Jurnal Farmasi dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia Vol. 10 No.
3 December 2023, 379-385
DOI: 10.20473/jfiki.v10i32023.379-385
Available online at https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JFIKI/
Protective Factor Evaluation of Purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) Magenta
Flower Variety Herbs Extract Cream Formula
Bida Cincin Kirana*, Erlien Dwi Cahyani, Antonius Budiawan
Department of Pharmacy Diploma III, Vocational Faculty, Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Surabaya, Indonesia
Submitted: 26 June 2023
Revised: 10 December 2023
Accepted: 19 December 2023
Abstract
Background: Indonesia is an equatorial country that is rich in sunlight all year. UV light is divided into three
wavelength groups: UV-A (320-400nm), UV-B (280-320nm), and UV-C (100-290nm). Intracell chromophores in
skin cell membranes such as riboflavin, porphyrin, nicotinamide, and enzymes will absorb the UV-A light. The
UV-B light penetrates the dermis layer and causes DNA structure changes, which lead to wrinkles and a rising
risk of skin cancer. Premature skin aging and skin cancer can be prevented with sunscreen preparation containing
compounds that can protect the skin from UV radiation. Flavonoid is one of the purslane (Portulaca grandiflora)
active metabolites that have the potency to be developed as sunscreen. Objective: This research aimed to determine
the ability of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) magenta flower variety herbs extract cream as a sunscreen as
indicated by the %Te, %Tp, and Sun Protective Factor value. Methods: This research was an experimental study
with various purslane magenta flower variety herbs extract cream formulas that were tested for their %Te, %Tp,
and SPF value with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: The sunscreen cream preparation with 2.5% of purslane
(Portulaca grandiflora) magenta flower variety herb extract had %Te, %Tp, and SPF values of 25.86 ± 2.41%,
36.05 ± 2.82%, and 3.97 ± 0.35 respectively. At the same time, preparations with 5% concentration of extract had
%Te, %Tp, and SPF values of 8.23 ± 0.86%, 16.65 ± 0.92%, and 8.03 ± 0.38, respectively. Conclusion: The
sunscreen activity of all extract concentration creams was significantly different compared to the negative control
(cream base) in all parameters. Flavonoids are the compounds responsible for the sunscreen activity of purslane
extract.
Keywords: cream, magenta, Portulaca grandiflora, purslane, sun protective factor
How to cite this article:
Kirana, B. C., Cahyani, E. D. & Budiawan, A. (2023). Protective Factor Evaluation of Purslane (Portulaca
grandiflora) Magenta Flower Variety Herbs Extract Cream Formula. Jurnal Farmasi dan Ilmu Kefarmasian
Indonesia, 10(3), 379-385. http://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v10i32023.379-385
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INTRODUCTION addition, with the right cream consistency, the extracts
One of the energy sources needed by living in sunscreen can stick long enough and provide
creatures is sunlight because of its involvement in every sufficient time for the flavonoid compounds to be
stage of the living process. For example, it is vitamin D absorbed by the skin, providing a maximum sun
generation. Otherwise, sunlight overexposure also has a protection effect.
negative effect.
Sunlight radiation consists of infrared light MATERIALS AND METHODS
(wavelength > 760 nm), visible light (400-760 nm), and Materials
UV (ultraviolet) light consisting of UV-A (320-400 nm), Fresh purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) magenta
UV-B (290-320 nm), as well as UV-C (200-290 nm) flower variety herb was obtained from Madiun regency,
(Limpiangkanan & Limpiangkanan, 2010). UV-A and East Java, Indonesia. Ethanol 96% was used the
UV-B rays are radiation from sunlight that reaches the extraction process. Ceto stearyl alcohol, stearic acid,
earth's surfaces and has an impact on the skin (Wang et cetyl alcohol, methylparaben, propylparaben, tween 80,
al., 2008). The UV-A light that reaches the skin surface and aqua destilata were used to make cream base
will be absorbed by intracellular chromophores in cell preparation. Magnesium powder, HCl 2N, C2H5OH,
membranes such as riboflavin, porphyrin, nicotinamide, NH3, CHCl3, Dragendorff, Mayer, Bouchardat, FeCl3,
and enzymes. This causes oxidative stress, whereas H2SO4 concentrate, and methanol pro analysis were
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production used as reagents.
overwhelms the natural skin antioxidant mechanism, Tools
leading to a decrease in collagen production and wrinkle Tools used in this experiment were
appearance (Gragnani et al., 2014). The UV-B light that Spectrophotometer UV-Vis (JaSCO V-730), rotary
reaches the skin will penetrate the dermis layer and evaporator, water bath, analytical balance, and
cause DNA structure changes, which lead to wrinkles glassware (pyrex).
