phH J/H Gkr gfjbk gzikph ;kfjs (u'DtK ftFk)

gkm Bzpo L 1H1

Gkosh ekft-Fk;so d/ w{b ;zebg

G{ f wek
fgnko/ ftfdnkoEh,
Gkosh ekft-Fk;so Bkb ;pzfXs ;zebgK okjh_ s[jkBz{ Gkosh gozgok okjh_ ;kfjs Bz{
;wMD dh ftXh dZ;D dh e'fFF ehsh rJh j?. Gkosh ekft-Fk;so dk p[fBnkdh noE Gkosh
;kfjs-f;XKs jh j?. feT[_fe g[oksB ;w/_ ftu *ekft* dk Gkt e/tb eftsk d/ noEK se ;hfws
Bjh_ ;h ;r'_ fJ; dh tos'_ ;w[Zu/ ;kfjs bJh ehsh iKdh ;h.
1H gqFB L Gkosh ekft-Fk;so d/ gqw[Zy f;XKs fejV/ jB <
T[&Zso L Gkosh ftdtkBK B/ ;kfjs Bz{ ;wMD bJh S/ gqw[Zy f;XKs g/F ehs/ jB i' fJ;
gqeko jB L
1H1 o; f;XKs
1H2 X[Bh f;XKs
1H3 nbzeko f;XKs
1H4 ohsh f;XKs
1H5 teq'esh f;XKs
1H6 n"fus: f;XKs
fJBQK ;ko/ f;XKsK ftu fJj sZE d/D dh e'fFF ehsh j? fe ekft iK ;kfjs fe; Bz{ fejk iKdk
j?. T[j *noE* fe; soQK g/F eodk j?. T[; dk ;[ji nkXko eh j?. ;kfjs s'_ nkBzd$o; fe; soQK T[gidk
j?. fJj ;ko/ f;XKs nkgDh-nkgDh EK s/ nkgDk-nkgDk wjZst oyd/ jB ns/ jo f;XKseko B/ fejk j?
fe T[; dk nkgDk f;XKs jh ;kfjs$ekft Bz{ ;wMD bJh T[&s Z w j? Gkt ekft dh nkswk j?.
2H gqFB L Gkosh ekft-Fk;so d/ w{b ;zebg fejV/ jB <
T[so L Gkosh ekft-Fk;so d/ w{b ;zebgK ftu'_ e[M s[jkv/ f;b/p; dk nzr jB, i'
fJ; gqeko jB L
2H1 nfGXk
2H2 beFDk
2H3 ftnziBk
2H4 o{ge
2H5 T[gwk
2H6 n"fus:
2H7 teq'esh
2H8 ;kXkoBheoB
2H9 o;
2H10 nbzeko
1
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 2 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fJBQK ;ko/ f;XKsK ;pzXh ;zyg / o{g ftu uouk ehsh rJh j?. nk; j? fe s[jkv/ bJh
bkj/tzd f;ZX j't/rh.
2H1H gqFB L nfGXk s'_ eh Gkt j? <
T[so L Gkosh ekft-Fk;so ftu Fpd-FeshnK dh rZb ehsh iKdh j?. Fpd d/ gfjb/
gqGkt iK Fpd d/ e'Frs noEK Bz{ g/F eoB tkb/ tosko/ Bz{ nfGXk fejk iKdk j?. fJj nfijh
Fpd-Fesh j? fi; okjh_ noE dk Fpd ftu ns/ Fpd dk noE ftu ;jh ;zpzX g/F ehsk
ikt/. nfGXk ftu ;zef/ se noE fdZsk iKdk j? ;zef/ se noE d/ Gkt Bz{ ;wMDk }o{oh j? fJ;
dk noE fi; tZb Fpd ;zes / eo/. *r[bkp dk c[Zb* fJ; Fpd d/ fbyD Bkb ;kv/ wB ftu
fenkoh ftu g"d/ s/ bZr/ fJe ozrdko y{p;{os c[Zb tZb fJFkok j?. i' r[bkp dk c[Zb efjD
s/ fJe ftnesh d/ noE o{g ftu ;wM nkfJnk j?. fJ; ekoD jh Fpd ns/ noE d/ nfij/
ftbZyD ;zpzX Bz{ g/F eoB tkbh Fesh j? i' noE dk frnkB eotkT[_dh j?. fJ; Bz{ ;zes /
th efjzd/ jB fi; soQK c[Zb dk BK b?Dk fJe ft;/aF t;s{ tZb ;zes / th j? fJ;/ bJh fJ;
Bz{ ;zes/ Fesh th nkfynk iKdk j?. gozs{ fJj ;ze/s nfijk j[d z k j? fi;Bz{ ;ko/ ftneshnK
B/ wzfBnk j[zdk j? fe *r[bkp dk c[Zb* efjD s/ nfij/ t;s{ tZb ;ze/s j'tr / k. nfGXk Fesh
Bz{ fszB fe;wK ftu tzfvnk iKdk j?.
— o{VQh
— :'r
— :'r o{VhQ
— o{VQh Fpd T[j jB i' ;w[Zu/ o{g ftu noE g/F eoB nfij/ FpdK Bz{ o{VQh nfGXk
fejk iKdk j?. fit/_ nZy, BZe, ezB, e[Zsk nkfd FpdK dk nkg'-nkgDk noE j?.
fJeZm/ o{g ftu jh fJBQK FpdK dk noE j? nbZr-nbZr eo e/ fJj noE tjhD
j' iKdk j?. nZOy Fpd ftu fJeZb/ *nZ* ns/ *y* dk e'Jh noE Bjh_. fJBQK
dk ;w[Zu/ o{g ftu jh e'Jh noE j?.
— :'r s'_ Gkt nfij/ FpdK dk noE j? i' nzr tzv eo e/ th noE gqkgs j'
iKdk j? fit/_ jbOtkj Fpd dk *jbtkj* dk fBy/V j?. fJ; ftu jb d/ nkgD/
noE jB ns/ tkj d/ nkgD/ noE jB.
— :'r o{VhQ s'_ Gkt fiE/ fJe noE gqkgs eoB bJh :'r-Fesh s/ ;w{j-Fesh dh
}o{os j't./ fit/_ Fpd-gzei dh fw;kb fdZsh iKdh j? gzei d/ e'wb d/ noE ftu
gqufbs j'Dk fJe o{VhQ j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ e'wb d/ noEK ftu th fbnk iKdk j?.
nfGXk nfijh Fesh j? fe fe;/ th frnkB ftfrnkB Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;G s'_ gfjbK
nkozG nfGXk Fesh s'_ jh eoBk g?d _ k j? <
2H2H gqFB L beFDk s'_ eh Gkt j? <
T[so L nfGXk Fpd Fesh s'_ nZr/ d{;oh Fpd Fesh Bz{ beFDk-Fesh nkyd/ jB.
beFDk s'_ Gkt Fpd dh T[; Fesh s'_ j? fi; okjh_ *fe;/ j'o noE dk frnkB* j[zdk j?.
fit/_ fe;/ Bz{ d{;ok ftnesh *;{o* nkydk j? sK i' ;{o ej/ s'_ wB ftu'_ Gkt ikrd/ jB T[j
fJe gF{ j'D ;pzXh ikDekoh gqdkB eod/ jB gozs{ id'_ ftnesh T[; d/ ;kXkoD noEK s'_
nZr/ ik e/ T[; d/ r[DK d'FK dk fe;/ ftnesh Bkb w/b eodk j? sK T[; ftu gJh fxqDs
GktBk d{;o/ bJh g?dk j[zdh j?. nfijh fe;w ftu ;kXkoD noE s'_ nZr/ gJ/ noEK Bz{ ;wMD
dh Fesh Bz{ jh beFDk Fpd Fesh nkfynk iKdk j?. gqf;ZX ;z;feqs ftdtkB wzwN B/ fJ;
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 3 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
Bz{ gfoGkFs eod/ j'J/ fejk j?, w[Zy noE d/ o[eD s/ ohs iK fe;/ j'o wB'oE Bz{ b? e/ fi;
Fesh d/ d[nkok w[Zy noE Bkb ;zpzX oZyD tkbk e'Jh j'o noE frnks j[d z k j't/ T[&ZE/ bZyDk
Fesh j[d z h j?.
beFDk Fpd Fesh dh }o{os fJ; bJh g?d _ h j? fe eJh tko ;kXkoD o{g ftu Fpd
nkgD/ tkue noEK okjh_ Gkt ;gZFN Bjh_ eo ;edk. T[&E Z / ;kXkoD s'_ nZr/ ikDk g?d_ k j?. fit/_
fe;/ B/sojhD ftnesh bJh *;{owk f;zx* Fpd tofsnk iKdk j?. ;kXkoD noEK ftu *;{owk*
pjkdo ftnesh Bz{ nkyd/ jB gozs{ id'_ n;h_ ;kXkoD noE s'_ nZr/ iKd/ jK sK fJ; Fpd dk
gq:'r B/sojhD ftnesh bJh ehsk iKdk j? Fpd dh nfijh noE ftXh dk p'X eokT[D tkbh
Fesh Bz{ jh beFDk Fpd Fesh nkfynk iKdk j?. beFDk Fpd Fesh d/ w[y Z noE s'_ nZr/
ikD dh fJ; ftXh ekoB jh fJ; Bz{ d' fjZf;nK ftu tzfvnk iKdk j? feT[f_ e fes/ noE dk g{ok
fsnkr j[d z k j? ns/ fes/ fes/ g{ok fsnkr Bjh_ j[dz k. fJ; d/ gqwy [Z r[D fJ; soQK jB.
1H Fpd dk w[Zy noE s'_ jZN e/ d{i/ noEK tZb ikDk.
2H w[Zy noE dh byDh noE Bkb ;wkBsk d/ ;zpzX ;Ekgs eoBk.
2H3H gqFB L ftnziBk fe;Bz{ nkyd/ jB <
T[so L nfGXk ftu noE dk ;kXkoD Gkt do;kfJnk iKdk j?. byDK ftu ;kXkoD
Gkt s'_ nZr/ ik e/ fe;/ j'o ;wkBKso noE ;zuko dh r[zikfJF pDdh j? ns/ ftnziBk ftu
gfjb/ d'tK noEK Bz{ fsnkr e/ fe;/ j'o Bt/_ noE tZb ;zes / ehsk iKdk j?. fit/_ joh wzdo
s'_ ;kXkoD Gkt *joh* dk wzdo j?. d{;o/ FpdK ftu T[; dk yk; ;EkB Gkt nzfwqs;o Bkb
w/u e/ noE eZfYnk iKdk j? ns/ sh;o/ ftnziB noEK ftu T[; d/ Bkb i[Vh FoXk ns/ wB[y Z h
wB ftu gJ/ j'J/ T[; ;zpzXh gftZso GktK dh rZb ehsh iKdh j?. nfij/ ;[MkT{ noEK Bz{ gqrN
eoB tkbh Fpd Fesh Bz{ jh *ftnziBk* Fpd Fesh nkfynk iKdk j?. gqf;ZX ;z;feqs ftdtkB
ftFtBkE B/ nkgD/ rqE z *;kfjs: dogD* ftu fJ; dh gfoGkFk fJ; gqeko ehsh j?, fi; EK
nfGXk ns/ bZyDk nkg' nkgDk ezw eo e/ FKs j' ikD T[gozs fe;/ Bk fe;/ Yzr Bkb j'o
noE dh gqshsh j't/, T[E/ ftnziBk Fesh jh j[d z h j?.
ftnziBk Fpd Fesh bJh fJj wkg }o{oh Bjh_ fe gfjbK nfGXk fco beFDk ns/
;G s'_ nkyo ftu ftnziBk nkgDk ekoi eo/rh. eJh tko nfGXk s'_ pknd th ftnziBk dk
y/so nk ;edk j?. nfGXk Fesh dk ;zg{oB, nkXko Fpd jh jB id'_ fe ftnziBk ftu Fpd
ns/ noE d't/_ ekoiFhb j[zd/ jB. fit/_ L
shbh b"_r dk w[edZ wk, Gkoh,
mkD/dkok ;'u e/ eoh_.
iK
x[zv eZY b? gZsD s/ yVhJ/,
gkDhnK Bz{ nZr bZr i{.
ftnziBk Fpd Fesh ftu ;kXkoD noE pj[s fgS/ ofj iKdk j?. *shbh b"_r d/ w[ed Z w/*
fgZS/ fejV/ ;fGnkukoe w[Zb ezw eod/ jB iK y{p;{osh dh *gkDhnK Bz{ nZr* bkT[D tkb/ noEK
dk ;zuko ftnziBk Fesh okjh_ jh j' ;edk j?. ftnziBk Fesh s'_ gqkgs noEK Bz{ ;wMD ns/
g/F eoB bJh shyD p[ZXh, ebgBk ns/ of;e fjodk j'Dk }o{oh j? Bjh_ sK ftnesh fd;d/
nZyoK d/ ;gZFN skD/-pkD/ ftu jh T[bM e/ ofj iKdk j?.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 4 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
2H4H gqFB L o{ge s'_ eh Gkt j? <
T[so L o{ge d/ ;kXkoD noE jB fe;/ j'o fijk *o{g* XkoD tkbk. o{ge fJe nbzeko
j?. fi; ftu d' toskfonK dk j'Dk pj[s }o{oh j? gfjbk fi; uh} dh s[bBk eoBh j't/ d{;ok
fi; tosko/ Bkb s[bBk eoBh j't. / fJBQK Bz{ nkb'uBk dh GkFk ftu T[gwkB ns/ T[gw/n nkfynk
iKdk j?. fJ; Bz{ gfoGkFs eod/ j'J/ gqf;ZX ftdtkB wzwN fJ; gqeko fbyd/ jB, **T[gw/: ns/
T[gwkB dh nkg' ftubh nG/dsk$fJefwesk Bz{ o{ge nbzeko nkfynk iKdk j?.**
o{ge nbzeko Bz{ w[Zy o{g ftu d' fjZf;nK ftu g/F j'fJnk d/fynk ik ;edk j? L
1H sd-o{g
2H nG/d-o{g
sd o{g s'_ Gkt fi; ftu s[bBk ehsh ikD tkbh t;s{ ns/ s[bBkJh ikD tkbh t;s
ftu e'Jh nzso Bk j't/ gozs{ fco th tZy tZy ikjo j'D. fit/_ L
Gkph w/oh r[Zs Bk eoh_
w?B{z vo ;ZgDh dk nkt/.
fJ; ftu *r[Zs* nbZr j? ns/ *;gZDh* nbZr j? gozs{ o{ge s"o s/ d't_/ fJe' ekoi
eodhnK jB. nG/d o{g ftu s[bBk ehsh ikD tkbh s[bBkJh ikD tkbh t;s dk nzso fpbe[b
th Bjh_ ofjzdk. fJefwe j' iKdk j? nbZr Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk d'tK dh nG/dsk j' iKdh j?.
fit/_,
i/eo w[Zy r[bkp *u'_
nkt/ Bk wfjeko.
;[N' fJ; Bz{ y{j ftu,
j? fJ; Bz{ fXeko.
fJE/ r[bkp ns/ w[Zy bJh fBy/Vk eoB tkbk e'Jh toskok Bjh_ j?.
2H5H gqFB L T[gwk dk ;kfjs ftu eh ;EkB j? <
T[so L T[gwk noE nbzeko j?. fi; ftu T[gwkT[D :'r t;s{ (T[gw/:) ns/ T[gwkJh
ikD tkbh t;s{ T[gwkB j[zdh j?. T[gw/: ns/ T[gwkB dh fe;/ yk; ekoB ;wkBsk do;kJh
iKdh j?. Fpd T[gwk dk noE jh ;wkBsk, s[bBk iK ;wsk nkfynk ik ;edk j?. T[gwk
nbzeko ftu uko gqw[Zy sZsK dk j'Dk pj[s }o{oh j?.
1H T[gw/: L fi; t;s{ dh T[gwk ehsh ikt/.
2H T[gwkB L fi; t;s{ Bkb T[gwk ehsh ikt/.
3H Xow L d'jK t;s{nK dk e'Jh ;KMk r[D }o{oh j't/.
4H tkue L fi; d[nkok fJj ;wkBsk gqrNkJh ikt/.
fJ; Bz{ fJ; gqeko ;gZFN ehsk ik ;edk j? L
oks e[Vh dh M'bh gkT[,
fuZNk uzB roh dk y'gk,
Bkb f;sko/ w[Zm S[jko/.
fJ; ekft pzd ftu *uzB* T[gw/: j?, y'gk T[gwkB j? fuZNk d'jK dk ;KMk Xow j?.
2H6H gqFB L n"fus: s'_ eh Gkt j? <
T[so L n"fus: dk noE j? fe fe;/ t;s{ Bz{ ;fEsh, fdqF, ftuko iK GktK d/ nkXko
s/ T[fus ;o{g gqdkB ehsk ikt/. fJj Gkosh ekft Fk;so dh gqwy [Z ;zgqdk iK Xkok j? fi; Bz{
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 5 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
nkukohnk$ftdtkB eF/wd _/ q B/ nkgD/ rqE
z *n"fus: ftuko uouk* okjh_ ;ft;sko g/F ehsk ;h.
n"fus: ftu do;kfJnk frnk j? fe fe;/ y[Fh d/ okr ftu rwh dk gqtF / , ;[d
z o Fpd u'D
ftu nyVdk Fpd, iK fe;/ ftuko ftu fto'Xh fynkb dh g/Fekoh Bz{ nDT[fus eoko fdZsk
iKdk j?. n"fus: ftu fJ; sZE Bz{ jh ft;Eko g{ote o{g ftu g/F eoB dh e'fFF ehsh j?.
wjkB ;kfjs dh f;oiDk eoB ;w/_ ;kfjseko bJh n"fus:$T[fussk dk ;zg{oB frnkB
pj[s }o{oh j?. feT[_fe i/eo ekft dh f;oiDk eoBh j? sK }o{oh j? fe ekft d/ ;ko/ sZsK
dk fynkb oZfynk ikt/. fe;/ fJe sZs d/ tXD Bkb ekft o{gh ;[zdoh dh ;[zdosk dk ftBkF
j' iKdk j?. T[; ftu o;, b?n, nbzeko dk pokpo fwFoD jh T[; dh y{p;{osh ftu tkXk
eodk j?. fit/_ fJe ;ih j'Jh ;[zdoh d/ jo gZy Bz{ d/fynk iKdk j?. feT[_fe ;[zdosk fe;/ fJe
gZy ftu Bjh_ T[j ;w[Zu/ o{g ftu jh ;[zdo pD ;edh j?. fJ; soQK jh BkNe ftu n"fus:
Bz{ ftF/F ;EkB j? feT[_fe nfGB?, gfjoktk, gkm dh go;go nB[o{gsk okjh_ jh BkNe dk ;jh
gqGkt g?dk ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh ouBk dh wjkBsk bJh T[; ftu g/F j'D tkb/ sZsK
dh T[fus wksok jh T[; Bz{ ;jh ;o{g gqdkB eo ;edh j?.
2H7H gqFB L teq'esh fe; Bz{ nkyd/ jB <
T[so L teq'esh Fpd d' FpdK d/ ;[wb / s'_ pfDnk j? fi; ftu teqOT[esh Bz{ fbnk frnk
j?. teq dk noE j? N/Yh ns/ T[esh dk noE j? eEB. Gkt N/Y/ Yzr Bkb ehs/ noE Bz{ teq'esh
fejk iKdk j?. ;kfjs ftu fi; soQK Fpd FeshnK s'_ th ;gZFN j? fe noE ;kXkoB gZXo s'_
nZr/ ub/ iKd/ jB. T[; d/ ;ob noEh ;zdF / fgZS/ ofj iKd/ jB ns/ id'_ eEB nfij/ bfji/
ftu g/F ehs/ ikD fe T[; ftu'_ ftnzr S[N Z / sK T[E/ teq'esh ekoiFhb j[d
z h j?.
gqf;ZX ftdtkB e[s z e B/ nkgD/ rqE
z *teq'esh ihftsw* Bz{ g/F eod/ j'J/ Gkosh nkb'uBk
ftu fJ; f;XKs s/ uouk ehsh. pkD GZN B/ nkgD/ rqzE *ekdzpoh* ftu teq'esh Bz{ gfoGkFs
eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? *teq'esh tuB-ftbk;h (eEkeko$;kfjseko) nkdwh dk ftnzr Gog{o tuB
j[d
z k j?. fJe j'o ;z;feqs ftdtkB Gkwj B/ nkgD/ rqzE ekt:bzeko ftu fejk fe *eth Bz{
ukjhdk j? fe T[j teq'esh dh f;oiDk eo/*. teq'esh d/ w{b f;XKs Bz{ e[s z e B/ fJ; gqeko
;gZFN eoB dh e'fFF ehsh j? L
— teqe' sh ftF/F F?bh dk BK j?.
— teqe' sh dk iBw, ouBk ftu eth$;kfjseko dh gqfsGk nB[;ko j[zdk j?.
— teqe' sh gkme$;o's/ Bz{ gqGkfts ns/ nBZfds eodh j?.
— teq'esh ouBkeko dh noE Gog{o F?bh Bz{ pj[-noEh o{g ftu gkme$doFe e'b
b? e/ iKdh j?.
fe;/ ouBk ftu teqsk Bz{ ouBkeko FpdK okjh_, noEK okjh_, FpdK ns/ noEK d'tK
okjh_, tkeK okjh_ iK ouBk d/ gqrNk ns/ gqpzX okjh_ g?dk eodk j? fi; soQK eth d[nkok ejh
eftsk dk Bw{Bk g/F j? L
N[eV/ FhF/ d/ oZy fdtko T[&Zs/,
r?oK tk;s/ o'e pDkJh j'Jh J/.
:k fJj N[ZN/ j'J/ fdbK d/ N[eV/,
}kfbw fe;/ dhtko ;ikJh j'Jh J/.
2H8H gqFB L ;XkoBheoD dk ;kfjs ftu eh wjZst j? <
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 6 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
T[so L ;XkoBheoD dk noE j? fe;/ tosko/ Bz{ gfjukD b?D iK ;wM ;eD bJh
nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;kXkoD pDk b?Dk. feT[_fe i/eo e'Jh ftnesh fe;/ fdqF Bz{ d/yD ;w/_ ouBk
Bz{ gVQD ;w/_ ns/ eftsk Bz{ ;[DB ;w/_ nkgD/ wB dh nt;Ek ;kXkoD gZXo s/ b? e/ Bjh_ nkT[_dk
sK T[j T[; dk nkBzd wkD ;eD s'_ n;woZE ofjzdk j?. ;XkoBheoD dh gqfefonk gkme iK
;o's/ Bz{ ouBk Bkb nkgk w/uD dh gqfefonk j?. fi; ftu ouBk s/ ;o'sk nG/d j' iKd/ jB
dt?s w[Ze iKdh j?.
jo ouBk of;e ftnesh d/ wB ftu e[M jbub g?dk eodh j? fi; okjh_ T[j ftnesh
nBzd dh gqkgsh eodk j?. nBzd fe;/ ftnesh Bz{ jtk ftu'_ gqkgs Bjh_ j[d z k fJj nBzd gqkgs
eoB tkb/ ftnesh dh wB'dFk jh j[zdh j?. fJ; Bz{ jh ;XkoBheoD dk w{b ;theko ehsk
iKdk j?. ;XkoBheoD fe; dk j[zdk j? ouBk dk j[zdk j?, ouBkeko dk iK ouBk Bz{ d/yD$;[DB
tkb/ ftnesh dk j[d z k j?. fJ; gqfs GZN Bk:e dh XkoDk j? fe ;XkoBheoD Bk sK BkNe
ftu ezw eoB tkb/ n?eNoK dk j[zdk j?, Bk jh T[BQK d[nkok fBGkJ/ ikD tkb/ feodko dk
j[d
z k j? ns/ Bk jh ;o's/$doFe dk j[zdk j?. ;XkoBheoD sK fJe ftnesh dh nfijh wkBf;e
gqfefonk j? fi; ftu ;EkJh Gkt ikrD s'_ pknd ftnesh nBzfds j' iKdk j?. d{;o/ ftdtkB
nfGBt r[gs dk efjDk j? fe ;XkoBheoD ftnesh d/ wB ftub/ GktK dk j[zdk j? T[j nkgD/
nzdo gJ/ ;z;ekoK dk jh ;[nkd wkDdk j?. ;w[Zu/ o{g ftu ;XkoBheoD wB[Zy dh$;qs ' / dh fus
Bkb ;pzX oZyD tkbh gqfefonk j?. fi; d/ T[giD Bkb ;kok e[M ;KMk j' iKdk j?.
2H9H gqFB L o; dk ;kfjs ftu eh ;EkB j? <
T[so L Gkosh nkb'uBk ftu o; f;XKs Bz{ gqw[Zy ;EkB jk;b j?. fJ; f;XKs Bz{ ;kfjs
dh nkswk th fejk iKdk j?. o; Bz{ ;kXkoD noEK ftu fe;/ ghD :'r sob gdkoE Bz{
fejk iKdk j?. gozs{ ;kfjs ftu o; Bz{ ouBk$eftsk s'_ gqkgs j'J/ nBZd d/ noEK ftu
;theko ehsk iKdk j?. Gos w[Bh B/ o; f;XKs Bz{ gfoGkFs ehsk j?. Gos w[Bh nB[;ko,
**o; s'_ fpBK e'Jh th noE Bjh_ tofsnk iKdk.** ftdtkB ftnk; nB[;ko **;kfjs ftu T[esh
d/ gqXkB j[zfdnK th o; jh ekft (;kfjs) dh nkswk j?.** ftFtkBkE B/ fJE'_ se fejk j?
fe o;wJh tke jh ekft (;kfjs) jB. fJ; bJh o; ;kfjs d/ noE ;zukfos eoB tkbh
wjZstg{oD fJekJh ;theko ehsk iKdk j?. o; dk Gkt ;kfjs ftu g/F j'J/ T[BQK p[fBnkdh
toskfonK s'_ j? fi; okjh_ e'Jh ftnesh ;kfjs ftu g/F j'Jh y[Fh-rwh, d[Zy-dod ns/ d:k-
so; nkfd dhnK GktBktK Bz{ wfj;{; eo ;edk j? ns/ ;wM ;edk j?.
Gkosh ftdtkBK B/ o; Bz{ B"_ gqw[Zy fjZf;nK ftu tzv e/ g/F ehsk j? L
2H9H1H fFzrko o;
fFzrko o; dk p[fBnkdh nkXko gq/w j?. fi; ;kfjs ftu gq/w dhnK GktBktK Bz{ nfs
shpo o{g ftu g/F ehsk ikt/ ns/ T[j ;kfjs osh iK ;B/j Bz{ g?dk eo/ nfijh ouBk Bz{ fFzrko
o; tkbh ouBk fejk iKdk j?. ;ko/ ftdtkBK B/ fFzrko o; Bz{ o; oki th fejk j? feT[_fe
fJ; Bz{ ;ko/ o;K d/ w[ekpbsB T[&Zsw ;EkB gqkgs j?. ftdtkB G'i oki B/ wzfBnk j? fe i/eo
eth fFzrkoh j't/rk sK ;kok ijkB o;-wJh j't/rk go i/eo n-fFzrkoh j'tr / k sK ;G e[M
Bho; j' ikt/rk. nzro/}h ;kfjs ftu th fJ; d/ Bkb fwbd/ noEK tkbh T[esh fJ; soQK
g/F ehsh iKdh j? L 'Love is God and God is Love' gzikph b'e ;kfjs ftu fFzrko o; d/ nB/e
T[&Zsw Bw{B/ T[gbpZX jB fit/_ L
s/o/ d[ZX d/ frbk; ftu wZyDk,
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 7 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
x[b iktK yzv pDe/.
2H1H2H tho o;
tho o; dk p[fBnkdh nkXko thosk iK T[sFkj Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. i/ ekft$;kfjs
Bz{ ;[De/$gVQe/ gkme T[sFkjs j't/ T[; fe;w d/ ;kfjs Bz{ tho o;h ;kfjs fejk iKdk j?.
tho o; ftu :[ZX, dkB, Xow nkfd Bkb ;zpzXs GktK dh g/Fekoh j'Jh j[d z h j? fJ; Bz{ gqw[Zy
o{g ftu uko fjZf;nK ftu tzfvnk iKdk j? L
(T) :[ZX tho
(n) Xow tho
(J) dkB tho
(;) d:k tho
gzikph ;kfjs ftu *uzvh dh tko* iK izrBkwk f;zxK cozrhnK, fJ; d/ T[&s Z w Bw{B/ jB L
Fkj w[jzwdK f;zxK B/ r'fonK d/,
tKr fBzp{nK bj{ fBu'V ;[ZN/.
2H9H3H o"do o;
fi; ;w/_ ;kfjs$ekft ftu e[M nfijk g/F ehsk ikt/ fi; Bkb fe;/ e"w Xow iK ftnesh
dh FkB dk ngwkB j't. / T[; ;w/_ g?dk j'J/ o; Bz{ o"do o; nkfynk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu fto'XhnK
Bkb S/VykBh, p/fJ}sh, ngwkB ns/ fBzdk okjh_ d{;o/ ftnesh Bz{ nkgDk Xow gkbD bJh T[sf/ is
ehsk iKdk j?. fit/_ jho tkfo; ftu g/F gzeshnK fJ; gqeko ;gZFN eodhnK jB L
S/V y[zdoK G/V wukTI[Bk J/_,
;/eK fbzr s/o/ Bkb ;'fNnK d/,
n;h_ iZNhnK w[Fe gbZNhnK jK,
BZe gkV ;[ZN/ fiBQK M'fNnK d/.
nZr'_ i'rh dk T[&Zso j? L
MkNk w[zB e/ whYhnK y'j ;[Nz{,
r[Zs'_ geV e/ d/T[_ tbKtVk Bh_,
jZE bZrh sK f;Nz{rk uho ozB/,
eZY bT{_rk fdb/ dk ekT[Vk Bh_.
2H9H4H eo[Dk o;
fJ; o; ftu rwh, d[Zy, dod ns/ F'e Bz{ g/F ehsk iKdk j?. fi; ftu nfij/ GktK
Bz{ g/F ehsk ikt/ i' wkBtsk fto'Xh xb{-xkfonK s/ ftobkg eoB ns/ wB[Zy d/ wB ftu eo[Dk
nEtk rw d/ Gkt g?dk eoB. jho'Fhwk ns/ Bkrk;keh s/ ;[ZN/ pzpK ekoD j'Jh spkjh Bz{ g/F
eoB tkbk ;kfjs, 1947 ftu Gkos, gkfe;skB dh tzv ;w/_ T[gfink j'fJnk ;kfjs fJ; u'Nh
ftu oy/ ik ;ed/ jB. nzfwqsk gqhsw dh eftsk *nZi nkyK tkfoF Fkj Bz{* fJ;dk T[&Zsw Bw{Bk
j?. gzikph dk pj[s ;kok ;kfjs eo[Dk wJh GktK Bz{ g/F eoB tkbk j?. fit/_ L
d[ZXhnK Bkb gbwd/ pZu/,
ezwh o[MhnK wktK,
nZyK d/ ftu SbeD nZEo{,
fjZeK d/ ftu nkjK.
rohp w}d{o fJ;sohnK ns/ pZfunK dk fuZso g/F eoe/ fJj eftsk eo[Dk wJh GktK
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 8 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
Bz{ jh g/F eo ojh j?.
2H9H5H ndG[Zs o;
id'_ ;kfjs iK ekft, gkme iK ;o's/ d/ wB ftu fe;/ nfijh xNBk dk fpzp g/F eo/
fijVk T[; Bz{ nuzfGs$G?-Ghs eo d/t/ ns/ n;uoisk d/ Gkt T[sgzB j'D sK T[; ;w/_ ndG[Zs
o; g/F j'fJnk j[zdk j?. fit/_ uzvh dh tko ftu r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx d?s _ K d/ nkeko ns/ ;o{g
dh g/Fekoh eod/ ;w/_ i' toBD fdzd/ jB T[; okjh_ ndG[Zs o; T[gidk j?.
2H9H6H thGs; o;
fJj o; T[; ;w/_ T[gidk j? id'_ fe;/ ftnesh d/ wB ftu fxqDk tkb/ Gkt g?dk j'D.
fi; Bz{ gVQ$;[D e/ wB ftu frbkBh T[gi/ nfij/ toBD ftu thGs; o; T[gidk j?. nzfwqsk
dh ouBk ftu fJ; dh g/Fekoh fJ; soQK j'Jh fwbdh j? L
e[M tZv/ e[M S'N/
e[M ekb/ w{j z tkb/, e[M fuZN/ w{zj tkb/.
bj{ bj{ gh_d/, wk; Bz{ Xod/
fwZNh Bz{ yKd/, fwZNh_ *u'_ ;{d
z /.
2H9H7H fGnkBe o;
id'_ ;kfjs okjh_ fe;/ ftnesh d/ wB ftu vo tkb/ Gkt ikrfos j'D ns/ ouBk iK ;kfjs
nkgD/ gksoK okjh_ vokT[D/ fdqF g/F eo/ sK nfijh ouBk Bz{ fGnkBe o; T[gikT[D tkbh ouBk
fejk iKdk j?. nfij/ Gkt gzikph eftsk ftu pj[s y{p;{osh Bkb g/F j'J/ fwbd/ jB L
d'jhI dbhI w[ekpbk, oD ;{o/ rVeD
uVQ s'gK rZSh Y[ZehnK, bZy ;zrb yVeD
Uj dko{ ykdhnK e'jbhnK, wD r'b/ oVeD
Uj dkr gbh s/ SZvdhnK, tKr pZdb eVeD.
2H9H8H jko o;
id'_ e'Jh ouBk nkgD/ gqGkt iK ftnzr okjh_ jk;k g?dk eo/ sK nfijh ouBk Bz{ jk;-
o; d/ Gkt g?dk eoB tkbh ouBk fejk iKdk j?. jk;-o; Bz{ uko tzBrhnK ftu tzv e/
g/F ehsk iKdk j? ;kXkoD jk;k, jk}o itkph, ftnzr ns/ teq'esh. ;kfjs ftu jk; o;
Bz{ ftF/F ;EkB gqkgs j?. jk;-o; Bz{ nkXko pDk e/ tZv/-tZv/ eth dopko th nk:'fis ehs/
iKd/ jB. fit/_ gzikph ftu jho d/ feZ;/ Bz{ jk; o;h nzdk} ftu g/F ehsk frnk j? L
w?vw, eh nkyK s?Bz{ fet/I nkyK <
nZi nkyD dh g? rJh b'V jho/ !
\;N J/v dh EK sz{ o/v ehsk,
;kvk fjZfbnk J/ i'V i'V jho/ !
i/ sz{ y/fVnk pkM Bjh_ ofj ;edh,
wZMK ukohnK d/ g?;/ w'V jho/ !
w/o/ Nh J/ s/ vh J/ dk eo b/yk,
w?_ Bk wzrdk bZy eo'V jho/.
2H9H9H FKs o;
fi; ;kfjs Bz{ gVQ-;[D e/ wB Bz{ FKsh nkt/ nfij/ Gkt g?dk eoB tkb/ ;kfjs Bz{ FKs-
o;h ;kfjs fejk iKdk j?. ;kok nfXnkswtkdh ;kfjs FKs o; T[gikT[_dk j?. fit/_ r[opkDh
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 9 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
dk Bw{Bk g/F j? L
nzfwqs t/bk ;u[ BkT[I tfvnkJh thuko[,
eowh nkt/ egVk Bdoh w'y d[nko[.
fJ; gqeko o; f;XKs iK o; dk ;zebg wB[Zyh wB ftu gJhnK tZy-tZy GktBktK ;kfjs
ftu fet/_ g/F j[zdhnK jB ns/ gkme$doFe$;o's/ s/ eh n;o eodhnK jB fJ; Bz{ g/F eoB
bJh f;ofink frnk j?.
2H9H10Hnbzeko s'_ eh Gkt j? <
nbzeko Bz{ ;kXkoD noEK ftu rfjDk iK G{FD wzfBnk iKdk j?. fi; soQK ;[d z o fJ;soh
dh y{p;{osh ftu j'o tkXk eoB bJh tZy-tZy rfjfDnK dh }o{os g?d _ h j? fJ; gqeko dh ;kfjs
ns/ eftsk dh y{p;{osh ftu j'o tkXk eoB bJh nbzekok dh }o{os g?d _ h j?. nbzeko ;kfjs
d/ noE ;gZFN eoB ftu gqGkt shyD eoB ftu ns/ ;kfjZs Bz{ o;wJh pDkT[D ftu nkgDk
ftF/F :'rdkB gkT[d _ / jB. ;kfjs ftu nbzeko fszB gqeko d/ g/F j[d z / jB L
1H Fpd nbzeko
2H noE nbzeko
3H FpdkoE nbzeko
fi; ;w/_ ;kfjs ftu y{p;{osh FpdK okjh_ g?dk ehsh ikt/ sK Fpd nbzeko pDdk j?.
fit/_ L
do;B go;B ;o;B jo;B
ozr oZsh eoskoh o/.
fi; ;w/_ noE okjh_ y{p;{osh g?dk ehsh ikt/ sK noE nbzeko j[zdk j?. fit/_ L
fuZN/ dzd jZ;D'_ Bh ofjzd/,
b'eh G?V/ FZe eod/.
eJh tko Fpd ns/ noE d'tK okjh_ jh nbzeko gqGkt g/F ehsk iKdk j?. fit/_ L
o'Dr/ gZEo sK d/y/rh d[BhnK,
d/y/rk e"D i/ o'J/rk gkDh.
iK
s/o/ d[ZX d/ frbk; ftu wZyDk,
w?_ x[b
Z iktK yzv pD e/.
fJ; gqeko nbzeko ekft-o{gh ;[d z oh dk rfjDk pD e/ T[; dh y{p;{osh ftu tkXk eod/
jB.
nfGnk; tk;s/ gqFB
1H Gkosh ekft-Fk;so d/ gqw[Zy f;XKs fejV/ jB <
2H Fpd FeshnK s'_ eh Gkt j? <
3H o{ge ns/ T[gwk ftu eh nzso j? <
4H o; fezBh gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB <
5H ;kXkoBheoD dk ;kfjs ftu eh wjZst j? <
fe sk p K
1H Gkosh ekft Fk;so - vkH gqw
/ gqekF f;zx
phHJ/H Gkr gfjbk gzikph ;kfjs (u'DtK ft;ak)
gkm BzL 1.2

