s1 1 x 2
s9 2 x 2
x x2
16. y − x 2 2 4x, y − 2x 39. y − 2 , y −
11x 1 1 x3
17. x − 1 2 y 2, x − y 2 2 1
ln x sln xd2
2 40. y − , y −
18. 4x 1 y − 12, x − y x x

19–36 Sketch the region enclosed by the given curves and find its 41–42 Use calculus to find the area of the triangle with the given
area. vertices.
19. y − 12 2 x 2, y − x 2 2 6 41. s0, 0d, s3, 1d, s1, 2d
2 2
20. y − x , y − 4x 2 x 42. s2, 0d, s0, 2d, s21, 1d
2 2
21. x − 2y , x − 4 1 y
43–44 Evaluate the integral and interpret it as the area of a
22. y − sx 2 1 , x 2 y − 1
region. Sketch the region.
23. y − s
3
2x , y − 12 x
y | sin x 2 cos 2x | dx y |3 |
y2 1
x
43. 44. 2 2 x dx
24. y − x 3, y − x 0 21

25. y − sx , y − 13 x, 0 < x < 16

; 45–48 Use a graph to find approximate x-coordinates of the
26. y − cos x, y − 2 2 cos x, 0 < x < 2
points of intersection of the given curves. Then find (approxi
27. y − cos x, y − sin 2x, 0 < x < y2 mately) the area of the region bounded by the curves.

28. y − cos x, y − 1 2 cos x, 0 < x < 45. y − x sinsx 2 d, y − x 4, x>0

29. y − sec 2 x, y − 8 cos x, 2y3 < x < y3 x

46. y − , y − x 5 2 x , x > 0
sx 2 1 1d2
30. y − x 4 2 3x 2, y − x2 31. y − x 4, y − 2 2 x | | 47. y − 3x 2 2 2 x , y − x 3 2 3x 1 4
32
2 x
32. y − x , y − 2 33. y − sin , y − x 3 48. y − 1.3 x, y − 2 sx
x 14 2
34. y − 4 2 2 cosh x, y − 12 sinh x
49–52 Graph the region between the curves and compute the area
35. y − 1yx, y − x, y − 14 x, x . 0 correct to five decimal places.
36. y − 14 x 2, y − 2x 2, x 1 y − 3, x > 0 2 2
49. y − , y − x 2 50. y − e12x , y − x 4
1 1 x4

51. y − tan 2 x, y − sx has some immunity to the virus has a pathogenesis curve
that can be modeled by, for instance, tstd − 0.9 f std.
52. y − cos x, y − x 1 2 sin 4 x (a) If the same threshold concentration of the virus is
required for infectiousness to begin as in Example 8, on
53. U
se a computer algebra system to find the exact area what day does this occur?
enclosed by the curves y − x 5 2 6x 3 1 4x and y − x. (b) Let P3 be the point on the graph of t where infectious-
ness begins. It has been shown that infectiousness ends
54. Sketch the region in the xy-plane defined by the inequalities at a point P4 on the graph of t where the line through
| |
x 2 2y 2 > 0, 1 2 x 2 y > 0 and find its area. P3, P4 has the same slope as the line through P1, P2 in
Example 8(b). On what day does infectiousness end?
55. R
acing cars driven by Chris and Kelly are side by side at (c) Compute the level of infectiousness for this patient.
the start of a race. The table shows the velocities of each
car (in miles per hour) during the first ten seconds of the ; 60. T
he rates at which rain fell, in inches per hour, in two
race. Use the Midpoint Rule to estimate how much farther different locations t hours after the start of a storm
Kelly travels than Chris does during the first ten seconds. were modeled by f std − 0.73t 3 2 2t 2 1 t 1 0.6 and
tstd − 0.17t 2 2 0.5t 1 1.1. Compute the area between the
graphs for 0 < t < 2 and interpret your result in this
t vC vK t vC vK context.

0 0 0 6 69 80 61. T
wo cars, A and B, start side by side and accelerate from
1 20 22 7 75 86 rest. The figure shows the graphs of their velocity functions.
2 32 37 8 81 93 (a) Which car is ahead after one minute? Explain.
(b) What is the meaning of the area of the shaded region?
3 46 52 9 86 98
(c) Which car is ahead after two minutes? Explain.
4 54 61 10 90 102
(d) Estimate the time at which the cars are again side by
5 62 71 side.
√
56. The widths (in meters) of a kidney-shaped swimming pool
were measured at 2-meter intervals as indicated in the fig-
ure. Use the Midpoint Rule to estimate the area of the pool.

5.6 5.0 4.8 B

6.8 4.8
7.2 0 1 2 t (min)
6.2
62. T
he figure shows graphs of the marginal revenue function
R9 and the marginal cost function C9 for a manufacturer.
[Recall from Section 4.7 that Rsxd and Csxd represent the
57. A
cross-section of an airplane wing is shown. Measure- revenue and cost when x units are manufactured. Assume
ments of the thickness of the wing, in centimeters, at that R and C are measured in thousands of dollars.] What
20-centimeter intervals are 5.8, 20.3, 26.7, 29.0, 27.6, is the meaning of the area of the shaded region? Use the
27.3, 23.8, 20.5, 15.1, 8.7, and 2.8. Use the Midpoint Rule Midpoint Rule to estimate the value of this quantity.
to estimate the area of the wing’s cross-section.
y
Rª(x)
3

2
200 cm
C ª(x)
1

58. I f the birth rate of a population is bstd − 2200e 0.024t people

0 50 100 x
per year and the death rate is dstd − 1460e0.018t people per
year, find the area between these curves for 0 < t < 10.
What does this area represent? he curve with equation y 2 − x 2sx 1 3d is called Tschirn
; 63. T
hausen’s cubic. If you graph this curve you will see that
; 59. I n Example 8, we modeled a measles pathogenesis curve by part of the curve forms a loop. Find the area enclosed by the
a function f. A patient infected with the measles virus who loop.

ind the area of the region bounded by the parabola y − x 2,

64. F 69. T
he figure shows a horizontal line y − c intersecting the
the tangent line to this parabola at s1, 1d, and the x-axis. curve y − 8x 2 27x 3. Find the number c such that the areas
of the shaded regions are equal.
ind the number b such that the line y − b divides the region
65. F
bounded by the curves y − x 2 and y − 4 into two regions y
with equal area. y=8x-27˛

66. (a) Find the number a such that the line x − a bisects the y=c
area under the curve y − 1yx 2, 1 < x < 4.
(b) Find the number b such that the line y − b bisects the
area in part (a).
67. F
ind the values of c such that the area of the region bounded
by the parabolas y − x 2 2 c 2 and y − c 2 2 x 2 is 576. 0 x
68. Suppose that 0 , c , y2. For what value of c is the area of
the region enclosed by the curves y − cos x, y − cossx 2 cd, 70. F
or what values of m do the line y − mx and the curve
and x − 0 equal to the area of the region enclosed by the y − xysx 2 1 1d enclose a region? Find the area of the
curves y − cossx 2 cd, x − , and y − 0? region.

APPLIED PROJECT THE GINI INDEX

y How is it possible to measure the distribution of income among the inhabitants of a given
1 country? One such measure is the Gini index, named after the Italian economist Corrado Gini,
who first devised it in 1912.
We first rank all households in a country by income and then we compute the percentage of
households whose total income is a given percentage of the country’s total income. We define
a Lorenz curve y − Lsxd on the interval f0, 1g by plotting the point say100, by100d on the
(0.8, 0.485) curve if the bottom a% of households receive b% of the total income. For instance, in Figure 1
the point s0.4, 0.114d is on the Lorenz curve for the United States in 2016 because the poorest
40% of the population received just 11.4% of the total income. Likewise, the bottom 80% of
the population received 48.5% of the total income, so the point s0.8, 0.485d lies on the Lorenz
(0.4, 0.114)
curve. (The Lorenz curve is named after the American economist Max Lorenz.)
Figure 2 shows some typical Lorenz curves. They all pass through the points s0, 0d and
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x s1, 1d and are concave upward. In the extreme case Lsxd − x, society is perfectly egalitarian:
the poorest a% of the population receives a% of the total income and so everybody receives
the same income. The area between a Lorenz curve y − Lsxd and the line y − x measures how
FIGURE 1
much the income distribution differs from absolute equality. The Gini index (sometimes
Lorenz curve for the United States in called the Gini coefficient or the coefficient of inequality) is the area between the Lorenz
2016 curve and the line y − x (shaded in Figure 3) divided by the area under y − x.

y y
(1, 1)
1

y=x y=x
Income
fraction

y= L ( x )

0 1 x
Population fraction 0 1 x

FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3
(continued )

1. (a) Show that the Gini index G is twice the area between the Lorenz curve and the line
y − x, that is,

G − 2 y fx 2 Lsxdg dx
1

(b) What is the value of G for a perfectly egalitarian society (everybody has the same
income)? What is the value of G for a perfectly totalitarian society (a single person
receives all the income)?
2. T
he following table (derived from data supplied by the US Census Bureau) shows values of
the Lorenz function for income distribution in the United States for the year 2016.

x 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Lsxd 0.000 0.031 0.114 0.256 0.485 1.000

(a) What percentage of the total US income was received by the richest 20% of the
population in 2016?
(b) Use a calculator or computer to fit a quadratic function to the data in the table. Graph
the data points and the quadratic function. Is the quadratic model a reasonable fit?
(c) Use the quadratic model for the Lorenz function to estimate the Gini index for the
United States in 2016.
3. T
he following table gives values for the Lorenz function in the years 1980, 1990, 2000,
and 2010. Use the method of Problem 2 to estimate the Gini index for the United States
for those years and compare with your answer to Problem 2(c). Do you notice a trend?

x 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1980 0.000 0.042 0.144 0.312 0.559 1.000

1990 0.000 0.038 0.134 0.293 0.533 1.000

2000 0.000 0.036 0.125 0.273 0.503 1.000

2010 0.000 0.033 0.118 0.264 0.498 1.000

4. A
power model often provides a more accurate fit than a quadratic model for a Lorenz
function. Use a calculator or computer to fit a power function s y − ax k d to the data in
Problem 2 and use it to estimate the Gini index for the United States in 2016. Compare
with your answer to parts (b) and (c) of Problem 2.

6.2 Volumes
In trying to find the volume of a solid we face the same type of problem as in finding
areas. We have an intuitive idea of what volume means, but we must make this idea pre-
cise by using calculus to give an exact definition of volume.
■ Definition of Volume
We start with a simple type of solid called a cylinder (or, more precisely, a right cylin
der). As illustrated in Figure 1(a), a cylinder is bounded by a plane region B1, called the

base, and a congruent region B2 in a parallel plane. The cylinder consists of all points on
line segments that are perpendicular to the base and join B1 to B2. If the area of the base
is A and the height of the cylinder (the distance from B1 to B2) is h, then the volume V of
the cylinder is defined as
V − Ah
In particular, if the base is a circle with radius r, then the cylinder is a circular cylinder
with volume V − r 2h [see Figure 1(b)], and if the base is a rectangle with length l and
width w, then the cylinder is a rectangular box (also called a rectangular parallelepiped )
with volume V − lwh [see Figure 1(c)].

B™
h
h h
r w
B¡
l
FIGURE 1 (a) Cylinder V=Ah (b) Circular cylinder V=πr@h (c) Rectangular box V=lwh

For a solid S that isn’t a cylinder we first “cut” S into pieces and approximate each
piece by a cylinder. We estimate the volume of S by adding the volumes of the cylinders.
We arrive at the exact volume of S through a limiting process in which the number of
pieces becomes large.
We start by intersecting S with a plane and obtaining a plane region that is called a
cross-section of S. Let Asxd be the area of the cross-section of S in a plane Px perpendic-
ular to the x-axis and passing through the point x, where a < x < b. (See Figure 2. Think
of slicing S with a knife through x and computing the area of this slice.) The cross-
sectional area Asxd will vary as x increases from a to b.

A(a) A(x)
A(b)

0 a x b x
FIGURE 2

Let’s divide S into n “slabs” of equal width Dx by using the planes Px1 , Px , . . . to slice 2

the solid. (Think of slicing a loaf of bread.) If we choose sample points x*i in fx i21, x i g,

we can approximate the ith slab Si (the part of S that lies between the planes Px i21 and Px i )
by a cylinder with base area Asx*i d and “height” Dx. (See Figure 3.)

y y
Îx

0 a b x 0 a=x¸ ⁄ x™ ‹ x¢ x∞ xß x¶=b x
xi-1 x*i xi
FIGURE 3
The volume of this cylinder is Asx*i d Dx, so an approximation to our intuitive concep-
tion of the volume of the ith slab Si is

VsSi d < Asx*i d Dx

Adding the volumes of these slabs, we get an approximation to the total volume (that is,
what we think of intuitively as the volume):
n
V< o Asx*i d Dx
i−1

This approximation appears to become better and better as n l `. (Think of the slices
as becoming thinner and thinner.) Therefore we define the volume as the limit of these
sums as n l `. But we recognize the limit of Riemann sums as a definite integral and so
we have the following definition.

