GENERAL
PHYSICS 2
Prepared by: Joezer D. Batongbakal
UNLOCKING OF
DIFFICULTIES
Electromagnetism
◦A branch of Physics that deals with the
electromagnetic force that occurs between
electrically charged particles.
Induction
◦Generation of an electric current by a varying
magnetic field.
Some computer hard drives apply the principle of magnetic
induction. Recorded data are made on a coated, spinning disk.
Historically, reading these data was made to work on the
principle of induction. However, most input information today is
carried in digital rather than analog form—a series of 0s or 1s
are written upon the spinning hard drive. Therefore, most hard
drive readout devices do not work on the principle of
induction, but use a technique known as giant
magnetoresistance. Giant magnetoresistance is the effect of a
large change of electrical resistance induced by an applied
magnetic field to thin films of alternating ferromagnetic and
nonmagnetic layers. This is one of the first large successes of
nanotechnology.
Graphics tablets, or tablet computers where a specially
designed pen is used to draw digital images, also applies
induction principles. The tablets discussed here are labeled
as passive tablets, since there are other designs that use
either a battery-operated pen or optical signals to write
with. The passive tablets are
different than the touch tablets and
phones many of us use regularly,
but may still be found when signing
your signature at a cash register.
Underneath the screen, shown in Figure 13.8.113.8.1, are tiny
wires running across the length and width of the screen. The
pen has a tiny magnetic field coming from the tip. As the tip
brushes across the screen, a changing magnetic field is felt in
the wires which translates into an
induced emf that is converted
into the line you just drew.
In 1832, Michael Faraday in England
and Joseph Henry in the United States
independently performed experiments
showing electromotive force (emf) can
be induced in a circuit by a changing
magnetic field.
The results led to a basic and important
law of electromagnetism known as
Faraday's law of induction.
Michael Faraday is best known for his
contribution to electromagnetism.
Being born in poor family and only
receiving a basic formal education did
not limit him to excel in the field of
Science. He was the first scientist to
produce an electric current from a
magnetic field and invented the first
electric motor and dynamo. His
experiments significantly paved the way
for our understanding of
electromagnetism.
After Hans Christian Oersted
demonstrated that electric currents
can produce magnetic fields, another
physicist in the person of Michael
Faraday established a law where
electromotive force (emf) is produced
from the interaction of magnetic field
and electric current (electromagnetic
induction).
This law is known as Faraday’s law.
Several factors can affect the emf induced
by magnetic flux such as the change in
the magnetic flux, since emf depends
on the loop’s area and angle. Also, the
emf is greatest when the change in time
is smallest, thus the speed at which the
conductor moves is also considered. In
addition, the number of turns in a coil is
also a factor that can affect the induced
emf. Based on that, the following
relationships are formulated:
Phet Simulation: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/faradays-law/latest/faradays-law_all.html
An emf is induced in a conductor
whenever the magnetic flux
linkage through the conductor changes.
Faraday's Law states that the magnitude
of the induced emf in a conductor is
directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linkage. In SI
units the constant of proportionality is
equal to 1 and so this can be written as:
Faraday's Law
٤ = induced voltage (electromotive force), V
N = number of turns
∆Φ = change in magnetic flux
∆t = change in time
Sample Problem
A coil has 10 turns with an area of 0.0030 𝑚 is2
under a magnetic field perpendicular to the
surface. The initial magnitude of the magnetic
field is 0.060 T. After 0.10 s, it has increased to
0.070 T.
Calculate the average emf induced in the coil.
Sample Problem
A coil has 10 turns with an area of 0.0030 𝑚2 is under a
magnetic field perpendicular to the surface. The initial
magnitude of the magnetic field is 0.060 T. After 0.10 s, it has
increased to 0.070 T. Calculate the average emf induced in
the coil.
THINK-PAIR-SHARE ACTIVITY
Calculate the flux
A square loop of wire 10cm on a side is in a
1.25T magnetic field B. What are the maximum
and minimum values of flux that can pass
through the loop?