Szd dh gfoGk;ak ns/ fe;wK

fJ; gkm dh o{g-o/yk fJ; gqeko j? L
2H1 ikD-gSkD
2H2 gkm dk wzst
2H3 Szd eh j?
2H3H1 wksok
2H3H2 toD
2H3H3 ft;aokw
2H3H4 uoB
2H3H5 s[e Ks
2H4 Szd G/d
2H4H1 wkfsqe Szd
2H4H2 tofDe Szd
2H4H3 rfDe Szd
2H5 Szd dk wjZst
2H6 SzdK dhnK fe;wK ns/ bZSD
2H7 gkm dk ;ko
2H8 nkgD/ frnkB dh goy eo'.
2H9 ;jkfJe g[;se ;{uh

2H1 ikD-gSkD
fJ; :{fBN ftu n;h_ s[j kB{z SzdK ns/ nbzekoK pko/ ikDekoh d/ oj/ jK. e/tb E'VQh fijh fwjBs Bkb
jh s[;h_ fJ; Gkr ftu'I uzr/ nze gqkgs eo ;ed/ j'.
2H2 gkm dk wzs t
fJ; gkm dk wzst eftsk d/ io{oh sZs Szd Bkb ikD{ eotkT[Dk j?. eftsk ftZu Szd d/ wjZst pko/
dZ;Dk ns/ Szd dhnK fe;wK pko/ T[dkjoDK ;fjs ikDekoh d/Dk j?.
2H3 Szd eh j?
Szd eftsk dk iao{oh s/ w[ZYbk sZs j?. g[okD/ ;kfjs ftu Szd s'_ fpBK eftsk dh ebgBk th Bjh_ ehsh
ik ;edh ;h. Gkt/_ BthB :[Zr ftu, Szd-w[es ouBk B{z eftsk wzB fbnk iKdk j?. gozs{ fco th ekft dh
f;oiBk ftu Szd dh wjZsk ni/ th Gbh GKs ep{b ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh Szd eftsk dk wjZstg{oB nzr
j?.
;kfjs ftu Szd pko/ w[ZY s'_ ftuko j[zd k nk fojk j?. Gkosh ;kfjs ftu Szd fJe iao {oh ftfdnk ;h
fi; B{z fgzr b µk;so d/ Bkw Bkb :kd ehsk iKdk ;h. Szd ftfdnk ;zpzX h Gkos ftu ;G s'_ g[o kDk rqzE
@Szd ;{s q* j? fi; dk eosk fgzr b nkuko: j?. cko;h, noph ftu fJ;/ ftfdnk B{z no{ia fejk frnk j?.
10
phHJ/H Gkr gfjbk 11 gzikph u'DtK ft;ak
nzr o/iah ftu Szd B{z @whNo* (Meter) ns/ Sz d µk;so B{z ##gq'; 'vh** (Prosody) nkfynk iKdk j?. fJ;
Nkeo/ s'_ fJj Gkt fBebdk j? fe nkb'uBk d/ fJfsjk; ftu jo Gkµk d/ ;kfjs B/ Szd d/ gZy s'_ eftsk d/
o{g B{z pV/ rj[ Bkb gVskfbnk j?. fJBQK noEK ftu ekft dh goy ftu Szd dh fJe ftµ/µ EK f;ZX j[zdh j?.
Szd eh j?< fJ; pko/ eJh soQK d/ fynkb fwbd/ jB. eJh b/yeK d/ nB[;ko Szd s'_ w[okd s[eKs dk
;jh w/b jh j?. eJh toDK iK nZyoK dh yk; frDsh T[Zs/ jh i'o d/_d/ jB. eJh j'o ftdtkB b?n iK s'b
nkfd B{z jh Szd ;theko eod/ jB. go i/ iaok j'o v{zxkJh Bkb ftuko eohJ/ sK Szd s'_ Gkt fJBQK ;kohnK
Szde ftµ/µsktK dk fJe ;w[Zuk o{g jh j?. ;kfonK gZyK s'_ ftukod/ j'J/ n;h_ Szd dh gfoGkµk fJT[_ d/ ;ed/
jK fe L @@eftsk** ftu wksqk (wksqktK), toDK B{z yk; ftT[_s Bkb iV e/ tiB, s'b, g?dk eoBk jh Szd j?.@
T[go'es gfoGkµk ftu wksqk toD nkfd µpd nkJ/ jB. fJBQK pko/ E'VQh pj[s ikDekoh gqkgs eoBk
iao{oh j? fJ; bJh n;h gfjbK fJBQK dh ;zy/g o{g ftu nktZµe ftnkfynk eoKr/ L-
2H3H1 wk so k
fe;/ toD d/ T[ukoD t/b/ fizBK ;wK iK ekb brdk j?, T[; B{z Szde p'bh ftu @wksqk* nkfynk iKdk j?.
wksqk d' fe;w dh j[zdh j? L (i) bx{ (ii) r[o{. bx{ dk Gkt S'Nh j?. w[esk nZyo ns/ f;jkoh s/ n"_eV tkb/
nZyo (Gkt toD) dh bx{ wksok wzBh iKdh j?. fw;kb ti'_ @;[fjod* µpd ftu nkJ/ ;[, fj, o, d, noEks
jo/e toD dh bx{ wksok wzBh iKdh j? ns/ Szd fB:wktbh ftu bx{ dh fBµkBh ezB/ (k) tKr j[zdh j? fijVh
toDK d/ f;oK T[¿Zs/ bkJh iKdh j?. d{i/ gk;/ #r[o{* dk noE-tZvk j?. Szd ftu ro{ dk noE d{joh, d[rDh iK
vpb wksqk j?. fijV/ toD dhox j[zd/ jB T[BQK dh r[o{ wksqk wzBh iKdh j?. ezBK, fpjkoh, d[b+eV/, bK, d[bK,
j'Vk, eB"Vk s/ fNZgh tkb/ toD r[o{ j[zd/ jB. #nkeko* µpd ftu @n* s/ @e* r[o{ jB gozs{ ªo* bx{ j?. r[o{
dh fBµkBh ‘S’ j? i' nzro/iah nZyo (S) torh j[zdh j? ns/ fijVh fbyD t/b/ nZyoK d/ f;oK T[Zs/ bk fdZsh
iKdh j?. fJT[_ bx{ dh fJe wksqk ns/ r[o{ dhnK d' wksqktK j[zdhnK jB. ;z;feqs torhnK r[NthnK p'bhnK d/
SzdK ftu T[BQK w[es/ s/ f;jkoh-n"_eV tkb/ toDK B{z th r[o{ wzfBnk iKdk j? fiBQK s'_ fJedw pkd ;zi[rs nZyo
j[zd/ jB. gozs{ gzikph ftu fJj fB:w bkr{ BjhI j' ;edk.
B'N L (1) i/ bx{ nZyo Bkb nZX e ( Z ) iK fNzg h ( z ) brh j't/ sK T[j r[o{ j' iKdh j?, fit/_ nZy,
f;zr s/ x[zv d/ gfjb/ nZyo r[o{ jB s/ jo/e µpd fszBK fszBK wksqktK dk j?.
(2) d[Zs nZyo Gkt/_ d'jK nZyoK s'_ fwbe/ pfDnk j[zdk j? go frDsh eoB t/b/ fJeZbk nZyo jh ;wfMnk
iKdk j?, @gq/w*, @d?Zs* s/ @gVQ* ;ko/ d[nZyo/ µpd jB, fi; ftu'_ @gVQ* d' wksqktK dk ns/, @gq/w*, @d?Zs* fszBK fszBK
d/ jB.
(3) f;jkoh, n"eV ns/ fpzdh dh e'Jh wksqk Bjh frDh iKdh.
2H3H2 toD
Szd dh p'bh ftu e, y, r, x, nkfd nZyoK B{z jh toD fejk iKdk j?. toDe SzdK ftu toD dh jh
frDsh gqXkB j[zdh j?, wksqk dk fynkb BjhI oZfynk iKdk. id'_ e, y nkfde X[BhnK p'bD ftu nkT[_dhnK jB,
T[BQK Ì ªnZyo* fejk iKdk j?, go id'_ fbysh o{g ftu ftnes j[zdhnK jB sK T[BQK toD nkfynk iKdk j?, toD
d' soQK d/ j[zd/ jB L jq; t s/ dhox. Szd µk;so ftu T[BQK bJh soshp-pko bx{ s/ r[o{ yk; µpd tos/ iKd/
jB.
2H3H3 ftµokw
Szd ftu ;soK d/ ftukb/ nzs T[¿Zs/ fijVk mfjokT[ j[zdk j? T[; @ft;aokw* nkyd/ jB. ftµokw @ftokw*
th fejk iKdk j?. nzro/iah ftu fJ; dk BK ‘Pause’ j?. Szd ftu T[; dh bzpkJh w[skpe d', uko iK fJ; s'_
phHJ/H Gkr gfjbk 12 gzikph u'DtK ft;ak
tZX ftµokw j[zd/ jB.
2H3H4 uoB
eftsk B{z gVQB ;w/_ ;so dk fijVk Gkr fJe' ;kj Bkb brksko gfVQnk iKdk j? T[j uoB j?. fw;kb
ti'_ @@;rb d[nko eT[ Skfv e? rfjT[ s[jko' d[nko@@ ftu d' uoB jB. gfjbk uoB @;rb d[nko e' Skfv e?*
sZe ns/ d{ik uoB ;so d/ nzs sZe. fJT[_ fJ; gzesh d/ d' uoB jB.
2H3H5 s[ e Ks
s[eKs B{z nzs-nB[gqk; nkyd/ jB. Szd ftu id'_ d' s[eK noEks d' ;soK d/ nyho s/ fJe' fij/ toB
iK s[eKs w/b yKd/ j'D, Gkt T[BQK jh toBK d[jokfJnk frnk j't/ sK T[; s[eKs w/b fejk iKdk j?. s[eKs Bkb
fJe soQK dk b?n ;zrhs T[sgzB j' iKdk j? ns/ fJe' fijh X[Bh g?dk j[zdh j?. gVQB t/b/ Gkoh ;"y j[zdh j?. ub
oj/ fynkb dh ;wkgsh th J/E/ ;fji/ j' iKdh j/. s[eKs-w/b dk n;bh wB'oE ;zrhse b?n T[ikro eoBk j?.
2H4 Szd G/ d
T[go'es uouk s'_ pknd fJj ;tkb th ftukoB d/ :'r j? fe Szd d/ w[Zy fezB/ G/d iK fe;wK jB. Szd
d/ w[Zy s"o s/ fszB G/d iK fe;wK jB L^
1H wkfsqe Szd
2H tofDe Szd
3H rfDe Szd
2H4H1 wkfsq e Szd
fijV/ SzdK ftu e/tb wksqktK dh frDsh jh gqXkB oyh ikt/ T[j Szd wkfsqe j[zd/ jB. fJjBK wkfsqe
SzdK ftu toDK dh frDsh n;wkB j' ;edh j?, gozs{ T[BQK ftu nkJhnK bx{-r[o{ wksoktK fB:wK d/ nB[;ko
j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. fJjBK SzdK dh ukb pVh y[bh s/ w[es j[zdh j?. fJ; eoe/ wkfsqe SzdK ftu ;zrhs d/
sZs tX/o/ jB. u"gkJh s/ ;'omk nkfd ni/j/ jh Szd jB.
2H4H2 toDe Szd
e/tb toDK dh frDsh B{z ;kwQD/ oZy e/ fijV/ Szd ou/ iKd/ jB T[jBK ~Ì toDe Szd fejk iKdk j?.
fJBQK SzdK ftu r[o{ bx{ dh soshp e'Jh fBµfus BjhI j[zdh f;oc toDK dh frDsh j[zdh j?. gzikph s/ fjzdh dk
gqf;ZX Szd @efps* toDe Szd dk Bw{Bk j?.
2H4H3 rfDe Szd
fJ; Szd dh ouBk r[DK d/ ;[w/b okjhI j[zdh j?. r[D nZm gqeko d/ jB L- :rD, wrD, srD, orD,
irD, GrD, BrD, ;rD.
2H5 eftsk ftu Szd dk wjZs t
eftsk ftu Szd dk pVk wjZst j?. fJj wjZst eJh gZyK s'_ t/fynk ik ;edk j?. eftsk feT[_fe e'wb
ebk j? fJ; bJh eftsk d/ gqGkt s/ ;[zd osk ~ g?dk eoB bJh e'wb i[r shnK dk ;jkok b?Dk g+dk j?. fJjBK
i[rshnK ftu eftsk dh p'bh, nbzeko, fuzBQ, fpzp nkfd frD/ ik ;ed/ jB, gozs{ Szd dh tos'_ yk; s"o s/
bkGdkfJe i[rsh j?. eftsk ftu Szd d/ eJh bkG ns/ eJh wzst jB fiBQK w'N/ s"o s/ nZr/ fby/ nB[;ko tzv
;ed/ jK L
1H Szd eftsk d/ GktK s/ fynkbK B{z tX/o/ ;gZµN s/ shpo eod/ jB.
2H GktK s/ ftukoK B{z fJe bVh ftu go'_d/ jB.
3H eftsk B{z skiarh pyµd/ jB.
phHJ/H Gkr gfjbk 13 gzikph u'DtK ft;ak
4H eftsk ftu ;'ji ;"_do: T[sgzB eod/ jB.
5H eftsk dk gqGkt tXkT[_d/ jB.
6H eftsk d/ o; *u tkXk eod/ jB.
7H eth s/ ;o's/ iK gkme ftu fJe;ko ;[yktK ;zpzX ;Ekgs eod/ jB.
8H eth dh µyµhns uwekT[_d/ jB.
1H fiE'_ se GktK dh µgZµNsk dh rZb j?, fJ; gZy s'_ fJj pV/ ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. go eftsk
dk nkgDk fJe e/_doh Gkt j[zdk j?. eth T[; Gkt Ì gSkDdk j?. T[j fJ; Gkt d/ nB[;ko SzdK dh tos'_
eodk j?. T[Zsw GKs dk eth jh GktK d/ nB[;ko Szd dh tos'_ eodk j?. eftsk d/ GktK d/ nB[;ko tos/ j'J/
Szd eftsk ftu ;w'J/ fynkbK dk pV/ ;gZµN sohe/ Bkb gqrNkT[ eod/ jB. fpoj'_ (ftS'V/) tor/ fsZy/ GktK
bJh S'N/ S'N/ Szd go xNBktK d/ toBD eoB bJh tZv/ Szd tosD/ T[fus jB.
2H Szd eftsk ftu eth d/ fynkbK, ftukoK s/ wB'GktK ftu fJe;[osk iK fJe bVhtko soshp g?dk
eod/ jB. eth d/ fjod/ ftu ;+eV/ Gkt j[dz / jB. T[j ;kfonK GktK B{z fJe' tko T[ikro BjhI eod/. ni/jk eoB Bkb
T[j T[xVh d[xVh µeb ftu o{gwkB j'Dr/ id fe eth fJBQK fpyo/ j'J/ GktK Szd d/ u"yN/ ftu soshp okjh g/µ eodk
j?.
3H nkw Szd-jhB ouBk Bkb'_ Szd-pZX ouBk tX/o/ gq/oBk dkfJe j[zd h j?. nfijh ouBk ;kv/ s/
tX/o/ gqG kt gkT[_dh j?. fizadrh ftu u/s Bk fizBh Szd-pzX ekft ouBk Bkb nk ;edh j? T[j µkfJd fe;/ j'o
:sB Bkb Bjh. fJ; bJh Szd eftsk ftu sk°rh God/ jB.
4H eftsk ftu fBowb ;[ji s/ fBokbh ;[zdosk j[zd h j?. fJ; ;[ji-;[nkd s/ ;[zdosk dk f;jok
th Szd B{z jh iKdk j?. ekft-ouBk ftu fJe b?n j[zdh j? i' SzdK okjh nk ;edh j?. fJT[_ eftsk dh ;[ji
;[zdosk Szd dk jh f;ZNk j?.
5H Szd eftsk B{z gqGktµkbh s/ n;odkfJe pDkT[_d/ jB. ebk gqrNkT[ d/ gqGkt dk f;jok Szd
~Ìjh iKdk j?. SzdK ftu wksoktK s/ toDK dk yk; fynkb ofynk iKdk j?. toDK s/ wksqktK d/ fB:w jh yk;
gqGkt g?d k eoB ftu ;woE j[zd/ jB. wksqktK d/ gq:'r nB[;ko T[ukoD j[zdk j? ns/ T[ukoD ftu'_ gqG kt s/
n;o g?d k j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK Szd eftsk s/ gqGkt tXkT[_d/ jB.
6H eftsk dk nkgDk ;[ji ;[nkd j[zdk j?. fJj' ;[ji-;[nkd ekft dk o; j[zdk j?. o; dh Bh_d
wB'Gkt j[zd/ jB ns/ Szd T[jBK GktK Ì irkT[D ns/ fsy/o/ o{g ftu gqrN eoB ftu ;jkfJsk eod/ jB. Gkt
id'_ shpo j' e/ eftsk d/ tk:{-wzvb ftu g;od/ jB sK ;zuko j[zdk j?. fJj eftsk dk o; iK ;[ji-;[nkd j?.
7H Szd eth ns/ gkme ftukb/ eVhnK jB. Szd eth d/ fdbh GktK s/ nfj;k;K B{z ;keko eod/
jB. T[j nZr/ ik e/ gkmeK d/ fdbK ftu xo eo b+d/ jB. eth d/ wB'oE B{z s/iah Bkb gkme d/ wB ftu
T[sko d/Dk Szd dk jh uwseko j?. ;Zuw[u Szd s/ gkmeK dk ;[yktK ;zpzX j?.
8H eftsk eth dh µy;hns dk gqshfpzp j?. eth dh ;yµhns dk neµ SzdK d/ nfXn?B s'_
Gbh GKs gSkfDnk iKdk j?. eth nkgD/ ;yµh r[DK d/ nB[e{b Szd u[Ddk j?. wjkB µyaµhns tkbk eth
nkgD/ wB'oEK nB[;ko SzdK ~ fJ; soQK Ykb e/ tosdk j? fe T[; dh µyµhns d/ ;kc ;kc doµB j' iKd/
jB. fJ; soQK ;kfjseko dh µy;hns ns/ Szd dk nkg;h ;zpzX j[zdk j?.
2H6 Szd K dhnK fe;wK ns/ bZS D
nfVZb L uko uoDK tkbk fJZe wkfsqe Szd j? fi; dk jo uoD ;'bQK wksqktK
dk j[zd k j? ns/ jo uoD d/ nzs ftZu ;dk Grt (s.) nkT[Idk j? L-