It can be proved that this definition is Definition of Volume Let S be a solid that lies between x − a and x − b. If the
independent of how S is situated with cross-sectional area of S in the plane Px , through x and perpendicular to the x-axis,
respect to the x-axis. In other words, is Asxd, where A is a continuous function, then the volume of S is
no matter how we slice S with parallel
n
planes, we always get the same
o Asx*i d Dx − ya Asxd dx
b
V − lim
answer for V. n l ` i−1

When we use the volume formula V − yab Asxd dx , it is important to remember that
Asxd is the area of a moving cross-section obtained by slicing through x perpendicular to
the x-axis.
Notice that, for a cylinder, the cross-sectional area is constant: Asxd − A for all x.
So our definition of volume gives V − yab A dx − Asb 2 ad; this agrees with the formula
V − Ah.

EXAMPLE 1 Show that the volume of a sphere of radius r is V − 43 r 3.

SOLUTION If we place the sphere so that its center is at the origin, then the plane Px
intersects the sphere in a circle whose radius (from the Pythagorean Theorem) is

\ y − sr 2 2 x 2 . (See Figure 4.) So the cross-sectional area is

Asxd − y 2 − sr 2 2 x 2 d
y Using the definition of volume with a − 2r and b − r, we have
r
V − y Asxd dx − y sr 2 2 x 2 d dx
r r

2r 2r
_r 0 r [
− 2 y sr 2 2 x 2 d dx (The integrand is even.)
r
x
0

F G S D
r
x3 r3
− 2 r x 2 2
− 2 r 3 2 − 43 r 3 n
3 0
3

FIGURE 4 Figure 5 illustrates the definition of volume when the solid is a sphere with radius
r − 1. From the result of Example 1, we know that the volume of the sphere is 43,
which is approximately 4.18879. Here the slabs are circular cylinders, or disks, and the
three parts of Figure 5 show the geometric interpretations of the Riemann sums
n n

o Asxi d Dx − i−1
i−1
o s12 2 x i2 d Dx
when n − 5, 10, and 20 if we choose the sample points x *i to be the midpoints xi. Notice
that as we increase the number of approximating cylinders, the corresponding Riemann
sums become closer to the true volume.

D 8VLQJGLVNVVÅ4.2726 E 8VLQJGLVNVVÅ4.2097 F 8VLQJGLVNVVÅ4.1940

FIGURE 5 Approximating the volume of a sphere with radius 1

■ Volumes of Solids of Revolution

If we revolve a region about a line, we obtain a solid of revolution. In the following
examples we see that for such a solid, cross-sections perpendicular to the axis of rotation
are circular.

EXAMPLE 2 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis the
region under the curve y − sx from 0 to 1. Illustrate the definition of volume by
sketching a typical approximating cylinder.
SOLUTION The region is shown in Figure 6(a) on the following page. If we rotate
about the x-axis, we get the solid shown in Figure 6(b). When we slice through the
point x, we get a disk with radius sx . The area of this cross-section is
Asxd − (sx ) 2 − x
j

radius

and the volume of the approximating cylinder (a disk with thickness Dx) is
Asxd Dx − x Dx
The solid lies between x − 0 and x − 1, so its volume is

G
1
x2
V − y Asxd dx − y x dx −
1 1
−
0 0 2 0
2

y y
y=œ„x

Did we get a reasonable answer in

Example 2? As a check on our work,
let’s replace the given region by a œ„x
square with base f0, 1g and height 1.
If we rotate this square, we get a
cylinder with radius 1, height 1, 0 x 1 x 0 1 x
and volume 12 1 − . We com-
puted that the given solid has half
this volume. That seems about
right.
Îx

FIGURE 6 (a) (b) n

EXAMPLE 3 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by
y − x 3, y − 8, and x − 0 about the y-axis.
SOLUTION The region is shown in Figure 7(a) and the resulting solid is shown in
Figure 7(b). Because the region is rotated about the y-axis, it makes sense to slice the
solid perpendicular to the y-axis (obtaining circular cross-sections) and therefore to
integrate with respect to y. If we slice at height y, we get a circular disk with radius x,
where x − s 3
y . So the area of a cross-section through y is
Asyd − s xd 2 − (s
3
y ) 2 − y 2y3
j

radius radius

y y

y=8
8
x
x=œ„
3
y
Îy y (x, y)
x=0
y=˛
or
x=œ„3
y

0 x 0 x

FIGURE 7 (a) (b)

and the volume of the approximating cylinder pictured in Figure 7(b) is

As yd Dy − y 2y3 Dy

Since the solid lies between y − 0 and y − 8, its volume is

96
V − y Asyd dy − y y 2y3 dy − f 53 y g
8 8 8
5y3
− n
0 0 0
5

In the following examples we see that some solids of revolution have a hollow core
surrounding the axis of revolution.

EXAMPLE 4 The region 5 enclosed by the curves y − x and y − x 2 is rotated about

the x-axis. Find the volume of the resulting solid.
SOLUTION The curves y − x and y − x 2 intersect at the points s0, 0d and s1, 1d.
The region between them, the solid of rotation, and a cross-section perpendicular
to the x-axis are shown in Figure 8. A cross-section in the plane Px has the shape of
a washer (an annular ring) with inner radius x 2 and outer radius x [see Figure 8(c)], so
we find the cross-sectional area by subtracting the area of the inner circle from the area
of the outer circle:

Asxd − sxd2 2 sx 2 d2 − sx 2 2 x 4 d

j
outer inner
radius radius

Therefore we have

V − y Asxd dx − y sx 2 2 x 4 d dx
1 1

0 0

−
x3
3
2 F
x5
5
G 1

0
−
2
15

y y

(1, 1)
y=x A(x)
y=≈
≈

(0, 0) x 0 x x

FIGURE 8 (a) ( b) (c) n

The next example shows that when a solid of revolution is created by rotating about
an axis other than a coordinate axis, we must determine the radii of cross-sections
carefully.

EXAMPLE 5 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region in Example 4
about the line y − 2.
SOLUTION The solid and a cross-section are shown in Figure 9. Again the cross-
section is a washer, but this time the inner radius is 2 2 x and the outer radius
is 2 2 x 2.
y

y=2 y=2
2

2-x
2-≈

y=x y=≈ x
≈
0 x 1 x x x

FIGURE 9

The cross-sectional area is

Asxd − s2 2 x 2 d2 2 s2 2 xd2

J
J
outer inner
radius radius

and so the volume of S is

V − y Asxd dx
1

− y fs2 2 x 2 d2 2 s2 2 xd2 g dx
1

− y sx 4 2 5x 2 1 4xd dx
1

−
x5
5
25 F
x3
3
14
x2
2
G 1

0
−
8
15
n

NOTE In general, we calculate the volume of a solid of revolution by using the basic
defining formula

V − y Asxd dx V − y Asyd dy
b d
or
a c

and we find the cross-sectional area Asxd or Asyd in one of the following ways:
● If the cross-section is a disk (as in Examples 1–3), we find the radius of the disk (in
terms of x or y) and use
A − sradiusd2

● If the cross-section is a washer (as in Examples 4 and 5), we find the inner radius r in
and outer radius rout from a sketch (as in Figures 8, 9, and 10) and compute the area
of the washer by subtracting the area of the inner disk from the area of the outer
disk:
A − souter radiusd2 2 sinner radiusd2

rin
rout

FIGURE 10

The next example gives a further illustration of the procedure.

EXAMPLE 6 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region in
Example 4 about the line x − 21.
SOLUTION Figure 11 shows a horizontal cross-section. It is a washer with inner radius
1 1 y and outer radius 1 1 sy , so the cross-sectional area is

As yd − souter radiusd2 2 sinner radiusd2

− (1 1 sy ) 2 2 s1 1 yd2

The volume is

V − y Asyd dy − y
0
1

0
1
f(1 1 sy ) 2
2 s1 1 yd2 dy g

F G
1
4y 3y2 y2 y3
−y (2sy 2 y 2 y 2 ) dy −
1
2 2 −
0 3 2 3 0
2

y
1+œ„
y
1+y
1 y

x=œ„y
y
x=y

0 x
x=_1
FIGURE 11 n

■ Finding Volume Using Cross-Sectional Area

We now find the volumes of solids that are not solids of revolution but whose cross-
sections have areas that are readily computable.

EXAMPLE 7 Figure 12 shows a solid with a circular base of radius 1. Parallel cross-
sections perpendicular to the base are equilateral triangles. Find the volume of the solid.
SOLUTION Let’s take the circle to be x 2 1 y 2 − 1. The solid, its base, and a typical
cross-section at a distance x from the origin are shown in Figure 13.

y y
y B(x, y)
1-≈
y=œ„„„„„„ C
C
y
x B
0 x x
FIGURE 12 œ„3y
_1 0 x x
Computer-generated picture 1
of the solid in Example 7 60° 60°
A A A B
y y
FIGURE 13 (a) The solid (b) Its base (c) A cross-section

Since B lies on the circle, we have y − s1 2 x 2 and so the base of the triangle ABC
| |
is AB − 2y − 2s1 2 x 2 . Since the triangle is equilateral, we see from Figure 13(c)
that its height is s3 y − s3s1 2 x 2 . The cross-sectional area is therefore

Asxd − 12 2s1 2 x 2 s3s1 2 x 2 − s3 s1 2 x 2 d

and the volume of the solid is

V − y Asxd dx − y s3 s1 2 x 2 d dx
1 1

21 21

F G
1
x3 4s3
−2y
1
s3 s1 2 x d dx − 2s3 x 2
2 − n
0 3 0
3

EXAMPLE 8 Find the volume of a pyramid whose base is a square with side L and
whose height is h.
SOLUTION We place the origin O at the vertex of the pyramid and the x-axis along its
central axis as in Figure 14. Any plane Px that passes through x and is perpendicular to

y y
P

x h s L
O x O x x

FIGURE 14 FIGURE 15

the x-axis intersects the pyramid in a square with side of length s, say. We can express s
in terms of x by observing from the similar triangles in Figure 15 that
x sy2 s
− −
h Ly2 L
and so s − L xyh. [Another method is to observe that the line OP has slope Lys2hd and
so its equation is y − Lxys2hd.] Therefore the cross-sectional area is
L2 2
Asxd − s 2 − x
h2
The pyramid lies between x − 0 and x − h, so its volume is

L2 2
V − y Asxd dx − y
h h
x dx
0 0 h2

h
y
−
L2 x 3
h2 3
G h

0
−
L2 h
3
n

NOTE We didn’t need to place the vertex of the pyramid at the origin in Example 8; we
did so merely to make the equations simple. If, instead, we had placed the center of the
y
base at the origin and the vertex on the positive y-axis, as in Figure 16, you can verify
that we would have obtained the integral

L2 L2h
V−y
h
0 x sh 2 yd2
dy −
0 h2 3
FIGURE 16
EXAMPLE 9 A wedge is cut out of a circular cylinder of radius 4 by two planes.
One plane is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The other intersects the first
at an angle of 30° along a diameter of the cylinder. Find the volume of the wedge.
SOLUTION If we place the x-axis along the diameter where the planes meet, then
the base of the solid is a semicircle with equation y − s16 2 x 2 , 24 < x < 4.
A cross-section perpendicular to the x-axis at a distance x from the origin is a
triangle ABC, as shown in Figure 17, whose base is y − s16 2 x 2 and whose
| |
height is BC − y tan 308 − s16 2 x 2 ys3. So the cross-sectional area is

1
Asxd − 12 s16 2 x 2 s16 2 x 2
s3
C
0 y 16 2 x 2
−
A y=œ„„„„„„
16-≈ 2s3
B
4
and the volume is
x
C 16 2 x 2
V − y Asxd dx − y
4 4
dx
24 24 2s3

A
30°
y B
−
s3
1
y 0
4
s16 2 x d dx −
s3
2
16x 2
x3
3
1
F G 4

0
−
128
3s3

FIGURE 17 For another method see Exercise 77. n

6.2 Exercises
1–4 A solid is obtained by revolving the shaded region about the 17. y − x 2, y − 2x; about the y-axis
specified line.
18. y − 6 2 x 2, y − 2; about the x-axis
(a) Sketch the solid and a typical disk or washer.
(b) Set up an integral for the volume of the solid. 19. y − x 3, y − sx ; about the x-axis
(c) Evaluate the integral to find the volume of the solid.
20. x − 2 2 y 2, x − y 4; about the y-axis
1. About the x-axis 2. About the x-axis 21. y − x 2, x − y 2; about y − 1
y y 22. y − x 3, y − 1, x − 2; about y − 23
(4, 2)
23. y − 1 1 sec x, y − 3; about y − 1
y=≈+5
y=œ„
x
24. y − sin x, y − cos x, 0 < x < y4; about y − 21
5 y= 21 x
25. y − x 3, y − 0, x − 1; about x − 2
26. xy − 1, y − 0, x − 1, x − 2; about x − 21
0 3 x 0 x
27. x − y 2, x − 1 2 y 2; about x − 3

3. About the y-axis 4. About the y-axis 28. y − x, y − 0, x − 2, x − 4; about x − 1

y y 29–40 Refer to the figure and find the volume generated by

(1, 2) (4, 2)
y=9 rotating the given region about the specified line.
y
(2, 1)
y=˛+1
y=2/x C(0, 1) B(1, 1)
1 y=x/2 T™
0 x y=œ„
$x
0 x T£ y=x

5–10 Set up, but do not evaluate, an integral for the volume of the T¡
solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given curves
about the specified line. O A(1, 0) x
5. y − ln x, y − 0, x − 3; about the x-axis
29. 51 about OA 30. 51 about OC
6. x − s5 2 y , y − 0, x − 0; about the y-axis
31. 51 about AB 32. 51 about BC
7. 8y − x 2, y − sx ; about the y-axis
33. 5 2 about OA 34. 5 2 about OC
8. y − sx 2 2d 2, y − x 1 10; about the x-axis
35. 5 2 about AB 36. 5 2 about BC
9. y − sin x, y − 0, 0 < x < ; about y − 22
37. 5 3 about OA 38. 5 3 about OC
10. y − sx , y − 0, x − 4; about x − 6
39. 5 3 about AB 40. 5 3 about BC

11–28 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the

41–44 Set up an integral for the volume of the solid obtained by
region bounded by the given curves about the specified line.
rotating the region bounded by the given curves about the speci-
Sketch the region, the solid, and a typical disk or washer.
fied line. Then use a calculator or computer to evaluate the integral
11. y − x 1 1, y − 0, x − 0, x − 2; about the x-axis correct to five decimal places.
2
12. y − 1yx, y − 0, x − 1, x − 4; about the x-axis 41. y − e2x , y − 0, x − 21, x − 1
(a) About the x-axis (b) About y − 21
13. y − sx 2 1 , y − 0, x − 5; about the x-axis
42. y − 0, y − cos 2 x, 2y2 < x < y2
14. y − e x, y − 0, x − 21, x − 1; about the x-axis
(a) About the x-axis (b) About y − 1
15. x − 2sy , x − 0, y − 9; about the y-axis
43. x 2 1 4y 2 − 4
2
16. 2 x − y , x − 0, y − 4; about the y-axis (a) About y − 2 (b) About x − 2

44. y − x 2, x 2 1 y 2 − 1, y > 0 are listed in the table. Use the Midpoint Rule with n − 5 to
(a) About the x-axis (b) About the y-axis estimate the volume of the log.