and rising skin cancer risk (Matsuda et al., 2013). Method
Indonesia is a country in the equatorial area with an Extract preparation
abundance of sunlight, which leads to high premature Two hundred grams of dried purslane (Portulaca
skin aging and skin cancer risk. Premature skin aging grandiflora) magenta flower variety herb was extracted
and skin cancer can be prevented with sunscreen with maceration method using 500 mL ethanol 96% for
preparation containing compounds that can protect the five days. The dregs were re-macerated using the same
skin from UV radiation. The ability to protect skin from solvent for another five days. The first and second
sunlight exposure is shown by erythema transmission filtrates were then mixed and thickened with a rotary
percentage (%Te), pigmentation transmission evaporator at 40°C until one-third of the volume was
percentage (%Tp), and Sun Protective Factor (SPF). remaining. The thickened filtrates were then dried in the
Commonly, plants rich in flavonoids have a high SPF oven at 50°C for 24 hours until thick extract was
value because of their chromophore chemical structure obtained.
capable of absorbing UV light radiation energy (Saewan Phytochemical screening
& Jimtaisong, 2013). Besides that, flavonoids also have 1. Flavonoids Identification
antioxidant activity to prevent oxidative stress so that Half a gram of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora)
premature skin aging and cancer risk can be prevented magenta flower variety extract was dissolved into water
(Chen et al., 2012). and transferred into a test tube. Magnesium metal and
Purslane is a plant that has been studied for its five drops of HCl 2N were added into the tube, and then
health benefits because of its various secondary the mixture was heated for 5-10 minutes. After filtration,
metabolites. Flavonoid is one of the purslane active the filtrate waited until it cooled down and was added
metabolites that have the potency to develop as with amil alcohol and then shaken hard. The reaction
sunscreen. Purslane Portulaca grandiflora magenta was positive if a red color formed in the amil alcohol
flower variety has higher levels of flavonoids compared layer (Harbone, 1987; Hanani, 2017).
to other varieties, making it suitable to be developed as 2. Alkaloid Identification
a sunscreen (Budiawan et al., 2023). Half a gram of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora)
Cream is a topical preparation with a semi-solid magenta flower variety extract was basified with 1 mL
emulsion system. This preparation is easy to use and of ammonia, then chloroform was added and crushed
gives a comfortable feeling in its application. In vigorously. The chloroform liquid was filtered, the
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filtrate was placed in a test tube, 2 N HCl was added, the the hot oil phase and the mixture stirred at 12500 rpm
mixture was shaken, and then left to separate. In a until a cold cream base formed. The purslane (Portulaca
separate test tube: Filtrate 1: As much as one drop of grandiflora) magenta flower variety herb extract was
Dragendorff reagent solution is dropped into the filtrate, added to the cream base and stirred at 20 rpm until a
the presence of alkaloids is indicated by the formation homogeneous cream was formed (Table 1).
of precipitate or turbidity that is coloured brown. Filtrate Sunscreen activity test
2: As much as one drop of Mayer's reagent solution is The sunscreen activity test was carried out by
dripped into the filtrate, the presence of alkaloids is determining the SPF value in vitro using the UV-Vis
indicated by the formation of a white precipitate or spectrophotometry method. The purslane magenta
turbidity. Filtrate 3: As a blank or negative control flower variety herbs extract cream was dissolved into
(Harbone, 1987; Hanani, 2017). methanol pro analysis to obtain a 1000 ppm
3. Saponin Identification concentration of test solution. After that, the test
Half a gram of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) solution transmission was read at 292.5–372.5 nm
magenta flower variety extract was put in a test tube, wavelength (every 5 nm interval). The amount of
added hot water and cooled, then shaken for 10 seconds, erythema flux that was transmitted by the sunscreen
a stable foam will form in less than 10 minutes, 1-10 cm agent (Ee) is calculated by the formula: Ee = ΣT.Fe
high, and with the addition of 1 drop of HCl The 2N while the pigmentation flux is calculated by the formula:
foam was persistence which indicated the presence of Ep = ΣT.Fe. %Te and %Tp value calculated by
saponins (Harbone, 1987; Hanani, 2017). formula %Te = Ee/ΣEe and %Tp = Ep/Σep, where T=
4. Tannin Identification Transmition value, Fe= a constant of flux erythema, Fp=
Half a gram of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) a constant of flux pigmentation (Cumpelick, 1927). SPF
magenta flower variety extract was put into a test tube value measurement was done by reading the test
and reacted with FeCl3 1% solution. The extract solution absorbance at 290-320 nm wavelength with 5
contains tannins if a green-black or dark-blue color was nm interval (Mansur et al., 1986; Mishra et al., 2012)
formed (Harbone, 1987; Hanani, 2017). (Table 2). SPF was obtained using the formula:
5. Terpenoid Identification 320
Half a gram of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) 𝑆𝑃𝐹 = 𝐶𝐹 × ∑ 𝐸𝐸 × 𝐼 × 𝐴𝑏𝑠
magenta flower variety extract was put into a test tube 290
Where: CF: correction factor, EE: erythema effect
and added with chloroform and H2SO4 concentrated.