s.
phHJ/H Gkr gfjbk 14 gzikph u'DtK ft;ak
v'bs ifj sfj g[oy ngktB.
bkrs esfj Xow e' dktB.
noEfj Skv nBoE pskts.
Xow eow fus J/e Bk bkts. (@d;w rzqE@ ekbeh ntsko)
nfVZb dk d{ik o{g T[j j? fi; ftZu ;'bQK wksqKtK jh j[zdhnK jB. gzqs{ jo uoD d/ nzs ftZu Grt dh
EK s/ :rt (.ss) j[zdk j?.
r[o{ BkBe f;e;ak wB Xko'.
r[o[iB eh ohsh B ft;ko'.
efj jo tke edh Bfj jko'.
;s: Xow iok w/ gfouko'.
d'f jok L fJe fJe noE-;w wkfsqe Szd j?. fJ; dh ekft ftZu tos'I ngGqz;a ;kfjs s'I ;[o{ j'Jh j?. r[o{ rzqE
;kfjp ftub/ nfXe ;ab'e fJ;/ s'b d/ jB.
bZS D L fJ; Szd ftZu d' uoD j[zd/ jB. jo uoD ftZu d' gd, 24 wksqktK ns/ 13, .. T[Zs/ fp;aokw, s[e d/
nzs T[Zs/ r[o{ (s) bx{ (.) j[zdk j?.
T[d kjoD L
g{ok gqG{ nkokfXnk, g{ok ik ek BkT[.
BkBe g{ok gkfJnk, g{o/ e/ r[D rkT[.
fJZE/ jo gfjb/ ns/ shi/ gd ftZu 13, 13 wksqktK jB ns/ d{i/ ns/ u"E / ftZu 11, 11 wksqktK. d'jK
s[eK d/ nzs ftZu r[o{ ns/ bx{ nkJ/ jB.
fvT[Y L fJj wkfsqe Szd j? f;ar ko o; d/ ;z:'r ns/ ft:'r d'jK gZyK B{z fJ; Szd okjhI nsh ftnes ehsk
frnk j?.
bZSD L fJ; Szd ftZu uko uoD j[zd/ jB. jo uoD ftZu 36 wksqktK, gfjbk fp;aokw 16 T[Zgo, d{ik 12 T[Zgo
ns/ shik 8 T[Zgo j[zdk j?, nzs T[Zs/ bx{ r[o{ wksqktK d/ tkX/ xkN/ Bkb fJ; d/ e[M j'o BK th jB fit/I
@d[Gzrh@, @wdBjo@, @cth;@.
T[d kjoD L
ekwb ;a'e wkjh dk w?B{z,
oj/ firo ftZu t;dk,
b{z b{z o;dk.
okMD p/gotkjh eodk
eJh r[Bkj Bk d;dk
T[m T[m B;dk.
fiT[I fiT[I jkb ;[DktK o'tK,
t/y ssh tb j;dk,
}ok Bk y;dk.
jk;aw ezw BjhI jo e; dk,
nk;ae j'D do; dk,
fpoj[z o; dk.
fJZE/ gfjbk fp;aokw 16 T[Zgo, d{ik 12 T[Zgo ns/ shik nZm T[Zgo j? ns/ jo fp;aokw T[Zs/ brGr
phHJ/H Gkr gfjbk 15 gzikph u'DtK ft;ak
bx{ r[o { dh ftt;Ek ojh j?.
;jkfJe g[; se ;{u h
1H r[o;apd osBkeo wjkB e';a L fds GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk
2H r[o{ Szd fdtkeo L fds GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk
3H Szd s/ nbzeko L fds gq'H ;kfjp f;zx
4H fgzrb s/ no{} L fds gq'H i'frzdo f;zx gfNnkbk

p+s
p+s T[j Szd j? fi; ftu d' s[eK j[zdhnK jB. p+s n;b ftu noph cko;h s'_ nkfJnk j?. gzikph ftu
;G s'_ g[okDk p+s B;hjs-Bkw/ ftu fwbdk j? fi; dh jo s[e ftu 19 wksqktK jB. 10 ns/ 9 wksqk s/
fp;okw j? ns/ nzs r[o{ bx{ j?.
(d' s[eK L 10O9&19 wksqktK-nzs r[o{ bx{)
T[dkjoD L ehi/ stfinkl Bk ehs' r[wkB.
B ofj;h fJj d[BhnK, B ofj;h fdtkB. (10O9)
fJ; s'_ fgS'_ w[epb s/ tko; B/ BthB p+s ofunk fi; B{z gzikphnK B/ pj[s g;zd ehsk. fJ; ftu
wksqktK dh frDsh 20O20=40 j[zdh j?, s/ fJe nZX wksqk xZN tZX eo b?D Ì e'Jh d'µ BjhI ;wfMnk iKdk
;h. ni eb fJj' p+s gqubs j? fit/_ L^
(T) oKMk nkydk SVk SVke jK w+,
BjhI ihT[_dk wkT[ s/ pkg w/ok. (20O20)
(tko; µkj)
(n) s/oh y'i ftu neb d/ yzG MV rJ/. (22O22)
s/oh Gkb ftu E'Ek fynkb j'fJnk.
bZyK T[_rbK r[zMbK y'b EehnK.
s/oh ia[bc dk f;ZXk Bk tkb j'fJnk. (22O22)
(;kt/ gZso L w'jB f;zx)
f ; o y zv h
fJj wkfsqe Szd dk BK j?. GkJh ekBQ f;zx ih BkGk nB[;ko f;oyzvh dk fBek; ª;qh yzv* s'_ j'fJnk j?.
fJ; dhnK uko iK tZX s[eK j[zdhnK jB. fJ; d/ uko o{g jB. jo s[e ftu 20, 21 iK 23 wksqktK j[zdhnK
jB. nZv nZv fp;okw j[zd/ jB. 11 9 s'_ 11 10 s/ 14 9 s/ fp;okw j[zdk j?. s[e K d/ wZX ftu nB[gqk;
j[zdk j?. go jo o{g ftu wZX nB[gqk;h th BjhI fwbdk. gzikph ;kfjs ftu GkJh tho f;zx B/ nkgD/ wjKekft
@okDk ;{o s f;zx* ftu fJ; dh tos'_ ehsh j?. T[dkjoD t/y' L
g"D cokN/ wko, trdh ia'o dh,
fJe dw j'Jh u[g wkB' j? voh, (11O9)
(okDk ;{os f;zx) (129O9)
fJe fdjkV/ BktD nkJh d[orµkj
fJzdo fpoEk ;[DkJh, nkgD/ jkb dh
phHJ/H Gkr gfjbk 16 gzikph u'DtK ft;ak

ShB bJh m[eokJh, ;ks/ dkBth (uzvh dh tko) (12O9)

efpZs
efpZs fJe tofDe Szd j? fi; dhnK uko s[eK j[zdhnK jB. jo/e s[e ftu 31 iK 32 nZyo j[dz / jB. gfjb/
fszB fpµokw nm-nm nZyoK T[sZ / ns/ nyhobk u"Ek fpµokw ;Zs iK 8 nZyoK T[sZ / noEks s[e d/ nyho T[Zs/ j[dz k j?.
4 s[eK jo/e s[e 8O8O8O7 31 nZyo
iK
8O8O8O8=32 nZyo
T[ dkjoD
Skb/-Skb/ j[zdk fdb Skb/ s/o/ t/y t/y
yKtdk T[Skb/ Bkb/, j[zdhnK j?okBhnK.
ikB ikB ikDdk s{z ikB eoh ikJ/ ikBh
fdbK dhnK ikBhnK w+ ow}k Bk ikDhnK.
e'oVk
fJj fJe tofDe Szd j? fi; dhnK uko iK tXhe s[eK j[zdhnK jB. jo/e s[e ftu 13 iK 14 nZyo
fJ; soQK phV/ j[zd/ jB fe gfjbK ftµokw fSnK iK ;ZsK nZyoK T[Zs/ ns/ d{ik nrb/ ;sK nZyoK T[Zs/ noEks
s[e d/ nzs ftu j[zdk j?.
T[ dkjoD
ed/ th Bk t;, g?Dk µkj{eko d/.
bv{ g/V/ ykD/, w{b Bk j[dko d/.
tkdh Bk j[dko, tkbh s[;K XkoBh.
bZy dh i/ rb, ed/ Bk ft;koBh.
phHJ/ H Gkr gfjbk gzi kph u' D tK ftFk
gzi kph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;

gkm Bzpo L 1H3 gzi kph eftsk 1900 JhH s'_ 1935 sZe

nkX[ f Be ekb dh gzi kph eftsk (1900 JhH s'_ 1935 JhH sZe )
1H T[ d / F
fJ; gkm d/ T[d/F ;zB 1900 s'_ 1935 sZe ouh rJh gzikph eftsk Bkb ikD gSkD
eokT[Dk j? s/ fJ; gkm d/ nfXn?B okjh_ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJ; ekb dh eftsk dhnK gqw[Zy
XkoktK s/ ikD{ eokT[Dk j?.
2H o{ g -o/ y k
G{fwek-fJ; ekb dh eftsk d/ gqw[Zy T[d/F ekft fttXsk, gqw[Zy eth, ;w[Zuh gqkgsh,
GkJh tho f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ T[;oJhJ/, okDk ;{os f;zx, wjK ekft, ojZ;tkdh
fBZehnK eftsktK, gqfeqsh fgnko, wB[Zytkdh nkgk, gzikph p'b h s/ F?bh Bz{ d/D, bkbk feqgk
;kro, wjK-ekft byFwh d/th L byFwh d/th dh ;zy/g ejkDh, oDihs f;zx dh tfvnkJh,
c[Neb ouBk, bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe, gzikph dh nkswk, ekft F?bh-gq'H g{oB f;zx, fto'XK
d/ ;[w/b tkbh F];hns, w"fbe gqfsGk, y[bQ d/ eth, o'wKfNe eftsk d/ w'Yh, :[Zr fuso.
3H G { f we k
*nkX[fBe* Fpd gzikph nb'uBk ftu nzro/}h Fpd *wkvoB* d/ noEK ftu tofsnk
iKdk j? gozs{ ni/ sZe fJ; Fpd d/ mhe noE fBFfus Bjh_ j' ;e/. f;ZNk fJj eZfYnk
j'fJnk j? fe fJ; dk ;zebg g{oh soQK ;gFN Bk j'D eoe/ fJ; Fpd dk gq:'r ezw ubkT{
noEK ftu jh j' fojk j?. w'N/ noEK ftu T[d:'fre ekb Bz{ jh nkX[fBe ekb nkfynk
iKdk j? ns/ ;Bnsh :[Zr d/ nkozG Bz{ g[oksB ns/ wZX ekb dk ]kswk ;wfMnk iKdk j?.
gzikp ftu T[d:'r dk nkrwB nzro/}K d/ nkT[D Bkb jh j'fJnk s/ fJ;/ bJh 1860 JhH
s'_ thjth_ ;dh d/ B"t /_ djke/ sZe d/ ;w/_ Bz{ gzikph ;wki dk nkX[fBe ekb wzB fbnk iKdk
j?. :kd oZyD tkbh rZb fJj j? fe nkX[fBe ekb ftu th g[oksB s/ wZX ekb d/ o;w'_
fotk}, ofjD-;fjD, wB[Zyh foFs/ s/ gzikp d/ ;w[Zu/ ;fGnkukoe fto;/ d/ pj[s ;ko/ nzF
ekfJw oj/ jB ns/ gzikph p'bh d/ ;kfjs dhnK g[oksB o{VQhnK nkX[fBe ekb d/ ;kfjs
ftu th fwb ojhnK jB.
fJ; gkm dk ;zpzX 1900 s'_ 1935 JhH sZe dh nkX[fBe ekbhB gzikph eftsk Bkb
j?. fJBQK 35 tfoQnK dh eftsk d/ nfXn?B s'_ gsk brdk j? fe fJ; ;w/_ ftu gzikph eth
gozgokrs, Xkofwe fdqFNhe'D, BthB ftfrnkB gqsh Fzek-u/s Bk dh tzrko dk ;kjwDk eodk
fojk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[; dh okFNoh u/sBk s/ gzikp fgnko, gZSwh ftZfdnk d/
;fGnkukoe jwb/ dk itkp f;oiD s/ f;os'V :sB eodk fojk j?. e[M BftnK Bz{ nzro/}h
oki dh r[bkwh dk fsZyk nfj;k; j? s/ T[j nkgDh eftsk Bz{ okiBhfse ikfrqsh g?dk eoB
bJh fJe u/sBk d/ o{g ftu f;oid/ oj/ jB.
4H fJ; ekb dh eftsk d/ gqw [ Zy T[ d /F fejV/ fejV/ jB <
T[ s o L f;Z y Xow dh g[ B o-;[ o ihsh, okFNoh u/ s Bk dk ftek; s/ okiBhfse
;z x oF bJh ikfrq s h fJ; ;w/ _ dh eftsk d/ gq w [ Z y T[ d / F oj/ jB. GkJh tho f;z x s/
17
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 18 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
vkH w' j B f;z x dhtkBk dh eftsk dh gq X kB ;[ o f;Z y Xow dh g[ B o-;[ o ihsh dh j? ,
bkbk XBh okw ukfsq e , bkbk feq g k ;kro s/ pkp{ fco' } dhB Foc Bz { fJ; ;w/ _ d/
okFNotkdh eth fejk ik ;edk j? ns/ jhok f;z x dod, w[ B Fk f;z x d[ Z y h, bkbk pKe/
fdnkb s/ joBkw f;z x N[ z v hbkN fij/ ethnK dk wB' o E b' e K Bz { okiBhse x' b bJh
T[ G koB dk fojk j? .
fJBK 35 tfoQ nK ftu ;N/ih eftsk th fbyh iKdh ojh j? s/ ;kfjse th. fJj
iBse eftsk dk :[ Zr th j? s/ ftneshtkdh eftsk dk th. fJ; ;w/_ ftu bzw/ bzw/
wjK-ekft s/ feZ;/ th fby/ rJ/ ns/ fBZe hnK fBZe hnK eftsktK th. feskph s/ eth dopkoh
eftsk d/ fJ; }wkB/ ftu rzG ho eftsk Gkt/_ gqX kB ojh j?, go jk;-o;h eft-f;oiDk
th Bkb'_ Bkb ubdh ojh j?. Szd -pZX eftsk dhnK o{VQ hnK Bz{ w[ V-gqufbs eoB d/ fotki
d/ Bkb Bkb Szd -ofjs ekft-ouBk d/ gq: 'r th fJ;/ :[ Zr ftu j'J /. gzikp dh Xkofwe,
okiBhfse s/ ;fGnkukoe tzB ;[ t zBsk fJ; ;w/_ dh gzikph eftsk ftu ebkswe
nfGftnziB gqkgs j'fJnk j?. fJ;/ bJh eftsk ftF/ t;s{, o{g, wB'o E s/ eftnK d/
fdqFNhe'D, jo gZy s'_ jh tzB ;[ t zBh j?. fJ; d"o d/ fe;/ fJe eth dhnK eftsktK ftu'_
jh nB/e K ozrK d/ doFB ehs/ ik ;ed/.
gzvs wkB f;zx, ekbhdk; r[ZioKtkbhnK, bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe, eosko f;zx
ebk;tkbhnk, d"bs okw, ;kX{ d:k f;zx nkoc s/ pkp{ fco'} Fo\ B/ feZ;k eftsk s/ ;N/ih
eftsk dhnK gozgoktK Bz{ gZek ehsk. GkJh tho f;zx s/ feogk ;kro B/ wjK-ekft fby/.
uoB f;zx Fjhd B/ jk;-o; dh eftsk fbyh s/ gq'H g{oB f;zx B/ ;?bkBh Szd dk Bk e/tb
gq:'r jh ehsk, ;r'_ fJ;Bz{ gozgok th pDk fdsk.
5H fJ; d"o d/ gqw [ Zy eth fejV/ jB <
T[&Zso L fJ; ;koh eftsk dk ;ot/yD, ftFb/FD s/ ftt/uB fJ; ;hws fij/ b/y
ftu ;zGt Bjh_, fJ; bJh ;kfjfse gZXo Bz{ w[Zy oZyfdnK fJ; ;w/_ d/ e/tb uko u'Dt/_
ethnK pko/ jh uouk ft;Ekog{ote uouk ehsh ikt/rh. T[j uko eth j/m fby/ jB.
(1) GkJh tho f;zx (1872JhH s'_ 1975JhH)
(2) bkbk feogk ;kro (1875JhH s'_ 1939JhH)
(3) bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe (1876JhH s'_ 1954JhH)
(4) gq'H g{oB f;zx (1881JhH s'_ 1931JhH)
fJBK ujz[nK ethnK dh ;w[Zuh gqkgsh pko/ gq'H feqgkb f;zx e;/b s/ gq'H gofwzdo f;zx
ofus *gzikph ;kfjs dh T[sgZsh s/ ftek;* d/ gzBk 392 (d{ik ;z;eoD) T[&Zs/ fbfynk frnk
j?, **eftsk ftu GkJh tho f;zx , gq'H g{oB f;zx, XBh okw ukfsqe, feogk ;kro, nkfd
ethnK B/ nkX[fBe bhjK Bz{ ;theko ehsk ns/ fJ; ;zpzX ftu e[M BthnK gqkgshnK th
ehshnK. wjK-ekft d/ fbyD dk fotki GkJh tho f;zx B/ S'NhnK eftsktK s/ feogk ;kro
B/ jh gkfJnk. w[es Szd fi; Bz{ gq'H g{oB f;zx ;?bkBh Szd th efjzdk j?, gfjbh tko tos'_
ftu fbnKdk frnk. GkJh tho f;zx B/ S'NhnK eftsktK s/ e[dos d/ toDB Bz{ eftsktK
ftu fbnkT[D dk fotki gkfJnk ns/ gq'H g{oB f;zx, feogk ;kro s/ XBh okw ukfsqe B/
fJ; gozgok Bz{ nZr/ s'fonk. gq'H g{oB f;zx s/ ukfsqe gzikph ;fGnkukoe s/ ;z;feqs h d/
e"wh nzFK Bz{ fpnkBd/ jB.**
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 19 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
5H1 GkJh tho f;zx
GkJh tho f;zx dk iBw vkeNo uoB f;zx d/ xo nzfwqs;o ftu 5 d;zpo, 1897
Bz{ j'fJnk. T[BQK d/ fgsk (vkH uoB f;zx) s/ BkBk (;odko j}kok f;zx) nkgD/ ;w/_ d/ wzB/
gqwzB/ ftdtkB ;B. BkBfenK ns/ dkdfenK tZb'_ nfijk Xkofwe s/ ;kfjse tksktoD gqkgs
j'fJnk fi; ftu T[BQK dh Fy;hns ns/ BthB gzikph eftsk Bz{ T[rD ns/ ftr;D dk F[ZG
nt;o gqkgs j'fJnk. f;zx ;Gk bfjo s/ *]kb;k Nq?eN ;[;kfJNh* w"bD d/ f;yh nkdoFK
Bz{ gqukoB s/ gqEk bJh GkJh tho f;zx Bz{ nkgD/ g{opekbh f;Zy ftdtkBK dh fpqi-GkFh gqEk
Bz{ fsnkr e/ m/m gzikph Bz{ rzGho fuzsB s/ T[&Zu gZXo dh ;kfjs f;oiDk dk wkfXnw pDkT[Dk
fgnk. gzikp ftu f;Zy Xow dh ;[oZfynk ns/ gzikph ;fGnkuko Bz{ fJ;kJhns, fJ;bkw s/
nkohnk ;wkih jwfbnK s'_ pukT[D bJh gzikph p'bh s/ r[ow[yh fbgh Bz{ ;kfjse ftF/Fsk
gqdkB eoBh T[; ;w/_ j'o th wjZstg{oD rZb ;h. GkJh tho f;zx B/ nkgDh wK p'bh ftu
Bk e/tb ]kb;k Nq?eN ;[;kfJNh bJh ;?_eV/ Nq?eN fby/ ;r'_ fJe Xow dk Y'nk xo xo
gj[zukfJnk. f;Zyh FoXk, nfXnkswe T[&Zusk, fJfsjk;e fgS'eV s/ gqfeqsh fgnko ftu
f;oihnK nB/eK ouBktK dk ;dek nkg Bz{ gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh tb'_ vhH UH n?bH (vkeNo nkc
Uohn?_Nb bofBzr) dh fvroh fdZsh rJh. gzikp ;oeko B/ ftXkB gohFd dh w?_poh bJh
nkg Bz{ Bkw}d ehsk ns/ Gkos ;oeko dh e/_doh ;kfjs nekdwh tb'_ nkg dh ekft ouBk
*w/o/ ;kJhnK ihU* Bz{ 1956 dh T[&Zsw gzikph ouBk ;theko eofdnK gzi j}koh fJBkw fdZsk
frnk.
5H1H1 nkX[ f Be gzi kph ;kfjs d/ T[ ; oZJ hn/
GkJh tho f;zx thjth_ ;dh d/ gzikph ;kfjs d/ gqw[Zy T[;ZoJhnK ftu'_ frD/ iKd/
jB. T[j w"fbe gzikph Bktb, wjK ekft s/ BkNe d/ w'Yh jB ns/ T[BQK B/ g[okD/ ;kfjs,
fJfsjk; ns/ ftF/F eoe/ r[opkDh dh y'i ftnkfynk ns/ ;zgkdBk d/ y/s o ftu i' tZv w[Zbk
ezw ehsk j?, T[; dh fw;kb T[j nkg jh jB. go fJ; b/y ftu n;h_ T[BQK dh 1935
Jh;th_ sZe dh eftsk dk jh nfXn?B g/F eoKr/.
5H1H2 GkJh tho f;zx dh ekft-ouBk
eftsk d/ y/so ftu GkJh tho f;zx B/ ftF/ ns/ o{g d'jK gZyK s'_ r[Dkswe spdhbh
fbnKdh j?. Grsh Gkt, ojZ;tkd s/ e[dos fgnko T[BQK dhnK eftsktK d/ gqw[Zy ftF/ jB.
wjK-ekft, rhs ns/ o[pkJh fij/ ekft o{gK dh ouBk T[BQK B/ pVh :'rsk Bkb ehsh j?. vkH
r[ouoB f;zx wfjsk dh y'i nB[;ko GkJh ;kfjp B/ okDk ;{os f;zx dh f;oiDk s'_ gfjb/
eh e[M fBZehnK tZvhnK ekft-feosK T[&Zs/ nkgDk jZE n}wkfJnk ;h. go T[BQK ;G s'_ gfjbh
toDB :'r ouBk wjK ekft *okDk ;{os f;zx* jh j?. GkJh tho f;zx dhnK u'DthnK eftsktK
dh ;zgkdBk eod/ j'J/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx fbyd/ jB, **T[_M sK GkJh ;kfjp ihtB Go ekft
ouBk Bkb ;zpzXs oj/, go 1900 s'_ 1935 sZe dk ;wK sK T[BQK d/ bJh fBozso ekft ;kXBk
dk ;wK ;h, *fBBkD-GoikJh*, *okDk ;{os f;zx*, *wNe j[bko/*, *gqhs thDk* fJ; ;w/_ dhnK
ouBktK jB. GkJh tho f;zx dh ekft-gozgok dk gfjbk ;gFN ;zes / *okDk ;{os f;zx* d/
gqekfFs j'D s'_ fwfbnk. nkgD/ ekft ihtB d/ w[Yb/ gVkn T[go jh wjk-ekft d/ neko tkb/
rqEz dh ouBk Bkb GkJh ;kfjp wjK eth d/ o{g ftu ;Ekgs j' rJ/.**
5H1H3 gzikph p'b h, F?b h Bz{ d/D
GkJh tho f;zx dh gzikph p'bh ns/ F?bh Bz{ ;G s'_ tZvh d/D fJj j? fe T[BQK B/
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 20 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
nkgD/ s'_ gfjbK tosh iKdh p'bh dh ;kfjse gZXo Bz{ T[funkfJnk s/ T[; dk gqshekswe
gq:'r ehsk. id'_ n;h_ efjzd/ jK fe GkJh ;kfjp B/ gzikph eftsk Bz{ feZ;kekoh ftu'_ efYnk
sK fJ; dk fJj' noE j? fe T[BQK B/ gzikph p'bh dh fbykfJe ns/ ftnziB Fesh Bz{
gSkfDnk s/ T[; dk gq:'r ehsk. fJ;/ bJh T[BQK dh eftsk pj[-noEe j? s/ fJeZfbnK
gVQ e/ wkDB dh t;s{ j? ;w{j ftu yVQ e/ rkT[D dh Bjh_.
5H2 bkbk feogk ;kro
thjth_ ;dh d/ nkozfGe g?_sh tfoQnK ftu GkJh tho f;zx s'_ fgZS'_ d{ik gqf;ZX eth
j?, bkbk feogk ;kro.
**feogk ;kro gzikph ;kfjs ns/ nkgD/ wjK-ekft *b]Fwh d/th* bJh gqf;ZX j?. fJj
wjK ekft, feogk ;kro B/ 10 d;zpo, 1925 Bz{ w[ekfJnk. eth B/ T[Bhth_ ;dh d/ nzro/}
eth ;o tkbNo ;ekN dh fJ; ouBk Bz{ nkgDh ouBk dh nkXkofFbk pDkfJnk j? go fJ;
B/ nkgDh ouBk Bz{ fJzBk :EkoEtkdh gzikph tk:{wv z b gqdkB ehsk j? fe fJ; dh ouBk nkgDh
fe;/ ;wekbh fJfsjk;e feos s'_ fe;/ jkbs ftu xZN w"fbe Bjh_ nkyh ik ;edh.** T[BQK
ftu fJe gqf;ZX ouBk j? - *w/ok gzikp d/F*. fJ; d/ nozG ftu eth fbydk j? L
**w/o/ gzikp d/F sz{ J/_ ;G d/FK s'_ fenk ;'jDk
w/o/ fdbpo s/ok oKrbk ft;sko wBw'jDk.**
fJ; eftsk ftu gzikp dh gqfeqsh, ;fGnkuko s/ fBZs d/ ihtB Bz{ pj[s tfvnk e/
g/F ehsk frnk j?. f}bQk r[ZioKtkbk d/ fgzv fggBky/ dk izwgb j'D ekoB feogk ;kro
dh p'bh j/m gzikp dh gqshfBX GkFk j?.
5H3 bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe
feogk ;kro dk ;wekbh_, bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe th g/_v{ fjzd{ xokD/ dk izwgb
;h ns/ T[; d/ tKr gzikp dh e"wh ;KM dk eth ;h. Xow-fBog/y (Secular) ofjDk fJ;
eth dh tZvh ftF/Fsk ;h. ekoD fJj j? fe **T[j nkgD/ ;wekbh gzikp ftu g?dk j' u[Zeh
Xkofwe fyZu'skD dh ;wZf;nk tZb tX/o/ fXnkB fdzd/ jB. T[BQK dhnK eftsktK ftu 1947
dh j'Dh d/ Mbeko/ ;gFN Mbed/ jB.**
fjzd{ w[;fbwK Bz{ fijVh tZr rJh j?,
ikD/ op eh }[bw j? nkT[D tkbk.
]po/ nkgDh fBrkj n;wkB uVQ rJh,
:k e'Jh j'o p?mk s[De/ bkT[D tkbk.
:ko' woB fwZNh ekjdh uVQ rJh i/
s[jkBz{ e'Jh Bjh_ fojk ;wMkT[D tkbk <
e'Jh nZr Bz{ Bjh_ p[MkT[D i'rk,
fijVk T[mdk j?, s/b gkT[D tkbk.
ukfsqe dk iBw 1876 Jh;th_ ftu bkbk g'j{ wZb d/ xo, gzikph d/ wFj{o feZ;keko nwkw
p]F d/ fgzv, gZ;hnK tkbk, f}bQk f;nkbe'N ftu j'fJnk ;h. T[BKQ dh ;e{b ftZfdnk pj[s E'VhQ
;h, e/tb gzi iwksK-gozs{ id'_ T[; B/ eftsk fbyDh F[o{ ehsh T[d_' T[; Bz{ 40-45 ;kb dk bzwk
s}opk jk;b j' u[fZ enk ;h. fjzd{ xokD/ dk fto;k, g/v _ { ihtB dk nB[Gt, ftZfdnk dh E[V,Q
GkJh tho f;zx d/ gq;
? ftu r[}ko/ ;kb ns/ ;wekbh gzikp ftu tZX ojh ikfrqsh s/ go;go c[N Z
e[M nfijhnK rZbK jB fiBQK B/ ukfsqe Bz{ gzikph ftu fbyD bJh w}p{o ehsk j?. 1935 Jh;th_
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 21 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
sZe T[; B/ gozgokrs feZ;kekoh T[&s Z / jZE otK eoe/ Bt/_ nB[Gt d/ gqrNkt/ bJh Bt/_ gq:r ' eoB/
nkozG fdZs/ jB. T[; ;w/_ sZe T[; B/ gzikph ;kfjs Bz{ fBwB ouBktK gqdkB ehshnK L
1H GoEoh joh
2H Bb dw:zsh
3H Xow pho
4H uzdB tkVh
*e/;o fenkoh* Gkt/_ 1940 ftu Sgh, go T[; dhnK e[M e[ eftsktK 1932 d/ B/V/ s/V/
jh fbyhnK ik u[ZehnK ;B. ukfsqe nkg fbydk j? L **;zB 1931 d/ n]ho ftu w?_ nkgDhnK
u'DthnK eftsktK dk ;zfrqj SgtkfJnk ns/ T[; dk Bkw ;qh GkJh ;kfjp GkJh tho f;zx dh
;bkj Bkb *uzdB tkVh* oZfynk. fJ; dk w[Zy pzd th nkg B/ fby e/ fdZsk ns/ ;H pjkdo
f;zx ekjB f;zx ;kfjp B/ th d' ;f\nK ftu fJ; dh gq;a; z k fbyh. *uzdB tkVh* d/ pknd
1932 JhH s'_ 1940 JhH sZe u'DthnK eftsktK dk ;zfrqj *e/;o fenkoh* 1940 ftu Sfgnk.
fJBQK gfjbhnK d' g[;seK Bkb nkX[fBe ekb dh gzikph eftsk ftu ukfsqe Bz{ wkD:'r
;EkB gqkgs j' u[fenk ;h. T[; d/ nB[Gt dh w"fbesk, T[; dh ekft F?bh ns/ T[; d/ Szd-
ftXkB s/ Fpdktbh dh B[jko fJ;/ ekb ftu T[ikro j' rJh ;h. XBh okw ukfsqe B/ p?_s
e'oVk, efpZs, d'jVk, d'fjok, ;Zd s/ dtZJhnk Szd otkfJsh gzikph eftsk d/ n;o j/m jh
ngDkJ/ jB. T[od{ eftsk d/ gqGkt Bkb T[; dh eftsk ftu |}b s/ o[pkJh tor/ ekft
o{g th t/yD Bz{ fwbd/ jB. ukfsqe wkM/ dk izwgb ;h ns/ gzikph p'bh Bkb T[; Bz{ ftF/F
fgnko ;h. T[; dh Fpdktbh ftu gqXkB ozr wkMh gzikph dk j?. go T[; B/ otkfJsh s/
fpqsKse F?bh dh gqEk nB[;ko *Fpd* Bz{ tX/o/ eoe/ nfGXk noE (dictionary meaning)
ftu jh tofsnk j?. T[; dh eftsk ftu FpdK dh gqskekswe tos'_ pj[s xZN fwb/rh.
5H4 gq'H g{o B f;zx
fJ; d"o dk u"Ek gqf;ZX eth j? - gq'H g{oB f;zx. **g{oB f;zx d/ p}[or oktbfgzvh d/
fJe S'N/ fij/ go nfs owDhe fgzv ]kb;/ d/ tk;h ;B, fiZE/ ;koh t;'_ f;ZyK dh jh ;h. T[;
d/ fgsk ;odko eosko f;zx, B"eoh d/ ;zpX z ftu n?pNkpkd d/ bkr/ fJe fgzv ;bjZv ftu bZr/
j'J/ ;B, fiZE/ g{oB f;zx dk 27 cotoh, 1881 JhH ftu iBw j'fJnk. T[; B/ nkgDh w[Y Z bh ftfdnk
r[od[nko/ fty/ gqkgs ehsh. T[; dh gVQkJh bJh T[; d/ wksk fgsk ;kfonK pZfunK ;D/, oktbfgzvh
nk fNe/, fiE/ 1897 ftu g{oB f;zx B/ w?Nfoe gk; ehsh s/ fco bkj'o d/ vhH J/H thH ekbi
s'_ n?cH J/H gk; eoe/ T[&E Z / jh phH J/H ftu dk]b j' frnk. go S/sh jh nkgDh pokdoh tb'_
tihck fwbD s/ nkgD/ GkJhuko/ d/ fJe j'o B"itkB Bkb igkB ubk frnk.
5H4H1 fto'X K d/ ;[ w /b tkbh F];hns
T[gob/ eEB s'_ ;kc gsk bZrdk j? fe S'Nh fijh nk:{ ftu jh n?gbkJhv e?fw;Noh dh
gVQkJh bJh igkB ikD tkbk g{oB f;zx fJe shyD p[X Z h ftnesh ;kfJz; dk ftfdnkoEh, f;Zy
xokD/ dk izwgb s/ igkB tor/ ;Bnsh ;wki dk nB[Gt g[oF ;h. T[; dh F];hns ftu nB/e
fto'XK dk ;[wb / j?. f;Zyh s/ ;zfBnk;, GkJh tho f;zx s/ ;[nkwh shoE, ftfrnkB s/ Xow, p[X Z h
s/ Gkt[esk, gzikp s/ igkB, tfjFh ukn s/ p[X Z -doFB, nkfd fto'X fJe' ;w/_ T[BQK d/ ftnefsZst
ftu T[ikro j'J/ ;B. T[j g{oph eEk dh nkswk (The Spirits of Oriental Poetry) Bkb fJe
;[o ;h s/ d{i/ gk;/ fJzrb?v_ dh F?bh s/ nwohek d/ tkbN ftN?wB Bkb th ;KM ;h. T[j nkgD/
nkgko ftnefsZst Bz{ fe;/ ufoZso d/ feBkfonK ftu ;hws eoB s'_ nkeh j? L
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 22 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
**B/wK tkbh rZb Bk eoBh ekJh,
Xow eowK Eh_ BZ;Dk,
nB/wh ofjDk, ;'u ;koh v'pDk,
jZ;Dk s/ o'Dk, uhyDk,
s/ dfonktk feBko/ d"Vd/ fcoBk,
gkrb fijk, tfjFh fJj ukn w/ok,
nky/ Bjh_ brdk B/w ftu Bk pZMdk.
1H ;wM" s ktkdh gq s heow
fJ; ;fGnsk Bkb ;wM"sk eoe/ s/ g?;/ dh ;odkoh Bz{ ;thekoh eoe/, ni'e/
pj[s ;ko/ wZX-torh ;kfjsekoK tKr T[j th fJ; Bz{ ep{b b?_dk s/ ;po
dk x[ZN Godk
2H :EkoEtkdh gq s heow
T[j fJ; ;fGnsk d/ gSkD/ ik u[Ze/ o'r (jT{w?, ftneshtkd) Bz{ d{o eoB bJh
fJe o'r dh iVQ (g{i z h, fBZih ikfJdkd) dk tX/oh v{zxkJh ftu ftFb/FD fusoD
eoe/ s/ fJ; Bz{ iVQ Bz{ eZN e/ nrb/o/ no'r ;wki dh f;oiDk dh gqo / Dk fdzdk
3H o[ w K;tkdh gq s heow
fJj jT[_ gqXkB, dod ftj[Dh, wkfJnk s'_, ;koh ;fGnsk s'_ GZi e/ T[j g[okD/
g/_v{ ;wki, nkfdw ;wki iK e/tb izrb ftu ofjD dh gq/oDk fdzdk
g{oB f;zx dk gqsheow o[wK;tkdh j?. T[j ;wM"sktkdh th Bjh_. nkgD/ s'_ gfjb/
fszB ethnK tKr ;[X kotkdh th Bjh_, ftdo'jh j? go T[; dk ftdo'j gkme Bz{ nkgD/ nshs
tZb w[VB dh f;ckoF eodk j? id fe nshs s'_ f;fynk sK bJh ik ;edh j?, go w[V
nkfdw-;fGnsk dh T[;koh n;zGt j?.
g{oB f;zx dk ftdo'j-tkbN ftNw?B, F?b/, ehN;, pkfJoB s/ tov}toE tork j?.
fJj eqKsh sK j?, go :EkoE tZb nkD dh EK :EkoE d/ goSKt/ tZb ikD dh eqKsh j?.
nfij/ o[wK;eK Bz{ fe;N'co ekvt?b *dogBh eqKsheko efjzd k j?*. T[j nzrq/}h o[wK;eK pko/
nkgDh g[;se *fJb{:B n?_v fon?bNh* (Illusion and reality) ftu fbydk j? L
T[j (o[wKfNe eth) dogBh eqKsheko j?. T[j n;bh t;s{ s'_ d{o iKd/ jB ns/ T[;
d/ FhF/ ftu g?_d/ ne; Bz{ cVB dh e'fFF eod/ jB.1
nkgDh o[wKfNe fposh ekoB jh g{oB f;zx dk nB[Gt, T[; dh F?bh s/ Fpdktbh GkJh
tho f;zx, feqgk ;kro s/ ukfsqe Bkb'_ nZvoh j?. g{oB f;zx ekft, nkgD/ nkg ftu bhB,
nkX[fBe gzikph-ekft dh fJe ftbZyD (Unique) gozgok j? fi; Bz{ nZr/ s'oB tkbk eth gzikph
ftu g?dk Bjh_ j'fJnk. g{oB f;zx ekft ftu o[wK; s'_ :EkoE, ne; s'_ t;s{ tZb w[VB dhnK
;zGktBktK w"i{d jB, go fJBQK ;zGktBktK Bz{ e'Jh g{oB eth jh T[ikro eo ;edk j?.