45–46 Use a graph to find approximate x-coordinates of the x (m) A sm2 d x (m) A sm2 d
points of intersection of the given curves. Then use a calculator 0 0.68 6 0.53
or computer to find (approximately) the volume of the solid
1 0.65 7 0.55
obtained by rotating about the x-axis the region bounded by
2 0.64 8 0.52
these curves.
3 0.61 9 0.50
45. y − lnsx 6 1 2d, y − s3 2 x 3 4 0.58 10 0.48
46. y − 1 1 xe2x , y − arctan x 2
3
5 0.59

57. (a) If the region shown in the figure is rotated about the
47–48 Use a computer algebra system to find the exact
x-axis to form a solid, use the Midpoint Rule with
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded
n − 4 to estimate the volume of the solid.
by the given curves about the specified line.
47. y − sin2 x, y − 0, 0 < x < ; about y − 21 y
4
48. y − x, y − xe12sxy2d; about y − 3
2
49–54 Each integral represents the volume of a solid of
revolution. Describe the solid.
0 2 4 6 8 10 x
49. y 50. y
y2 2 ln 2 2x
sin x dx e dx
0 0 (b) Estimate the volume if the region is rotated about the
y-axis. Again use the Midpoint Rule with n − 4.
51. y sx 4 2 x 6 d dx 52. y s1 2 y 2 d2 dy
1 1

0 21 58. (a) A model for the shape of a bird’s egg is obtained by

rotating about the x-axis the region under the graph of
53. y y dy
4

0 1
4
f
54. y 3 2 2 (3 2 sx ) 2g dx f sxd − sax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 dds1 2 x 2
Use a computer algebra system to find the volume of
55. A
CAT scan produces equally spaced cross-sectional views such an egg.
of a human organ that provide information about the organ (b) For a red-throated loon, a − 20.06, b − 0.04, c − 0.1,
otherwise obtained only by surgery. Suppose that a CAT and d − 0.54. Graph f and find the volume of an egg of
scan of a human liver shows cross-sections spaced 1.5 cm this species.
apart. The liver is 15 cm long and the cross-sectional areas, 59–74 Find the volume of the described solid S.
in square centimeters, are 0, 18, 58, 79, 94, 106, 117, 128,
63, 39, and 0. Use the Midpoint Rule to estimate the volume 59. A right circular cone with height h and base radius r
of the liver. 60. A
frustum of a right circular cone with height h, lower base
radius R, and top radius r
r

h
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61. A cap of a sphere with radius r and height h

Suttha Burawonk

56. A
log 10 m long is cut at 1-meter intervals and its cross-
sectional areas A (at a distance x from the end of the log)

62. A
frustum of a pyramid with square base of side b, square top he base of S is the region enclosed by y − 2 2 x 2 and
72. T
of side a, and height h the x-axis. Cross-sections perpendicular to the y-axis are
quarter-circles.
a

b
x
What happens if a − b? What happens if a − 0? y=2-≈
pyramid with height h and rectangular base with dimen-
63. A
y
sions b and 2b
64. A
pyramid with height h and base an equilateral triangle with 73. The solid S is bounded by circles that are perpendicular
side a (a tetrahedron) to the x-axis, intersect the x-axis, and have centers on the
parabola y − 12 s1 2 x 2 d, 21 < x < 1.

a
a
a
y
65. A
tetrahedron with three mutually perpendicular faces and
x
three mutually perpendicular edges with lengths 3 cm, 4 cm, x
and 5 cm
66. T
he base of S is a circular disk with radius r. Parallel cross- 74. Cross-sections of the solid S in planes perpendicular to the
sections perpendicular to the base are squares. x-axis are circles with diameters extending from the curve
y − 12 sx to the curve y − sx for 0 < x < 4.

2
y=œ„
x

y= 21 œ„
x
67. T
he base of S is an elliptical region with boundary curve 0 4 x
9x 2 1 4y 2 − 36. Cross-sections perpendicular to the x-axis
are isosceles right triangles with hypotenuse in the base.
he base of S is the triangular region with vertices s0, 0d,
68. T 75. (a) Set up an integral for the volume of a solid torus (the
s1, 0d, and s0, 1d. Cross-sections perpendicular to the y-axis donut-shaped solid shown in the figure) with radii r
are equilateral triangles. and R.
69. T
he base of S is the same base as in Exercise 68, but cross- (b) By interpreting the integral as an area, find the volume of
sections perpendicular to the x-axis are squares. the torus.

he base of S is the region enclosed by the parabola

70. T
y − 1 2 x 2 and the x-axis. Cross-sections perpendicular to
the y-axis are squares. R
r
he base of S is the same base as in Exercise 70, but cross-
71. T
sections perpendicular to the x-axis are isosceles triangles
with height equal to the base.

76. T
he base of a solid S is a circular disk with radius r. Parallel water is poured into the bowl to a depth of h centimeters.
cross-sections perpendicular to the base are isosceles triangles Find the volume of water in the bowl.
with height h and unequal side in the base.
83. A
hole of radius r is bored through the middle of a cylinder
(a) Set up an integral for the volume of S.
of radius R . r at right angles to the axis of the cylinder.
(b) By interpreting the integral as an area, find the volume
Set up, but do not evaluate, an integral for the volume that
of S.
is cut out.
77. S
olve Example 9 taking cross-sections to be parallel to the 84. A
hole of radius r is bored through the center of a sphere of
line of intersection of the two planes. radius R . r. Find the volume of the remaining portion of
78–79 Cavalieri’s Principle Cavalieri’s Principle states that if a the sphere.
family of parallel planes gives equal cross-sectional areas for two 85. S
ome of the pioneers of calculus, such as Kepler and Newton,
solids S1 and S2, then the volumes of S1 and S2 are equal. were inspired by the problem of finding the volumes of wine
78. (a) Prove Cavalieri’s Principle. barrels. (Kepler published a book Stereometria doliorum in
(b) Use Cavalieri’s Principle to find the volume of the 1615 devoted to methods for finding the volumes of barrels.)
oblique cylinder shown in the figure. They often approximated the shape of the sides by parabolas.
(a) A barrel with height h and maximum radius R is con-
structed by rotating about the x-axis the parabola
y − R 2 cx 2, 2hy2 < x < hy2, where c is a positive
constant. Show that the radius of each end of the barrel is
h r − R 2 d, where d − ch 2y4.
(b) Show that the volume enclosed by the barrel is
r
V − 31 h (2R 2 1 r 2 2 25 d 2 )

79. Use Cavalieri’s Principle to show that the volume of a solid 86. S
uppose that a region 5 has area A and lies above the x-axis.
hemisphere of radius r is equal to the volume of a cylinder When 5 is rotated about the x-axis, it sweeps out a solid with
of radius r and height r with a cone removed, as shown in volume V1. When 5 is rotated about the line y − 2k (where
the figure. k is a positive number), it sweeps out a solid with volume V2.
Express V2 in terms of V1, k, and A.
87. A dilation of the plane with scaling factor c is a transforma-
tion that maps the point sx, yd to the point scx, cyd. Applying
a dilation to a region in the plane produces a geometrically
U
similar shape. A manufacturer wants to produce a 5-liter
(5000 cm3 ) terra-cotta pot whose shape is geometrically
U U similar to the solid obtained by rotating the region 51 shown
in the figure about the y-axis.
(a) Find the volume V1 of the pot obtained by rotating the
80. F
ind the volume common to two circular cylinders, each with region 51.
radius r, if the axes of the cylinders intersect at right angles. (b) Show that applying a dilation with scaling factor c
transforms the region 51 into the region 5 2.
(c) Show that the volume V2 of the pot obtained by rotating
the region 5 2 is c 3 V1.
(d) Find the scaling factor c that produces a 5-liter pot.

y (cm)
y (cm) y=8c

y=8

T™
T¡
81. F
ind the volume common to two spheres, each with radius r,
if the center of each sphere lies on the surface of the other y=˛ y=˛/c@
sphere. y=1 y=c
82. A
bowl is shaped like a hemisphere with diameter 30 cm. A
heavy ball with diameter 10 cm is placed in the bowl and 0 x (cm) 0 x (cm)

6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells

Some volume problems are very difficult to handle by the methods of the preceding
section. For instance, let’s consider the problem of finding the volume of the solid
obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by y − 2x 2 2 x 3 and y − 0.
(See Figure 1.) If we slice perpendicular to the y-axis, we get a washer. But to compute
the inner radius and the outer radius of the washer, we’d have to solve the cubic equation
y − 2x 2 2 x 3 for x in terms of y; that’s not easy.
y
y=2≈-˛
1
xL=? xR=?

0 2 x
FIGURE 1

■ The Method of Cylindrical Shells

r¡
Îr There is a method, called the method of cylindrical shells, that is easier to use in a case
r like the one shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows a cylindrical shell with inner radius r1,
r™
outer radius r2, and height h. Its volume V is calculated by subtracting the volume V1 of
the inner cylinder from the volume V2 of the outer cylinder:
h V − V2 2 V1
− r22 h 2 r12 h − sr22 2 r12dh
− sr2 1 r1 dsr2 2 r1 dh
r2 1 r1
− 2 hsr2 2 r1 d
FIGURE 2 2
If we let Dr − r2 2 r1 (the thickness of the shell) and r − 12 sr2 1 r1 d (the average radius
of the shell), then this formula for the volume of a cylindrical shell becomes

1 V − 2rh Dr

and it can be remembered as

V − [circumference][height][thickness]
Now let S be the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by
y − f sxd [where f sxd > 0], y − 0, x − a, and x − b, where b . a > 0. (See Figure 3.)

y y
y=ƒ y=ƒ

0 a b x a b x

FIGURE 3

We divide the interval fa, bg into n subintervals fx i21, x i g of equal width Dx and let x i
be the midpoint of the ith subinterval. If the rectangle with base fx i21, x i g and height f sx i d
is rotated about the y-axis, then the result is a cylindrical shell with average radius x i,
height f sx i d, and thickness Dx. (See Figure 4.) So by Formula 1 its volume is
Vi − s2x i df f sx i dg Dx

y y y
y=ƒ y=ƒ y=ƒ

a b x a b x a b x
xi
x i-1 x–i

FIGURE 4
Therefore an approximation to the volume V of S is given by the sum of the volumes of
these shells:
n n
V< o Vi − i−1
i−1
o 2x i f sx i d Dx
This approximation appears to become better as n l `. But, from the definition of an
integral, we know that
n

o 2x i f sx i d Dx − ya 2x f sxd dx

b
lim
n l ` i−1

Thus the following formula appears plausible:

2 The volume of the solid in Figure 3, obtained by rotating about the y-axis the
region under the curve y − f sxd from a to b, is

V − y 2x f sxd dx where 0 < a , b

The argument using cylindrical shells makes Formula 2 seem reasonable, but later we
will be able to prove it (see Exercise 7.1.81).
The best way to remember Formula 2 is to think of a typical shell, cut and flattened as
in Figure 5, with radius x, circumference 2x, height f sxd, and thickness Dx or dx :
V − y s2xd f f sxdg dx
b

a
circumference height thickness

ƒ ƒ
x

x x 2πx Îx

FIGURE 5

This type of reasoning will be helpful in other situations, such as when we rotate
regions about lines other than the y-axis.

