Context
• You know two different ways to calculate q
• How is this accomplished in the lab?
Thermochemistry • How are these values for molar enthalpies
determined?
IB Topic 5.1 - Calorimetry
• What are the limitations on experiments
involving heat?
Monitoring Surroundings
Food Energy!
• To keep track of energy being stored or released
from a reaction, we can monitor the temperature • Assumptions
change of the surroundings being made here?
• Water is commonly used, as most of the time
chemicals reacting are dissolved in it, placed in • Data to be
it, or burned underneath of sample of it. recorded?
• If the temperature of the water increases, energy
is being released by the system
• If the water gets colder, the system is absorbing
the heat energy
Calorimetry
First Law of Thermodynamics
• “Measuring calories”
• To measure enthalpy changes will we use a • “energy can be converted from one form to
calorimeter another, but cannot be created or destroyed.”
• Apply this to calorimetry:
• “Coffee cup”
qsystem = - qsurroundings
• Filled with water or solution or
• That allows us to monitor the “surroundings” by heat lost = heat gained
measuring the temperature changes of the water • If the water heats up, ΔHsystem is negative, and
• We will assume that the heat capacity of water therefore the reaction observed is exothermic
applies to all aqueous solutions, but this is not • Thermometer
exactly true
• This is therefore a lab limitation
1
More Lab Limitations
• Heat lost to/added by environment –
unavoidable, mitigated by material of
calorimeter
• Heat absorbed by calorimeter itself – this is
sometimes quantified as a calorimeter constant,
or a heat capacity of the calorimeter
• Expressed as J/°C
Example Problem Lab Analysis
• A dilute solution of HCl with a mass of 610.3 g • When measuring enthalpy changes in the lab,
and containing 0.332 moles of HCl was exactly heat is lost to the environment.
neutralized in a calorimeter with a solution of • Instead of a calorimeter constant, we can use
sodium hydroxide with a mass of 615.3 g. The graphical analysis to attempt to know the true
temperature of the solution rose from 16.8 C to maximum temperature that could have been
20.6 °C. The heat capacity of the calorimeter is reached by the water, since once it peaks, it will
77.9 J/°C. Calculate the molar enthalpy of cool off in a linear fashion.
neutralization for this reaction. To the board! • This must be done in any thermochemistry IA
More Analysis - Stoichiometry
• We can experimentally determine the
stoichiometric ratio of a reaction by mixing
different amount of the two reactants together
and measuring the energy released.
• The max temperature change should correspond
to the max extent of reaction
• The apex of the ascending and descending lines
will show the optimal ratio of reactants:
2
Student Lab 4 NaClO + Na2S2O3 + 2 NaOH → 4 NaCl + 2 Na2SO4 + H2O
• Ratio of NaClO to Na2S2O3 (in mL) : Temperature
• A student mixes together two reactants of equal
after 2 Minutes:
concentrations in varying amounts in a 50 : 0 22 degrees C
calorimeter 45 : 5 34 degrees C
40 : 10 41 degrees C
• They keep the total amount of liquid the same 35 : 15 36 degrees C
30 : 20 34.5 degrees C
• They record the temperature of the mixture after 25 : 25 32 degrees C
two minutes each time. 20 : 30 29.5 degrees C
15 : 35 28 degrees C
• They plot a graph 10 : 40 26 degrees C
5 : 45 24.5 degrees C
• They find the ratio represented by the apex of 0 : 50 22 degrees C
the two lines
• Use a ruler? • Improvement – track cooling curve of each
• Use a program reaction to extrapolate back to maximum
• Decent lines temperature change
• Better titles • We have temperature probes and computers to
• Lack of SF in do this very easily!
measurements • Perform each trial more than once to eliminate
outlines
• Ratio = 1:6?
• More data?
• Could you use this
data to find ΔH for
the reaction,
reliably?