1. They are mirror revolutionaries, They attempt to reach an object in a mirror only
to move further away from the real object.
(Caudwell, Illusion and Reality; PPH, New Delhi, 1966, P. 86)
phHJ/ H Gkr gfjbk gzi kph u'D tK ftFk L gouk - n
gzi kph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;

gkm Bzpo L 1H4

1935 JhH s'_ 1947 JhH se dh gzi kph eftsk

gkm dk wzs t L fgSb/ gkm ftu s[;h_ 1900 JhH s'_ 1935 JhH se dh gzikph eftsk
pko/ gVQ u[Z e/ j'. ;zB 1935 JhH dk toQk gzikph ;kfjs ftu fJe ftF/F gfotosB dk toQk
j?. fJ; toQ/ s'_ gzikph eftsk dk fJe BtK d"o nkozG j[zd k j?. i' 1947 JhH sZe ethnK
dk fXnkB nkgD/ tZb fyZuh oZydk j?. fJ; gkm ftu fJ; ekb dh ekft-ouBk pko/ ftuko
ehsh ikJ/rh. fJBQK tfoQnK ftu gzikph eftsk dk w{zj-w[jKdok fbFedk j? s/ gzikph eftsk
Bz{ fJe Bth_ ;/X fwbdh j?.
gkm dh o{ g o/y k L ;kfjse, ;fGnkukoe s/ okiBhse fgS'e V-;z;ko ftu
;wkitkdh fB}kw dk nozG ftfrnkBe gqrsh dk gqG kt-nkX[ fBe ekft dk gfjbk gVkn-
ftF/F eth-ojZ;tkdh M[ e k-SkfJnktkd-o'wKfNe eftsk-;wkitkd s/ ;wktkd-gqw[ Zy ethnK
pko/ ftuko.
G{fwek L ;{\h-ekft, feZ;k-ekft, Grsh-ekft ns/ pho-ekft dhnK gozgoktK gzikph
;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu T[Bhth_ ;dh d/ nzs sZe nkgDh itkBh jzYk u[ZehnK ;B go fJBQK
gozgoktK dk e'Jh Bk e'Jh o{g thjth_ ;dh dh gzikph eftsk d/ Szd-ftXkB, fpzp-ftXkB,
ftukoXkok s/ Gkt T[ikro T[&Zs/ th gqsZy j?. 1935 JhH s'_ gfjbK Gkt/_ okiBhfse nzd'bBK
s'_ gqGkfts j' e/ bkbk pKe/ fdnkb, w[BFk f;zx d[yh, joBkw f;zx N[zvhbkN, jhok f;zx dod
nkfd B/ th fJe Bth_ okiBhfse, u/szBsk Bz{ ikfrqs eoB tkbh eftsk fbyDh nkozG eo
fdZsh ;h go gzikph eftsk dh ;w[Zuh rsh-ftXh dk fBoDk eoB t/b/ fJj eth fe;/ frDsh
ftu Bjh_ nkT[_d/. eftsk d/ y/so ftu T[; ;w/_ GkJh tho f;zx, gq'H g{oB f;zx, XBh okw
ukfsqe, vkH w'jB f;zx dhtkBk, bkbk feqgk ;kro nkfde d/ BK gqw[Zy oj/ jB. 1935 JhH
sZe fJBQK ethnK B/ Bt/_ o{g okjh_ gfofus eokfJnk. go 1935 dk ;kb gzikph ;kfjs jh
Bjh_, ;r'_ ;w[Zu/ Gkosh ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu fJe BtK w'V j?. pj[s ;ko/ ekoBK eoe/
gzikph ;kfjs dk nkX[fBe o{g fJ; toQ/ d/ B/V/ s/V/ jh gSkDB :'r j' ;fenk.
1H gqF B L gzi kph eftsk ftu nkX[ f Besk ed'_ F[ o { j[ zd h j? <
T[ s o L nzro/iK d/ gzikp gqt /F Bz{ jh nkX[fBe ekb dk nkozG wzB fbnk iKdk j?
go nkX[fBesk d/ bZSD T[d'_ jh T[xV/ jB id'_ ;ko/ ;kfjsekoK B/ g[okD/ nfXnkswtkdh
nkdoFtkd noEks Xkofwe ftFt-doFB Bz{ fsnkr e/ ftfrnkBe G"fsetkd iK nkX[fBetkd
ftFt doFB Bz{ ngBkT[Dk F[o{ ehsk j?.
1935 JhH sZe igkB, fJzrb?_v, nwohek, coK;, fJNbh s/ iowBh ftu ;owkJ/dkoh
fB}kw nkgDh f;yo Bz{ gj[zu e/ nkgD/ gsB tZb ik fojk j?. 1917 ftu d[Bhnk dh Xosh
d/ S/t/_ fjZ;/ noEks o{; ftu ;wkitkdh fB}kw ekfJw j' u[Zek ;h ns/ uhBh fJBebkp nkg
;zxoFwJh gVkn ftu'_ bzx fojk ;h. Gkosh okiBhfseK, ;kfjsekoK s/ \"ih f;gkjhnK Bz{
thjth_ ;dh d/ nkozGe fszB djkfenK ftu Gkos s'_ pkjo ikD dk, T[&ZE'_ d/ b'eK s/
23
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 24 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
okiBhfseK Bz{ fwbD dk ns/ ftfrnkB dh T[&ZBsh Bz{ nkgD/ nZyh_ t/yD dk nt;o gqkgs j'
u[Zfenk ;h. gfjb/ ;z;ko :[ZX d/ f;gkjhnK s'_ fJbktk wjkswk rKXh, osB f;zx, n?wH n?BH
okfJ, ;zs'y f;zx, bkbk jofdnkb, gzvs itkjo bkb Bfjo{, gq'H g{oB f;zx, w[be oki nBzd
ns/ ;ikd-ijo torhnK T[&ZxhnK j;shnK igkB, fJzrb?_v, nwohek, o{; s/ coK; x[zw
nkJhnK ;B. 1935 JhH ftu coK; dh okiXkBh g?fo; ftu d[Bhnk Go d/ gqrshtkdh b/yeK
dh ekBcoz; ftu Bt/_ ftfrnkBe fdqFNhe'D d/ gquko s/ gq;ko bJh ns/ ;kfjseko dh
okiBhse wjZssk Bz{ iskT[D bJh ;ehwK ;'uhnK ik u[ZehnK ;B. iowBh s/ fJNbh ftu d{i/
;z;ko :[ZX bJh Bk}h s/ ckf;;N FeshnK fsnko j' ojhnK ;B. nfij/ nzso-okFNoh
tksktoD ftu gzikph ;kfjsekoK B/ th g[okDhnK gozgoktK SZv e/ nkgD/ okFNoh ;[szsosk
;zrokw ns/ fe;/ Bt/_ ijkB dh T[;koh bJh i{M oj/ fJB;kB Bz{ gq/oDk d/D bJh, ftfrnkBe
fdqFNhe'D, noEks nkX[fBesk dk gZbk cfVnk. 1935 s'_ 1947 sZe dh gzikph eftsk Bz{ ;jh
noEK ftu, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk gfjbk gVkn fejk ik ;edk j?.
fJBQK pkoQK-s/oK tfoQnK ftu j/m fby/ ethnK dhnK gqkgshnK toDB:'r jB L
1H bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe (e/;o fenkoh s/ BtK ijkB)
2H vkeNo dhtkB f;zx ekb/gkDh (trd/ gkDh)
3H nzfwqsk gqhsw (nzfwqsk bfjoK, U rhsK tkfbnK, fiT[_d k ihtB, pZd bK d/ gZb/
ftu, gZEo rhN/ nkfd.
4H gq'H w'jB f;zx (;kt/ gZso, e;[zGVk nkfd)
5H pktk pbtzs (wjK Bku, nwo rhs, itkbk w[yh)
6H gqhsw f;zx ;\ho (eZse e{ziK, oes p{zdK, oki foFwK)
7H d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh (Xosh dhnK tkiK)
8H fgnkok f;zx ;fjokJh (;fjokJh gzSh, skfonK dh b'n)
9H ;zs'y f;zx Xho (r[ZvhnK gN'b/, gj[ c[N kbk)
10H uzBD f;zx i/m{tkbhnk (wB-nkJhnK)
11H nikfJp fuZs oeko (d[w/b)
12H gq'H jofdnkb f;zx ;heoh (c[Nd/ ;'w/)
13H ntsko f;zx n}kd (ftFt t/dBk)
14H ioB?b f;zx noFh (bbekok)
15H jhok f;zx dod
16H r[ow[y f;zx w[;kco
fit/_ n;h_ nkozG ftu th fejk j?, gzikph eftsk dk fJj d"o ftfrnkB d/ gqG kt
ns/ gqr shtkdh bfjo d/ nkozG dk d"o j? go sK th T[ g o'e s ethnK ftu'_ pj[ s ;ko/
ethnK dhnK eftsktK ftu gqG {; Zs k gqs h fJe nk;se Gkt ekfJw j?. nfijh eftsk Bz{
n;h_ ojZ;tkdh eftsk dh ofjzd y{zjd iK fjzd h dh SkfJnktkdh eftsk d/ gqG kt j/m
T[ s gzB j'J h eftsk efj ;ed/ jK. ukfsqe , ekb/ gkDh, ;\ho, w'jB f;zx dhnK e[ M
eftsktK, w[ ;k\o dh eftsk, nzfwqs k dhnK e[ M eftsktK s/ pktk pbtzs dhnK e[ M
eftsktK nfij/ ojZ; tkdh SkfJnktkdh M[ e kn dhnK jh eftsktK jB. fJ; M[ e kn Bz{ g{oh
soQ K ojZ;tkdh efjD s'_ n;h_ fJ; bJh ;ze 'u eod/ jK feT[ _fe fJ; s'_ fgZS '_ gqG {;sk dh
j'd
_ dh ;thfeqsh sK j?, go T[; j'd
_ gqsh T[j FoXk ns/ Grsh Gkt Bjh_ i' r[opkDh ns/ ;{\ h ekft d/
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 25 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
iK GkJh tho f;zx ekft d/ nB[ G t ftu bZG dk j?. ukfsqe dhnK eftsktK ftu Xkofwe
GktK dk gqrNktk, ;kXkoD wB[ Zy dh gZX o T[ & Zs / j'fJnk j?. fes/ fes/ oZp Bz{ *e'ok ekdo*
efj e/ fwZm/ fwZm/ T[ b KfGnK d[ nkok T[ ; dh j' _d gqs h FZe gqrN ehsk frnk j?. fJ;/ soQ K
gqhsw f;zx ;\ho dh ;fEsh th FZeh wB[ Zy torh jh j?. 1947 s'_ fgZS '_ Gkt/_ ;\ho dk
ekft nB[ G t GkJh tho f;zx d/ ojZ;tkdh M[ e kn d/ ek\h B/V/ gj[ zu frnk j? go *eZs e
e{ziK* ftu T[ ; dk nB[ G t fJ; soQ K dk ;h L
**w?_ Bjh_ wzBdk fe fJj sko/
fJj B/ yzv g[okD/
bZyK oZp popkd j' rJ/
e"D T[ BQK Bz{ ikD/.**
;\ho s'_ gfjbk w'jB f;zx B/ *oZp* BK dh eftsk ftu oZp dh j'_d gqsh Bth_
ftfrnkBe y'i fposh Bz{ ngDkT[D dh f;\koF fJBQK FpdK ftu ehsh ;h.
**oZp fJe r[zM bdko p[Mkos
oZp fJe r'oyXzdk.
y'bQD bfrnK g/u fJ; d/
ek\o j' ikJ/ pzd/.
ek\o j'D'_ vo e/ iht/_
y'i'_ w{b dk yz[Mh.
bkJh br w'wB d/ e'b'_
y'ih ek\o uzrk.**
fJBQk ;soK ftu oZp s'_ fJBeko Bjh_ go T[; dh FoXk Gkt th e'Jh Bjh_. *wjK-
Bku* d/ eth pktk pbtzs B/ th *gow i's*, *noFK* s/ *d{;o/ feBko/* d/ ;ze/sK Bkb gqG {;sk
ftu ftFtk; gqrNkfJnk j?, go feXo/ th T[; ;Zsk Bz{ fd;dh gqfeqsh s'_ goQK Bjh_ wzfBnk.
fJBQK ;ko/ ekoBK eoe/ fJ; M[e kn Bz{ SkfJnktkdh efjDk tX/o/ uzrk j?.
gqF B L gzi kph eftsk ftu SkfJnktkd dk fej' fijk gqr Nktk gqk gs j[ zd k
j? <
T[ & Zs o L 1935 s'_ gfjbK SkfJnktkdh M[ e kn fjzd h eftsk ftu nkgD/ gqp b o{g
ftu gq rN j' u[ fenk ;h. i? Fze o gq;kd, wjK d/t h towk, fBokbk ns/ gzs tor/ ethnK
B/ fJ; M[ e kn dh ;hwk ns/ ;woZEk Bz{ fBoXkos eo fdZs k L wjK d/t h towK B/ Gkt/_
ojZ;tkd Bz{ SkfJnktkdh nB[ G t dh nXkofFbk wzfBnk j?, go fJj fJe nfijh ekfte
gqftsh j? fijVh ojZ;tkd d/ ftueko ftuodh j?. SkfJnktkdh eth th g[ okDhnK o{V Q hnK
Bz{ fsnkr e/ owKfNe ethnK tKr nkgD/ fBZi h nB[ G t, fgnko d/ w/b -ftS'V/ ns/ ;Ekgs
;dkuko s'_ ftneshrs ftdo'j dk gq rNktk eodk j?, T[ ; dh eftsk ftu fFzrko-o;
ns/ ;o'd h sZs gqX kB j[ zd k j?, go T[ ; dk gqrNktk BthB fpzp K s/ SkfJnk-fusoK ekoB
ojZ;tkdhnK tKr X[ zd bk j' iKdk j?. gq'H ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ B/ gzikph dh fJ; SkfJnktkdh
eftsk Bz{ p"fXe ojZ; ns/ GktK d/ ojZ; tkbh eftsk nkfynk j?, go ;kvk ftuko j?
fe fJ; eftsk dk w[ jKdok fjzd h SkfJnktkdh eftsk s'_ tZyok Bjh_ j?. gqf;ZX fjzd h
nkb'ue vkH Br/_d q d/ ftuko nB[ ;ko SkfJnktkd T[ d '_ T[ s gzB j[ zd k j? id'_ pkjob/
;dkukoe iK okiBhse dpkU ekoB eth d/ fBZih Gkt ez[ fms j' e/ e'J h nf;ZX k gqr Nktk
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 26 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
Gkbd/ jB. e[ d osh rZb j? fe SkfJnktkdh eth Bk sK ojZ;tkdhnK tKr fe;/ n;rkj,
nrzw iK no{g ;Zu Bz{ o{gwkB eoB dh wip{oh nXhB nfijk otZJ hnk ngDkT[ _d k j? s/
Bk jh T[ j nkgD/ d[ fBnkth nB[ G t Bz{ f;ZX / s"o s/ gqrNk e/ nkgD/ s'_ gfjbh Gkt-gqD kbh
Bz{ s'VB dk :sB eodk j?. fJ; bJh Bk jh T[ j ojZ;tkdh ofjzd k j? s/ Bk jh o'wKfNe
pDdk j?. T[ j sK nkgD/ e[ zfms GktK Bz{ gqr Nktk d/ e/ nkgD/ nkg d/ p'M s'_ S[ N ekok
jk;b eodk j?. fJ; bJh T[ ; dk fBZih nB[ G t Xkofwe Fpdktbh, fwfEjk;e ;ze /s K iK
gqfeqs h d/ fpzp k d[ nkok gqrN j[zd k j?. gzikph d/ fJ; ekb d/ uko gqw[ Zy ethnK (gq'H w'jB
f;zx , pktk pbtzs , gqhsw f;zx ;\ho s/ nzfwqs k gqhsw) dhnK w[ ZY bhnK ouBktK ftu fJj
SkfJnktkdh gqftqs h jh gqX kB j?. ;kt/ gZs o, e;[ zG Vk ns/ nXtkN/ ftu nfijhnK pj[ s
;kohnK eftsktK fwb iKdhnK jB fiBQ K ftu nkX[ fBe :[ Zr d/ gq/wh iK gq/fwek dh fBZih
fgnko ns/ nkgDhnK ;ohoe G[ Zy K Bz{ fsqgs eoB dh b'uk sK j? go T[ ; gq/wh iK gq/f wek
dk e'J h m'; ;ohoe o{g ;keko Bjh_ j'fJnk. *w?_ Bjh_ ofjDk s/o/ froK* *d/j jtk dk
ihtB ;kBz{* , *e[ Vh g'm'jko dh*, *fbXoh Bz{* ns/ *nXtkN/* torhnK eftsktK T[ dkjoD ti'_
g/F ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB. *nXtkN/* g[ ;se dh fJe S'N h fijh eftsk *fBZe h fijh w?_
ebh* ftu th w'j B f;zx B/ *ebh*, *noF*, *;t/o*, *d[ g fjo*, *;[ rzX *, s/ *T[ j *, tor/
gqs heK d[ nkok nkgDh ekft-BkfJek dhnK ;ohoe G[ ZyK Bz{ fJ; soQ K g/F ehsk j? fe fJ;
d/ d?t h s/ d[ fBnkth d'jK soQ K d/ noE bJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. g{oh eftsk fJ; gqe ko j?
L
fBZeh fijh w?_ ebh
noFK tzBh w{zj G[nkJh
fuoK fuoK s'_ ybh
skfonK iVh ;t/o phs rJh
phs d[gfjo ubh.
FkwK d/ g? rJ/ MKtb/
d[ywJh X"D nbh.
;[e rJ/ nEo{ w[e rJ/ jk;/
rJh ;[rzX Sbh.
eh ;yhU T[j w{b Bk fwb;h
w?+ fi; dh nk; ybh
fBZeh fijh w?_ ebh.
gqhsw f;zx ;\ho dh eftsk ftu gq'H w'jB f;zx Bkb'_ th tX/o/ gqsZy o{g ftu
SkfJnktkdh ekft dhnK T[dkjoDK fwb iKdhnK jB. *oes p{zdK* g[;se dh pVh gqf;ZX
eftsk *po;ks j?* dk gfjbk pzd jh fJ; gZy'_ fXnkB :'r j? L
nZi r:k fpoS d/ B/oQ/ ftu
gZEo j'JhnK nZyhnK ;kjt/_
irwr i:'sh e'Jh gqrNh J/.
sz{ ihtB-okj s/ uweh J/.
fBotkB gSkDh j? o{g B/.
e[M ozr tNKdh gJh nkgDk
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 27 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fjioK dh bzwh oks j? Bk.
gq/wh-BkfJe dk nkgDh BkfJek Bz{ gSkDB dk fJj gb ;\ho Bz{ p[ZX dh fBotkD
gqkgsh tork ikgdk j?. fJ; Bz{ nfseEBh nbzeko efj e/ ekfte seBhe th ;wfMnk ik
;edk j? go :kd oj/ fe ekfte seBhe d/ fgZS/ th eth dk fdqFNhe'D ns/ T[; d/ nB[Gt
dh ;hwk dk jZE j[zd k j?. g[okDhnK irhodkoh oj[-ohsK ns/ g[oksB ftnkj gqpzX d/ gq;zr
ftu Bt/_ g{zihtkdh bJh fJe Xkofwe fpzp dk ;jkok b?Dk fgnk. ;cho B/ ;wki dh nkofEe
ekDh-tzv ns/ wzB{ d/ g?o'ekoK dhnK pDkJhnK ohsK d/ T[BQK pzXBK Bz{ th nB[Gt eo fbnk
;h fijV/ *;[go Jhr'* (Super ego) d/ o{g ftu T[; d/ BkfJe dh u/sBk Bz{ wZbh p?m/ jB
ns/ T[; dhnK fJZSktK dk wB eod/ jB. ;\ho fbydk j? L
**fJj XowK tkb/
nkgD/ XhnK g[Zs oK dh
;ogo;sh eod/ B/ nkswk d/ wkwb/ ftu th
y{p B/ fJj oZp d/ T[gkFe
i' p/;wM p[ZsK T[&Zs /
fSVe e/ ;wki dhnK o;wK dk e/;o
nkgD/ tZb'_ fJFe bGk d/_d/ B/.**
fJBQK XowK tkfbnK d/ ieVpzdK s'_ w[esh jk;b eoB dk o;sk th ;\ho Bz{ gsk
;h s/ T[; B/ fbfynk th ;h L
**N[ZN iktD e?dK jZd pzdhnK.
tzv oj/ Bk ekDh.**
go T[; dk Gkt-Xkok e?dK jZdpzdhnK s'VB tkb/ gqrshtkdh, iK xZN' xZN o[wK;tkdh
ekfte M[ekn tZb ftek; eoB dh EK SkfJnktkd tZb w[Vdh j?.
wjKBku ftu pktk pbtzs ftFt dh ;w[Zuh ebk d/ fgZS/ ftuod/ ;Zu noEks n;b/
Bz{ ;zp'XB eodk j'fJnk fbydk j? L
**j/ n;b/ ftFt ebk d/,
sZsK dh nby w[ek d/,
w?Bz{ Bku pDk d/,
iK w?_ fFt ih j' iK,
BkuK ftu T[wo fpsktK.**
;zxoFFhb ihtB pshs eoB dh b'uk pkt/ dh eftsk d/ gqrshtkdh ekft-Xkok tZb
w[V ikD dh ;{ue sK j? go ni/ fJ; b'uk dk e'Jh m'; ;wkie o{g eth d/ ;kjwD/ Bjh_
j?. T[; gVkn dh nzfwqsk gqhsw dh eftsk ftu th fgnko nB[Gt dk i' ;zxoFwJh iK
t/dBkwJh o{g fwbdk j?, T[; dk gqrNktk th SkfJnk fuZsoK d[nkok jh j'fJnk j?. nfij/
fJe fuso dh T[dkjoD j/mbhnK ;soK ftu'_ fwbdh j?.
**sz{ th ehsk ;h fgnko gotkB/
s/ w?_ th eoBh nK fgnko,
coe s/ J/Bk sz{ GzpN pD e/
fJe' tkoh pb T[fmU_.
pfbU_ s/ p[M frU_
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 28 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
d{i/ gk;/ w?_ FwQK ftukoh
E'VQk E'VQk pbBh nK
s/ pbBh nK fdB oks.
3H gzi kph eftsk ftu gqr shtkdh M[ e kn
nzfwqsk-gqhsw, w'jB f;zx ns/ pktk pbtzs S/s h jh SkfJnktkdh gqftosh Bz{ fsnkr
e/ Bt/_ gqrshtkdh M[ekn Bkb i[V rJ/. T[_M sK jo tXhnk eth jh ihtB s/ ;kfjs dh
gqrsh bJh Bt/_ okj Y{zvdk j? T[BQK Bz{ nkgDh ;woZEk nB[;ko gkmeK sZe gj[zukT[_dk j?.
go fJZE/ gqrshtkdh M[e kn T[j ;kfjs j? fi; d/ nXko ti'_ fJBQK ethnK B/ ;wkitkdh
:EkoEtkd Gkt wkoe;tkd Bz{ ngDkfJnk. n;h_ nkozG ftu jh efj nkJ/ jK fe fJBQK
tfoQnK ftu gzikph eftsk B/ nkgDh ;KM Bt/_ ftfrnkBe fdqFNhe'D Bkb gkJh s/ fJ;
ftfrnkBe fdqFNhe'D dk fJe nXko wkoe;tkd ;h. fJ; s'_ fJbktk cokfJv dk
wB'ftfrnkBe s/ nkfJB;NkfJB dk G"fsetkd th ftfrnkBe fdqFNhe'D Bz{ fBFfus eoB
ftu ;jkfJe j'J/. pktk pbtzs B/ 1941 ftu Sgh nkgDh gfjbh g[;se ftu jh wkoe;,
b?fBB tkbk fdqFNhe'D j'D dk n?b kB eo fdZsk ;h L
**w?_ r"s w, w?_ o{;', w?_ b?fBB dh ukjs.
w?_ jK wkoe; dh y[dkJh dh d"bs**
gqrshtkdh M[ekn dh gzikph eftsk dk gfjbk bZSD j?, Xow dk fto'X, fJBQK fszBK
ethnK B/ nkgD/ nkgD/ Yzr Bkb nk;sesk dk fto'X ehsk fi; d/ god/ j/m g{zihgsh s/
ikrhodko tor w}d{o fe;kB tor dh b[ZN ikoh oZydk j?. fJBQK fszBK dhnK eftsktK
ftu'_ nfij/ Xkofwe fto'X dhnK e[M e[ T[dkjoDK j/m fbyhnK jB L
1H **fe; ezw nkyo fJj ;kXK d/ wzBz{J / <
fe; ezw fbtK s/ skoK <
fGZiD Bk t/y rohpK d/ jzM{ <
N[ZND Bk ;[D e/ g[e ko.**
(w'jB f;zx e;[zGVk)
2H **;[D Bk XowK d/ feZ;/,
ehs/ i'F Bkb fwZ;/,
ofbnk r?o Bkb fd;/,
w?Bz{ GkJh s/ w[bkDk.
(w'jB f;zx e;[zGVk)
3H t/ w?_ eh nkyK s/o/ d/F Bz{
fiE/ tois Bth_ ftuko
fiE/ tfjw gVQKd/ fJbw Bz{
oZp t/uD m/e/dko
fiE/ fwjBs ;"_dh G[ZfynK
s/ ftjb ;'B/ ftueko.
(nzfwqsk gqhsw)
4H fJj JhFto gyzv s/ e[opkBhnK gyzv
j? nkdwh dk n;b *u dko{ jh nkdwh.
;G d/ts/ co/p B/ fJe nwb s'_ fpBK.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 29 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
(pktk pbtzs-itkbg[oh)
fi; eoe/ Xow s/ gyzv dk fto'X eoBk fgnk T[j ;h ;wki dh F/qDh tzv fJBQK ethnK
Bz{ frnkB j' u[fZ enk ;h fe ikrhodkoh s/ g{iz htkdh ;wki g?;/ ns/ fBZih ikfJdkd dh ;odkoh
dk ;wki ;h go T[; ;wki Bz{ Bt/_ ;wkitkdh fB}kw ftu pdbD bJh g{i z hgsh s/ ikrhodko
tor d/ fto[XZ w}d{o fe;kB tor ;zrfms j' fojk ;h s/ fJ; F/qDh ;zxoF ftu tor czv
s/ tor x'b d/ fuso fJBQK ethnK dh Bth_ ;wkie u/sB z sk dk ;p{s jB. T[dkjoD bJh L
1H ;G Xosh j' rJh bkb Bh
pzd/ d/ bj{ Bkb Bh
yVd?_s tZv/ ;owkJ/ d/
BuD gJ/ skb p/skb Bh.
(w'jB f;zx-nXtkN/)
2H G[Zy/ b{;D oZi d/ jkbh
feosh ekw/ fYb'_ ykbh,
d{i/ Bz{ i' d/D y[Fjkbh,
g/F T[BQK d/ gJh ezrkbh.
(nzfwqsk gqhsw)
3H ;w/_ dh fwNk d/ Bth_ j'fFnkoh.
s/ sfj s/r eod/ fJj ;owkfJnkdkoh.
fe;kBK dhnK M[ZrhnK s]s eod/.
sz{ noFK dh fpibh jE"V/ *u Go d/.
(pktk pbtzs-wjKBku)
fJ; tor ;zxoF ftu ;gFN GKs fJBQK ethnK dh jwdodh w}d{o tor Bkb j?.
fJj fJ; eftsk dk shik bZSD j?. e/tb jwdodh jh Bjh_ ;r'_ ikr oj/ w}d{o d/ fuso
th fJ; eftsk ftu fwb iKd/ jB. w}d{o fjs?Fh ;soK d/ Bw{B/ fJ; gqeko jB L
1H J/dK w}d{oK dh Mkeh
id w?Bz{ fd; nkJh.
Bkb ghV d/ ebtb j' e/.
o{j w/oh e[obkJh.
(w'jB f;zx-e;[zGVk)
2H c/o ed/ e'Jh b?fBB izw/
s/ ;owkJ/dko dh uZeh ghmk
w}d{o th nZyK y'jb/
(nzfwqsk gqhsw)
;owkJ/d ko dh b[ZN d/ fto[ZX ;koh d[BhnK d/ fwjBseFK Bz{ fJeZm/ j'D dh gq/oDk
fdzdk j'fJnk pktk pbtzs fbydk j? L
**n;h_ s[;h_ jK fJe wz}b d/ okjh_
;kv/ y/s B/ ;KM/ d[Zy d/ wko/.
fJe' pZdb j/m B/ ;kv/ sko/.
;kvh wo} dh fJe' fgnko-dtkJh.**
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 30 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
(pktk pbtzs-nwo rhs)
pktk dhnK fJj ;soK ekob wkoe; d/ gq f ;Z X Bkno/ d[ B hnk Go d/ w}d{ o ' fJe
j' ikU, dh jh ekfte g/ F ekoh ikgdhnK jB. d[ B hnk Go d/ w}d{ o K Bz { fJe j' D bJh
e' J h nz s ookFNoh wB[ Z y jh nghb eo ;edk j? ns/ gq r shtkdh M[ e kn d/ eth
nz s ookFNohtkdh jB. fJBQ K s'_ }ok tv/o h T[ w o d/ eth (bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe , r[ o w[ y
f;z x w[ ; kco s/ jhok f;z x dod) fe;/ fJB;kB-;z s kB d/ ukjtkB j[ z d / j' J / th ns/ Bt/ _
ijkB d/ ;[ g fBnK dh f;oiDk eod/ j' J / th okFNotkdh fdq F Nhe' D s' _ nZ r / Bjh_ ;B
bz x / . fJBQ k ethnK d/ ;kjwD/ d/ F Bz { nz r o/ } dh r[ b kwh s' _ nk}kd eokT[ D dk fBFkBk
nz fsw wz} b d/ o{g ftu w" i{ d ;h. fi; bJh fJBQ K dh ;w[ Z u h gq/ oDk d/F Grsh s'_ nrKj
Bjh_ ;h bz x h. go pbtz s tor/ eth d{ i h tZ v h iz r d/ o{ g ftu iowBh d/ okFNotkd
d/ iBz { B jZ E ' _ j' ojh spkjh dk nB[ G t eo u[ Z e / ;B ns/ T[ B Q K Bz { fJj th ;' M h ;h fe
Bz r / w}p{ s s/ G[ Z y / jkbh e' J h d/ F Bjh_ j[ z d k. d[ B hnK d/ ;G ekw/ fiz B Q K fuo nz s o
okFNoh ;KM ftu go' s / Bjh_ iKd/ T[ B Q K fuo fe;/ fJe fJeZ b / d/ F dh okiBhfse nk}kdh
Bkb T[ B Q K dk efbnkD Bjh_ j' ;edk. fJ;/ bJh pktk pbtz s B/ d/ F dh ;/ t k Bz { fJe
g" V h wz B d/ j' J / fBoh d/ F -Grsh dk fto' X ehsk j? L
1H **d/F dh ;/tk f;o\ g"Vh ;h wz}b sK Bjh_,
fJj wB[Zysk dh e'Jh nkyoh wfjcb sK Bjh_.
d/F Grsh dk jh d[BhnK ftu BFk id sZe,
y{p j'J/rh rohpK dh spkjh sZe sZe.**
2H **j? d/F Grsh spkjh wB[ZyskJh dh,
n?bkB izr j? e'wb Fpd tsB w/ok.**
(pktk pbtzs-wjKBku)
izr dk fto'X s/ nwB dh ;EkgBk fJBQ K ethnK Bz{ Bt/_ ;wkitkdh ;wki dh
f;oiDk bJh }o{oh th ikgdh j? ns/ fJj fJ; rZb '_ th u/s zB jB fe nwB g{oh soQ K
;wkitkdh ;wkfie YKu/ ftu jh ;Ekgs j' ;edk j?. fJ; bJh gqrshtkdh eftsk ftu
Bt/_ :[ Z r dh ebgBk iK ;wkitkdh YKu/ dk fuZs oD fJ; eftsk dk gzitK gqw [ Zy bZS D
j?. fJ; eoe/ fJ; Bz{ ;wkitkdh, :EkoEtkdh eftsk th fejk iKdk j?. 1937 s'_ gfjbK
jh T[ g o'e s fszB ethnK d/ Bkb fgnkok f;zx ;fjokJh, ioB?b f;zx noFh ns/ ;zs 'y
f;zx Xho torr/ Bth_ ghVQ h d/ eth th Fkwb j' rJ/ jB. fJBQ K ;G ethnK B/ Bt/_ :[ Zr
dh T[ ; koh bJh gq/oDk fdZs h ns/ T[ ; dh nk; ftu pV/ gqG ktFkbh Yzr Bkb fbfynk j?.
e[ M T[ d kjoDK j/m fbyhnK jB L
1H ;fjBFkjhns ]sw j' ojh, :[r BtK j? nk fojk.
d[BhnK d/ B/oQ/ e'fBnK s/, B{o j? j[D sK fojk.
nkgD/ v'bQ/ y{B ftu j[D v[pDk ibkd B/.
nkgD/ pDkJ/ e\; ftu j[D cZ;Dk ;Z:kd B/.
w}d{o s/ feq;kD nkgD/ jZe j[D b? b?Dr/.
sysK Bz{ M{N/ nk oj/ B/, ski ;G fvr g?Dr/.
Bk fdb fe;/ d/ j[D edh nowkB e[ub/ ikDr/.
g{zih d/ g?oK j/m Bk fJB;kB e[ub/ ikDr/.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 31 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
(ioB?b f;zx noFh, bbeko eftsk L Bt:[Zr)
1H fJj ukjD BtK :[r oyDk.
sbtkoK Bkb gbuDk j[D.
uVQ ;{b hnK T[s / BuDk j[D.
w/o/ woB'_ Bk xpokT[D rhs.
(w'jB f;zx-e;[zGVk)
4H fJ; d"o dh eftsk dk o{g gZy
o{g gZy s'_ pktk pbtzs s/ gqhsw f;zx ;\ho fJ; d"o d/ ;ko/ ethnK Bkb'_ nZvo/
jB. d'jK dh p'bh ;kXkoD g/_v{ gzikph j?. d'jK d/ gqshe-ftXkB ftu fwfEjk;e jtkb/ d{i/
ethnK Bkb'_ tX/o/ wksok ftu jB ns/ d'jK dh fpzpktbh th X[zdbh j?. fJ; dk ekoD
FkfJd fJj j? fe fJj d't/_ eth tZy-tZy fdqFNhe'DK s'_ gzikph eftsk ftu e[M Bt/_ gq:'r
eo oj/ ;B. pkeh ;ko/ eth, feT[_fe ;kXkoD gzikph gkme tor Bkb ;zpzXs ;B, fJ;
bJh T[BQK d/ Szd iK g[okD/ feZ;k-ekft s/ ;{\ h ekft s'_ gqG kfts jB ns/ iK gzikph b'e
rhsK s'_ T[BQK dh p'b h dh B[jko g/_v{ j? ns/ T[BQK B/ fJfsjk; fwfEjk; ftu'_ bJ/ jtkfbnK
Bz{ jh gqshe o{g ftu tofsnk j?. fJj jtkb/ b'eK d/ nkw ihtB ftu, T[BQK d/ ;KM/ frnkB-
nB[Gt dk nzr pD u[Ze/ ;B. 1947 s'_ 1960 sZe dh gzikph eftsk ftu th T[go'es
gqftoshnK jh gqw[Zy ojhnK jB s/ T[BQK ;zpzXh n;h_ nrb/ gkm ftu uouk eoKr/.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk gzi kph u' D tK ftFk
gzi kph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;