spectrum, I: light intensity spectrum, Abs: sample
The extract would contain terpenoids if a brown colour
absorbance.
was formed (Harbone, 1987; Hanani, 2017).
Table 2. Value of EE x I
Cream preparation
λ (nm) EE x I
The preparation of this research cream was based
on the Arisca (2018) with minor modifications. Each 290 0.015
material was measured and the oil phase (ceto stearyl 295 0.0817
alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, and propylparaben) 300 0.2874
305 0.03278
was mixed. The water phase (tween 80 and
310 0.1864
methylparaben) was mixed. Both phases were heated at
315 0.0839
80°C with a water bath until dissolved. Cream
320 0.018
preparation was done by adding the hot water phase to
Table 1. Purslane magenta flower variety herb extract cream formula
Negative Control 2,5% Extract 5% Extract
Ingredients
Formula (%) Formula (%) Formula (%)
Ceto stearyl alcohol 7 7 7
Stearic acid 7 7 7
Cetyl alcohol 6 6 6
Nipagin 0.15 0.15 0.15
Nipasol 0.05 0.05 0.05
Purslane extract - 2.5 5
Tween 80 0.5 0.5 0.5
Aqua destilata ad 100 100 100
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Table 5. %Te value of cream preparation
Negative Control Value of %Te (%)
Replication 5% Extract
(Cream Base) 2.5% Extract
I 97,56 27,36 8,97
II 90,28 23,08 8,44
III 93,06 27,14 7,29
Mean 93,64 ± 3,67 25,86 ± 2,41 8,23 ± 0,86
Data analysis Sunscreen preparation could contain active
The %Te, %Tp, and SPF values were analyzed ingredients in an inorganic compound (reflect UV
statistically using a one-way ANOVA analytical method radiation) and an organic compound (absorb UV
with α = 0.05 and followed by a post hoc test. radiation). The purpose of sunscreen application is not
only to protect the skin from UV rays exposure, which
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION can trigger negative effects, but also it’s expected to
Fresh purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) magenta inhibit ROS formation, which triggers gene mutations,
flower variety herb dried and extracted using maceration premature aging, and carcinogenic effects in the long
method until 5.51 gram thick extract was obtained with term. Therefore, active antioxidant compounds that can
10.64% yield (Table 3). help increase the physical activity of sunscreen are
The next step was qualitative phytochemical needed in sunscreen preparations. Purslane (Portulaca
identification of the obtained extract. The grandiflora) magenta flower variety herb extract
phytochemical screening result is explained in Table 4. contains various secondary metabolites and has
antioxidant activity (Addor et al., 2022).
Table 3. Purslane (P. grandiflora) magenta flower The cream sunscreen activity is determined from
variety herb extract yield the percentage of erythema transmission (% Te), the
Powder Extract Yield percentage of penetration transmission (% Tp), and the
Simplicia weight (g) weight (g) (%) Sun Protective Factor (SPF) value (Table 5).
Purslane magenta 51.78 5.51 10.64 The percent erythema transmission value (%Te)
flower variety describes the amount of UV rays exposure from the sun
herb
that hits the skin after using sunscreen, which causes
Table 4. Purslane (P. grandiflora) magenta flower erythema (redness) on the skin (Chen et al., 2012). The
variety herb extract phytochemical screening lower the % Te value, the better the sunscreen protection
Test Reagent Result to prevent erythema. Based on Table 5, the highest %.
Flavonoid Mg powder + HCl 2N + + Te was in the negative control (preparation basis),
C2H5OH which was 93.64 ± 3.67%, followed by preparations
Alkaloid NH3+CHCl3+HCl 2N+ containing 2.5% extract, which was 25.86 ± 2.41%, and
Dragendorff/ +
Mayer/Bouchardat the lowest was the preparation with 5% extract, which
Saponin Foam test + was 8.23 ± 0.86%. Based on the statistical test results, it
Tannin FeCl3 + showed that there was a significant difference in the %
Terpenoid H2SO4 concentrate + CHCl3 + Te value both in the negative control preparations with
2.5% and 5% extract. This indicates that the extract
The purslane extract was used as an active concentration determines the erythema transmission
ingredient in cream preparation with 2.5% and 5% value of sunscreen preparations.
concentration variations. Cream preparation was chosen The percentage value of pigmentation transmission
because it has benefits such as being easy to use, (% Tp) describes the amount of exposure to UV rays
comfortable, and easy to wash with water. The cream from the sun that hits the skin after using sunscreen,
also has various functions as a drug carrier, skin which causes pigmentation of the skin. As with % Te,
emollient, and protection from different interferences, the lower % Tp value indicates better protection of
including sunlight. sunscreen against pigmentation on the skin.
