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Overview of Fusion-Fission Hybrid Reactor Design Study in China

Article in Fusion Science & Technology · July 2002

DOI: 10.13182/FST02-A221

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OVERVIEW OF FUSION-FISSION HYBRID REACTOR
DESIGN STUDY IN CHINA
JINHUA HUANG, KAIMING FENG,* BAIQUAN DENG, P. ZH. DENG, GUOSHU ZHANG,
GANG HU, KAIHUI HE, and SWIP DESIGN TEAM Southwestern Institute of Physics
P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China

YICAN WU, LIJIAN QIU, QUNYING HUANG, BINGJIA XIAO, XIAOPING LIU,
YIXUE CHEN, M. H. KONG, and ASIPP DESIGN TEAM Institute of Plasma Physics
Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, 230031, China

Received December 5, 2001

Accepted for Publication January 10, 2002

been made in China.1–9 Previously, in 1980–1985, phys-

ics concepts studies were conducted, and in 1986–1995,
The motivation for developing fusion-fission hybrid a detailed conceptual design of the Fusion Experimental
reactors is discussed in the context of electricity power Breeder 6 ~FEB! was completed. The FEB has a sub-
requirements by 2050 in China. A detailed conceptual ignited tokamak fusion core with a major radius of 4.0 m,
design of the Fusion Experimental Breeder (FEB) was a fusion power of 145 MW, and a fusion energy gain Q
developed from 1986–1995. The FEB has a subignited of 3. The blanket compositions are liquid lithium or Li2O0
tokamak fusion core with a major radius of 4.0 m, a helium 0ferritic steel0uranium 0beryllium for tritium
fusion power of 145 MW, and a fusion energy gain Q of breeder0coolant 0structure0fissile fuel0neutron multi-
3. Based on this, an engineering outline design study of plier, respectively. The FEB is tritium self-sufficient, and
the FEB, FEB-E, has been performed. This design study the annual fuel breeding capability is ;50 kg. Supercon-
is a transition from conceptual to engineering design in ducting coils are employed. In 1996–2000, based on the
this research. The main results beyond that given in the FEB design, an engineering outline design study of
detailed conceptual design are included in this paper, the FEB, FEB-E, was performed. In addition, designs
namely, the design studies of the blanket, divertor, test of the fusion-driven hybrid system—a multipurpose ex-
blanket, and tritium and environment issues. In-depth perimental hybrid reactor that could perform many
analyses have been performed to support the design. Stud- functions such as breeding nuclear fuel, transmuting long-
ies of related advanced concepts such as the waste trans- lived wastes, producing tritium for fusion fuel cycling—as
mutation blanket concept and the spherical tokamak core an alternate approach to utilize fusion energy technology
concept are also presented. based on previous hybrid reactor studies in China are
being conducted.9
KEYWORDS: fusion-fission hybrid, fusion breeder design, In this paper, the main design activities and results
fusion transmutation are presented, especially including the outlined engineer-
ing design of the fusion core, fuel breeding blanket, di-
vertor, related tritium and environmental issues, and the
related advanced concepts such as the waste transmu-
tation blanket concept and the spherical tokamak core
I. INTRODUCTION concept.

Since 1986, hybrid reactors have been seriously con-

sidered as a national project in China because it is pre-
dicted that with a population of 1.5 billion, 1200 to 1500 II. FUSION CORE
GW~electric! power will be required by 2050. The fusion-
fission hybrid system is considered to be a step toward The fusion core design studies in China have in-
pure fusion. A series of fusion-fission hybrid studies has cluded the conceptual design of the conventional toka-
mak experimental reactor FEB and the conceptual
*E-mail: [email protected] optimization of the spherical tokamak in addition to the

138 FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL. 42 JULY 2002

 Huang et al. FUSION-FISSION HYBRID REACTOR DESIGN STUDY IN CHINA

continuous experimental efforts on tokamak devices. The

FEB core design study jointly performed by the South-
western Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Phys-
ics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Joint Design Team
has covered numerical simulation and analyses on plasma
heating, current drive, energetic alpha-particle confine-
ment, fueling and ash exhausting, plasma burning con-
trol, plasma evolution process, divertor design with gas
puffing and electromagnetic plug, sensitivity of plasma
parameters to uncertainties, etc. A set of optimized de-
sign parameters is given in Table I ~Ref. 1!.