gkm Bzpo L 1H5

1947 JhH s'_ pknd dh gzi kph eftsk

gkm dk wzs t L 1947 JhH ftu gzikp d/ b'eK d/ ihtB ftu ftF/F gfotosB
nkfJnk. gzikph eftsk th fJ; ;w/_ Bt/_ d"o ftu dk]b j'Jh. fJ; gkm ftu fJ; Bt/_
d"o dh brGr 14 ;kb ftu ouh rJh eftsk Bkb s[jkvh ikD-gSkD eokT[D dk :sB
ehsk frnk j?.
gkm dh o{g -o/y k L G{fwek-gqw[Zy eth s/ T[BQK dhnK gqf;ZX g[;seK-xZN gqf;ZX eth-
gzikph eftsk T[s/ Gkos dh nk}kdh ns/ gzikp dh tzv dk gqGkt-gqw[Zy ethnK dhnK eftsktK
Bz{ w[Zy oZy e/ fJ; ekb dhnK ekfte gqftoshnK (M[ektK) dk T[b/y, ojZ;tkd, o[wK;tkd,
okFNotkd, gqrshtkd, ;[jitkd.
G{f wek L 1947 s'_ 1960 JhH sZe dk ;wK gzikph eftsk d/ fgSb/ ;Zs o e[ tfoQnK
d/ fJfsjk; ftu fJe wjZstg{oB gVkn j?. fJ; gVkn T[s/ ojZ;tkdh s/ okFNotkdh gzikph
eftsk nkgDk nzfsw ;wK jzYk ojh ;h, o[wK;tkdh ns/ gqrshtkdh iK o[wKfNe gqrshtkdh
eftsk nkgD/ f;yo T[s/ ;h. gqrshtkdh M[ekn dk fJj jh fJe nzsow[yh o{g w[V
SkfJnktkdh gqftosh tZb ik fojk ;h, fi; Bz{ ;/y'_ B/ ;[jitkd dk BK fdZsk ;h ns/ fJe
r?oo[wKfNe (anti romantic) iK gq: 'rtkdh M[ekn d/ gqGkt dhnK eB;'nK ;[DkJh d/D bZr
gJhnK ;B. fJ; pj[-GKsh ekft f;oiD dk nfXn?B jh ;kv/ fJ; gkm dk ftFk j?.
1947 s'_ 1960 JhH sZe d/ gqw[Zy eth s/ fJ; ;w/_ ftu SghnK g[;seK L
1H GkJh tho f;zx-w/o/ ;kJhnK ihU
2H bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe-;{\ h ykBk
3H gqhsw f;zx ;\ho-nkfd-i[rkfd
4H w'jB f;zx-eZu-;Zu, nktk}K, tZvk t/bk
5H nzfwqsk gqhsw-bzwhnK tkNK, ;oxh t/b k, ;[B/jV/, nF'e k u/sh, e;s{oh
6H pktk pbtzs-pzdorkj, ;[rzX-;[who
7H d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh-eDe s/ w[VQek, bZe N[D{ N[D{
8H fgnkok f;zx ;fjokJh-;w/_ dh tkr
9H ;zs'y f;zx Xho-Xosh wzrdh wh_j t/, gsMV/ g[okD/
10H gqGi's e"o-;[gB/ ;ZXoK, gzy/o{, tD egk;h
11H ntsko f;zx nk}kd-wod nrzwVk, ftFt B{o
Bt/_ eth L
1H joGiB f;zx -bk;K, sko s[gek
2H r[ouoB okwg[oh-eDeK dh y[Fp', e'b eoko
3H ;[oihs okwg[oh-rhsK Goh ;t/o, moh ukBDh
4H ;[ypho-g?VK
32
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 33 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
5H skok f;zx-f;zwd/ gZEo
6H j}kok f;zx r[odk;g[oh-fwZNh o'Jh
7H nikfJp fusqeko-;{oiw[yhnk
8H JhFto fusqe ko-;{b ;[okjh, G[Zy dhnK bkNK
9H i;tzs f;zx B/eh-n;b/ d/ Ujb/
10H ;[ygkbtho f;zx j;os-gsMVK, j:ksh d/ ;'w/
11H sys f;zx-tzrko, ekft fjb{D/
12H irsko-sbyhnK ozrhBhnK
13H oDXho f;zx-okjK dh X{V
14H jhok f;zx dod-j'o nr/o/
1H Gkos dh nk}kdh ns/ gzikp dh tzv dk gzi kph eftsk ftu gqr Nktk
d{i/ ;z;ko :[ZX s'_ fgZS'_ :{Hn?BHUH dh ;EkgBk e"wKsoh nwB bfjo, Gkos dh
;[szsosk s/ gzikp dh tzv, nkfd nfijhnK xNBktK ;B fiBQK dk fJ; ;w/_ dh gzikph eftsk
T[s/ pVk v{zxk gqGkt j?.
T[; ;w/_ d/ fJe Bt/_ T[m oj/ eth, oDXho f;zx d/ FpdK ftu *fJj fszB ;kb*
(1947, 48, 49 JhH) ;kv/ d/F s/ ;kv/ b'eK bJh pj[s j'DhnK Go/ ;kb ;B, id'_ nk}kdh
dh bfjo ;kwoki Bkb ;wM"s/ dhnK dbdbK *u r[nku rJh s/ T[; s'_ pknd pZ; f\oe{
\;kd ;B, gzikp s/ pzrkb dhnK tzvhnK s/ j'o \;kd. oZs-B[uVd/ fdB ;B s/ ghVK
fo;dhnK oksK s/ fJe nk}kdh, i' gsMVK d/ gfjb/ ;kb *u jh MV rJh, go Bkb jh
fJBQK ;kbK B/ fJe oKrb/ s/ nkFk-Gog{o GftZy tZb iKdhnK okjK th fBykohnK jB, b'V
j? t/yD dh s/ nZr/ tk;s/ j"_;b/ dh. (*okjK dh X{V* dh G{fwek, iBtoh 1950, gzBk 7)
nkofEe y[Fjkbh s'_ ;ZyDh okiBhfse nk}kdh, gzikp dh popkdh s/ f\oe{ \;kdK
Bz{ w[Zy oZyfdnK T[od{ d/ gqf;ZX FkfJoK (c?} nfjwd c?}, i'F wbhjktkdh s/ e?\h nk}wh)
B/ th e[M fJ; Gkt dhnK eftsktK fbyhnK ;B L
1H :/ dk|-dkr T[ikbk, :/ Fp r}hdk ;jo,
t' fJzs }ko Ek fi;ek, :/ t' ;jo s'_ Bjh_
:/ t' ;jo s'_ Bjh_ fi;eh nko}[ b/eo
ub/ E/ :ko fe fwb ikJ/rh ejh_ Bk ejh_.
HHHHH HHHHH HHHHH HHHHH
B}ks/ dhdk-U-fdb dh xVh Bjh_ nkJh.
ub/ ub' fe t' wzf}b nGh Bjh_ nkJh.
(c?})
2H jw B/ ;'uk Ek :/ fJBebkp nks/ jh
Bikw/ e[jBk uwB ek pdb ikJ/rk
:/ ]po fe; e' Eh nksF/-r[b ;/ jh
fsBek fsBek BF/wB ek ib ikJ/rk.
(i'F)
3H w;kbjs e/ ;e{s w?_ *j[wj[w/_ prkts e/ Yb u[e/ j?_.
pdbB/ T[m/ E/ i' w[eZdo t[j okjB[wk pdb u[e/ j?_.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 34 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
ejK w\dks/-j[e wokDh, ejK sek}kJ/-okjB[wkJh.
pVQ/_r/ m[eok e/ okjpo'_ e', t[j ek\b/ i', ub u[e/ j?_.
(e?\h nk}wh)
gzikph p'bh ftu fbyD tkb/ ethnK B/ th T[go'es do;kJh nX{oh nk}kdh s/ tzv
dh popkdh Bz{ pV/ i'F Bkb Gzfvnk. nzro/}h ;kwoki dh ukb, Gkosh p[oi{nk}h_ dk nzro/}
je{ws Bkb ;wM"sk, w}Qph fcoekgq;sh s/ n:'r-nkr{, gzikp dh tzv ns/ brGr gzi bZy
ikBK d/ xks d/ f}zw/tko mfjokJ/ rJ/, go ;w[Zu/ s"o s/ gzikph ethnK B/ fJ; j'Dh Bz{
T[gGkte fij/ fdqFNhe'D s'_ jh fusfonk j?. bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe, nzfwqsk gqhsw, w'jB
f;zx s/ joGiB f;zx dhnK eftsktK ftu'_ e[M T[d kjoDK fJ; gqeko jB L
1H Bh nk}kdh dh goh
fe; d/ e'm/ ik uVQh
fejV/ vke{ B/ cVh
fdsh wj[o/ dh g[Vh
Bh pb?e dh e[Vh.
(ukfsqe)
2H nZi nkyK tkfo; Fkj Bz{ fes'_ epoK ftu'_ p'b.
s/ nZi feskp/-fJFe dk e'Jh nrbk toek c'b.
fJe o'Jh ;h Xh gzikp dh sz{ fby fby wko/ t?D.
nZi bZyK XhnK o'_dhnK s?Bz{ tkfo; Fkj Bz{ efjD.
t/ dodwzdK fdnk dodhnk T[m sZe nkgDk gzikp.
nZi p/b/ bkFK ftShnK s/ bj{ dh Goh uBkp.
(nzfwqsk gqhsw)
3H nkJh w}QpK dh eKr,
eZu/ xfVnK d/ tKr,
N[ZNk ;'jDh dk d/F,
nZyK gJhnK B/ o'.
(nzfwqsk gqhsw)
4H j' eDeK r'vhnK
efjzd/ bzx rJh J/ oks
efjzd/ nkJh J/ gqGks
w/o/ noFK s/ f;nkjhnK
ni/ UvhnK jh UvhnK.
(nzfwqsk gqhsw)
5H i[rK dh ;KMh ;fGnsk g?oh_ fbsV rJh.
;dhnK d/ ;KM/ y{B dk th BQkD j' frnk.
e[M n?;k e[co s'fbnk JhwkB tkfbnK.
fe e[co s'_ th j"bk j? fJwkB j' frnk.
fjzdtkDhnK, s[oekDhnK d'jK dh gs rJh.
p[oe/, ;zX{o d'jK dk ngwkB j' frnk.
(w'jB f;zx)
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 35 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
6H t/ gZ;oh ijkB T[s/ w"s dh jtkV.
t/ fyzv rJhnK wfj\bK s/ Sk rJh T[ikV.
t/ f}zd rh p/j'F s/ ykw'F ekfJBks.
;"_ Bk w/o/ wkbek thokB j'Jh oks.
t/ ;"_ ik fJzM nZyhnK *u'_ nZEo{ Bk e/o.
f;skfonK dh ;dk Bjh_ v[p Dh ;t/o.
jw/FK B thokB j'Dh nZi tKr oks.
;"_ ik w/o/ wkbek thokB j'Jh oks.
(joGiB f;zx)
;gFN j? fe gzikp d/ eth Gkos dh nfijh ;[szsosk Bkb ;zs[FN Bjh_ ;B fi; d/
nkT[_fdnK jh gzikp d' fjZf;nK ftu tzfvnk frnk ns/ nk}kdh dh y[Fh w"s dh jtkV ftu
r[nku rJh. n;zs[FNh dk d{ik ekoD fJj ;h fe Gkos ftu tzv fgZS'_ S/sh jh pb?e,
fGqFNkuko, ;wrfbzr nkfd p[okJhnK ftu tkXk j'fJnk. fJ;/ j'Dh s'_ S[Nekok jk;b eoB
bJh nzfwqsk B/ wB[Zysk d/ nkFe eth, tkfo; Bz{ tzrkfonk, noEks nkgD/ nzdo p?m/ eth
Bz{ tzrko gkJh. w'jB f;zx dh eftsk *r[o{ BkBe Bz{* fJe soQK ;kv/ T[; Xkofwe fto;/ T[s/
ftnzr th j? fi; Bz{ n;h_ ;KMk Xow efjzd/ jK go tk;st ftu T[; d/ n;o j/m th n;h_
fcoekgq;sh s'_ T[s/ Bjh_ T[m ;e/. ;kvh ny"sh nk;fsesk, Bk;fsesk, Bkb'_ th BkfeF ;kps
j'Jh. joGiB f;zx 1947 d/ c;kdK Bz{ fJe gkrbgB (iBz{B) dh y/v ;wMdk j? s/ T[;
dk ftFtk; j? fe nfijk gkrbgB wB[Zy Bz{ pj[sk fuo Bjh_ ufVQnk ofjzdk. fJe teqsh T[pkb
s'_ fgZS'_ wB[Zy }o{o n;bhns Bz{ ;wM/rk. nkgDhnK xkse o[uhnK Bz{ fsnkr d/t/rk. gzikp
dh tzv T[s/ SghnK eftsktK ftu'_ fJj tX/o/ nkFktkdh eftsk j?.
2H fJ; d"o dh gzi kph eftsk ftu gqr shtkdh M[ e kn
gqrshtkdh iK ;wkitkdh :EkoEtkd d/ gqG kt j/m 1947 s'_ gfjbK jh gzikph ftu
ekft f;oiDk j' ojh ;h, go gzikp dh tzv B/ Xkofwe eZN Vsk d/ ;wki-fto'X h o'b Bz{
;kwokih skesK dh gkV' s/ oki eo' dh Bhsh Bz{ T[iV/- g[iV/ b'eK d/ w[V tZ;D dh ;wZf ;nk
Bz{ fBZs d/ ihtB dhnK b'VK Bz{ ns/ T[ BQ K n"e VK Bz{ i' nkw wB[ Zy bJh ;fjD eoBhnK
th pj[ s w[ Feb ;B. fJzBk T[ G ko e/ s/ fJzBk ;gFN o{g ftu ;kfjsekoK d/ ;kjwD/ b?
nKdk fe gzikph eth okFNotkd s'_ nfs okFNotkd ns/ fBoh okiBhfse nk}kdh s'_
nkofEe nk}kdh dh u/s zBsk tZb tX/. gZS wh gzikp ftu'_ T[ iV e/ nkJ/ e[ M ethnK Bz{
|ohph ns/ eoVh w[ FZe s dk fBZi h nB[ G t j'f Jnk. nfijh ;fEsh ftu'_ fBebD dk fJe'
fJe okj ;wkitkdh ;wkie-gqp zX dh T[ ;koh jh B}o nkT[ _d k ;h. jfoGiB f;zx nw{os
nkFktkd dh EK fgnkok f;zx ;fjokJh dh j/m fbyh eftsk ftu uzr/o / ;wki dk fuso
nkgd/ ;keko o{g ftu w"i{d j? L
;[Zsh ;[Zsh GoktK d/ G[Zy ikr{
X{j gkDr/ G[Zb/ fgnko GkJh.
ezBh gT{ wK-Xos dh ftbeDh id,
fwb{ c/o Bk u?B, eoko GkJh.
pkjtK y[b;B SkshnK XVe T[m;D,
yV{ e"D fco okj ftueko GkJh.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 36 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
Y/o j'DrhnK ezXK o/s dhnK,
frnk fiBQK Bz{ r?o T[;ko GkJh.
go |?o dhnK T[;kohnK o/s ezXK B/ nkgD/ nkg Yfj Y/oh Bjh_ j'Dk, fJ; ;ZukJh
s'_ w'jD f;zx, pktk pbtzs, ;zs'y f;zx Xho, nzfwqsk gqhsw, r[ouoB okwg[oh nkfd nB/eK
jh eth Gbh GKs ikD{ ;B.
Xkofwe f\oekgq;sh ns/ okFNotkd dh fiZb QD ftu'_ fBeb e/ jh fJ; ezX Bz{
Ykfjnk ik ;edk ;h. fJ; bJh Xkofwe eZNVsk d/ fBo'b okFNotkd dk fto'X T[; ;w/_
dh gqrshtkdh eftsk d/ T[x/ bZSD jB. T[dkjoD bJh L
1H d"bs jh d/ ep}/ B/ sedho pDkJh J/
fJe uh} jh ebgs j? p/Bkw fBFkBh J/.
i' iBwK s/ eowK d/ uZeo *u c;k oy/.
T[j rbs j? ukj/ T[j nekF dh pkDh J/_.
(pktk pbtzs)
2H y[Fp{ dk tX/ i'ao sK wfje/rk }wkBk,
Yfj ikJ/rh fJj ozr dh dhtko fe;/ fdB.
*J/Fhnk*, *uhB*, *fjzd-uhB*, *fw;o* s/ *o'}Bpor* pko/ fbyhnK pj[s ;kohnK
eftsktK nzso-okFNoh M[ekn dhnK jh ;{ue jB.
j[ D gq r shtkdh e/ t b fJe M[ e kn Bjh_ ;h fojk, ;r' _ fJj fJe bfjo dk o{ g
XkoD eo frnk ;h. fJ; bfjo d/ ethnK dh eftsk dk shik tZ v k bZ S D ;h Fq / D h
tz v dh ;wM ns/ iB-;' F D Bz { (Exploitation) dk fto' X eoe/ tor-;z x oF ftu e[ Z d
g/ D dh gq f tosh.
**u[D u[D nzB iN/N hnK w'JhnK,
w[eD Bk T[j s/ tzv U :ko.
jZE soykDK oZND g? rJ/,
w[Ze/ Bk ekDh tzv U :ko.
ikr feoshnk ikr fe;kBk
f;o s'_ nkb; SZv U :ko.
dkshnK, ebwK ns/ jE"V/,
eZm/ eo bT[ ;zd U :ko.
srVh fJe fsqF{b pDkT[,
:[ZX eo' gquzv U :ko.
fJ; gquzv :[ZX s'_ gko BthB GftZy ftu ftFtk; ns/ Bt/_ wB[Zy dk oZp tork
;fseko eoB dh gq/oDk d/D tkbhnK ;kohnK eftsktK th fJBQK tfoQnK ftu fbyhnK
rJhnK. fw;kb ti'_ e[M ;soK L
1H J/Fhnk dh Xos s/ th ;t/ok j' fojk.
oZshnK feoBK s'_ o'FB j? u[c/ok j' fojk.
(nikfJp fuZsqeko)
2H Bk \oF dhtk, Bk noF skok,
wB[Zy d/ uweD dk ekb nkfJnk.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 37 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
BtK ;t/ok sK nk fojk j?,
BtK wB[Zy th eh Bkb nkfJnk.
(jfoGiB f;zx)
3H w?_ sK pzd/ Bz{ ;wMdk jK y[dk.
feE/ pzdk j? Bw;eko eoK.
(jfoGiB f;zx)
fJj BtK ;t/ o k *;wkitkd* dh T[ ; koh d/ nkoz G dk gq s he ;h. nfijh ;[ M kT{ ,
gq s hekswe Fpdktbh d/ Bkb ;wkitkd dh tfvnkJh ftu f;Z X hnK eftsktk th fbyhnK
rJhnK fiBQ K dh pDso tkose torh ns/ F? b h GkFD-ebK (Rhetoric) torh j? . pktk
pbtz s dh eftsk *;wkitkd* ns/ fgnkok f;zx ;fjokJh dhnK ;'t hns o{; dh tfvnkJh
ftu fbyhnK eftsktK fJ;/ gZ X o dhnK jB. *;w/ _ dh tkr* g[ ; se ftu ;fjokJh fbydk
j? L
;'thns o{; sz{ nk; nwB dh
b'e-nwB dh Xosh
s/ok ;dek jh iZr nzdo
ukBD s/ mzY tosh
3H fJ; d"o dh gzi kph eftsk T[ g o nwB bfjo dk gqG kt
T[_M sK gqrshtkdh ethnK B/ F[o{ s'_ izr dk fto'X eoe/ nwB dk gZy g{fonk j?,
go 1948 ftu ;z;ko nwB bfjo dk w[ZY pZM k s/ fJ; d/ gqGkt nXhB gzikph ftu pj[s
;kohnK eftsktK fbyhnK rJhnK. gfjb/ ns/ d{i/ ;z;ko :[ZX s'_ fJj rZb gqsZy j' u[Zeh
;h fe izrK S/VB dh gfjb ;kwokih d/FK tZb '_ j[zdh j? s/ ;owkJ/dkoK B/ ;z;ko Bz{ spkjh
d/ w{zj nZr/ fbnk yVk ehsk. fJ; bJh fJBQK eftsktK ftu th ;kwokih s/ g{zihtkdh
FeshnK dh fBzfdnk ns/ d[BhnK Go d/ b'eK Bz{ fJBQK d/ fto[ZX vN ikD dh nghb ehsh
rJh j? L
MN nwB d/ Mzv/ j/m i[V'
Bjh_ puDk fJj ;z;ko Bjh_,
ed do d'}y d/ y'jb d/D
izrpk}K dk fJspko Bjh_.
;G nzB nBki rohpK dk
r'dkw d/ ftu dcB fgnk,
;G d[BhnK dk bkjk e'fJbk
jfEnkoK d/ ftu pdb frnk.
bZy oZs / u{V/ eVe rJ/
bZy tj[NhnK d/ fFzrko b[ZN/,
c[Zb j;d/ pkbK pZfunK d/
d'jK izrK B/ ;kV ;[ZN/.
w[V shi/ izr dh GZmh ftu
n;K b{jDk fJj r[b}ko Bjh_.
;"_j ebk, ;zrhs s/ eftsk dh
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 38 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
;"_j fJFe, j[;B d/ y/fVnK dh.
;"_j y[obh pZX/ vzroK dh
;"_j t;d/ o;d/ t/jfVnK dh.
n;K pDBk X'y/ ftu nk e/
izrpk}K dk jfEnko Bjh_.
(gq'H w'jB f;zx)
nzfwqsk, gqhsw, gqGi's e"o, ;zs'y f;zx Xho, r[ouoB okwg[oh, fgnkok f;zx ;fjokJh
s/ jfoGiB f;zx B/ th fJ;/ Gkt dhnK nB/eK eftsktK fbyhnK. jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft-
BkNe *sko-s[gek* s/ nzfwqsk dh eftsk *w?_ rhs fbydh jK* fJ; ;zdoG ftu toDB:'r
ouBktK jB.
4H okFNoh GktK dh eftsk
fit/_ T[go'es ;ot/yD s'_ f;ZX j?, fJ; ekb dh gzikph eftsk dk tv/ok Gkr nzso-
okFNoh ftfFnK Bkb ;zpzfXs j? go fiT[_ fiT[_ gzikp dh tzv dk }]w Godk frnk s/ BthnK
gzi ;kbK ;ehwK nB[;ko d/F dh T[;koh dk T[d/F ;kjwD/ nkfJnk fsT[_ fsT[_ g[okDh okFNoh
GkFk th gzikph eftsk ftu gqrN j[zdh j?. gq'H w'jB f;zx, bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe, nzfwqsk
gqhsw, i;tzs f;zx B/eh, ;[ygkbtho f;zx j;os, d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh, gqhsw f;zx ;\ho s/
;zs'y f;zx Xho B/ okFNoh ftfFnK T[s/ ouBktK ouhnK. T[d kjoD bJh gq'H w'jB f;zx dhnK
*rKXh Bz{* s/ *ekbhdk;*, ukfsqe dh *gzikp*, nzfwqsk gqhsw dhnK *w?_ stohy jK fjzd dh*,
*w/x d{s*, *ezfBnk e[wkoh* ns/ ;zs'y f;zx Xho dhnK *r'nk* s/ *eoB?b f;zx* nkfd eftsktK
fJ;/ fdqFNh s'_ gVQD :'r jB.
5H ojZ; tkdh iK Bt-ojZ; tkdh M[ e kn
r[ opkDh s/ ;{\ h-ekft dh gozgok d/ nXhB thjth_ ;dh dh gzikph eftsk ftu th
ojZ;tkdh M[ e kn ek\h gqp b fojk j?. GkJh tho f;zx B/ gqwkswk Bz{ fBo/ B{o nDfvZm/
oZp *w/o / ;kJhnk ihT[ * d/ o{g ftu ebfgnk. 1947 s'_ fgZS'_ th T[ BQ K dh gzi-j}koh g[ ; se
*w/o/ ;kJhnK ihT[ * ftu T[ BQ K d/ ojZ;tkdh nB[ G t dk gqrNktk j'fJnk j?. Gkt/_ T[ ; ;w/_
sZe fJj gqftosh fJe Bt-ojZ;tkdhh fijh (noEks g[ okDk ojZ;tkd s'_ tZyok) ozr geV
u[ Ze h ;h, go c/o th gqhsw f;zx ;\ho, bkbk XBh okw ukfsqe , i;tzs f;zx B/e h s/
irihs f;zx r[ b /o hnk dh eftsk ftu GkJh tho f;zx d/ nB[ G t dhnK r{ziK ;[ D kJh
fdzd hnK jB.
Bt/_ ftfrnkBe tksktoD ftu nzfwqs ;Zu Bz{ ftnkge u/sBk gfotosB s/ B{o d/ ;o{g
ftu ebk d/ ojZ;tkdh nB[Gt Bz{ nkgD/ :[Zr d/ nB[e{b rqfjD eoB dh gqftosh ;\ho dhnK
eftsktK ftu gqsZy j?. *nkfd i[rkfd* g[;se ftu'_ e[M T[dkjoDK fJ; gqeko jB L
1H gqhtosB j? fJT[_ ihD nzdo
fiT[_ Fesh jo EK j[zdh th
Bk o{g, Bk o/y, Bk ozr pD,
Bk ozr nkJ/, Bk ozr rkJ/.
2H nrBh j? feDe/ feDe/ ftu
nrBh uj[z i[rK dh wksk
nrBh j? o{g s/ ozr nzdo
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 39 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fJFeK d/ }fjoh vzr nzdo,
T[j wkbe w/oh j;sh dk
fJ; B{o s'_ ykbh eo frnk j?.
3H o"FB
fdyk w/o/ B{o,
nZi
pVk jB/ok j?
fJjBK nk;wkBK *u'_
fco B}o nk w/o/ B{o.
6H e[ M Bt/_ M[ e kn
1960 JhH s' _ gfjbK jh gz i kph eftsk ftu e[ M Bt/ _ gq : ' r nkoz G j' rJ/ ;B.
fJBQ K Bt/ _ gq : ' r K Bz { gq ' H ;z s f;z x ;/ y ' _ B/ *;[ j itkd* s/ *f;nkDgtkd* dk BK fdZ s k ;h,
go ;kvh iku/ fJj fJe soQ K d/ Bt/ _ - SkfJnktkdh fij/ M[ e kn jh jB. fJBQ K nXhB
vkH jfoGiB f;z x , n? ; Hn? ; H whFk, JhFto fusq e ko, sys f;z x s/ ;[ y pho nkfd ethnK
