XBCS1013 CALCULUS

Chapter 4:
Application of Derivative
Part 2

Hemavathi Ramulu
Department of Computing
School of Computing & Creative Media
KDU University College
 Outline
 Optimization problems
 Linear approximation and differentials
 Optimization
To find the maximum (or minimum) value of a function:

1. Understand the Problem.

2. Develop a Mathematical Model.
3. Graph the Function.
4. Identify Critical Points and Endpoints.
5. Solve the Mathematical Model.
6. Interpret the Solution.
 Optimization : Example 1
What dimensions for a one liter cylindrical can will use
the least amount of material?

We can minimize the material by minimizing the area.

1000
We need another 1000   r h
2 A  2 r  2 r  2
2

equation that relates r

r and h: 1000
h
V   r 2h r 2
2000
A  2 r 2  2 rh A  2 r 
2

1 L  1000 cm  3 r
2000
area of
ends
lateral
area
A  4 r  2
r
 Optimization
A  2 r 2  2 rh 2000
V r h
2
area of lateral 2
 4 r
1 L  1000 cm3
 ends area
1000
r
2000  4 r 3
A  2 r  2 r  2
2
1000   r 2 h r 500
1000  r3
h A  2 r 
2000
2 
r 2
r
1000 500
h 2000 r 3
  5.42  A  4 r  2 
2

r
h  10.83 cm 2000
0  4 r  2 r  5.42 cm
r
 Optimization : Example 2
Find the radius and height of
the right-circular cylinder of
largest volume that can be 10 in
inscribed in a right-circular r
cone with radius 6 in. and
h
height 10 in.

6 in
 Optimization
The formula for the volume of
the cylinder is V   r 2 h

To eliminate one variable, we 10 in

need to find a relationship r
between r and h.
h
10  h 10
10-h 
r
r 6
10
5
h h  10  r
6
3
6 in
 Optimization

V  r h 2

 5  5 3
V   r 10  r   10 r   r
2 2 10 in

 3  3 r

dV
 20 r  5 r 2 h

dr
0  5 r (4  r )
r  0, r  4 6 in
 Optimization

Check critical points and endpoints.

• r = 0, V = 0 10 in
• r = 4 V = 160/3 r
• r=6 V=0
h
The cylinder will have a
maximum volume when
r = 4 in. and h = 10/3 in.
6 in
 Optimization : Example 3
Determine the point on the
curve y = x2 that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

d  ( x  18)2  y 2
Substitute for x

d  ( x  18)2  x 4 d  ( x 2  36 x  324)  x 4
1
ds 1 4 
 ( x  x  36 x  324) 2 (4 x3  2 x  36)
2

dx 2
 Optimization
Determine the point on the
curve y = x2 that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

1
ds 1 4 
 ( x  x  36 x  324) 2 (4 x3  2 x  36)
2

dx 2
ds
set  0 0  4 x  2 x  36 0  2 x3  x  18
3

dx
x2 y4
 Optimization
Determine the point on the
curve y = x2 that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

0  2 x3  x  18

0  ( x  2)(2 x 2  4 x  9)
- 0 +

x2 y4
 Optimization
Notes:

If the function that you want to optimize has more

than one variable, use substitution to rewrite the
function.
If you are not sure that the extreme you’ve found is a
maximum or a minimum, you have to check.

If the end points could be the maximum or

minimum, you have to check.
 Linear Approximation
For any function f (x), the tangent is a
y close approximation of the function for
some small distance from the tangent
point.

f  x  f a
We call the equation of the
tangent the linearization of
the function.

x
0 xa
 Linear Approximation
Start with the point/slope equation:
y  y1  m  x  x1  x1  a y1  f  a  m  f   a 

y  f  a   f   a  x  a  y  f  a   f   a  x  a 

L  x   f  a   f   a  x  a  linearization of f at a

f  x   L  x  is the standard linear approximation of f at a.

The linearization is the equation of the tangent line.
 Linear Approximation
Find the linearization of f(x) = x4 + 2x at x = 3

L  x   f  a   f   a  x  a  f’(x) = 4x3 + 2

L (x) = f(3) + f’(3)(x - 3)

L (x) = 87 + 110(x - 3)

L (x) = 110x - 243

 Linear Approximation : Example

Estimate 37 using local linearization.

f ( x)  x L  x   f  a   f   a  x  a 
1
1 2
f ' ( x)  x L(37)  f (36)  f ' (36)(37  36)
2
1
L(37)  6  (1)
12
L(37)  6.0833
 Linear Approximation : Example

Estimate sin 31º using local linearization.

f ( x)  sin x
L  x   f  a   f   a  x  a 
f ' ( x)  cos x   
L(31)  f (30)  f ' (30) 
 180 
1 3  
L(31)    
2 2  180  Need to
180  3 be in radians
L(31) 
360
 Differentials
Differentials:

When we first started to talk about derivatives, we said

y
that becomes dy when the change in x and
x dx
change in y become very small.

dy can be considered a very small change in y.

dx can be considered a very small change in x.
Differentials

Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function.

The differential dx is an independent
variable.
The differential dy is: dy = f ’(x)dx
 Differentials : Example
Example: Consider a circle of radius 10. If the radius increases by
0.1, approximately how much will the area change?

A r dA dr
 2 r
2

dA  2 r dr dx dx
very small change in r
very small change in A

dA  2   10   0.1
dA  2 (approximate change in area)
 Differentials
Compare to actual change:
 10.1  102.01
2
New area:

 10   100.00
2
Old area:

A  2.01 dA

2
 2%
Absolute A 100 percent
dA  2 error
A 2.01
error
  2.01%
A 100
 Differentials
True Estimated
Absolute Change f  f (a  dx)  f (a) df  f ' (a)dx

Relative Change f df
f (a ) f (a )
Percent Change f df
x 100% x 100%
f (a) f (a)
 Differentials : Example
First, a review problem:

Consider a sphere of radius 10 cm.

If the radius changes 0.1 cm (a very small amount)
how much does the volume change?
4 3
V  r dV  4 r 2 dr
3
dV  4 10cm   0.1cm dV  40 cm3
2

The volume would change by approximately 40 cm3

 Differentials
Now, suppose that the radius is
changing at an instantaneous rate
of 0.1 cm/sec.
4 3 dV 2 dr
V  r  4 r
3 dt dt
dV 2  cm  dV cm3
 4 10cm    0.1   40
dt  sec  dt sec
The sphere is growing at a rate of 40 cm3/sec .
 Differentials : Example
Water is draining from a cylindrical tank (We need a formula to
at 3 liters/second. How fast is the surface relate V and h. )
dropping?
3
dV L cm
 3  3000
dt sec sec
dh
Find V   r 2h
dt
dV 2 dh
(r is a constant.)
r 3
dt dt cm
3 3000
cm 2 dh dh sec
3000 r 
sec dt dt  r 2