III. BLANKET

The blanket has been designed in detail with regard

to its fabrication, attachment lock inside the vacuum ves-
sel, and maintenance. The pebble bed structure is chosen Fig. 1. Cross section of the outboard blanket module.
for the complex tokamak geometry. LLi is adopted as the
tritium breeder to improve the heat conduction within
the pebble bed, and ferritic steel HT-9 is adopted as the
structural material. Figure 1 shows the cross section of
the outboard blanket module at the midplane. It is a long
curved box along the poloidal direction; four panels with
built-in cooling channels are used for heat removal. The
blanket module is optimized for low-energy multipli-
cation and a high total breeding ratio, T 1 F, using a
one-dimensional neutronics transport code. Then, a three-
dimensional Monte Carlo calculation was carried out
using FENDL0MG and a data library for fission fuels
based on ENDF0B-VI. The result is T 1 F 5 1.35 and
0.08 fission0fusion neutron. The share between T and F
can be adjusted by varying the enrichment of 6 Li in Li
Fig. 2. Exploded view of the blanket module.
~around natural enrichment!. So, the FEB can be tritium
self-sufficient while it produces 50 kg0yr Pu, assuming a
fuel breeding ratio F of 0.2 and a loading factor of 0.4.
Figure 2 gives the exploded view of the blanket module.
The structure of the blanket is quite simple and robust.
Fabrication of the panels with built-in cooling channels
via machining, hot isostatic pressing, and forming has
TABLE I been demonstrated. The joining of panels to the blanket
module frame appears feasible using advanced joining
Main Parameters of the FEB Core
technology such as e-beam welding. So, fabrication of
Major radius, R ~m! 4.0 the blanket module is possible. Compared with the FEB
Minor radius, a ~m! 1.0 design, the helium pressure is enhanced from 5 MPa for
Plasma current, Ip ~MA! 5.7 the FEB to 10 MPa for the FEB-E. Three-dimensional
Toroidal field, Bt ~T! 5.2 thermal and structural analyses were done. The results
Average density, ^ne & ~10 20 m23 ! 1.1 are shown in Fig. 3. The thermal stress in the strength-
Average temperature, ^T & ~keV! 10 ening ribs in the high power density zone is too high
Plasma volume ~m 3 ! 134 because of the lack of cooling. The support of the first
Fusion power, Pfu ~MW! 143 wall by these ribs needs to be improved. Hydraulics cal-
Auxiliary power, Paux ~MW! 50 culation for the blanket was also done, giving a pumping
power fraction in the total blanket thermal power of 2.7%.
Neutron wall loading, Pw ~MW0m22 ! 0.43
D-T neutron rate ~n0s! 1 3 10 19
The attaching lock of the blanket in the vacuum ves-
Fusion energy gain, Q ;3 sel should be strong enough to withstand the tremendous
Operation availability ~%! 40 electromagnetic load generated during plasma current
transient events as well as flexible enough to minimize

FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL. 42 JULY 2002 139

Huang et al. FUSION-FISSION HYBRID REACTOR DESIGN STUDY IN CHINA

IV. DIVERTOR

A close-type divertor was designed to replace the

open-type one in the FEB. The transport of impurities
and plasma along the separatrix is simulated under com-
bined impurity injection and gas puffing. The injection
of impurity is fixed in the vicinity of the target, while the
gas puffing location can be changed along the separatrix
to study its effect. The gas puffing at the midplane re-
sults in the highest radiation power; hence, there is a low
heat flux at the target plate.
High-mode detached plasma has been observed in
experiments.11 It is characterized by a large irradiation
power fraction in the edge plasma and a sharp drop of
Fig. 3. Temperature distribution in the blanket module. plasma pressure along the magnetic line in the scrape-off
layer ~SOL!. Let the pressure drop fraction fp 5 2Pd 0Ps ,
where Pd and Ps are the plasma pressure at the divertor
target and at the stagnation point, respectively. A two-
point model in the SOL is used to estimate the pressure
the thermal stress and to ease the replacement during drop of the plasma along the magnetic line. According to
maintenance. The concept of a belt-bar 10 is accepted. the calculation result, the plasma density at stagnation
Strong bars above 15 cm in diameter are connected end point ns should be in the range of 2 310 19 to 8 310 19 m23,
to end to form a belt. Four belts are firmly fixed on the and the irradiation power fraction frad should be 0.2 to
inner wall of the vacuum vessel. Blanket modules are 0.8 in order to obtain a low heat flux at the divertor
attached to the belts along an inclined direction. These target plates.
belt-bars are used to withstand the electromagnetic load A divertor structure is designed; the structure is shown
on the modules. Figure 4 displays the attaching lock of in Fig. 5, and the installation and maintenance of the
the blanket inside the vacuum vessel, showing the blan- divertor cassettes are shown in Fig. 6. The target plates
ket modules, belt-bars, upper plug, and lower supports. are cooled by 4-MPa pressurized helium. The original
A two-dimensional axisymmetric model for eddy cur- peak heat flux at the target plate is calculated to be 40
rent analysis is employed to simulate the whole arrange- MW0m 2. A reduction factor of 2 to 4 results from the
ment. The time-space distributions of the toroidal eddy oblique arrangement of the plates; the further reduction
current in various components were obtained, as well as relies on the detached plasma operation mode. As a re-
the generated electromagnetic loads. sult, the peak heat flux is estimated to be 4.5 MW0m 2.
A first-wall life calculation ~FWLC! code was de- The temperature at the target is calculated as shown in
veloped to study the first-wall failing modes. Fig. 7. The minimum and maximum temperatures of the
Be armor are 254 and 4528C, respectively, and the tem-
perature of the Cu alloy as substrate material is 3178C,
all of which are within the temperature window required.
The toroidal field coil ~TFC! shielding has been re-
calculated for the FEB-E. Figure 8 gives the calculation

Fig. 4. Attaching lock of the blanket in the vacuum vessel. Fig. 5. Divertor structure.

140 FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL. 42 JULY 2002

 Huang et al. FUSION-FISSION HYBRID REACTOR DESIGN STUDY IN CHINA

Fig. 6. Installation of the divertor module.

Fig. 7. Temperature distribution in the target plate. Fig. 8. Neutronics calculation model.

model. Since the streaming neutrons are effectively tritium from the blanket to the tritium extraction system
reduced, this divertor configuration is beneficial. The is considered. Using the SWITRIM code, the tritium in-
total heating power in the TFC, calculated to be 4.2 kW, ventory and its distribution were obtained. The time-
mainly results from gamma heating and comes from dependent inventories in various subsystems are shown
region IV ~see Fig. 8!. In the outboard, the peak nuclear in Fig. 9. Under full-power operation of the FEB-E, 0.5 kg
heating in the winding pack, the peak insulator dose, and of initial tritium inventory will meet the requirement of
the peak fast neutron fluence is 0.2 mW0cm 3, 1.4 3 10 6 circulation. Furthermore, the tritium leakage issue is an-
Gy04.5 full-power year ~FPY!, and 1 3 10 18 neutrons0 alyzed. Under normal operations, tritium leakage from
cm 2 4.5 FPY, respectively. The corresponding values in the helium coolant is negligible, and from the plasma
the inboard are nearly four times that in the outboard exhaust system is low. Under accidents, when the blan-
because of the thin inboard space. Thus, the TFC shield- ket temperature goes up to 10008C, tritium leakage in-
ing is adequate. creases because of the enhanced permeation from the
lithium side, but it is still allowable. However, leakage
from the plasma exhaust system is a concern in accidents.
V. TRITIUM ISSUES