B/ nfijhnK eftsktK fbyhnK fiBQ K ftu ;kv/ ;wki d/ wZ X -tor dk ftFkd, e[ z m k,
ftjb, nktkokrodh, Fz e / , fJeZ b / g D dk nfj;k; s/ wkBf;e ]bkn dk gq r Nktk j' f Jnk
j? . SkfJnktkdh ethnK tKr, fJj eth nkgD/ nB[ G t Bz { Bt/ _ Bt/ _ gq s heK okjh_ ns/
;[ j b fusoK d[ n kok gq r NkT[ _ d / oj/ jB. n? _ N h-o' w KfNe j' e/ th fJj eth ftneshtkdh
jB, fJ; bJh fJBQ K dh eftsk dk nB[ G t s/ gq r Nkt/ dh n;gFNsk, ;o' d h sZ s s/
nz s ow[ y h gq f tosh fJBQ K ethnK Bz { w[ V fJe GKs d/ o' w K; tZ b w' V dh j? . Bt/ _ M[ e ktK
dh eftsk d/ e[ M Bw{ B / j/ m fby/ jB L
1H e[S fJ; soQK B}o d/ nkgD/ jh G/s y[bQ/
fiT[_ w'o d/ goK s/ ;{oi s/ uzB sko/
BkuK *u'_ T[; d/ b?_d/ fbFe'o wX j[bko/,
ihtB ftek; wzdo d/ do nu/s y[bQ/.
(JhFto fusqeko, w{b okjh_)
2H ekby-ftobK EkDh_ T[wQb /
fNwe fNwe fJe ;{jh SkfJnk.
T[v T[v w/b/ BhbKrD ftu
fJe fwZmh ukjs dk ;kfJnk.
(sys f;zx)
3H fJj nkbQD/ rrB-T[vkoh, wd-wksh ;[Zsh nDG'b.
rrB-T[vkoh, ;z;eko, T[m ;[jkrD e/;o x'b .
:kd rrB dh g'DK d/ ;zr eodh J/ gJh e/b-eb'b
r{zi rhs dh fJj nky/, T[v T[v w[V rrBK Bz{ N'b.
(d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh)
4H d[ZX dk g'uk Xos d/ yoQt/_ nzrK T[s /
jo F? d/ BeFK s/ e{bh e{bh Bh_d o
;[pe wb{e w[jKdo/, fgnko dh f;qFNh iheo
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 40 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
;[Zs/ j'J/ xo, nkbQD/, gzSh, nX-whN/ c[Zb
fizd nky/ nZi nkJhnK w?Bz{ oksK c/o gSkDhnK.
(;[ypho)
1960 JhH s'_ fgS'_ d/ gzikph ;kfjs ftu ftF/ ns/ o{g d'jK gZyK s'_ gfjbK d/ gzikph
;kfjs Bkb'_ e[M gSkDB :'r nzs o nkJ/ jB. nB/eK jh Bt/_ ftukoK ns/ fdqFNhe'DK nXhB
Bt/_ ;kfjse gq:'rK ns/ o{g-ftXhnK B/ fJ; ;w/_ d/ gzikph ;kfjs ftu gqt /F ehsk j?. fJ;
d"o d/ brGr ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ ;kfjsekoK B/ d"o s'_ gquZfbs nfXnkswtkdh nkdoFtkd Bz{
jh fsnkrD dh e'fFF Bjh_ ehsh ;r'_ gqrshtkdh o[wK;tkd s'_ w[esh jk;b eoB dk th
:sB ehsk j?. Gkt/_ 1960 JhH s'_ gfjbK o[wKfNe o{VQhnK th Bkb Bkb gquZfbs ojhnK jB,
go fJ; ekb d/ gqw[Zy M[ekn nfij/ jB fiBQK ftu o[wKfuesk dk fto'X th e[M jZd sZe
ehsk frnk j?.
T[j M[e kn jB L
1H gq:'rtkd (j'_dtkb, T{b ib{btkd, nkX[fBesktkd nkfd)
2H i[Mkotkd.
fJBQK d' M[ektK s'_ S[ZN Xhwh ;[o ftu (ftF/F eoe/ eftsk d/ y/so ftu), ;[jitkd,
f;nkDgtkd, okFNotkd s/ Feshtkd th gquZfbs oj/ jB. gq:'rtkd dh w{b gq/oDk ftbhnw
i/w} ns/ i'jB v/t h dk go?rw?fN}w j?. fi; nB[;ko wB[Zy dk jo eow d/ pqfjwzv dh
jo gqfefonk nkgD/ nkg ftu fJe tZyok gq:'r j?. fe;/ t;s{ dh e'Jh gozgok Bjh_, fJ;
bJh ;kfjs ftu th jo gqeko dh gozgok s'_ u/szB j' e/ ns/ T[; s'_ w[e s j' e/ e'Jh Bth_
ouBk eoB dk T[gokbk gq:'rtkd nytkfJnk. go?rw?fN}w s'_ pknd fJ; ftukoXkok B/
j'_dtkd Bz{ nkgD/ tZb '_ gZehnK BhjK gqdkB ehshnK jB feT[_fe j'_dtkd nB[;ko jh jo fJe
ftnesh dh nkgD/ nkg ftu fJe tZyoh j'_d j? s/ T[; dk nkgD/ s'_ gfjbK s/ nkgD/ s'_
fgSbh fe;/ j'_d Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX Bjh_ j[zdk. jo iht fJeZb k j?. fJ;/ soQK wB[Zyh nB[Gt
dk jo gb d{i/ gbK Bkb'_ tZyok j? s/ T[; gb Bz{ gozgokrs ebk ftXhnK okjh_ ftnes
Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk. fJBQK d'jK f\bk;\hnK dk f;ZNk j? nbp/no ekw{ ns/ ;?w{nb p?eN
tor/ b/yeK dk T{b ib{btkd (Absurdism) rZb th mhe j? fe fJe fSD dk d{i/ fSD
Bkb, fJe ftnesh dk d{i/ ftnesh Bkb, fJe xNBk dk d{ih xNBk Bkb, noEks ekoD
dk ekoi Bkb e'Jh fBFfus ;zpzX jh Bjh_ sK fco ;G e[M T{b ib{b iK \}{b jh j'fJnk.
fJ; ftuko nXhB gq:'rtkdhnK B/ o{g gq:'rK s'_ fJbktk ftF/-w{be gq:'r th nkozG ehs/,
noEks T[BQK B/ f}zdrh d/ nfij/ gZyk Bz{ ;kfjs dk ftFk pDkfJnk fijV/ gZy fJ; s'_ gfjbK
wjZstg{oD Bjh_ ;B ;wM/ iKd/. nzs ftu ;ko/ tkd nkX[fBesktkd d/ BK j/m ftuko/ ikD
bZr/. nkX[fBesktkd th fJ; ;Bnsh :[Zr d/ j[D d/ nB[Gt Bz{ gozgoe nB[Gt Bkb'_ nbZr
eoe/ ns/ GftZy dh ebgBk s'_ s'V e/ gqrNkT[D dk BK j?.
i[Mkotkdh ;kfjs feosK fJ; gq:'rtkdh bfjo d/ gqsheow ti'_ jh j'_d ftu nkJhnK
;B. T[BQK d/ j'_d ftu nkT[D d/ ;wkie, okiBhfse ekoDK Bz{ Gkt/_ nZy'_ Ujb/ Bjh_ ehsk
ik ;edk, go gzikph ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; d/ gq;zr ftu ftukofdnK fJj' fBoDk fdZs k ik
;edk j? fe gq:'rtkdhnK B/ fJe ;zp'XB-w[es ns/ gq/oDk ofjs F?bh s/ fBokEe ftfFnK
d[nkok gzikph ;kfjseko dh fBg[z;esk Bz{ fizBh fBob/gsk Bkb gqrNkfJnk, T[Bh jh f;Zads
Bkb uzr/o/ GftZy dh T[;koh bJh gq/oDk Gog{o ouBktK okjh_ fJe pbtkB BkfJe dk fpzp
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 41 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
g/F eofdnK i[MkotkdhnK B/ gq: 'rtkdhnK d/ g?dk ehs/ mfjokT[ Bz{ s'VB dk :sB ehsk
ns/ b/ye s/ gkme ftueko g?dk j' oj/ Ugo/gD Bz{ ]sw eoe/ ;kfjs Bz{ w[V e/ ;kfjseko
d/ GktK, ftukoK dk ;zuko-;kXB pDkfJnk.
1962 JhH dh fjzd-uhB bVkJh ns/ 1965 JhH d/ fjzd-gkfe :[ZX s'_ gqGkfts j' e/
e[M okFNotkdh ;kfjs feosK th fbyhnK rJhnK.
gq:'rtkdhnK dh g?dk ehsh n;gFNsk ns/ okFNotkdh tksktoD ftu ;qh ;[ygkbtho
f;zx j;os B/ Feshtkd dk Bknok bkfJnk. n;b ftu Feshtkd th fJe soQK dk
okFNotkd jh ;h, go fJ; s'_ fJj rZb Gbh GKs ;gFN j' iKdh j? fe fijV/ b/ye nkgD/
gkme gqsh nkgD/ \o}K s'_ ;[u/s ;B T[j F[o{ F[o{ ftu gq:'rtkdhnK Bkb j[zd/ j'J/ th fgZS'_
ik e/ fJBQK Bkb'_ fByV rJ/.
nfij/ tksktoD ftu fFt e[ w ko tor/ o[ w KfNe eth dk j' D k s/ fco gq f ;Z X h dh
f;yo T[ s / gj[ zu ikDk gq: ' rtkd dh ngqt kBrh dk jh ;{ue j?, go fFt e[ wko dh eftsk
dk o[ w KfNe fpz p nkgD/ wkj" b Bkb i{ M oj/ pbtkB ftnefsZ s t dk fuso gq ; s[ s Bjh_
eodk. fJ; dk fJe ekoB fFt e[ w ko dk wZ X F/ q f De ;wkie-nkofEe fgS' e V ftu' _
bZ f Gnk ik ;edk j? s/ d{ i k T[ ; dh dkoFfBe gj[zu ftu. nfij/ ;w/ _ i[ M kotkdh iK
d{ i / FpdK ftu Bt-gq r shtkdh eth s/ b/ y e gz i kph ;kfjs ftu gq t / F eod/ jB. fJBQ K
ftu' _ pj[ s ;ko/ w}d{ o tor Bkb f;Z X / ;z p z f Xs iK wZ X tor ftu' _ fBob/ g j' u[ Z e / nfij/
eth ;B fiBQ K Bz { fe;/ Bk fe;/ soQ K wkoe;tkdh ihtB doFB Bkb uz r h soQ K i{ M D
dk nt;o gq k gs j' f Jnk ;h. ]k; s" o *s/ T[ ; ;w/ _ pko/ Gkos ftu yZ p / - gZ y h fJBebkp
fbnkT[ D k ;h. ;kv/ fJj b/ y e nfijhnK bfjoK Bkb nwbh o{ g ftu i[ V / ns/ ;w[ Z u h
bfjo dhnK efunkJhnK ekoD, T[ B Q K B/ pj[ s ;kohnK efmBkJhnK dk th ;kjwDk ehsk
s/ fi; ;w/ _ T[ B Q K B/ nkgD/ fJ; nB[ G t Bz { FpdK dk ikwk gfjBkfJnk sK T[ j fJe i[ M ko{
;kfjs d/ o{ g ftu ;kv/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk.
T[ go'e s ;ko/ M[ e kn gzikph eftsk, gzikph BkNe, Bktb, ejkDh ns/ tkose ftu
frDB:'r wksok ftu fwb iKd/ jB. nrb/ ;f\nK ftu n;h_ t/yD dk :sB eoKr/ fe
fJBQ K e[ M e[ ;kbK ftu fJBQ K gqw [ Zy M[ e ktK nXhB gzikph ;kfjs dhnK eh ftF/F gqkgshnK
jB.
;zB 1960 s'_ pknd dh gzi kph eftsk ftub/ M[ e kn
1960 JhH s'_ pknd dh gzikph eftsk ftu Gkt/_ e[M gozgoe M[ekn th gquZfbs oj/
jB s/ ;kv/ gozgoe ethnK dhnK ouBktK ;kv/ ;kjwD/ nkJhnK jB fit/_ w'jB f;zx ofus
*izdo/*, *i? who* s/ *BkBekfJD*, nzfwqsk gqhsw ofus *BkrwDh* s/ gqhsw f;zx ;cho dh
*;op ebk* go gqw[Zy s"o *s/ T[go fby/ M[ekn jh fJ; ekb dh ftF/F gqkgsh jB.
1H gq : ' r tkd
gq:'rtkd gzikph eftsk dk fJe nfijk M[ekn j?, fi; ftu ethnK B/ nkozG ftu
gozgok dh fto'Xsk Bz{ nkgDk T[d /F pDkfJnk ;h. i;pho f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk nB[;ko fJj
*nzfwqsk-w'jB f;zx gozgok* dh fto'Xsk ;h. fJ; dk Gkt j? fe fJj fe;/ ]k; fe;w dh
otkfJs (Tradition) dh fto'Xsk ;h fijVh fe gzikph eftsk d/ ftF/ s/ o{g d'jK Bz{ nkgDh
ieV ftu b? p?mh ;h. oftzdo oth d/ FpdK ftu gq:'rFhb gzikph eftsk nzfwqsk-w'jB
f;zx Xkok dhnK x; u[ZehnK s/ }o}ok j' u[ZehnK nB[Gt gqDkbhnK dk fsnkr eoe/ BthB
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 42 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
;zGktBktK dh Y{zv Gkb eodh j? s/ fpzp y/so Bz{ nkX[fBe ihtB s/ fJ; dhnK ;wZf;nktK
fizBk ftFkb eoe/ BthB wkj"b Bkb Gkt u/sBk dh ;KM gkT[_dh j?.
gzikph d/ gq:'rtkdh eth oth dk T[go'es eEB ftuko dh wzr eodk j?. fJj
sK mhe j? fe gq:'rtkdh bfjo B/ nzfwqsk-w'jB f;zx dh gozgok s'_ prkts ehsh s/ fJj
prkts gzikph ekft-irs ftu g?dk j' ojh yV's Bz{ w[Zy oZyfdnK bk}wh th ;h, go eh
fJj eftsk BthB wkj"b Bkb ;KM gk e/ gzikph ;kfjs Bz{ e[M th gqdkB eodh j? < fJ;
gqFB d/ T[&Zso bJh ;kBz{ gq:'rtkdh eftsk Bz{ x'yDk gt/rk.
gq : ' r tkdh ethnK ftu w[ Z y s" o *s/ n;h_ i;pho f;z x nkb{ t kbhnk, nikfJp,
ewb, oftz d o oth, ;[ y gkbtho j;os, irsko nkfd ethnK Bz { oZ y ;ed/ jK. vkH
jfoGiB f;z x , fFt e[ w ko pNkbth nkfd B/ th gq : ' r tkdh eftsk d/ ftek; ftu fjZ ; k
gkfJnk j? fit/ _ *B X[ Z g / B Skt/ _ * (vkH jfoGiB) w? _ s/ w? _ (fFt pNkbth) nkfd ftu.
fJ; d" o ftu wB[ Z y fJe ftF/ F gq e ko d/ ;z e oksh ekb (Transitional period) ftu' _ bz x
fojk ;h. gZ S wh ;z ; ko s/ Gkos d/ j' o rtKYh d/ F K dh nkofEesk g{ z i htkd d/ f;yo
*s/ gj[ z u e/ ns/ fJ; s' _ th nZ r / bz x e/ ;wkitkdh ;wkie gq p z X ftu spdhb j' ojh
;h iK j' u[ Z e h ;h, go Gkos dk nz d o{ B h ;wkie ihtB irhodkoh s/ g{ z i hdkoh ehwsK
d/ fwbr' G / ftu ;z x oF eo fojk ;h. fJ; d" o ftu ;kv/ b' e $b/ y e fiZ E / nkgD/ ;wki
ftu BthnK s/ g[ o kDhnK ehwsK s/ NeokT[ dk fFeko j' oj/ ;B, T[ E / pkjob/ ;wki
dhnK BthBsw iK nkX[ fBe ehwsK th T[ BQ K d/ nfXn? B s/ ftuko dk ftFk pDhnK j' J hnK
;B. fJjh ekoB j? fe T[ BQ K dk ftFtk; fEVfenk j'fJnk ;h. T[ BQ K Bz{ nkgD/ g?oK j/mbh
Xosh (noEks nkgD/ nkXko s/ ftFtk;) ez p dh B}o nkT[ _ d h ;h. fJ; soQ K dk nB[ G t
;kv/ gq : ' r tkdh eth jz Y k oj/ ;B. fJj T[ j nB[ G t j? fi; pko/ eth jfoGiB f;z x
B/ nkgD/ ekft-;z r q f j *nXo? D h* ftu fJFkok ehsk ;h L
**fwbhJ/ sK fwbhJ/ fe; Ekt/_,
Bk n;h_ X[Zg/ Bk n;h_ Skt/_,
Bk wB ftu ftFtk; g[okDk,
BtK e'Jh Xotk; Bk ikDk.**
(vkH jfoGiB f;zx)
fJj nB[Gt fJBQK gq:'rtkdhnK d/ ekft gqrNkt/ ftu'_ Mbedk j? L
1H fJe g?o djbh}K nzdo
fJe g?o djbh}'_ pkjo
Bk w?_ J/Xo Bk w?_ UXo
fes tb iktK mT[o Bjh_ ;h
(i;pho f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk)
2H ;{MK dh n"os dh e[y'_
fijVk th nkdoF iBwdk
fJe ;swkj'_ pZu/ tKrz{
fSDK gbK ftu
wo w[e iKdk
pudk i/
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 43 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
goSktK g? e/
;V w[e iKdk.
(nikfJp ewb)
Ffjoh ihtB d/ wZX-Fq/fDe wB[Zy dh fJj vktKv'b nt;Ek fJBQK gq:'rtkdhnK d/
ekft-gqrNkt/ dk ;kXB j?. fJj wB[Zy g[okD/ ftFtk; r[nk p?mk j?, Bt/_ Xotk; T[; Bz{ fwb/
Bjh_, go gq:'rtkdhnK B/ nfij/ wB[Zy dk fJe fuso iK s;tho gq;s[s ehsh j?. fJj mhe
j? fe nzfwqsk-w'jB f;zx tKr ni'e/ wB[Zy Bz{ nkgD/ fJFN *s/ Go';k Bjh_, T[; Bkb frbk
fFetk Bjh_, go e/tb c'N'rqkch th eftsk Bjh_ j[zdh s/ Bk jh nfijh eftsk nkgDh BthBsk
iK nkX[fBesk dk dkntk eo ;edh j?. fJ; eftsk ftubh s;tho phwko ftnesh dh
j?, gq/FkB ftnesh dh j? s/ e/tb phwko BkfJe g/F eoB Bkb e'Jh th ;kfjs T[;ko{ s/
nkX[fBe Bjh_ j' ;edk.
nkgD/ nkg ftu jo Bth_ eftsk fJe gq:'r j[zdh j?. fJ;/ bJh fe;/ fJe bfjo
Bz{ gq:'rtkd dk BkT[_ d/Dk ;koEesk s'_ ;ZyDh rZb j?. fJ; eoe/ jh FkfJd fJ; bfjo
d/ ;woEeK B/ 1961 JhH ftu jh fJ; bfjo dk BkT[_ *gq:'rFhb bfjo* oZy fbnk ;h,
go pkeh eftsk Bkb'_ nkgd/ fi; p[fBnkdh tyo/t/_ dh rZb fJj eth eod/ jB, nkg T[;
d/ fFeko j' e/ ofj rJ/. noEks gozgok s'_ prkts eoB dk ;Behg[Dk fJBQK dh eftsk
Bz{ fJe gozgok dh Feb d/ frnk. T[j gozgok j? L fBZih GkFk, fBZih ftuko, fBZih fpzp
fuZso dh tos'_. ;' ftF/ s/ o{g d'jK gZyK s'_ jh fJj eftsk e'Jh pj[sh wjkBsk Bjh_ oZydh.
fJ; bJh ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ dk fJj eEB, **i;pho f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk fJ; djke/ dh Bth_
eftsk jh Bjh_, ;kv/ ;w[Zu/ ;kfjs Bz{ Bth_ B[jko d/D dk :sB eoB tkbk T[bko gZyh
p[ZXhwkB gqshs j[zdk j?.** fJeZbk i;pho f;zx sK eh fJ; bfjo d/ ;ko/ eth th gzikph
eftsk Bz{ e'Jh Bth_ B[jko d/D'_ n;woZE oj/ jB. fJ; ekb ftu ;kv/ ftuko nB[;ko gfjbh
tko gzikph eftsk s/ gzikph gkmeK ftukb/ gkV fgnk j? s/ T[j fJ; eftsk Bz{ ;wMD s'_
n;woZE oj/ jB.
2H i[ M kotkdh M[ e kn
1967 JhH s'_ gzikph eftsk ftu e[M B"itkB ethnK B/ nfijh eftsk fbyh j? fi;
dh ftbZyDsk Bz{ ;Ekgs eoB bJh i[Mkotkdh eftsk dk Bk fdZsk frnk j?. FkfJd fJj
BK fJ; bJh Y[ZetK j? feT[_fe fJ; eftsk dk BkfJe w}d{o fe;kB tor dk nfijk wB[Zy
j? fijVk nkgDh f}zd rh dhnK n"eVK s'_ xpok e/ v{zxh fBokFk ns/ nkgDh N[ZNh F];hns
d/ o"D/ Bjh_ o'_dk s/ Bk jh fJe ftFkdrq;s ftnesh tKr gkrbgB d/ d"o/ nXhB T{b-
ib{b pedk j?, ;r'_ T[j nkgDhnK n"eVK Bkb i{Mdk B}o nkT[_dk j?. nfijh eftsk d/
ouD tkb/ T[x/ eth jB L gkF, doFB yNeV, ;zs ;zX{, bkb f;zx fdb, ;zs okw T[d k;h,
r[odhg f;zx ro/tkb ns/ nwoihs uzdB. fJBQK ethnK d/ tZyo/gD dk tZvk ekoD fJBQK
dh jZv -phsh dh ftbZyDsk j?. brGr fJj ;ko/ eth fJe ftF/F okiBhfse bfjo Bkb
i[V e/ e[M ;w/_ bJh i/bQ iK B}opzdh G'rd/ oj/ jB. nfij/ fBZih nB[Gt dk fJBQK eftsktK
ftu pVk ;gFN fusoD j?. fJj bfjo Gkt/_ g{oh soQK feosh tor dh ikfrqsh dk gqshe
Bjh_ pD ;eh, go T[; s'_ gqGkfts j' e/ fbyh eftsk ftu nfij/ o'j ns/ ftdo'j dh GktBk
;gFN j? fijVh ;kv/ ;wki d/ j/mb/ tor ftu ed/ th T[sgzB j' ;edh j?. fJ; eftsk
dh ;zp 'XBh F?bh fJ;/ ftdo'j GktBk dh ;{ue j?. fJj ;zp 'XB j? s/ d{i/ gk;/ nfij/ wZX
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 44 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
tor d/ p[ZXhihthnK Bz{ ;zp'fXs ehsk frnk j? fijV/ gq:'rtkd iK j'o tkdK d/ Bt/_ Bt/_
s}ofpnK Bz{ jh ftdo'j ;wM e/ ;kfjs ftu fJe ny"sh eqKsh d/ Mzvk-podko pDB dk
:sB eod/ oj/ jB. gkF fbydk j? L
w?_ b'jk ykXk j?
s[;h_ b'j/ dh rZb eod/ j'.
;Ekgsh dk fto'X fJBQK ethnK dh ftF/Fsk j?, go fJj fto'X gq:'rtkdhnK tKr
fBokoEe (Negative) Bjh_, ;r'_ fJ; ftu fJe T[;ko{ gq/oDk j? s/ T[j gq/oDk pVh ;ob
F?bh okjh_ o{gwkB j'Jh j? L
Xosh wK dh feosh ikfJnk
feos Bkb j? i' goBkfJnk
b[ZN j[zd k ;dhnK s'_ nkfJnk
g[ShJ/ T[; dh ;ko
;kED iBsk j?, T[m e/ jZb wko.
g/_v{ ihtB dk nB[Gt j?, T[; ihtB ftu'_ gqkgs ehsh fpzpktbh ns/ nkgD/ nB[Gt
Bz{ iB ;kXkoB Bkb ;KMk eoB dh fJZSk fJ; eftsk dh ;kdrh dk ekoD j? ns/ fJj
;kdrh gq:'rtkdh eftsk d/ ifNb fpzp ftXkB ns/ X[zdb/gB Bkb'_ tX/o/ wep{b j'Jh j?.
gzikp d/ fJfsjk; ns/ Gkosh fJfsjk; ftu'_ jtkb/ d/ e/ fJBQK ethnK B/ nkgDh eftsk
d/ BkfJe Bz{ ;op ;fwnK d/ i[Mko{ wB[Zy Bkb i'VB dk T[gokbk ehsk j?.
nfGnk; tk;s/ gqF B
1H ;kfjs iK eftsk tk;s/ tos/ rJ/ Fpd nkX[fBe s'_ eh Gkt j? <
2H GkJh tho f;zx d[nkok gzikph eftsk ftu eh gfotosB tkgodk j? <
3H gq'H g{oB f;zx dh gzikph ekft ftu eh ftF/Fsk j? <
4H 1935 s'_ 1947 se dh gzikph eftsk d/ gqw[Zy M[ekn fejV/ jB <
5H d/F tzv Bkb ;zpzfXs eftsk dk ;o{g fej' fijk j? <
6H okFNoh GktK tkbh eftsk dk fejVk d"o j? <
7H gzikph eftsk ftu gq:'rtkd dk fezBk e[ :'rdkB j? <
8H i[Mkotkdh eftsk pko/ s[;h_ eh ikDd/ j' <
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk gzi kph u' D tK ftFk
gzi kph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;

