L T P C
19EC514 RADAR AND NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
3 0 0 3
PREAMBLE
The course Radar and Navigation AIDS is offered as an elective subject. This course
provides in-depth coverage of fundamental topics in radar signal processing from a digital
signal processing perspective and imparting the basic knowledge for Radar and Navigational
techniques of linear systems, filtering, sampling, and Fourier analysis techniques and
interpretations to provide a unified approach in understanding of, improving probability of
detection and Signal to interference ratio.
PREREQUISITE
19EC406- Digital Communication.
COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course learners will be able to
To introduce the fundamental concepts of RADAR and
CO1 Understand
Navigation aids.
CO2 Different types of Radar models and their working. Understand
Explain the principle elements and functions involved in radar
CO3 Apply
signal processing.
CO4 Describe different types of radar waveforms and digital filtering Apply
CO5 Describe the Doppler processing and its issues. Analyze
MAPPING OF COs WITH POs AND PSOs
PROGRAMME
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES SPECIFIC
COURSE OUTCOMES
OUTCOMES
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CO1 3 2 - - - - 2 1 1 2 - - 3 2 3
CO2 2 3 1 - 2 - - 1 2 2 1 - 3 2 2
CO3 2 2 3 2 1 - - 1 2 2 - - 3 3 2
CO4 1 3 2 2 1 - - 1 1 2 2 - 3 3 2
CO5 2 2 3 1 1 - - 1 1 3 2 - 3 3 2
1. LOW 2. MODERATE 3. SUBSTANTIAL
CONCEPT MAP
Radar and Navigation
Introduction Waveforms
Basic Elements System Matched Filter
components Ambiguity Function
Pulse Burst
Signal Processing FM Pulse Compression
Quantization Sidelobe Control for FM
Stapped Frequency
Components
PM Pulse Compression
Sampling Costas Frquency Codes
Amplitude
Model
I/Q Balance
Noise Model, Domains & Criteria
SNR Fast Time Dimension
Spatial Model Slow Time Dimension
Frequency Model
Types Doppler Shift Moving Target Indication
Pulse Doppler Processing
Dwell to Dwell Stagger
Spectral Mode Pulse Pair Processing
Doppler Processing
Isssues
Clutter Mapping
SYLLABUS
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO RADAR EQUATION 9
Introduction- Basic Radar –The simple form of the Radar Equation- Radar Block
Diagram- Radar Frequencies –Applications of Radar – The Origins of Radar - Detection of
Signals in Noise- Receiver Noise and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio-Probability Density
Functions- Probabilities of Detection and False Alarm- Integration of Radar Pulses-
Radar Cross Section of Targets- Radar cross Section Fluctuations- Transmitter Power-
Pulse Repetition Frequency- Antenna Parameters- System losses – Other Radar Equation
Considerations
UNIT II MTI AND PULSE DOPPLER RADAR 9
Introduction to Doppler and MTI Radar- Delay –Line Cancellers- Staggered Pulse
Repetition Frequencies –Doppler Filter Banks - Digital MTI Processing - Moving Target
Detector - Limitations to MTI Performance - MTI from a Moving Platform (AMIT) – Pulse
Doppler Radar – Other Doppler Radar Topics- Tracking with Radar –Monopulse Tracking –
Conical Scan and Sequential Lobing - Limitations to Tracking Accuracy - Low-Angle
Tracking - Tracking in Range - Other Tracking Radar Topics - Comparison of Trackers -
Automatic Tracking with Surveillance Radars (ADT).
UNIT III DETECTION OF SIGNALS IN NOISE 9
Matched –Filter Receiver –Detection Criteria – Detectors –-Automatic Detector -
Integrators - Constant-False-Alarm Rate Receivers - The Radar operator - Signal
Management - Propagation Radar Waves - Atmospheric Refraction -Standard
propagation - Nonstandard Propagation - The Radar Antenna - Reflector Antennas -
Electronically Steered Phased Array Antennas – TR Moduls- Frequency-Scan Arrays
Radar Transmitters and Receivers - Introduction –Linear Beam Power Tubes - Solid
State RF Power Sources - Magnetron - Crossed Field Amplifiers - Other RF Power Sources
– Other aspects of Radar Transmitter.- The Radar Receiver - Receiver noise Figure –
Super heterodyne Receiver -PLL demodulation Concept and advantge- Duplexers and
Receiver Protectors- Radar Displays.
UNIT IV RADIO DIRECTION AND RANGES 9
Introduction - Four methods of Navigation .- The Loop Antenna - Loop Input Circuits - An
Aural Null Direction Finder - The Goniometer - Errors in Direction Finding - Adcock
Direction Finders - Direction Finding at Very High Frequencies - Automatic Direction
Finders – The Commutated Aerial Direction Finder - Range and Accuracy of Direction
Finders - The LF/MF Four course Radio Range - VHF Omni Directional Range(VOR) -
VOR Receiving Equipment - Range and Accuracy of VOR – Recent Developments.
Hyperbolic Systems of Navigation (Loran and Decca) - Loran-A - Loran-A Equipment -
Range and precision of Standard Loran - Loran-C - The Decca Navigation System -Decca
Receivers - Range and Accuracy of Decca - The Omega System
UNIT V SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM 9
Distance Measuring Equipment - Operation of DME - TACAN - TACAN Equipment -
Instrument Landing System - Ground Controlled Approach System – Microwave
Landing System(MLS) The Doppler Effect - Beam Configurations -Doppler Frequency
Equations - Track Stabilization - Doppler Spectrum - Components of the Doppler
Navigation System - Doppler range Equation - Accuracy of Doppler Navigation Systems.
Inertial Navigation - Principles of Operation - Navigation Over the Earth – Components of
an Inertial Navigation System - Earth Coordinate Mechanization - Strapped-Down Systems
- Accuracy of Inertial Navigation Systems-The Transit System - Navstar Global Positioning
System (GPS) –IRNSS (Indian regional navigational satellite system) Positioning System
TOTAL:45 PERIODS
TEXTBOOKS
1. Merrill I. Skolnik ," Introduction to Radar Systems", 3rd Edition Tata Mc Graw-Hill 2003.
2. N.S.Nagaraja, “Elements of Electronic Navigation Systems”, 2nd Edition, TMH, 2000.
3. A K Sen and a b bhattarcharya,”Radar systems and radio aids to navigation”, Mercury
Learning and Information,2018.
REFERENCES
1. Peyton Z. Peebles:, "Radar Principles", John Wiley, 2004
2. J.C Toomay, " Principles of Radar", 2nd Edition –PHI, 2004
3. IRNSS SIS ICD FOR STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICE AUGUST 2017
COURSE DESIGNER
1. Dr.A.K.Shrivastav - [email protected]