EXAMPLE 1 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the
region bounded by y − 2x 2 2 x 3 and y − 0.
y SOLUTION From the sketch in Figure 6 we see that a typical shell has radius x, circum-
ference 2x, and height f sxd − 2x 2 2 x 3. So, by the shell method, the volume is

V − y s2xd s2x 2 2 x 3 d dx
2

x 2≈-˛ 0
circumference height thickness
x 2 x
− 2 y s2x 3 2 x 4 d dx − 2
2

0
f 12 x 4
2 51 x 5 g 2
0

FIGURE 6
− 2 (8 2 32
5 ) − 5
16

It can be verified that the shell method gives the same answer as slicing. n

Figure 7 shows a computer-generated

picture of the solid whose volume we
computed in Example 1.

FIGURE 7

NOTE Comparing the solution of Example 1 with the remarks at the beginning of this
section, we see that the method of cylindrical shells is much easier than the washer
method for this problem. We did not have to find the coordinates of the local maximum
and we did not have to solve the equation of the curve for x in terms of y. However, in
other examples the methods of the preceding section may be easier.

EXAMPLE 2 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the
region between y − x and y − x 2.
y SOLUTION The region and a typical shell are shown in Figure 8. We see that the shell
y=x has radius x, circumference 2x, and height x 2 x 2. So the volume is
y=≈
V − y s2xdsx 2 x 2 d dx − 2 y sx 2 2 x 3 d dx
1 1
shell 0 0
height=x-≈

F G
1
0
x3 x4
x x − 2 2 − n
3 4 0
6

FIGURE 8 As the following example shows, the shell method works just as well if we rotate a
region about the x-axis. We simply have to draw a diagram to identify the radius and
height of a shell.

EXAMPLE 3 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
about the x-axis the region under the curve y − sx from 0 to 1.
y
shell height=1-¥ SOLUTION This problem was solved using disks in Example 6.2.2. To use shells we
1 relabel the curve y − sx (in the figure in that example) as x − y 2 in Figure 9. For
¥ rotation about the x-axis we see that a typical shell has radius y, circumference 2y,
y and height 1 2 y 2. So the volume is

V − y s2yds1 2 y 2 d dy − 2 y sy 2 y 3 d dy
x=¥ x=1 1 1
shell
radius=y 0 0

0 1 x − 2 F y
2
2
2
y
4
4

G
1

0
−

2

FIGURE 9 In this problem the disk method was simpler. n

EXAMPLE 4 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by
y − x 2 x 2 and y − 0 about the line x − 2.
SOLUTION Figure 10 shows the region and a cylindrical shell formed by rotation about
the line x − 2. It has radius 2 2 x, circumference 2s2 2 xd, and height x 2 x 2.

y y

y=x-≈ x=2

0 x 0 x
1 1 2 3 4
x 2-x
FIGURE 10

The volume of the given solid is

V − y 2s2 2 xdsx 2 x 2 d dx
1

− 2 y sx 3 2 3x 2 1 2xd dx
1

− 2 F x4
4
2 x3 1 x2 G 1

0
−

2
n

■ Disks and Washers versus Cylindrical Shells

When computing the volume of a solid of revolution, how do we know whether to use
disks (or washers) or cylindrical shells? There are several considerations to take into
account: Is the region more easily described by top and bottom boundary curves of the
form y − f sxd, or by left and right boundaries x − ts yd? Which choice is easier to work
with? Are the limits of integration easier to find for one variable versus the other? Does
the region require two separate integrals when using x as the variable but only one inte-
gral in y? Are we able to evaluate the integral we set up with our choice of variable?
If we decide that one variable is easier to work with than the other, then this dictates
which method to use. Draw a sample rectangle in the region, corresponding to a cross-
section of the solid. The thickness of the rectangle, either Dx or Dy, corresponds to the
integration variable. If you imagine the rectangle revolving, it becomes either a disk
(washer) or a shell. Sometimes either method works, as in the next example.

x=_1 y EXAMPLE 5 Figure 11 shows the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves
y − x 2 and y − 2x. A solid is formed by rotating the region about the line x − 21.
Find the volume of the solid using (a) x as the variable of integration and (b) y as the
y=2x variable of integration.
SOLUTION The solid is shown in Figure 12(a).
(a) To find the volume using x as the variable of integration, we draw the sample rect-
y=≈
1
angle vertically, as in Figure 12(b). Rotating the region about the line x − 21 produces
cylindrical shells, so the volume is

V − y 2sx 1 1ds2x 2 x 2 d dx − 2 y sx 2 1 2x 2 x 3 d dx
2 2
_1 0 1 x
0 0

FIGURE 11
− 2
x3
3
F
1 x2 2
x4
4
G 2

0
−
16
3

(b) To find the volume using y as the variable of integration, we draw the sample rect-
angle horizontally as in Figure 12(c). Rotating the region about the line produces
washer-shaped cross-sections, so the volume is

V − y f (sy 1 1) 2 2 ( 12 y 1 1) 2g dy − y (2sy 2 14 y 2) dy
4 4

0 0

16
− f 43 y 3y2 2 12 y g0 −
1 3 4

x=_1 y x=_1 y x=_1 y

4 4 4
x= 21 y
y=2x y=2x y=≈

x=œ„y

y=≈
Îy
Îx

_1 0 2 x _1 0 2 x _1 0 2 x

(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE 12 n

6.3 Exercises
1. L
et S be the solid obtained by rotating the region shown in the 2. L
et S be the solid obtained by rotating the region shown in the
figure about the y-axis. Explain why it is awkward to use the figure about the y-axis. Sketch a typical cylindrical shell and
washer method to find the volume V of S. Sketch a typical find its circumference and height. Use shells to find the vol-
approximating shell. What are its circumference and height? ume of S. Is this method preferable to using washers?
Use shells to find V.
y
y y=sin{ ≈}
y=x(x-1)@

0 1 x 0 π
œ„ x

3–4 A solid is obtained by rotating the shaded region about the 21–22 The region bounded by the given curves is rotated about the
specified line. specified axis. Find the volume of the resulting solid using (a) x as
(a) Set up an integral using the method of cylindrical shells for the variable of integration and (b) y as the variable of integration.
the volume of the solid.
21. y − x 2, y − 8sx ; about the y-axis
(b) Evaluate the integral to find the volume of the solid.
3. About the y-axis 4. About the x-axis 22. y − x 3, y − 4x 2; about the x-axis

y y y y
y=2-x y=œ„
y=2-x x x
y=œ„ 23–24 A solid is obtained by rotating the shaded region about the
1 1 y=cos(≈)
y=cos(≈) specified axis.
1 1
(a) Sketch the solid and a typical approximating cylindrical shell.
(b) Use the method of cylindrical shells to set up an integral for
the volume of the solid.
(c) Evaluate the integral to find the volume.
0 0 œ„„„
π/2
œ„„„
π/2
x x 0 0 1 1 2 2x x 23. About x − 22 24. About y − 21

y y y=4x-≈
y=4x-≈ y y
5–8 Set up, but do not evaluate, an integral for the volume of the
solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given curves y=œ„x x
y=œ„ (1, (1,
1) 1)
about the specified line.
5. y − ln x, y − 0, x − 2; about the y-axis y=˛
y=˛
3
6. y − x , y − 8, x − 0; about the x-axis
0 0 4 4 x x 0 0 x x

7. y − sin21x, y − y2, x − 0; about y − 3

25–30 Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume

8. y − 4x 2 x 2, y − x; about x − 7
generated by rotating the region bounded by the given curves
about the specified axis.
9–14 Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume
25. y − x 3, y − 8, x − 0; about x − 3
generated by rotating the region bounded by the given curves
about the y-axis. 26. y − 4 2 2x, y − 0, x − 0; about x − 21
9. y − sx , y − 0, x−4 27. y − 4x 2 x 2, y − 3; about x − 1
10. y − x 3, y − 0, x − 1, x − 2 28. y − sx , x − 2y ; about x − 5
11. y − 1yx, y − 0, x − 1, x−4 29. x − 2y 2, y > 0, x − 2; about y − 2
2x 2
12. y − e , y − 0, x − 0, x−1 30. x − 2y 2, x − y 2 1 1; about y − 22
13. y − s5 1 x , 2
y − 0, x − 0, x−2
31–36
14. y − 4x 2 x 2, y − x
(a) Set up an integral for the volume of the solid obtained by
rotating the region bounded by the given curve about the
15–20 Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume of specified axis.
the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given (b) Use a calculator or computer to evaluate the integral correct to
curves about the x-axis. five decimal places.
15. xy − 1, x − 0, y − 1, y − 3 31. y − xe 2x, y − 0, x − 2; about the y-axis

16. y − sx , x − 0, y − 2 32. y − tan x, y − 0, x − y4; about x − y2

17. y − x 3y2, y − 8, x − 0 33. y − cos 4 x, y − 2cos 4 x, 2y2 < x < y2; about x −

18. x − 23y 2 1 12y 2 9, x − 0 34. y − x, y − 2xys1 1 x 3 d; about x − 21

19. x − 1 1 s y 2 2d2, x − 2 35. x − ssin y , 0 < y < , x − 0; about y − 4

20. x 1 y − 4, x − y 2 2 4y 1 4 36. x 2 2 y 2 − 7, x − 4; about y − 5

se the Midpoint Rule with n − 5 to estimate the volume

37. U 47. About the y-axis 48. About the x-axis
obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region under the yy yy 1 1
yy y
y y y=y=11 11 y yy y=2-≈
y=2-≈
curve y − s1 1 x 3 , 0 < x < 1. y=y=
1+≈
1+≈ y=2-≈
y=2-≈
y=
y=1+≈
1+≈ y=2-≈
y=2-≈
1+≈
1+≈
38. I f the region shown in the figure is rotated about the y-axis
1 1
”1,
”1, ”1,
211 ’ 21 ’
to form a solid, use the Midpoint Rule with n − 5 to esti- 2 ’ 12 ’
”1,
”1, ”1,
2’ 2’
mate the volume of the solid. y=x/2
y=x/2
y=x/2
y=x/2 y=≈
y=≈
y=≈
y=x/2
y=x/2 y=≈
y=≈
y=≈
y 00 0 xx x 00 0 xx x
0 x xx 0 00 x xx
0 0
4
49. About the x-axis 50. About the y-axis
yy y yy y
2 y yy y yyy=4x-≈
y=4x-≈
y=4x-≈
y=œ„„„„
y=œ„„„„
sin xx x y=4x-≈
y=4x-≈
y=4x-≈
sinsin
y=œ„„„„
y=œ„„„„ y=x
y=x
y=œ„„„„
y=œ„„„„ x xx
sin
sinsin y=x
y=x
y=x
y=x
0 2 4 6 8 10 x

39–42 Each integral represents the volume of a solid. Describe

00 0 π
ππ 00 0
the solid. x x xx x
0 00 πππ xx xx 0 00 x xx

y
3
39. 2x 5 dx
0 51. About the line x − 22 52. About the line y − 3

y
3
40. 2 y ln y dy yy y yy y x=2
x=2
y yy y yyx=3y-¥ x=2
x=2
x=3y-¥ x=2
1
x=3y-¥
x=3y-¥ x=2
x=3y-¥
x=3y-¥
y12
41. 2 y
4
dy y=≈
y=≈
1 y2 y=≈
y=≈
y=≈
y=≈
y=˛
y=˛ y=˛
y y=˛
1
42. 2 s2 2 xds3 x 2 2 x d dx y=˛ y=˛
0
0 0 1 1 x x xx 00 0 2
2 2 x x
x x
00 00 0 00 2 22 x x
1
21 121 x x
2 2
2 2
43–44 Use a graph to estimate the x-coordinates of the points of
intersection of the given curves. Then use this information and 53–59 The region bounded by the given curves is rotated
a calculator or computer to estimate the volume of the solid about the specified axis. Find the volume of the resulting solid
obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region enclosed by by any method.
these curves.
53. y − 2x 2 1 6x 2 8, y − 0; about the y-axis
x
43. y − x 2 2 2x, y − 54. y − 2x 2 1 6x 2 8, y − 0; about the x-axis
x2 1 1
55. y 2 2 x 2 − 1, y − 2; about the x-axis
44. y − e sin x, y − x 2 2 4x 1 5
56. y 2 2 x 2 − 1, y − 2; about the y-axis

45–46 Use a computer algebra system to find the exact volume 57. x 2 1 s y 2 1d2 − 1; about the y-axis
of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given
curves about the specified line. 58. x − s y 2 3d2, x − 4; about y − 1

45. y − sin 2 x, y − sin 4 x, 0 < x < ; about x − y2 59. x − s y 2 1d2, x 2 y − 1; about x − 21

46. y − x 3 sin x, y − 0, 0 < x < ; about x − 21

60. Let T be the triangular region with vertices s0, 0d, s1, 0d,
and s1, 2d, and let V be the volume of the solid generated
47–52 A solid is obtained by rotating the shaded region about when T is rotated about the line x − a, where a . 1.
the specified line. Express a in terms of V.
(a) Set up an integral using any method to find the volume of
61–63 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid.
the solid.
(b) Evaluate the integral to find the volume of the solid. 61. A sphere of radius r

62. The solid torus of Exercise 6.2.75 radius r through the center of a sphere of radius R and
express the answer in terms of h.
63. A right circular cone with height h and base radius r

64. S
uppose you make napkin rings by drilling holes with differ-
ent diameters through two wooden balls (which also have dif-
ferent diameters). You discover that both napkin rings have
the same height h, as shown in the figure. h
(a) Guess which ring has more wood in it.
(b) Check your guess: use cylindrical shells to compute the
volume of a napkin ring created by drilling a hole with

6.4 Work
The term work is used in everyday language to mean the total amount of effort required
to perform a task. In physics it has a technical meaning that depends on the idea of a
force. Intuitively, you can think of a force as describing a push or pull on an object—for
example, a horizontal push of a book across a table or the downward pull of the earth’s
gravity on a ball. In general, if an object moves along a straight line with position func-
tion sstd, then the force F on the object (in the same direction) is given by Newton’s
Second Law of Motion as the product of its mass m and its acceleration a:

d 2s
1 F − ma − m
dt 2

In the SI metric system, the mass is measured in kilograms (kg), the displacement in
meters (m), the time in seconds (s), and the force in newtons (N − kg∙mys2 ). Thus
a force of 1 N acting on a mass of 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1 mys2. In the US
Customary system the fundamental unit is chosen to be the unit of force, which is the
pound.
In the case of constant acceleration, the force F is also constant and the work done is
defined to be the product of the force F and the distance d that the object moves:

2 W − Fd work − force 3 distance

If F is measured in newtons and d in meters, then the unit for W is a newton-meter, which
is called a joule (J). If F is measured in pounds and d in feet, then the unit for W is a
foot-pound (ft-lb), which is about 1.36 J.