gkm Bzpo L 1H6

gzi kph Bktb dk fJfsjk; ns/ ftek;

1H gkm dk wzs t L fJ; gkm ftu ftF/F o{g Bktb d/ iBw ns/ ftek; pko/
ft;fsqs ftuko eoB dk :sB ehsk frnk j?. fiBQK gfo;fEshnK B/ Bktb Bz{ iBw fdZsk,
T[BQK dk ;zy/g toDB eoe/ nzro/}h ;kfjs d/ gqGkt nXhB Bz{ Bktb j'_d ftu fbnkT[D
tkbhnK FeshnK pko/ ikDekoh eokJh rJh j?.
2H gkm dh o{g -o/y k L Bktb eh j? < Bktb dh gfoGkFk, gzikph ftu Bktb
dk iBw, Bktb dhnK fe;wK-fJfsjk;e, Xkofwe ns/ ;wkie Bktb dk ftek;, BktbZN
dk ftek;.
3H G{f wek L Bktb nkX[fBe ;kfjs dk fJe gqshfBX s/ wjZstg{oD nzr j?.
Bktb fJskbth Fpd *B't/bk* s'_ pfDnk j?. fJskbth GkFk ftu B't/bk dk Gkt fJe gqeko
dh eEk, tkosk, rZbpks iK fpnkB j[zdk j?, fi; ftu ihtB ftu'_ gkso b? e/ T[BQK d/
eow pko/ fNZgDh ehsh j[zdh j?. fJskbth GkFk ftu *v?ekw?oB* BK dh ouBk fJ; tBrh
dh gfjbh g[;se wzBh rJh j?.
4H g foG kF kt K
JhHn?wH cko;No Bktb Bz{ **gzikp j}ko s'_ tZX FpdK dh ebfgs tkose
efjzdk j?.**1
j?Boh chbfvzr Bktb Bz{ **tkose ftu ;[yKs wjKekft ;wMdk j?.**2
n?uHihH t?b} dk eEB j? fe **Bktb fJe fe;w dk ikd{ dk p'bk j? fi;
ftu jo fJe uh} gkJh ik ;edh j?.**3
jv;B dk ftuko j? fe **BkNe tKr Bktb th ihtB Bkb, wodK s/ fJ;sqhnK Bkb
ns/ T[BQK d/ go;go ;zpzXK Bkb, T[BQK d/ ftukoK s/ GktK, T[dkroK s/ wzstK Bkb fiBQK
okjh_ T[j gqGkfts j[zd/ ns/ ekoi eod/ jB, T[BQK dhnK y[FhnK s/ |whnK Bkb, T[BQK d/
;zxoF ;\bsktK ns/ n;\bsktK Bkb f;ZXk ;zp zX oZydk j?.**4
Bktb ftu ejkDh dk j'Dk }o{oh wzfBnk frnk j?. JhHn?wH cko;No ejkDh fpnkB
eoB Bz{ Bktb dk w{b sZs wzBdk j?. jv;B fJ;/ rZb Bz{ e[M tZyo/ FpdK ftu fJT[_ efjzdk
j? L
**Bktb Gkt/_ e[M th j? go fJj ejkDh }o{o fpnkB eodk j?.**5
Bktb dh gfoGkFk fGzB fGzB ftdtkBK s/ nkb'ueK B/ fGzB fGzB gqe ko ehsh j?.