The SWITRIM code has been developed to simulate VI. TEST BLANKET MODULE
the whole circulation process of tritium through various
subsystems, including burning, breeding, isotope sepa- A high-power density blanket module is designed
ration, extraction, and storage processes to assess the for the FEB-E as a test module. The concept of LiPb
tritium inventory in these subsystems. The coupled equa- eutectic0transuranium oxide suspension is adopted to
tions for time-dependent tritium inventories in all sub- reach an aiming power density of 50 to 100 W0cm 3. A
systems were established. The discrete transfer of the structure is designed within the FEB-E vacuum vessel.

FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL. 42 JULY 2002 141

Huang et al. FUSION-FISSION HYBRID REACTOR DESIGN STUDY IN CHINA

ing panels, the blanket module is still simple and seems

feasible to fabricate.
The temperature distribution in the blanket module
is calculated using the ANSYS code and analysis. The
calculation result is shown in Fig. 11. The peak tem-
perature of LiPb and the peak interface temperature
between LiPb and stainless steel is 810 and 4608C, re-
spectively. The result is consistent with the analytical
calculation.

VII. ENVIRONMENT ISSUES

Fig. 9. Time variation of the tritium inventory in FEB-E sub- The waste disposal rating and remote maintenance
systems: Y0 5 inventory in tritium storage, Y1 5 in rating ~RMR! are calculated for the FEB-E. The activa-
outboard blanket, Y2 5 in inboard blanket, and Y11 5 tion calculation and analyses of all long-lived radio-
total tritium inventory.
active nuclides are performed. The results indicate that
the first wall and blanket structure materials of the FEB-E
can meet the nuclear waste disposal criteria after a few
weeks from shutdown. The RMR of the first wall and
One-dimensional neutronics calculation gives a k eff of blanket at different times after 1 FPY of operation are
0.84, an energy multiplication of 37, and a rather flat calculated. The results indicate that based on the present
power density distribution throughout the blanket. The design, an additional 25-cm lead layer is needed to meet
peak power density is 70 W0cm 3. The cross section of the requirement of hands-on maintenance at the outer
the module is shown in Fig. 10. Multiple cooling panels surface of the TFC shielding.12,13
are introduced to reduce the peak temperature of the blan- Finally, based on the FEB-E design, a 1:10 model
ket. Each cooling channel has two passes through the has been built, showing the details of the reactor struc-
blanket. The panels are held flexibly by the neighbor ture including the cooling tubes, manifolds, and channels.
panels at the position of the turnings to keep the spacing.
This also provides a strong structure to guarantee relia-
bility. The first wall is supported by a second cooling
panel and ribs to strengthen this weakest part of the mod- VIII. SPHERICAL TOKAMAK TRANSMUTATION
ule. Mechanical analyses will help to improve this first- CONCEPT
wall design. Measures to be taken are to shape the first
wall in a curved form and to thicken the second cooling To seek a new and efficient way to realize a volu-
panel. In order to avoid high temperature hence high metric neutron source, the spherical tokamak concept
stress at the ribs, no fissile materials are put into this has been studied in China. Spherical or low aspect ratio
zone. This configuration is suitable for power density
flattening by arranging a different proportion of fissile
fuel along the radial direction. In spite of up to 15 cool-

Fig. 10. Cross section of the high-power test blanket module. Fig. 11. Temperature distribution in test blanket module.