EXAMPLE 1
(a) How much work is done in lifting a 1.2-kg book off the floor to put it on a desk that
is 0.7 m high? Use the fact that the acceleration due to gravity is t − 9.8 mys2.
(b) How much work is done in lifting a 20-lb weight 6 ft off the ground?
SOLUTION
(a) The force exerted is equal and opposite to that exerted by gravity, so Equation 1
gives
F − mt − s1.2ds9.8d − 11.76 N

and then Equation 2 gives the work done as

W − Fd − s11.76 Nds0.7 md < 8.2 J

(b) Here the force is given as F − 20 lb, so the work done is

W − Fd − s20 lbds6 ftd − 120 ft-lb

Notice that in part (b), unlike part (a), we did not have to multiply by t because we
were given the weight (which is a force) and not the mass of the object. n

Equation 2 defines work as long as the force is constant, but what happens if the force
is variable? Let’s suppose that the object moves along the x-axis in the positive direction,
from x − a to x − b, and at each point x between a and b a force f sxd acts on the object,
where f is a continuous function. We divide the interval fa, bg into n subintervals with
endpoints x 0 , x 1 , . . . , x n and equal width Dx. We choose a sample point x *i in the i th
subinterval fx i21, x i g. Then the force at that point is f sx *i d. If n is large, then Dx is small,
and since f is continuous, the values of f don’t change very much over the interval
fx i21, x i g. In other words, f is almost constant on the interval and so the work Wi that is
done in moving the particle from x i21 to x i is approximately given by Equation 2:

Wi < f sx *i d Dx

Thus we can approximate the total work by

n
3 W< o f sx *i d Dx
i−1

It seems that this approximation becomes better as we make n larger. Therefore we define
the work done in moving the object from a to b as the limit of this quantity as n l `.
Since the right side of (3) is a Riemann sum, we recognize its limit as being a definite
integral and so
n

o f sx *i d Dx − ya f sxd dx
b
4 W − lim
n l ` i−1

EXAMPLE 2 When a particle is located a distance x feet from the origin, a force of
x 2 1 2x pounds acts on it. How much work is done in moving it from x − 1 to x − 3?

Frictionless 0 x
SOLUTION W − y sx 2 1 2xd dx −
1
3 x3
3
1 x2 G 3

1
−
50
3
surface
The work done is 16 23 ft-lb. n
(a) Natural position of spring
In the next example we use a law from physics. Hooke’s Law states that the force
ƒ=kx required to maintain a spring stretched x units beyond its natural length is proportional
to x :
f sxd − kx

where k is a positive constant called the spring constant (see Figure 1). Hooke’s Law
0 x x holds provided that x is not too large.
(b) Stretched position of spring
EXAMPLE 3 A force of 40 N is required to hold a spring that has been stretched from
FIGURE 1 its natural length of 10 cm to a length of 15 cm. How much work is done in stretching
Hooke’s Law the spring from 15 cm to 18 cm?

SOLUTION According to Hooke’s Law, the force required to hold the spring stretched
x meters beyond its natural length is f sxd − kx. When the spring is stretched from 10 cm
to 15 cm, the amount stretched is 5 cm − 0.05 m. This means that f s0.05d − 40, so
40
0.05k − 40 k − 0.05 − 800
Thus f sxd − 800x and the work done in stretching the spring from 15 cm to 18 cm is

G
0.08
x2
W−y
0.08
800x dx − 800
0.05 2 0.05

− 400fs0.08d2 2 s0.05d2g − 1.56 J n

0 EXAMPLE 4 A 200-lb cable is 100 ft long and hangs vertically from the top of a tall
building.
(a) How much work is required to lift the cable to the top of the building?
(b) How much work is required to pull up only 20 feet of the cable?
x* Îx
i SOLUTION
(a) One method is to use an argument similar to the one that led to Definition 4. [For
another method, see Exercise 14(b).]
100 Let’s place the origin at the top of the building and the x-axis pointing downward as
in Figure 2. We divide the cable into small parts with length Dx. If x *i is a point in the
x i th such interval, then all points in the interval are lifted by approximately the same
amount, namely x *i . The cable weighs 2 pounds per foot, so the weight of the i th part is
FIGURE 2
(2 lbyft)(Dx ft) − 2 Dx lb. Thus the work done on the i th part, in foot-pounds, is

s2Dxd x *i − 2x *i Dx
force distance

We get the total work done by adding all these approximations and letting the
If we had placed the origin at number of parts become large (so Dx l 0):
the bottom of the cable and the n

o 2x *i Dx − y0
100
x-axis upward, we would have W − lim 2x dx
n l ` i−1
gotten

g
100
W−y
100
2s100 2 xd dx − x2 0
− 10,000 ft-lb
0

which gives the same answer. (b) The work required to move the top 20 ft of cable to the top of the building is
computed in the same manner as part (a):

W1 − y 2x dx − x 2 g
20 20
0
− 400 ft-lb
0

Every part of the lower 80 ft of cable moves the same distance, namely 20 ft, so the
work done is

W2 − lim o
n l ` i−1
n

S 20 2 Dx − y D 100

20
40 dx − 3200 ft-lb
J
j

distance force

(Alternatively, we can observe that the lower 80 ft of cable weighs 80 2 − 160 lb and
moves uniformly 20 ft, so the work done is 160 20 − 3200 ft-lb.)
The total work done is W1 1 W2 − 400 1 3200 − 3600 ft-lb. n

EXAMPLE 5 A tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone with height 10 m and
base radius 4 m. It is filled with water to a height of 8 m. Find the work required to
empty the tank by pumping all of the water to the top of the tank. (The density of water
is 1000 kgym3.)
P SOLUTION Let’s measure depths from the top of the tank by introducing a vertical
P
0
coordinate line as in Figure 3. The water extends from a depth of 2 m to a depth
0 P of 10 m and so we divide the interval f2, 10g into n subintervals with endpoints
P x 0 , x 1, . . . , x n and choose x *i in the i th subinterval. This divides the water into n layers.
x
xii The i th layer is approximated by a circular cylinder with radius ri and height Dx. We
P
can compute ri from similar triangles, using Figure 4, as follows:
Îx P
Îx
ri 4
r − ri − 25 s10 2 x*i d
10-x
10-xii rii 10 2 x *i 10
Thus an approximation to the volume of the i th layer of water is
x
x 4
Vi < r i2 Dx − s10 2 x *i d2 Dx
FIGURE 3 25
and so its mass is

mi − density 3 volume
4
< 1000 s10 2 x *i d2 Dx − 160s10 2 x *i d2 Dx
25
ri
ri The force required to raise this layer must overcome the force of gravity and so

10-x Fi − mi t < s9.8d160s10 2 x *i d2 Dx

10-xii
− 1568s10 2 x *i d2 Dx
Each particle in the layer must travel a distance upward of approximately x *i . The
FIGURE 4 work Wi done to raise this layer to the top is approximately the product of the force Fi
and the distance x *i :
Wi < Fi x *i < 1568x *i s10 2 x *i d2 Dx
To find the total work done in emptying the entire tank, we add the contributions of
each of the n layers and then take the limit as n l `:
n

o 1568x *i s10 2 x *i d2 Dx − y2
10
W − lim 1568xs10 2 xd2 dx
n l ` i−1

F G
10
20x 3 x4
− 1568 y s100x 2 20x 2 1 x 3 d dx − 1568 50x 2 2
10
1
2 3 4 2

− 1568 ( 2048
3 ) < 3.4 3 10 J
6
n

6.4 Exercises
1. How much work is done when a weight lifter lifts 200 kg the work done in moving the object from x − 1 ft
from 1.5 m to 2.0 m above the ground? to x − 10 ft.
2. Compute the work done in hoisting an 1100-lb grand 4. A variable force of 4sx newtons moves a particle along a
piano from the ground up to the third floor, 35 feet above straight path when it is x meters from the origin. Calculate the
the ground. work done in moving the particle from x − 4 to x − 16.
3. A
variable force of 5x 22 pounds moves an object along 5. S
hown is the graph of a force function (in newtons) that
a straight line when it is x feet from the origin. Calculate increases to its maximum value and then remains constant.

How much work is done by the force in moving an object a 14. A

thick cable, 60 ft long and weighing 180 lb, hangs from a
distance of 8 m? winch on a crane. Compute in two different ways the work
done if the winch winds up 25 ft of the cable.
F (N) (a) Follow the method of Example 4.
(b) Write a function for the weight of the remaining cable
30 after x feet has been wound up by the winch. Estimate
20 the amount of work done when the winch pulls up
Dx feet of cable.
10
cable that weighs 2 lbyft is used to lift 800 lb of coal up a
15. A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x (m) mine shaft 500 ft deep. Find the work done.

he table shows values of a force function f sxd, where x is

6. T 16. A
chain lying on the ground is 10 m long and its mass is
measured in meters and f sxd in newtons. Use the Midpoint 80 kg. How much work is required to raise one end of the
Rule to estimate the work done by the force in moving an chain to a height of 6 m?
object from x − 4 to x − 20.
17. A
10-ft chain weighs 25 lb and hangs from a ceiling. Find the
work done in lifting the lower end of the chain to the ceiling
x 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
so that it is level with the upper end.
f sxd 5 5.8 7.0 8.8 9.6 8.2 6.7 5.2 4.1
18. A 0.4-kg model rocket is loaded with 0.75 kg of rocket fuel.
After launch, the rocket rises at a constant rate of 4 mys but
7. A
force of 10 lb is required to hold a spring stretched 4 in. the rocket fuel is dissipated at a rate of 0.15 kgys. Find the
beyond its natural length. How much work is done in stretch- work done in propelling the rocket 20 m above the ground.
ing it from its natural length to 6 in. beyond its natural
length? 19. A
leaky 10-kg bucket is lifted from the ground to a height of
12 m at a constant speed with a rope that weighs 0.8 kgym.
8. A
spring has a natural length of 40 cm. If a 60-N force is Initially the bucket contains 36 kg of water, but the water
required to keep the spring compressed 10 cm, how much leaks at a constant rate and finishes draining just as the bucket
work is done during this compression? How much work is reaches the 12-m level. How much work is done?
required to compress the spring to a length of 25 cm?
9. S
uppose that 2 J of work is needed to stretch a spring from its 20. A
circular swimming pool has a diameter of 24 ft, the sides
natural length of 30 cm to a length of 42 cm. are 5 ft high, and the depth of the water is 4 ft. How much
(a) How much work is needed to stretch the spring from work is required to pump all of the water out over the side?
35 cm to 40 cm? (Use the fact that water weighs 62.5 lbyft 3.)
(b) How far beyond its natural length will a force of 30 N
21. A
n aquarium 2 m long, 1 m wide, and 1 m deep is full of
keep the spring stretched?
water. Find the work needed to pump half of the water out of
10. I f the work required to stretch a spring 1 ft beyond its natural the aquarium. (Use the fact that the density of water is
length is 12 ft-lb, how much work is needed to stretch it 9 in. 1000 kgym3.)
beyond its natural length?
22. A
spherical water tank, 24 ft in diameter, sits atop a 60-ft-tall
11. A
spring has natural length 20 cm. Compare the work W1 tower. The tank is filled by a hose attached to the bottom of
done in stretching the spring from 20 cm to 30 cm with the the sphere. If a 1.5-horsepower pump is used to deliver water
work W2 done in stretching it from 30 cm to 40 cm. How are up to the tank, how long will it take to fill the tank? (One
W2 and W1 related? horsepower − 550 ft-lb of work per second.)
12. I f 6 J of work is needed to stretch a spring from 10 cm to
12 cm and another 10 J is needed to stretch it from 12 cm 23–26 A tank is full of water. Find the work required to pump
to 14 cm, what is the natural length of the spring? the water out of the spout. In Exercises 25 and 26 use the fact that
13–22 Show how to approximate the required work by a Riemann water weighs 62.5 lbyft3.
sum. Then express the work as an integral and evaluate it. 23. 3m 24. 1m
13. A
heavy rope, 50 ft long, weighs 0.5 lbyft and hangs over the 2m
edge of a building 120 ft high.
(a) How much work is done in pulling the rope to the top of 3m
3m
the building?
(b) How much work is done in pulling half the rope to the 8m
top of the building?