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Table 6. %Tp value of cream preparation
Negative Control Value of %Tp (%)
(Cream Base) 2.5% Ekstrak 5% Extract
Replication
I 98.29 36.69 17.46
II 91.49 32.96 16.83
III 95.66 38.49 15.65
Mean 95.15 ± 3.43 36.05 ± 2.82 16.65 ± 0.92
Table 7. SPF value of cream preparation
Replication Negative Control Value of SPF
(Cream Base) 2.5% Ekstrak 5% Extract
I 0.18 3.84 7.83
II 0.16 3.71 8.47
III 0.19 4.37 7.79
Mean 0.18 ± 0.02 3.97 ± 0.35 8.03 ± 0.38
Based on Table 6, shows that the highest % Tp was based on the % Te value, a higher extract content is
in the negative control (preparation basis), which was needed in the preparation.
95.15 ± 3.43, followed by preparations containing 2.5%
extract, which was 36.05 ± 2.82, and the lowest is a
preparation with 5% extract, namely 16.65 ± 0.92.
Based on the results of statistical tests, there was a
significant difference in % Tp value in the negative
control, preparations with 2.5%, and 5% extract with a
p>0.05. This shows that the extract concentration in
preparation determines the pigmentation transmission
value of the sunscreen preparation.
The SPF value states how many times the skin's
natural resistance is multiplied so that it is safe in the sun
without experiencing sunburn16. Based on the test Figure 1. Absorbance spectra at 290-400 nm
result, the SPF value also shows an increasing trend with wavelength of cream preparation
increasing extract concentration in the preparation. The potential for sunscreen activity can be
Based on Table 7, it can be seen that the lowest SPF expressed through the value of the Sun Protective Factor
value was in the negative control (preparation base), (SPF). The SPF value is determined from the absorption
which was 0.18 ± 0.02, followed by preparations results of the preparation at UV wavelengths between
containing 2.5% extract, which was 3.97 ± 0.35, and 290 – 400 nm (Figure 1). Based on the research results,
those having the highest was the preparation with 5% it was obtained that the SPF values of cream
extract, namely 8.03 ± 0.38. Based on the results of preparations containing 2.5% and 5% purslane herb
statistical tests, it showed that there was a significant extract were 3.97 ± 0.35 and 8.03 ± 0.38, respectively.
difference in the SPF value in the negative control, Both of these SPF values are less than 12, which is in
preparations with extracts of 2.5%, and 5% with p>0.05. the minimal protection category. This SPF value is not
This shows that the extract concentration determines the optimal for providing protection because, with an SPF
SPF value of the sunscreen preparation. value of less than 15, protection is only given for 1.5
Based on these results, a cream preparation hours (Buso et al., 2017).
containing 5% purslane herb extract had a higher % Te Statistical tests were carried out to determine
and % Tp value compared to preparations containing whether there were differences in sunscreen activity in
2.5% purslane herb extract. At the % Tp value, both each preparation. Based on statistical tests using one-
preparations showed the maximum protection, which way ANOVA, a significance value of <0.05 was
was in the sunblock category, while based on % Te, the obtained for both the %Te, %Tp, and SPF values. This
protection was still in the tanning and suntan categories means that the purslane herb extract concentration in
(Kasitowati et al., 2021). To obtain better protection preparation determines the sunscreen activity. The
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higher the extract concentration in the preparation, the C. K., A. B.; Investigation, E. D. C., A. B.; Resources,
better the sunscreen protection will be. B. C. K.; Data Curation, B. C. K.; Writing - Original
Draft, B. C. K., E. D. C., A. B.; Writing - Review &
Editing, A. B.; Visualization, E. D. C.; Supervision, B.
C. K.; Project Administration, B. C. K.; Funding
Acquisition, B. C. K.
FUNDING STATEMENT
This research did not receive any specific grant
from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not
Figure 2. Structure of flavonoid A: rutin, B: quercetin for profit sectors.
(Ganeshpurkar et al., 2017; El-Saber Batiha et al.,
2020) CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
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