142 FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL. 42 JULY 2002

 Huang et al. FUSION-FISSION HYBRID REACTOR DESIGN STUDY IN CHINA

tokamaks 14 with an aspect ratio ~A! in the range of 1.2 to 4. a helium and LiPb eutectic dual cooled fast fis-
2.0 offer the possibilities of compact volumetric fusion sion blanket concept simultaneously for transmu-
neutron sources as well as fusion reactors requiring rel- tation of actinides and long-lived fission products
atively low external fields. The conceptual study on the
5. a multifunction fuel cycle blanket concept.
spherical tokamak has been oriented to the level of the
volumetric neutron source for the purpose of nuclear waste In the studied concepts, fissile 239 Pu and 33 U have
transmutation. The optimized core parameters of the been put into the blankets for neutron multiplication and
spherical tokamak neutron source are listed in Table II. energy balance adjustment. Thus, the requirement for
A design with an aspect ratio near the lower limit fusion driver technology could be much more easily sat-
~due to limited space! requires an unshielded center con- isfied; that is, the plasma core parameters and fusion
ductor post ~CCP! as part of the TFC circuit. The fully technology requirements are far less stringent. The ef-
exposed CCP will receive severe neutron damage, resis- fective transmutation of long-lived-waste nuclides could
tive and nuclear heating power, which is one of the key be achieved based on the requirement for relatively low
components and requires replacement periodically. The neutron wall loadings of 0.2 to 1.0 MW0m 2, which is
analysis results for the CCP considering neutron radia- between the levels of that achieved in the Joint European
tion effects such as radiation damage, transmutation, nu- Torus ~JET! tokamak device and that in the ITER engi-
clear and resistive heat removal, induced radioactivity, neering design.
and blanket tritium breeding ratio in a spherical tokamak
reactor compared with those estimated for the first wall
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Jinhua Huang ~BS, mechanical engineering, Jiaotong University, Shang-

hai, China, 1955! is a research professor and head of a research group. His
current interest is fusion reactor design.
Kaiming Feng ~BS, nuclear engineering, Jiaotong University, Shanghai,
China, 1977! is a research professor and head of a division. His current interest
is fusion reactor design.
Baiquan Deng ~BS, Beijing University, 1967! is a research professor. His
current interests are plasma physics and tritium system design.
P. Zh. Deng ~BS, Luoyang Mechanical College, China, 1992! is an associate
research professor.
Guoshu Zhang @MS, Southwestern Institute of Physics ~SWIP!, 1990# is an
associate research professor and is head of a research group. His current interests
are fusion reactor design and reactor physics.
Gang Hu ~MS, solid materials, Sichuan University, 1993! is an associate
research professor. His current interests are reactor materials and design.
Kaihui He ~MS, SWIP, 1998! is a PhD graduate student at SWIP and an
associate researcher. His current interests are blanket design, neutronics, and
thermomechanics.
Yican Wu @PhD, Chinese Academy of Sciences ~CAS!, 1993# is a research
professor and head of the Hybrid Reactor Division in charge of the CAS project
of the fusion-driven subcritical hybrid system. His current interests include re-
actor physics and innovative concepts, radiation safety and waste transmutation
disposal, numerical methods, etc.
Lijian Qui ~PhD, Academia USSR, 1960! is a research professor. His cur-
rent interest is fusion reactor design.

144 FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL. 42 JULY 2002

 Huang et al. FUSION-FISSION HYBRID REACTOR DESIGN STUDY IN CHINA

Qunying Huang ~MEng, Xian Jiaotong University, China, 1990! is an as-

sociate professor. His current interests are neutronics and activation of structure
materials in fusion reactors.
Bingjia Xiao ~PhD, CAS, 1997! is an associate professor. His current inter-
ests include thermal hydraulics and first-wall material interaction with plasma.
Xiaoping Liu ~PhD, Hefei University of Technology, China, 1998! is a
research professor. His current interests are computer-aided design and visual-
ization for fusion reactor design.
Yixue Chen ~MS, CAS, 1999! is a PhD graduate student at Institute of
Plasma Physics, CAS ~ASIPP!, currently working at the Research Center of
Karlsruhe ~FZK!, Germany, for a cooperation between ASSIP and FZK. His
current interests include fusion neutronics, the Monte Carlo method, and radia-
tion shielding.
M. H. Kong ~MS, CAS, 2000! is an associate researcher. His current interest
is fusion reactor neutronics design.

FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL. 42 JULY 2002 145

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