25. 6 ft 26. IW 32. H

ow much work (in ft-lb) is required to hurl a 12-lb bowl-
ing ball at 20 miyh? (Note: Divide the weight in pounds by
32 ftys2, the acceleration due to gravity, to find the mass,
IW measured in slugs.)
8 ft
33. S
uppose that when launching an 800-kg roller coaster car
3 ft IW an electromagnetic propulsion system exerts a force of
s5.7x 2 1 1.5xd newtons on the car at a distance x meters
frustum of a cone
along the track. Use Exercise 31 to find the speed of the car
when it has traveled 60 meters.
; 27. S
uppose that for the tank in Exercise 23 the pump breaks
down after 4.7 3 10 5 J of work has been done. What is 34. W
hen a particle is located a distance x meters from the ori-
the depth of the water remaining in the tank? gin, a force of cossxy3d newtons acts on it. How much
28. S
olve Exercise 24 if the tank is half full of oil that has a work is done in moving the particle from x − 1 to x − 2?
density of 900 kgym3. Interpret your answer by considering the work done from
x − 1 to x − 1.5 and from x − 1.5 to x − 2.
29. W
hen gas expands in a cylinder with radius r, the pressure 35. (a) Newton’s Law of Gravitation states that two bodies
at any given time is a function of the volume: P − PsV d. with masses m1 and m2 attract each other with a force
The force exerted by the gas on the piston (see the figure)
is the product of the pressure and the area: F − r 2P. m1 m2
F−G
Show that the work done by the gas when the volume r2
expands from volume V1 to volume V2 is where r is the distance between the bodies and G
is the gravitational constant. If one of the bodies is
W − y P dV fixed, find the work needed to move the other from
V2

V1 r − a to r − b.
(b) Compute the work required to launch a 1000-kg
satellite vertically to a height of 1000 km. You may
V assume that the earth’s mass is 5.98 3 10 24 kg
and is concentrated at its center. Take the
piston head
x radius of the earth to be 6.37 3 10 6 m and
G − 6.67 3 10 211 N∙m2y kg 2.
30. I n a steam engine the pressure P and volume V of steam sat- 36. T
he Great Pyramid of King Khufu was built of limestone in
isfy the equation PV 1.4 − k, where k is a constant. (This is true Egypt over a 20-year time period from 2580 bc to 2560 bc.
for adiabatic expansion, that is, expansion in which there is no Its base is a square with side length 756 ft and its height
heat transfer between the cylinder and its surroundings.) Use when built was 481 ft. (It was the tallest man-made struc-
Exercise 29 to calculate the work done by the engine during a ture in the world for more than 3800 years.) The density of
cycle when the steam starts at a pressure of 160 lbyin2 and a the limestone is about 150 lbyft 3.
volume of 100 in3 and expands to a volume of 800 in3. (a) Estimate the total work done in building the pyramid.
(b) If each laborer worked 10 hours a day for 20 years, for
31–33 Work-Energy Theorem The kinetic energy KE of an 340 days a year, and did 200 ft-lbyh of work in lifting
object of mass m moving with velocity v is defined as KE − 12 mv 2. the limestone blocks into place, about how many
If a force f sxd acts on the object, moving it along the x-axis from laborers were needed to construct the pyramid?
x1 to x 2, the Work-Energy Theorem states that the net work done is
equal to the change in kinetic energy: 12 mv 22 2 12 mv 12, where v 1 is
the velocity at x1 and v2 is the velocity at x 2.
31. Let x − sstd be the position function of the object at
time t and v std, astd the velocity and acceleration functions.
Vladimir Korostyshevskiy / Shutterstock.com

Prove the Work-Energy Theorem by first using the Substitu-

tion Rule for Definite Integrals (5.5.6) to show that

W − y f sxd dx − y f ssstdd v std dt

x2 t2

x1 t1

Then use Newton’s Second Law of Motion

(force − mass 3 acceleration) and the substitution
u − v std to evaluate the integral.

6.5 Average Value of a Function

It is easy to calculate the average value of finitely many numbers y1, y2, . . . , yn:
y1 1 y2 1 ∙ ∙ ∙ 1 yn
yavg −
n
T But how do we compute the average temperature during a day if infinitely many tem-
perature readings are possible? Figure 1 shows the graph of a temperature function Tstd,
15
where t is measured in hours and T in °C, and a guess at the average temperature, Tavg.
10 In general, let’s try to compute the average value of a function y − f sxd, a < x < b.
We start by dividing the interval fa, bg into n equal subintervals, each with length
5
6 Tavg Dx − sb 2 adyn. Then we choose points x1*, . . . , x n* in successive subintervals and cal-
culate the average of the numbers f sx1*d, . . . , f sx n*d:
0 12 18 24 t
f sx1*d 1 ∙ ∙ ∙ 1 f sx n*d
FIGURE 1 n
(For example, if f represents a temperature function and n − 24, this means that we take
temperature readings every hour and then average them.) Since Dx − sb 2 adyn, we can
write n − sb 2 adyDx and the average value becomes
f sx 1*d 1 ∙ ∙ ∙ 1 f sx n*d 1
− f f sx1*d 1 ∙ ∙ ∙ 1 f sx n*dg Dx
b2a b2a
Dx
1
− f f sx1*d Dx 1 ∙ ∙ ∙ 1 f sx n*d Dxg
b2a
n
1
−
b2a
o f sx i*d Dx
i−1

If we let n increase, we would be computing the average value of a large number of

closely spaced values. (For example, we would be averaging temperature readings taken
every minute or even every second.) The limiting value is
n
1 1
o f sx *i d Dx − y
b
lim f sxd dx
nl` b2a i−1 b2a a

by the definition of a definite integral.

Therefore we define the average value of f on the interval fa, bg as
For a positive function, we can think
of this definition as saying 1
y
b
favg − f sxd dx
area b2a a
− average height
width

EXAMPLE 1 Find the average value of the function f sxd − 1 1 x 2 on the

interval f21, 2g.
SOLUTION With a − 21 and b − 2 we have

favg −
1
b2a
y a
b
f sxd dx −
1
2 2 s21d
y 21
2
s1 1 x 2 d dx −
1
3
F G x1
x3
3
2

21
− 2 n

If Tstd is the temperature at time t, we might wonder if there is a specific time when
the temperature is the same as the average temperature. For the temperature function
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474 CHAPTER 6 Applications of Integration

graphed in Figure 1, we see that there are two such times –– just before noon and just
before midnight. In general, is there a number c at which the value of a function f is
exactly equal to the average value of the function, that is, f scd − favg? The following
theorem says that this is true for continuous functions.

The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals If f is continuous on fa, bg, then there
y exists a number c in fa, bg such that
y=ƒ
1
y
b
f scd − favg − f sxd dx
b2a a

y
b
f(c)=favg that is, f sxd dx − f scdsb 2 ad
a

0 a c b x

The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals is a consequence of the Mean Value Theorem
FIGURE 2
for derivatives and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. The proof is outlined in Exer-
You can always chop off the top of a cise 28.
(two-dimensional) mountain at a cer- The geometric interpretation of the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals is that, for
tain height (namely, favg ) and use it to positive functions f , there is a number c such that the rectangle with base fa, bg and
fill in the valleys so that the mountain height f scd has the same area as the region under the graph of f from a to b. (See
becomes completely flat. Figure 2 and the more picturesque interpretation in the margin note.)

EXAMPLE 2 Since f sxd − 1 1 x 2 is continuous on the interval f21, 2g, the Mean
Value Theorem for Integrals says there is a number c in f21, 2g such that

y
2
y s1 1 x 2 d dx − f scdf2 2 s21dg
(2, 5) 21
y=1+≈
In this particular case we can find c explicitly. From Example 1 we know that favg − 2,
so the value of c satisfies

(_1, 2) f scd − favg − 2

Therefore 1 1 c 2 − 2 so c 2 − 1
favg=2
So in this case there happen to be two numbers c − 61 in the interval f21, 2g that
_1 0 1 2 x work in the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals. n

FIGURE 3 Examples 1 and 2 are illustrated by Figure 3.

EXAMPLE 3 Show that the average velocity of a car over a time interval ft1, t2 g is the
same as the average of its velocities during the trip.
SOLUTION If sstd is the displacement of the car at time t, then, by definition, the
average velocity of the car over the interval is

Ds sst2 d 2 sst1 d
−
Dt t2 2 t1

On the other hand, the average value of the velocity function on the interval is
1 1
y y
t2 t2
vavg − vstd dt − s9std dt
t2 2 t1 t1 t2 2 t1 t1

1
− fsst2 d 2 sst1 dg (by the Net Change Theorem)
t2 2 t1
sst2 d 2 sst1 d
− − average velocity n
t2 2 t1

6.5 Exercises
1–8 Find the average value of the function on the given interval. 15. Find the average value of f on f0, 8g.
1. f sxd − 3x 1 8x, f21, 2g
2

y
2. f sxd − sx , f0, 4g

3. tsxd − 3 cos x, f2y2, y2g 1

1yz
e 0 2 4 6 x
4. f szd − , f1, 4g
z2
9
5. tstd − , f0, 2g 16. T
he velocity graph of an accelerating car is shown.
1 1 t2
(a) Use the Midpoint Rule to estimate the average
x2 velocity of the car during the first 12 seconds.
6. f s xd − , f21, 1g (b) At what time was the instantaneous velocity equal
s x 1 3d2
3

to the average velocity?

7. hsxd − cos 4 x sin x, f0, g
ln u √ (km/h)
8. hsud − , f1, 5g
u 60

40
9–12
(a) Find the average value of f on the given interval. 20
(b) Find c in the given interval such that favg − f scd.
(c) Sketch the graph of f and a rectangle whose base is the given
0 4 8 12 t (seconds)
interval and whose area is the same as the area under the
graph of f .
17. I n a certain city the temperature (in °F) t hours after
9. f std − 1yt 2 , f1, 3g 9 am was modeled by the function
10. tsxd − sx 1 1d3, f0, 2g t
Tstd − 50 1 14 sin
; 11. f sxd − 2 sin x 2 sin 2x, f0, g 12
2 ind the average temperature during the period from
F
; 12. f sxd − 2xe , f0, 2g
2x

9 am to 9 pm.

13. If f is continuous and y1 f sxd dx − 8, show that f takes

3 18. The figure shows graphs of the temperatures for a city on the
on the value 4 at least once on the interval f1, 3g. East Coast and a city on the West Coast during a 24-hour
period starting at midnight. Which city had the highest tem-
14. F
ind the numbers b such that the average value of perature that day? Find the average temperature during this
f sxd − 2 1 6x 2 3x 2 on the interval f0, bg is equal to 3. time period for each city using the Midpoint Rule with

n − 12. Interpret your results; which city was “warmer” (b) What is the average temperature of the coffee during the
overall that day? first half hour?

T (°F) 23. U
se the result of Exercise 5.5.89 to compute the average vol-
80 ume of inhaled air in the lungs in one respiratory cycle.

70
East Coast 24. I f a freely falling body starts from rest, then its displace-
ment is given by s − 12 tt 2. Let the velocity after a time T
60 be v T . Show that if we compute the average of the
West Coast velocities with respect to t we get vavg − 12 v T , but if we
50
compute the average of the velocities with respect to s
40 we get vavg − 23 v T .

25. U
se the diagram to show that if f is concave upward
4 8 12 16 20 t (hours)
on fa, bg, then
19. T
he linear density in a rod 8 m long is 12ysx 1 1 kgym,
where x is measured in meters from one end of the rod. Find
the average density of the rod.
favg . f S D a1b
2

20. T
he velocity v of blood that flows in a blood vessel with y
radius R and length l at a distance r from the central axis is f

P
vsrd − sR 2 2 r 2 d
4l
where P is the pressure difference between the ends of the
vessel and is the viscosity of the blood (see Example 3.7.7). 0 a a+b b x
Find the average velocity (with respect to r) over the interval 2
0 < r < R. Compare the average velocity with the maximum
velocity. 26–27 Let favg fa, bg denote the average value of f on the
21. I n Example 3.8.1 we modeled the world population interval fa, bg.
in the second half of the 20th century by the equation 26. Show that if a , c , b, then
Pstd − 2560e 0.017185t. Use this equation to estimate the aver-
age world population during this time period (1950 –2000).
22. (a) A cup of coffee has temperature 95°C and takes
30 minutes to cool to 61°C in a room with temper-
favg fa, bg − S D c2a
b2a
favg fa, cg 1 S D b2c
b2a
favg fc, bg

ature 20°C. Use Newton’s Law of Cooling (Sec-

27. Show that if f is continuous, then lim t l a1 favg fa, tg − f sad.
tion 3.8) to show that the temperature of the coffee
after t minutes is
28. P
rove the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals by applying the
Tstd − 20 1 75e2kt Mean Value Theorem for derivatives (see Section 4.2) to the
x
where k < 0.02. function Fsxd − ya f std dt.