THINK-PAIR-SHARE ACTIVITY
A bar magnet approaches a single coil with a radius of 7.42
cm and the average value of B cos θ increases from 0.079
Tesla (T) to 0.38 T in 0.17 s.
Find a.) The rate of change in the flux in Weber per second
(Wb/s).
(b.) The emf and current in Amperes (A) induced if the coil
has a total resistance of 100 Ohms (Ω).
*Note: V=IR
(c.) The emf induced if the coil contains 50 loops
THINK-PAIR-SHARE ACTIVITY
THINK-PAIR-SHARE ACTIVITY
More reading on Faraday’s and Lenz’s Law
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-
forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnetic-flux-faradays-law/a/what-
is-faradays-law
OBJECTIVES:
1. Compare and contrast alternating current
(AC) and direct current (DC)
2. Characterize the properties (stored
energy and time-dependence of charges,
currents, and voltages) of an LC circuit.
UNLOCKING OF DIFFICULTIES
Alternating current (AC) - alternating current
reverses the direction of the flow of the electric
charge. The electric charge can move either
forward or backward, also the magnitude and
polarity change along with time.
Direct current (DC) - refers to the flow of electric
charge in only one direction and the source
voltage is constant, thus the magnitude does not
change
LC CIRCUITS
An LC circuit (inductor- capacitor circuit)
is a closed loop that contains only two
elements, a capacitor and an inductor.
LC CIRCUITS
The inductor stores energy in its magnetic
field while energy is stored in its electric
field for the capacitor. The LC circuit shifts
the energy stored in the circuit between
the electric and magnetic field, thus it can
oscillate even without a source of emf.
LC CIRCUITS
If the capacitor of an LC circuit contains a
charge before the switch is closed, all of the
energy in the circuit will be stored in the
capacitor’s electric field. The energy in the
capacitor is given by:
Where:
U is energy in the capacitor,
q is the charge, and
C is the capacitance of the capacitor.
LC CIRCUITS
The capacitor begins to discharge the energy
when the switch is closed, therefore
producing a current in the circuit. The
produced current will create a magnetic field
in the inductor. This process will lead to the
transfer of energy from the capacitor (electric
field will diminish) to the inductor where its
magnetic field increases.
LC CIRCUITS
The current is at its maximum level value (Io)
when the capacitor is completely discharged,
all the energy is stored in the magnetic field of
the inductor and the energy in the inductor is
UL= ½ LIo 2. (UL – energy in the inductor, L-
inductance and Io- maximum current).
LC CIRCUITS
Due to the absence of resistance in the circuit,
there is no loss of energy, therefore, the
maximum energy stored in the capacitor is
equal to the maximum energy stored in the
inductor is:
LC CIRCUITS
When the capacitor charge q at time t and the
current is I at time t, the total energy in the
circuit is:
LC CIRCUITS
When the capacitor charge q at time t and the
current is I at time t, the total energy in the
circuit is:
Because there is no energy dissipation, it can be
written as:
LC CIRCUITS
After reaching the maximum current (Io), the
capacitor will be recharged due to the continuous
transport charge between the capacitor’s plates by
the current.
LC CIRCUITS
Current will continue to flow even though the
capacitor is discharged because the inductor resists
a change in current, this will result for the capacitor
to change with opposite polarity.
The capacitor’s electric field increases while the
inductor’s magnetic field diminishes. As a result, the
energy from the inductor is transferred back to the
capacitor.
LC CIRCUITS
Following the law of conservation of energy, the
capacitor will re-acquire its maximum charge
however its plates will be charged opposite to their
initial charge. When the capacitor is completely
charged, it will transfer its energy again to the
inductor until it becomes fully discharged. Then
again, the energy flows back to the capacitor, and
the initial state of the circuit is restored.
ACTIVITY
ASSESSMENT