APPLIED PROJECT CALCULUS AND BASEBALL

In this project we explore three of the many applications of calculus to baseball. The physical
interactions of the game, especially the collision of ball and bat, are quite complex and their
models are discussed in detail in a book by Robert Adair, The Physics of Baseball, 3d ed.
(New York, 2002).
1. I t may surprise you to learn that the collision of baseball and bat lasts only about a thou-
sandth of a second. Here we calculate the average force on the bat during this collision by
first computing the change in the ball’s momentum.

The momentum p of an object is the product of its mass m and its velocity v, that is,
p − mv. Suppose an object, moving along a straight line, is acted on by a force F − Fstd
that is a continuous function of time.
(a) Show that the change in momentum over a time interval ft0 , t1 g is equal to the integral
of F from t0 to t1; that is, show that

pst1 d 2 pst 0 d − y Fstd dt

This integral is called the impulse of the force over the time interval.
(b) A pitcher throws a 90-miyh fastball to a batter, who hits a line drive directly back
Batter’s box to the pitcher. The ball is in contact with the bat for 0.001 s and leaves the bat with
velocity 110 miyh. A baseball weighs 5 oz and, in US Customary units, its mass is
measured in slugs: m − wyt, where t − 32 ftys 2.
(i) Find the change in the ball’s momentum.
An overhead view of the position of (ii) Find the average force on the bat.
a baseball bat, shown every fiftieth
of a second during a typical swing. 2. I n this problem we calculate the work required for a pitcher to throw a 90-miyh fastball by
(Adapted from The Physics of Baseball ) first considering kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy K of an object of mass m and velocity v is given by K − 12 mv 2.
Suppose an object of mass m, moving in a straight line, is acted on by a force F − Fssd
that depends on its position s. According to Newton’s Second Law
dv
Fssd − ma − m
dt
where a and v denote the acceleration and velocity of the object.
(a) Show that the work done in moving the object from a position s0 to a position s1 is
equal to the change in the object’s kinetic energy; that is, show that

W − y Fssd ds − 12 mv122 12 mv 02
s1

where v0 − vss0 d and v1 − vss1 d are the velocities of the object at the positions s0
and s1. Hint: By the Chain Rule,
dv dv ds dv
m −m − mv
dt ds dt ds
(b) How many foot-pounds of work does it take to throw a baseball at a speed of
90 miyh?
3. (a) An outfielder fields a baseball 280 ft away from home plate and throws it directly
to the catcher with an initial velocity of 100 ftys. Assume that the velocity vstd of
the ball after t seconds satisfies the differential equation dvydt − 2101 v because of air
resistance. How long does it take for the ball to reach home plate? (Ignore any verti-
cal motion of the ball.)
(b) The manager of the team wonders whether the ball will reach home plate sooner if it is
relayed by an infielder. The shortstop can position himself directly between the out-
fielder and home plate, catch the ball thrown by the outfielder, turn, and throw the ball
to the catcher with an initial velocity of 105 ftys. The manager clocks the relay time of
the shortstop (catching, turning, throwing) at half a second. How far from home plate
should the shortstop position himself to minimize the total time for the ball to reach
home plate? Should the manager encourage a direct throw or a relayed throw? What if
the shortstop can throw at 115 ftys?
(c) For what throwing velocity of the shortstop does a relayed throw take the same time as
a direct throw?

APPLIED PROJECT WHERE TO SIT AT THE MOVIES

A movie theater has a screen that is positioned 10 ft off the floor and is 25 ft high. The
first row of seats is placed 9 ft from the screen and the rows are set 3 ft apart. The floor of
the seating area is inclined at an angle of − 20 ° above the horizontal and the distance up
the incline that you sit is x. The theater has 21 rows of seats, so 0 < x < 60. Suppose you
decide that the best place to sit is in the row where the angle subtended by the screen at
your eyes is a maximum. Let’s also suppose that your eyes are 4 ft above the floor, as shown
in the figure. (In Exercise 4.7.84 we looked at a simpler version of this problem, where the
floor is horizontal, but this project involves a more complicated situation and requires
technology.)
25 ft 1. Show that

x
¨
4 ft − arccos S a 2 1 b 2 2 625
2ab
D
10 ft where
a 2 − s9 1 x cos d2 1 s31 2 x sin d2
å
9 ft and
b 2 − s9 1 x cos d2 1 sx sin 2 6d2
2. U
se a graph of as a function of x to estimate the value of x that maximizes . In which
row should you sit? What is the viewing angle in this row?
se a computer algebra system to differentiate and find a numerical value for the root of
3. U
the equation dydx − 0. Does this value confirm your result in Problem 2?
se the graph of to estimate the average value of on the interval 0 < x < 60. Then use
4. U
a computer algebra system to compute the average value. Compare with the maximum and
minimum values of .

6 REVIEW
CONCEPT CHECK Answers to the Concept Check are available at StewartCalculus.com.

1. (a) Draw two typical curves y − f sxd and y − tsxd, where (b) If S is a solid of revolution, how do you find the cross-
f sxd > tsxd for a < x < b. Show how to approximate sectional areas?
the area between these curves by a Riemann sum and
4. (a) What is the volume of a cylindrical shell?
sketch the corresponding approximating rectangles. Then
(b) Explain how to use cylindrical shells to find the volume
write an expression for the exact area.
of a solid of revolution.
(b) Explain how the situation changes if the curves have
(c) Why might you want to use the shell method instead of
equations x − f s yd and x − ts yd, where f s yd > ts yd
the disk or washer method?
for c < y < d.
5. S
uppose that you push a book across a 6-meter-long table by
2. S
uppose that Sue runs faster than Kathy throughout a exerting a force f sxd at each point from x − 0 to x − 6. What
1500-meter race. What is the physical meaning of the area does y06 f sxd dx represent? If f sxd is measured in newtons,
between their velocity curves for the first minute of the race? what are the units for the integral?
3. (a) Suppose S is a solid with known cross-sectional areas. 6. (a) What is the average value of a function f on an
Explain how to approximate the volume of S by a interval fa, bg ?
Riemann sum. Then write an expression for the exact (b) What does the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals say?
volume. What is its geometric interpretation?

TRUE-FALSE QUIZ

Determine whether the statement is true or false. If it is true, 5. If 5 is revolved about the x-axis, then the volume of the
explain why. If it is false, explain why or give an example that resulting solid is V − yab f f sxdg 2 dx.
disproves the statement.
6. If 5 is revolved about the x-axis, then vertical cross-sections
1. The area between the curves y − f sxd and y − tsxd for perpendicular to the x-axis of the resulting solid are disks.
a < x < b is A − yab f f sxd 2 tsxdg dx.
7. If 5 is revolved about the y-axis, then horizontal cross-
2. A cube is a solid of revolution. sections of the resulting solid are cylindrical shells.
3. If the region bounded by the curves y − sx and y − x is
8. The volume of the solid obtained by revolving 5 about the
revolved about the x-axis, then the volume of the resulting
line x − 22 is the same as the volume of the solid obtained
solid is V − y01 (sx 2 x) dx.
2
by revolving 5 about the y-axis.
4–9 Let 5 be the region shown.
9. If 5 is the base of a solid S and cross-sections of S per-
y pendicular to the x-axis are squares, then the volume of S
y=ƒ
is V − yab f f sxdg 2 dx.

T 10. A cable hangs vertically from a winch located at the top of a

tall building. The work required for the winch to pull up the
top half of the cable is half of the work required to pull up
0 a b x
the entire cable.
4. If 5 is revolved about the y-axis, then the volume of the 11. If y25 f sxd dx − 12, then the average value of f on f2, 5g
resulting solid is V − yab 2x f sxd dx. is 4.

EXERCISES

1–6 Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves. | |
13. y − cos2 x, x < y2, y − 14 ; about x − y2
1. y − x 2, y − 8 x 2 x 2 14. y − ln x, y − 0, x − 4; about x − 21
2. y − sx , y − 2s
3
x, y − x 2 2
3. y − 1 2 2x 2, y − x | | 15–16 The region bounded by the given curves is rotated about
the specified axis. Find the volume of the solid using (a) x as the
4. x 1 y − 0, x − y 2 1 3y variable of integration and (b) y as the variable of integration.
5. y − sins xy2d, y − x 2 2 2x 15. y − x 3, y − 3x 2; about x − 21
6. y − sx , y − x , x − 2 2
16. y − sx , y − x ; about y − 3 2

7–11 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region 17. F
ind the volumes of the solids obtained by rotating the region
bounded by the given curves about the specified axis. bounded by the curves y − x and y − x 2 about the following
7. y − 2x, y − x 2; about the x-axis lines.
(a) The x-axis (b) The y-axis (c) y − 2
8. x − 1 1 y 2, y − x 2 3; about the y-axis
18. Let 5 be the region in the first quadrant bounded by the
9. x − 0, x − 9 2 y 2; about x − 21 curves y − x 3 and y − 2x 2 x 2. Calculate the following
10. y − x 2 1 1, y − 9 2 x 2; about y − 21 quantities.
(a) The area of 5
11. x 2 2 y 2 − a 2, x − a 1 h (where a . 0, h . 0);
(b) The volume obtained by rotating 5 about the x-axis
about the y-axis
(c) The volume obtained by rotating 5 about the y-axis
19. Let 5 be the region bounded by the curves y − tansx 2 d,
12–14 Set up, but do not evaluate, an integral for the volume of
x − 1, and y − 0. Use the Midpoint Rule with n − 4 to
the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given
estimate the following quantities.
curves about the specified axis.
(a) The area of 5
12. y − tan x, y − x, x − y3; about the y-axis (b) The volume obtained by rotating 5 about the x-axis

; 20. Let 5 be the region bounded by the curves y − 1 2 x and 30. A

1600-lb elevator is suspended by a 200-ft cable that weighs
2

y − x 6 2 x 1 1. Estimate the following quantities. 10 lbyft. How much work is required to raise the elevator
(a) The x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the from the basement to the third floor, a distance of 30 ft?
curves
31. A
tank full of water has the shape of a paraboloid of revolu-
(b) The area of 5
tion as shown in the figure; that is, its shape is obtained by
(c) The volume generated when 5 is rotated about the rotating a parabola about a vertical axis.
x-axis (a) If its height is 4 ft and the radius at the top is 4 ft, find
(d) The volume generated when 5 is rotated about the the work required to pump the water out of the tank.
y-axis
; (b) After 4000 ft-lb of work has been done, what is the
21–24 Each integral represents the volume of a solid. Describe depth of the water remaining in the tank?
the solid.

y
y2
21. 2x cos x dx
0 IW

y
y2
22. 2 cos2x dx
0 IW

y

23. s2 2 sin xd dx 2
0

y
4
24. 2 s6 2 yds4y 2 y 2 d dy
0
32. A
steel tank has the shape of a circular cylinder oriented
vertically with diameter 4 m and height 5 m. The tank is
25. T
he base of a solid is a circular disk with radius 3. Find the currently filled to a level of 3 m with cooking oil that has a
volume of the solid if parallel cross-sections perpendicular density of 920 kgym3. Compute the work required to pump
to the base are isosceles right triangles with hypotenuse the oil out through a 1-m spout at the top of the tank.
lying along the base.
ind the average value of the function f std − sec 2 t on the
33. F
26. T
he base of a solid is the region bounded by the parabolas interval f0, y4g.
y − x 2 and y − 2 2 x 2. Find the volume of the solid if the
cross-sections perpendicular to the x-axis are squares with 34. (a) Find the average value of the function f sxd − 1ysx on
one side lying along the base. the interval f1, 4g.
(b) Find the value c guaranteed by the Mean Value
27. T
he height of a monument is 20 m. A horizontal cross- Theorem for Integrals such that favg − f scd.
section at a distance x meters from the top is an equilateral
(c) Sketch the graph of f on f1, 4g and a rectangle with
triangle with side 14 x meters. Find the volume of the
base f1, 4g whose area is the same as the area under the
monument.
graph of f.
28. (a) The base of a solid is a square with vertices located at
35. Let 51 be the region bounded by y − x 2, y − 0, and x − b,
s1, 0d, s0, 1d, s21, 0d, and s0, 21d. Each cross-section
where b . 0. Let 52 be the region bounded by y − x 2,
perpendicular to the x-axis is a semicircle. Find the
x − 0, and y − b 2.
volume of the solid.
(a) Is there a value of b such that 51 and 52 have the same
(b) Show that the volume of the solid of part (a) can be
area?
computed more simply by first cutting the solid and
(b) Is there a value of b such that 51 sweeps out the same
rearranging it to form a cone.
volume when rotated about the x-axis and the y-axis?
29. A
force of 30 N is required to maintain a spring stretched (c) Is there a value of b such that 51 and 52 sweep out the
from its natural length of 12 cm to a length of 15 cm. How same volume when rotated about the x-axis?
much work is done in stretching the spring from 12 cm (d) Is there a value of b such that 51 and 52 sweep out the
to 20 cm? same volume when rotated about the y-axis?

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Problems Plus
1. A solid is generated by rotating about the x-axis the region under the curve y − f sxd, where
f is a positive function and x > 0. The volume generated by the part of the curve from
x − 0 to x − b is b 2 for all b . 0. Find the function f.
2. There is a line through the origin that divides the region bounded by the parabola
y − x 2 x 2 and the x-axis into two regions with equal area. What is the slope of that line?
y 3. T
he figure shows a curve C with the property that, for every point P on the middle curve
y=2≈ y − 2x 2, the areas A and B are equal. Find an equation for C.
C
4. A
cylindrical glass of radius r and height L is filled with water and then tilted until the water
y=≈ remaining in the glass exactly covers its base.
P
B (a) Determine a way to “slice” the water into parallel rectangular cross-sections and then
set up a definite integral for the volume of the water in the glass.
A (b) Determine a way to “slice” the water into parallel cross-sections that are trapezoids and
then set up a definite integral for the volume of the water.
(c) Find the volume of water in the glass by evaluating one of the integrals in part (a) or
0 x part (b).
(d) Find the volume of the water in the glass from purely geometric considerations.
FIGURE FOR PROBLEM 3 (e) Suppose the glass is tilted until the water exactly covers half the base. In what direction
can you “slice” the water into triangular cross-sections? Rectangular cross-sections?
Cross-sections that are segments of circles? Find the volume of water in the glass.

L L

r
r

5. Water in an open bowl evaporates at a rate proportional to the area of the surface of the
water. (This means that the rate of decrease of the volume is proportional to the area of the
surface.) Show that the depth of the water decreases at a constant rate, regardless of the
shape of the bowl.
y=L-h 6. A
rchimedes’ Principle states that the buoyant force on an object partially or fully submerged
in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces. Thus, for an object of
y=0
density 0 floating partly submerged in a fluid of density f , the buoyant force is given by
L F − f t y2h
0
As yd dy, where t is the acceleration due to gravity and As yd is the area of a typi-
h
cal cross-section of the object (see the figure). The weight of the object is given by
y=_h
W − 0t y
L2h
As yd dy
2h

FIGURE FOR PROBLEM 6 (a) Show that the percentage of the volume of the object above the surface of the liquid is

f 2 0
100
f
(b) The density of ice is 917 kgym3 and the density of seawater is 1030 kgym3. What per-

centage of the volume of an iceberg is above water?
(c) An ice cube floats in a glass filled to the brim with water. Does the water overflow when

the ice melts?
(d) A sphere of radius 0.4 m and having negligible weight is floating in a large freshwater

lake. How much work is required to completely submerge the sphere? The density of the
water is 1000 kgym3.

481
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
7. A sphere of radius 1 overlaps a smaller sphere of radius r in such a way that their inter-
section is a circle of radius r. (In other words, they intersect in a great circle of the small
sphere.) Find r so that the volume inside the small sphere and outside the large sphere is as
large as possible.

8. A
paper drinking cup filled with water has the shape of a cone with height h and semi-
vertical angle . (See the figure.) A ball is placed carefully in the cup, thereby displacing
some of the water and making it overflow. What is the radius of the ball that causes the
greatest volume of water to spill out of the cup?

9. A clepsydra, or water clock, is a glass container with a small hole in the bottom through
which water can flow. The “clock” is calibrated for measuring time by placing markings on
the container corresponding to water levels at equally spaced times. Let x − f s yd be continu-
ous on the interval f0, bg and assume that the container is formed by rotating the graph of f
about the y-axis. Let V denote the volume of water and h the height of the water level at
time t. (See the figure.)
(a) Determine V as a function of h.
(b) Show that
dV dh
− f f shdg 2
dt dt
(c) Suppose that A is the area of the hole in the bottom of the container. It follows from

Torricelli’s Law that the rate of change of the volume of the water is given by
dV
− k A sh
dt
where k is a negative constant. Determine a formula for the function f such that dhydt is

a constant C. What is the advantage in having dhydt − C ?

b
x=f(y)

482
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
y 10. A
cylindrical container of radius r and height L is partially filled with a liquid whose volume
is V. If the container is rotated about its axis of symmetry with constant angular speed ,
v
then the container will induce a rotational motion in the liquid around the same axis. Even-
tually, the liquid will be rotating at the same angular speed as the container. The surface
of the liquid will be convex, as indicated in the figure, because the centrifugal force on the
liquid particles increases with the distance from the axis of the container. It can be shown
L
that the surface of the liquid is a paraboloid of revolution generated by rotating the parabola
h
2x 2
r x y−h1
2t
FIGURE FOR PROBLEM 10
about the y-axis, where t is the acceleration due to gravity.
(a) Determine h as a function of .
(b) At what angular speed will the surface of the liquid touch the bottom? At what speed
will it spill over the top?
(c) Suppose the radius of the container is 2 ft, the height is 7 ft, and the container and
liquid are rotating at the same constant angular speed. The surface of the liquid is 5 ft
below the top of the tank at the central axis and 4 ft below the top of the tank 1 ft out
from the central axis.
(i) Determine the angular speed of the container and the volume of the fluid.
(ii) How far below the top of the tank is the liquid at the wall of the container?

11. S
uppose the graph of a cubic polynomial intersects the parabola y − x 2 when x − 0,
x − a, and x − b, where 0 , a , b. If the two regions between the curves have the same
area, how is b related to a?

12. S
uppose we are planning to make a taco from a round tortilla with diameter 8 inches by
bending the tortilla so that it is shaped as if it is partially wrapped around a circular cylinder.
We will fill the tortilla to the edge (but no more) with meat, cheese, and other ingredients.
Our problem is to decide how to curve the tortilla in order to maximize the volume of food it
can hold.
(a) We start by placing a circular cylinder of radius r along a diameter of the tortilla and
folding the tortilla around the cylinder. Let x represent the distance from the center of
the tortilla to a point P on the diameter (see the figure). Show that the cross-sectional
area of the filled taco in the plane through P perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder is

Asxd − r s16 2 x 2 2 12 r 2 sin S 2

r
s16 2 x 2 D
and write an expression for the volume of the filled taco.

(b) Determine (approximately) the value of r that maximizes the volume of the taco. (Use a

graphical approach.)

483
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
13. I f the tangent at a point P on the curve y − x 3 intersects the curve again at Q, let A be the
area of the region bounded by the curve and the line segment PQ. Let B be the area of the
region defined in the same way starting with Q instead of P. What is the relationship
between A and B?
14. Let Psa, a2 d, a . 0, be any point on the part of the parabola y − x 2 in the first quadrant, and
let 5 be the region bounded by the parabola and the normal line through P. (See the figure.)
Show that the area of 5 is smallest when a − 12 . (See also Problem 11 in Problems Plus fol-
lowing Chapter 4.)

T
P

0 x

484
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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Chapter 6 - Application of Integration

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Chapter 6 - Application of Integration

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Rotation is used in many manufacturing processes. The photo shows an artist throwing a clay pot on a rotating potter’s wheel.

6.1 Areas Between Curves

y ■ Area Between Curves: Integrating With Respect to x

FIGURE 2 (a) Typical rectangle (b) Approximating rectangles

This approximation appears to become better and better as n l `. Therefore we

y=´ x=1 − e 2 12 2 1 − e 2 1.5  n

1 In Figure 4 we drew a typical approximating rectangle with width Dx as a reminder of

The area of a typical rectangle is

we have the following expression for A.

Îy Here a typical approximating rectangle has dimensions x R 2 x L and Dy.

FIGURE 15 (a) (b)  n

We use the Midpoint Rule with n − 4 intervals, so that Dt − 4. The midpoints of

EXAMPLE 8 Figure 17 is an example of a pathogenesis curve for a measles infection.

infection” reaches a particular threshold. The amount of infection needed to develop

− 26156 2 ( 28033 13 ) < 1877

11–18 Sketch the region enclosed by the given curves. Decide

25. y − sx , y − 13 x, 0 < x < 16

29. y − sec 2 x, y − 8 cos x, 2y3 < x < y3 x

5.6 5.0 4.8 B

58. I f the birth rate of a population is bstd − 2200e 0.024t people

 ind the area of the region bounded by the parabola y − x 2,

APPLIED PROJECT THE GINI INDEX

x 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Lsxd 0.000 0.031 0.114 0.256 0.485 1.000

x 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1980 0.000 0.042 0.144 0.312 0.559 1.000

1990 0.000 0.038 0.134 0.293 0.533 1.000

2000 0.000 0.036 0.125 0.273 0.503 1.000

2010 0.000 0.033 0.118 0.264 0.498 1.000

VsSi d < Asx*i d Dx

EXAMPLE 1 Show that the volume of a sphere of radius r is V − 43 r 3.

\ y − sr 2 2 x 2 . (See Figure 4.) So the cross-sectional area is

D 8VLQJGLVNVVÅ4.2726 E 8VLQJGLVNVVÅ4.2097 F 8VLQJGLVNVVÅ4.1940

FIGURE 5 Approximating the volume of a sphere with radius 1

■ Volumes of Solids of Revolution

Did we get a reasonable answer in

FIGURE 6 (a) (b)  n

FIGURE 7 (a) (b)

and the volume of the approximating cylinder pictured in Figure 7(b) is

Since the solid lies between y − 0 and y − 8, its volume is

EXAMPLE 4 The region 5 enclosed by the curves y − x and y − x 2 is rotated about

Asxd − sxd2 2 sx 2 d2 − sx 2 2 x 4 d

FIGURE 8 (a) ( b) (c) n

The cross-sectional area is

Asxd − s2 2 x 2 d2 2 s2 2 xd2

and so the volume of S is

The next example gives a further illustration of the procedure.

As yd − souter radiusd2 2 sinner radiusd2

■ Finding Volume Using Cross-Sectional Area

Asxd − 12  2s1 2 x 2  s3s1 2 x 2 − s3 s1 2 x 2 d

and the volume of the solid is

FIGURE 17 For another method see Exercise 77. n

3. About the y-axis 4. About the y-axis 28. y − x, y − 0, x − 2, x − 4; about x − 1

y y 29–40 Refer to the figure and find the volume generated by

11–28 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the

0 21 58. (a) A model for the shape of a bird’s egg is obtained by

61. A cap of a sphere with radius r and height h

 he base of S is the region enclosed by the parabola

6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells

■ The Method of Cylindrical Shells

and it can be remembered as

o 2x i f sx i d Dx − ya 2x f sxd dx

Thus the following formula appears plausible:

V − y 2x f sxd dx where 0 < a , b

Figure 7 shows a computer-generated

FIGURE 9 In this problem the disk method was simpler. n

The volume of the given solid is

■ Disks and Washers versus Cylindrical Shells

x=_1 y x=_1 y x=_1 y

(a) (b) (c)

25–30 Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume

16. y − sx , x − 0, y − 2 32. y − tan x, y − 0, x − y4; about x − y2

18. x − 23y 2 1 12y 2 9, x − 0 34. y − x, y − 2xys1 1 x 3 d; about x − 21

19. x − 1 1 s y 2 2d2, x − 2 35. x − ssin y , 0 < y < , x − 0; about y − 4

20. x 1 y − 4, x − y 2 2 4y 1 4 36. x 2 2 y 2 − 7, x − 4; about y − 5

 se the Midpoint Rule with n − 5 to estimate the volume

y=´ x=1 − e 2 12 2 1 − e 2 1.5 n

FIGURE 15 (a) (b) n

29. y − sec 2 x, y − 8 cos x, 2y3 < x < y3 x

58. I f the birth rate of a population is bstd − 2200e 0.024t people

ind the area of the region bounded by the parabola y − x 2,

EXAMPLE 1 Show that the volume of a sphere of radius r is V − 43 r 3.

D 8VLQJGLVNVVÅ4.2726 E 8VLQJGLVNVVÅ4.2097 F 8VLQJGLVNVVÅ4.1940

FIGURE 6 (a) (b) n

Asxd − sxd2 2 sx 2 d2 − sx 2 2 x 4 d

FIGURE 8 (a) ( b) (c) n

Asxd − s2 2 x 2 d2 2 s2 2 xd2

As yd − souter radiusd2 2 sinner radiusd2

Asxd − 12 2s1 2 x 2 s3s1 2 x 2 − s3 s1 2 x 2 d

FIGURE 17 For another method see Exercise 77. n

0 21 58. (a) A model for the shape of a bird’s egg is obtained by

he base of S is the region enclosed by the parabola

o 2x i f sx i d Dx − ya 2x f sxd dx

V − y 2x f sxd dx where 0 < a , b

FIGURE 9 In this problem the disk method was simpler. n

16. y − sx , x − 0, y − 2 32. y − tan x, y − 0, x − y4; about x − y2

19. x − 1 1 s y 2 2d2, x − 2 35. x − ssin y , 0 < y < , x − 0; about y − 4

se the Midpoint Rule with n − 5 to estimate the volume

46. y − x 3 sin x, y − 0, 0 < x < ; about x − 21

− 400fs0.08d2 2 s0.05d2g − 1.56 J n

10-x Fi − mi t < s9.8d160s10 2 x *i d2 Dx

he table shows values of a force function f sxd, where x is

25. 6 ft 26. IW 32. H

3. tsxd − 3 cos x, f2y2, y2g 1

13. If f is continuous and y1 f sxd dx − 8, show that f takes

; 20. Let 5 be the region bounded by the curves y − 1 2 x and 30. A