1. Aspects of the Novel, Page 9.

2. Joseph Andrews.
3. Perey Lobbock—The Craft of Fiction.
4. An Introduction to The Study of Literature, page 163.
5. An Introduction to The Study of Literature, page 136.
45
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 46 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fJj gfoGkFktK Bktb ftu fwbd/ sZs K ftu'_ fe;/ fJe T[ s / tX/o/ i'ao d/D s/ d{i/ sZs K
Bz{ nZy'_ T[ jb/ eoB d/ cb;o{g fJe d{i/ s'_ tZyohnK tZyohnK gqs hs j[ zd hnK jB. i/ n;h_
Bktb d/ }o{oh sZs K Bz{ fdqFNhr'u o eo bJhJ/ sK n;h_ Bktb dh fe;/ gqwkfDe gfoGkFk
s/ ngV ;ed/ jK.
5H gzikph Bktb dk iBw ns/ ftek; L nzro/}K dh nkwd Bkb gzikph Bktb
dk iBw j[zdk j?. gZSwh soi dh ;wkie ns/ okiBhfse gqDkbh nB[;ko fiE/ f}wh_dkoh
fF;Nw ]sw j' fojk ;h T[E/ wZX -F/qDh j'_d ftu nk rJh. gzikp ftu ftek; ekoi F[o{
j'D Bkb B"eohnK ftu tkXk j'fJnk ns/ gVQ/ fby/ gzikph ;oekoh B"eohnK eoB bZr gJ/
sB]kj fwbD bZrh s/ fJBQK Bz{ fe;kBK tKr fe;ws ns/ e[dos dh |[b kwh s'_ w[esh fwb
rJh. fJj Bth_ T[s gzB j'Jh F/qDh fe;kB tor bJh oFe pD rJh s/ T[BQK B/ fJek d[ek
pZfunK Bz{ ftfdnk d/D bJh nkgDh ewkJh you eoBh F[o{ eo fdZsh. fJ; soQK fe;kB
dh fwjBs ;dek Ffjoh wZX-F/qDh j'_d ftu nkT[Dh F[o{ j' rJh.
1860 JhH ftu f;Zfynk ftGkr, 1864 JhH ftu Uohn?_Nb ekbi, bkj"o ns/ 1882
JhH ftu gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh, bkj"o dh ;EkgBk j' ikD Bkb T[uh ftfdnk dk gqpzX j' frnk
s/ fJ; Bkb Bt-ikfrqsh c?bD ftu pj[s ;jkfJsk fwbh. gZSwh ihtB s/ ;kfjs dk n;o
tZXdk frnk. Bth_ T[sgzB j'Jh Ffjoh wZX F/qDh tX/o/ u/szB j[zdh rJh s/ T[; dhnK wkBf;e
b'VK tZXdhnK rJhnK.
nzro/} K dk oki gZe k j' ikD Bkb s/ o/b K ns/ ;zuko ;j{ b sK d/ tkX/ Bkb ;kok
fjzd [;skB fJe okiBhfse fJekJh ftu pZM frnk. irhodkoh ;wki j"bh j"b h ;owkJ/ dkoh
;wki ftu pdbD bZrk. T[ u ftZfdnk dh gqkgsh eoe/ ;wki ftu wk;No, tehb, eboe
s/ gq'c?; o nkfd BthnK F/qDhnK g?d k j' rJhnK. fJ; d/ cb;o{g fJe p" fXe F/qDh B/ iBw
fbnk. fJ; p"fXe F/qDh B/ nkgDhnK ;kfjfse o[ uhnK d/ gqrNkt/ bJh Bktb dh b'V
wfj;{; ehsh.
feT[_fe ;G s'_ gfjbK nzro/}h Fk;B pzrkb gqKs ftu ;Ekgs j'fJnk ;h, fJ; bJh
;[Gkte jh Gkos ftu ;G s'_ gfjbK Bktb pzrkb ftu jh g?dk j'fJnk. fJj Bktb fgnkok
uzd fwZso B/ fbfynk s/ fJ; dk BK *nbkb/o r{o/o d[b kb* ;h. fJ; Bktb dk ftFk
;dkukoe ;h.
Gkt/_ gzikph Bktb dk iBw T[BQhth_ ;dh d/ nzs t/b/ j'fJnk, go fJ; ;kfjs o{g
dhnK BhjK r[o{ BkBe d/t dhnK iBw ;kyhnK ftu fwbdhnK jB. Gkt/_ T[BQK feosK Bz{
nkX[fBe noEK ftu Bktb Bjh_ nkfynk ik ;edk. T[BQK ftu fwbdhnK eokwksh s/ ndG[s
;kyhnK nkgD/ nzdo Bktb dhnK ;zGktBktK b[ekJh p?mhnK jB. T[BQK ftu r[o{ BkBe ns/
T[BQK d/ ;zgoe ftu nkT[D tkb/ ftneshnK d/ gkso fusoD th fwbd/ jB. fgqz;hgb s/ik
f;zx B/ gzikph Bktb Bz{ iBw ;kyhnK dk T[sokfXekoh wzfBnk j?.
vkH r[ o uoB f;z x ns/ gq ' H feogkb f;z x e;/ b dk ftuko j? fe gz i kph Bktb
gZ S wh ;kfjs d/ gq G kt nXhB T[ s gz B j' f Jnk. gz i kph d/ pj[ s / ftdtkB s/ nkb' u e
gz i kph Bktb dk nkoz G GkJh tho f;z x d/ Bktb *;[ z d oh* s' _ j' f Jnk wz B d/ jB goz s {
vkH ;[ f oz d o f;z x d[ ; KM dk ws j? fe *;[ z d oh* s' _ gfjbK nz r o/ } h ftu i' j B pkfBnkB
d/ Bktb *fgbfrq w } gq k rq ? ; * dk nB[ t kd *w;hj w[ ; k\o dh :ksok* nXhB j' u[ Z e k ;h.
T[ j fbyd/ jB, *w;hj w[ ; kco dh :ksok* f;Z X k nz r o/ } h GkFk ftu' _ T[ b EkfJnk frnk
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 47 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
ns/ fJj gz i kph ftu gfjbk Bktb j' D eoe/ gz i kph Bktb d/ iBw Bz { nz r o/ } h ;kfjs
ftu' _ Bktb dh f;Z X h d/ D jh wz B Dk gt/ r k, go ;kvk fJj ws j? fe *fgbfrq w } gq k rq ? ; *
Bz { nz r o/ } h ;kfjs ftu Bktb Bjh_ , Bktb dh Bh_ j wz f Bnk iKdk j? , n? B T[ ; gq e ko
fit/ _ iBw ;kyhnK Bz { gz i kph Bktb dh Bh_ j nkfynk ikt/ . fJ; bJh fJj efjDk tX/ o /
T[ f us ikgdk j? fe gz i kph ftu Bktb dk iBw *;[ z d oh* Bktb s' _ j' f Jnk ns/ feT[ _
i' fJj Bktb 1898 JhH ftu gq e kfFs j' f Jnk ;h, fJ; bJh fJj toQ k gz i kph Bktb
dk iBw-toQ k nkfynk ik ;edk j? .
6H gzi kph ftu fJfsjk;e Bktb
GkJh tho f;zx gzikph Bktb dk iBw-dksk jh Bjh_ ;r'_ T[ j gzikph fJfsjk;e
s/ Xkofwe Bktb dh gozgok Bz{ s'oB tkbk Bktbeko th j?. T[; B/ fszB fJfsjk;e Bktb
*;[ zd oh*, *fpi? f;zx * s/ *;stzs e"o* fby/ jB. fijV/ eqwtko 1898, 1899 ns/ 1900 JhH
ftu gq e kfFs j'J /. fJj fszB/ Bktb f;Zy iBsk ftu nk ojh froktN Bz{ o'e D bJh f;ZyK
dhnK wjkB otkfJsK Bz{ ;[ oihs eoB d/ :sB jB. fJBQ K BktbK ftu nmkoQ t h_ ;dh d/
f;Zy-fJfsjk; dhnK xNBktK Bz{ fusfonk frnk j?. GkJh tho f;zx B/ fJBQ K g[ ;seK ftu
fJfsjk;e ;ZukJh dk Mktbk gkT[ D bJh pj[ s ;kohnK fJfsjk;e ouBktK dh ;jkfJsk
bJh j?.
fJBQK BktbK ftu b/ye B/ T[; ;w/_ dk fuZso g/F eoB dk :sB ehsk j? id'_ Bkdo
Fkj s/ nfjwd Fkj npdkbh B/ tko tko Gkos T[s/ jwb/ ehs/ s/ gzikp Bz{ T[BQK jwfbnK
dh ;G s'_ tZX wko ;fjDh gJh. T[d'_ gzikph ftu g{oD s"o *s/ nokiesk g;oh j'Jh ;h.
gzikp d/ wod s/ fJ;sohnK ekpb-ezXko dhnK wzvhnK ftu fted/ ;B. T[d'_ gzikp ftu
f;ZyK s'_ fpBK j'o e'Jh th XkVthnK ns/ ;EkBe jkewK tZb'_ Ykj/ ik oj/ }[bwK ns/
nfsnkukok dk w[ekpbk Bjh_ ;h eodk. fijV/ fjzd{ fJ; }[b w d/ fto[ZX nktk} T[uh eoBk
ukj[zd/ ;B, T[j f;Zy iE/pzdh Bjh_ ;h eodk. fijV/ fjzd{ fJ; }[bw d/ fto[ZX nktk} T[uh
eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B, T[j f;Zy iE/pzd h dk Gkr pDe/ nfijk eod/ ;B. fJ; soQK f;Zy bfjo
fdB' fdB w}p{s j' ojh ;h. f;Zy jkew iwks Bkb e'Jh th ;wM"sk Bjh_ ;B eod/ fi;
eoe/ ;oeko f;ZyK dk y[ok y'i fwNkT[D *s/ s[bh j'Jh ;h.
GkJh tho f;zx B/ fJfsjk;e xNBktK Bz{ ek\h jZd se :EkoEe Yzr Bkb g/F ehsk
j?, go gksoK Bz{ fusoD ;w/_ T[; dk f;zx-;GkJh fdqFNhe'D tX/o/ gqpb j' iKdk j? fi;
eoe/ f;Zy gkso nkdoFe, fjzd{ gkso ekfJo s/ p[}fdb ns/ w[;bwkB gkso }kbw s/
tfjFh j' fBpVd/ jB. fJBQK BktK dh r'_d fYZb h j? feT[_fe fbykoh EK go EK bzp/ tfynkB
S/V pfjzdk j?. tkoskbkg th gksoK d/ ;[Gkn nB[;ko Bjh_ ;r'_ pDkT[Nh s/ Bebh j?.
GkJh tho f;zx d/ fJj Bktb xNBk gqXkB jB Gkt/_ gq'H fgqsgkb f;zx B/ fJBQK Bz{ gbkN
gqXkB nkfynk j?. gkso Bw{Bk gkso jB, T[BQK ftu ftek; eoB dhnK ;zG ktBktK xZN jB.
T[j nkgDhnK Xkofwe F/qDhnK dh gqshfBXsk eoB tkb/ gkso jB. fJBQK BktbK ftu fJ;sqh
gksoK Bz{ th wjZssk fdZsh rJh j?. *;[zdoh* s/ *;stzs e"o* ftu sK fJ;sqhnK jh w[Zy gkso
jB ns/ shi/ Bktb *fpi? f;zx* ftu Fhb e"o dk gkso fpi? f;zx Bkb'_ fe;/ rZb'_ xZN
Bjh_. fJBQK ouBktK dk w[Zy nkFk Xow gquko j?.
GkJh tho f;zx dh fJfsjk;e Bktb dh gozgok Bz{ nZr/ s'oB ftu n?;Hn?;H uoB
f;zx Fjhd B/ fijVk fjZ;k gkfJnk T[j th GkJh f;zx tKr fszBK BktbK dk jh j?. T[;
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 48 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
d/ fszB fJfsjk;e Bktb jB L *db/o e"o*, *oDihs e"o* ns/ *uzub w{osh*. fJj eqwtko
1911, 1913 ns/ 1915 JhH ftu gqekfFs j'J/. Gkt/_ Fjhd, f;zx ;Gk bfjo d/ w[ZyhnK ftu'_
sK Bjh_ ;B, go T[j fJ; bfjo d/ gqGkt nXhB }o{o ;B.
uoB f;z x Fjhd B/ th GkJh tho f;z x tKr nkgD/ BktbK d/ gksoK Bz { nmkoQ t h_
;dh d/ ;wkie, Xkofwe s/ okiBhfse fgS' e V ftu oZ y e/ g/ F ehsk j? . T[ j nkgD/
Bktb dh ejkDh dk w[ Z Y fe;/ fjz d { nEtk f;Z y fJ;sq h d/ fe;/ jkew jZ E h_ u[ Z e / ikD
s' _ eodk j? . ;koh ejkDh ftu T[ j fJ;sq h nkgD/ ;Z s Xow Bz { pukT[ D bJh w[ ; hpsK
Mkrdh j' J h ftykJh iKdh j? . fJZ E ' _ se sK uoB f;z x Fjhd s/ GkJh tho f;z x dh
gj[ z u fJe' gq e ko dh j? , go uoB f;z x Fjhd d/ BktbK ftu eJh w[ ; bwkB n" o sK
f;z x gksoK T[ s / w' f js j[ z d hnK th ftykJhnK rJhnK jB fit/ _ *oDihs e" o * ftu
y[ o Fhdh dbihs f;z x T[ s / ns/ *uz u b w{ o sh* ftu j;Bk uz u b f;z x T[ s / . Fjhd B/
nkgD/ BktbK ftu nfij/ w[ ; bwkB gkso th fbnKd/ jB fijV/ f;Z y gksoK d/
nkodFe ihtB s' _ gq G kfts j' e/ f;Z y ;Z i iKd/ jB. fJ; s' _ S[ Z N Fjhd B/ nkgD/ f;Z y
gksoK ftu wB[ Z y h ewi' a o hnK Bz { fuso e/ T[ B Q K Bz { tX/ o / wz B D :' r th pDkfJnk j? .
fJ; soQ K T[ ; dk gkso-fusoD GkJh tho f;z x d/ Nkeo/ ftu tX/ o / :EkoEe j? , go
T[ ; d/ BktbK dh r' _ d fYZ b h j[ z d h j? . c/ o th T[ ; Bz { ejkDh efjD dk nfijk Yz r
nkT[ _ d k j? fe T[ j ne/ t K wfj;{ ; Bjh_ j' D fdz d k. fiE' _ se T[ ; d/ nkF/ dk ;z p z X
j? , fJj th GkJh tho f;z x tKr Xkofwe s/ ;[ X koe j? .
GkJh tho f;zx d/ fJfsjk;e BktbK d/ gqekfFs j'D s'_ e[M fuo fgZS'_ thjth_ ;dh
d/ nkozG ftu frnkBh frnkB f;zx dk fJe fJfsjk;e Bktb *pbtzs e"o* (d' GkrK ftu)
gqekfFs j'fJnk. fJ; Bktb dk ;wK s/ T[d/F GkJh tho f;zx s/ uoB f;zx Fjhd tkbk
jh j?. fJ; Bktb dh ftF/Fsk fJ; dk xo'rh nzF, w[Zy gkso dk nkg ejkDh ;[DkT[Dk
ns/ gkmeK Bz{ ;o'fsnK d/ o{g ftu ;zp'XB eoBk j?.
fJfsjk;e Bktb d/ y/so ftu jh wk;No skok f;zx dk Bktb *gq/w brB* nkT[_dk
j? fi; ftu b/ye B/ nekbh bfjo Bz{ nkXko wzB e/ Bktb T[;koh ehsh j?. fJj Bktb
1934 ftu gqekfFs j'fJnk. fJ; dh ejkDh sK o'ue j?, go fes/ fes/ tkX{ ft;Eko th
j?. gkso-T[;koh d/ gZy'_ fJ; Bz{ ;\b Bjh_ fejk ik ;edk j?, go g/_v{ ihtB dh :EkoEe
s;tho fyZuD ftu fJj pj[s ekw:kp j?.
fJfsjk;e Bktb d/ gq;zr ftu eoBb Bfozd ogkb f;zx B/ toDB:'r ezw ehsk
j?. T[ ; d/ uko fJfsjk;e Bktb-*yzfBT[ fsZyh*, *tkbj[z fBeh*, *J/fs wkor ikDk*, s/ *fJe
;oeko pkM'_* gqe kfFs j'J / jB. *yzfBT[ _ fsZyh* ftu 1710 s'_ 1716 JhH dk fJfsjk;e ;wK
fbnk frnk j?, id'_ pzd k pjkdo B/ gzikp d/ fe;kBk Bz{ e[ opkBhnK ftu fsnko ehsk
s/ f;Zy oki dh Bh_j oZyh. *tkbjz{ fBeh* bkj'o T[ s / f;ZyK d/ ep}/ dh ejkDh fpnkB
eodk j? fi; ftu uVQ s f;zx s/ iZ; k f;zx nkjb{t kbhnk nfjwd Fkj Bz{ d[ VkT[ D s/
bkj"o s/ ep}k eod/ ftykJ/ rJ/ jB.
*J/fs wkofr ikDk* ftu oDihs f;zx s/ f;y oki s/ y/oz{ y/oz{ j'D dk jkb doi
j?. fJBQK fszBK BktbK d/ BK r[o{ nwodk; dh s[e *yzfBT[_ fsyh tkbjz[ fBeh J/fs wkor
ikDk* d/ nkXko *s/ oZy/ rJ/ jB. u"Ek Bktb *fJe ;oeko pkM'_* wjkokik oDihs f;zx
dh nDj'_d ftu gzikp dh nk}kdh dh ;wkgsh dh d[Zy-Goh ftZfEnk Bz{ fpnkB eodk j?.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 49 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fJBQK ukoK BktbK ftu nzfwqs;o bkr/ ;fEs fgzv d/ fJe fe;kB xokD/ d/ gzikp Bz{ w[|b
;kwoki s'_ nk}kd eokT[D bJh ehs/ ;zxoF dh bzwh ejkDh j?. fJ;/ gqeko fJ; b/ye
B/ nkgD/ fJBQK BktbK ftu 1700 s'_ b? e/ 1805 JhH se d/ gzikp d/ fJfsjk; Bz{ g/F eoB
dk :sB ehsk j?. Gkt/_ Bktbeko B/ f;Zy fJfsjk;, fi; torh d[orsh j'o fe;/ fJfsjk;
dh Bjh_ j'Jh, Bkb fJB;k\ eoB dk dkntk ehsk, go T[j nkgD/ dknt/ T[s/ g{ok Bjh_
T[so ;fenk. T[; B/ fJfsjk;e sZEK Bz{ g/F eoB ftu sK ;\bsk gqkgs ehsh j?, go T[j
nkgD/ BktbK dh ejkDh dk ;wekbh tksktoD T[xkVB ftu g{oh soQK ekw:kp Bjh_ j'
;fenk. T[j nkgD/ nkg Bz{ Bktb Bkb ;zpzfXs ;w/_ se ;hfws Bjh_ oZy ;edk fi; eoe/
T[; d/ Bktb ebk d/ gZy s'_ ewi'ao j' iKd/ jB.
fJfsjk;e Bktb d/ y/ s o ftu BkBe f;z x dk Bktb *fJe fwnkB d' sbtkoK*
;BwkB :' r ;EkB dk jZ e dko j? . fJj Bktb rdoh bfjo Bkb ;z p z f Xs j? fijVh
1914-15 ftu Gkos Bz { nk}kd eokT[ D bJh ubh ;h. eosko f;z x ;okGk fJ; bfjo
dh fJe T[ x h j;sh ;h s/ fJ;/ j;sh d[ n kb/ fJ; Bktb dh ejkDh Bz { T[ ; kfonk frnk
j? . Gkt/ _ BkBe f;z x rdoh bfjo dh fjz ; e Bhsh Bkb ;fjws Bjh_ ;h sK th T[ ;
B/ bfjo dh ejkDh Bz { nkgD/ fJ; Bktb ftu u[ D e/ nkgDh T[ d kotkdh fdq F Nh dk
;p{ s g/ F ehsk j? . Gkt/ _ Bktb dk BK *fJe fwnkB d' sbtkoK* j? , go fe;/ w" e / *s/
d' sbtkoK (;[ y d/ t f;z x ;' Y h s/ ;[ d oFB) fJe fwnkB ftu ;wkT[ D bJh fsnko jh
j[ z d hnK. ;[ d oFB rdo gkoNh d/ ez w bJh ssgo j? , go T[ j jw/ F K pkg dh |? o -
jk}oh dk bkG T[ m k e/ ez w eodk j? s/ i/ fes/ Nkeo/ dh ;fEsh g? d k j[ z d h j? sK
;wM" s / *s/ T[ s o nkT[ _ d k j? . fJ;/ gq e ko fJ; Bktb dk gkso fdnkbk Bk sK ;w/ _ dh
iBsk dk gq s he j? ns/ Bk jh fBZ i h o{ g ftu Bktb d/ ftF/ Bkb ;z p z X oZ y dk j? .
Bktbeko Bz { Bk sK rdoh bfjo Bkb okiBhfse gZ y ' _ e' J h jwdodh ;h s/ Bk jh T[ ;
Bz { fJ; bfjo d/ fJfsjk;e o' b pko/ g{ o g{ o h ikDekoh, fi; eoe/ T[ ; dk fJj Bktb
fJfsjk;e ns/ ebk d/ gZ y s' _ e' J h pj[ s h ;\b ouBk Bjh_ .
T[go'es BktbekoK s'_ fpBK e[M j'o BktbekoK B/ th fJ; gk;/ fJek d[Ze k ouBktK
ehshnK jB fiBQK ftu'_ fsqb'e f;zx dk Bktb *r[odk; Bzrb d/ Fjhd*, frnkBh GiB f;zx
dk *:koV/ dk ;Eo* ns/ joBkw dk; ;fjokJh d/ *b'jrVQ*, *;GoktK* ns/ *nB{g e"o*
toDB:'r jB.
7H gzi kph ftu Xkofwe Bktb
fiE'_ se Xkofwe BktbK d/ iBw s/ ftek; dk ;zpzX j?, fJj th fJfsjk;e Bktb
d/ Bkb g?dk j'fJnk j?, fJ; dk ftek; th fJ; d/ ;wkBKso jh j'fJnk. GkJh tho f;zx
ns/ uoB f;zx Fjhd d/ fJfsjk;e Bktb f;Zy fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzfXs j'D eoe/ s/ f;Zy
Xow d/ gquko T[d/F fjZs fby/ j'D eoe/ Xkofwe Bktb dh F/qDh ftu th oZy/ ik ;ed/
jB, go fBo'b Xkofwe Bktb fbyD tZb gfjb GkJh w'jB f;zx t?d B/ *;q/FN e[bK dh
ukb* BK dk Bktb 1911 JhH ftu ou e/ ehsh. T[BQK d/ ou/ j'J / Xkofwe Bktb *fJe
f;Zy xokDk*, *;[Gkr e"o*, ns/ *dzgsh fgnko* jB. r[ofdnkb f;zx c[Zb nB[;ko GkJh w'jB
f;zx d/ BktbK dk T[d/F j? L-
**fJBQK BktbK ftu wBwshnK s/ r[ow[y gqkDhnK dk nzsokswe ftFb/FD j?, nk;seK
s/ Bk;seK dk y'b j?, gZSwh ;fGnsk ns/ g{oph ;fGnsk dk x'b j?, B/eh ns/ pdh dk
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 50 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
w[ekpbk j?.**1
GkJh w'jB f;zx t?d d/ Bktb Xkofwe s/ ;[X koe jB s/ fJ;/ bVh dk Bktb *pkpk
B"X f;zx * feqs GkJh tho f;zx j?. fJ; Bktb ftu ;[ G kr BK dh BkfJek dk B"X f;zx
d[ nkok Xkofwe ;[ X ko j[ zd k ftykfJnk frnk j?. Bktb dh ejkDh sK gfjb/ frDsh d/
gzfBnK *s/ ]sw j' iKdh j?, go pkeh dk ;kok Bktb Xkofwe T[ d /F Bkb Gfonk j'f Jnk
j?. fJ; ;w/_ GkJh nwo f;zx B/ *xo dk fBopkj* BK dk Xkofwe s/ ;[ X koe Bktb
fbfynk. fJ; d/ ;Zs GkrK ftu d' ftu sK ejkDh o; j? go pkeh d/ gzi GkrK ftu
f;XKse ftnkfynk *s/ jh i'ao fdZs k frnk j?. GkJh nwo f;zx B/ *;[ uZih fJzd o e"o*,
*S'N h Bz{j* s/ *;[ uZih wK* nkfd Xkofwe Bktb th fby/ jB, fiBQK dk nkFk ;wki dk ;[X ko
jh j?. Bfozd ogkb f;zx d/ fiBQ K BktbK dk BK T[ go fJfsjk;e Bktb nXhB toDB ehsk
frnk j?, nkF/ ti'_ Xkofwe Bktb jB.
8H ;wki ;[ X koe Bktb
T[go'es w'Yh BktbekoK B/ Gkt/_ Xkofwe Bktb ou/ go T[BQK dk nkFk ;[Xkoe ;h,
fiT[_ fiT[_ gzikph Bktb B/ ftek; ehsk fJj ;hfws ;[Xko fijVk f;Zy ;wki Bz{ jh nkgD/
x/o/ ftu b?_dk ;h ;w[Zu/ ;wki se g;o frnk. gzikp ftu ubh nekbh bfjo dh nzrq/}h
je{ws Bkb f;ZXh NZeo j' rJh s/ fJ; Bz{ okFNotkdh gkoNh eKro; dk ;woEB gqkgs
j' frnk. fJj pV/ wkD dh rZb j? fe nekbh bfjo d/ gqGkt nXhB gzikp ftu e'Jh
;zgqdkfJe Bktb g?dk Bjh_ j'fJnk. nzro/}K fto[ZX okiBhfse ;zxoFK d/ s/} j'D Bkb ;wki
ftu ikfrqsh nkT[Dh F[o{ j' rJh s/ gzikph ftu ;wki ;[Xkoe Bktb dk ;{oi T[d? j'fJnk.
BkBe f;zx d/ w[ZYb/ Bktb *wso/Jh wK*, *gq/w ;zrhs*, *fwZmk wj[ok* ns/ *ekb uZeo* fJ;/
F/qDh Bkb ;zpzX oZyd/ jB.
;wki ;[ X koe Bktb d/ ftek; ns/ f;yo dk ;wK 1932 s' _ 1947 JhH d/ ftueko
j? fi; ;w/_ BkBe f;zx B/ T[ go'E bh *fuZN k bj{* , *\"b kdh c[ Zb *, *ekrsK dh p/V h*, *fgnko
dh d[ B hnk*, *N[ Z N h thDk*, *nZ X fyfVnk c[ Z b *, *rz r k ibh ftu Fokp*, *gftZ s o gkgh*,
*ihtB ;z r q k w*, *X[ z d b/ goSkt/ _ * , *bt-w? f oi*, *d{ o feBkok* nkfd Bktb gz i kph ;kfjs
Bz { G/ N ehs/ . fJBQ K ;ko/ BktbK ftu BkBe f;z x B/ ;wki d/ e' j iK Bz { Bz r k eoe/ T[ B Q K
Bz { d{ o eoB d/ T[ g kn dZ ; D dk :sB ehsk j? . BkBe f;z x Bz { ejkDh efjD dh g{ o D
iKu j? s/ T[ j gkmeK Bz { ed/ th ne/ t K wfj;{ ; Bjh_ j' D fdz d k. T[ ; d/ fJ;soh gkso
Gkosh ;fGnkuko dhnK jZ d K nz d o jh ofjz d / jB s/ T[ j wo:kdk Bz { ed/ th Gz r Bjh_
eod/ . T[ ; d/ BktbK dh r' _ d ek\h ghvh jz [ d h j? , go T[ j fes/ fes/ w" e k w/ b s' _ th
ez w b? _ d k j? . T[ ; d/ pj[ s / Bktb xNBk gq X kB jB fi; eoe/ T[ B Q K ftu gkso T[ ; koh
tZ b g{ o k fXnkB Bjh_ fdZ s k frnk.
BkBe f;zx B/ 1947 s'_ pknd th nkgDh Bktb ouBk ikoh oZyh. gfjbK fJ; B/
gzikp dh tzv Bkb ;zpzfXs *y{B d/ ;'jb/*, *nZr dh y/v*, *wzMXko* ns/ *fuZsoeko* nkfd
Bktb fby/ s/ 1950 s'_ pknd *eZNh j'Jh gszr*, *;[wB eKsk*, *nkdwy'o*, *Bk;{o*, *;zrw*,
*pzio*, *g[ikoh*, *nk;se*, *Sbktk*, *fJe fwnkB d' sbtkoK*, *e'Jh jfonk p{N ofjU oh*,
*rrB dwkwk pkfiU* nkfd fby/ fiBQK ftu T[; B/ fes/ fes/ ;wkitkdh fdqFNhe'D th
1H *d[yfBtkoB* GkJh w'jB f;zx t?d, Bzpo, 1954
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 51 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
ngDkfJnk. BkBe f;zx B/ gzikph Bz{ frDBkswe gZy'_ ;G s'_ tX/o/ Bktb fdZs/ jB. T[;
d/ ;ko/ Bktb ;wki ;[Xkoe jB.
BkBe f;zx d/ e[M ;wekbhnK B/ th fJ; ;w/_ gzikph ftu ;wki ;[Xkoe Bktb fby/,
fiBQK ftu'_ n;h_ *w[okd* feqs JhFto uzd o Bzdk, *gq/w eDh* feqs fgqz;hgb fBoziB f;zx,
*itkoGkNk*, feqs wfjzdo f;zx ezto *seFbk* feqs gqhsw f;zx GkNhnk ns/ *gqGk* i'F{nk
\}bdhB Bz{ frD ;ed/ jK.
fJ; s'_ nrbh ghVQh d/ ;wki ;[X koe Bktbeko pbtzs rkorh, r[ouoB f;zx s/
;zs f;zx ;/y'_ jB fiBQK B/ eqwtko *eZek o/sk*, *trdh ;h okth* ns/ *bj{ fwZNh* BK d/
Bktb fby/. fJBQK BktbK Bz{ :EkoEtkdh BktbK dh F/qDh ftu oZyDk tX/o/ T[fus j?.
9H gzi kph ftu :EkoEtkdh Bktb L
gzikph ftu :EkoEtkdh fdqFNh nB[;ko fbyD tkb/ BktbekoK ftu'_ ;[fozdo f;zx
Bo{bk dh gqkgsh d{finK d/ Nkeo/ s/ tX/o/ j?. T[; dk *fgT[ g[Zso* Bktb tzv s'_ fJe toQk
g{ot gqekfFs j' frnk ;h, go pkeh d/ Bktb *ozr wfjb*, *iroksk*, *dhB s/ d[BhnK*,
*f;b nb{Dh*, *Bhbh pko*, *nkgD/ gokJ/*, *b'e d[FwD*, *irphsh*, *fdb dfonk* tzv s'_
fgZS'_ Sg/ jB. Bo{bk ;kfjp d/ jo Bktb dh ejkDh ftu BthBsk j?. T[; B/ fe;/ otkfJs
iK gozgok Bz{ ep{b Bjh_ ehsk ;r'_ gksoK dh wB'-ftfrnkBe T[;koh, xNBk d/ ft;Eko
g{ote fpnkB ns/ Ffjoh wZX F/qDh d/ :EkoEtkdh fusoD Bkb gzikph Bktb Bz{ g{oB s"o
*s/ :EkoEtkdh y/so ftu b? nKdk j?. T[; dk fdqFNhe'D ;wkitkdh j?, go T[; ftu
rKXhtkdh nfjz;k dh fwZ; j?.
10H ;wkitkdh Bktb
gzikph ftu ;wkitkdh Bktb dk gqt/F i;tzs f;zx eztb Bkb j[zdk j?. Gkt/_ nkgD/
gfjb/ Bktb *;Zu Bz{ cK;h* s/ *gkbh* fbyD ;w/_ i;tzs f;zx T[s/ t/dKs dk gqGkt gqsZy
j? go *g{oBwkFh* s/ *oks pkeh j?*, BktbK ftu T[; dk ;wkitkdh fdqFNhe'D T[xV e/
;kjwD/ nkT[_dk j?. eztb d/ pkeh Bktb — *f;tb bkJhB}, *o{gXkok, *jkDh*, *stkohy
t/ydh j?*, *fwso fgnko/ Bz{* ns/ *i/ok* ftu T[; d/ oki;h ftukoK dk ;k\ gsk bZrdk
j?. T[; dh ;koh ouBk ;wkie u/s Bk s/ ;wekbh oki;h ftukoK s'_ gqG kfts j?.
11H BthnK gq f tq s hnK
ftZfdnk d/ gq;ko ns/ FfjoK d/ ft;Eko Bkb Gkos ftu wZX F/qDh dh ;zfynk ftu
ek\h tkXk j'fJnk j?. fJ; wZX F/qDh dhnK nkgDhnK Gkt[ e b'VK jB, fiBQ K dh g{osh dh
wzr T[ j ;kfjs gk;'_ th eodh j?. fJ; gqe ko dh wzr Bz{ g{ok eoB tkb/ e[ M Bktbeko
th gzi kph ftu g?d k j'J / jB fiBQ K ftu'_ nzfwqs k gqhsw, ;[ oihs f;zx ;/mh, eosko f;zx
d[ Zrb, dbhg e"o fNtkDk, w'jB f;zx ekjb'_, fBoziB s;Bhw d/ Bk toDB:'r jB.
Bfozd ogkb f;zx th fJ; y/s o ftu nkT[ _d k j?, go T[ ; dk f}eo fJfsjk;e Bktb d/
gq;zr ftu ehsk ik u[ Ze k j?. T[ ; d/ e[ M Bktb — *wbkj*, *;?Bkgsh*, *T[ Dskbh toQ /* ,
*Fesh*, *fsqn ikb*, *nwB d/ okj* ns/ *fJe okj fJe gVkn* wZX F/qf De o[ u hnK d/
bykfJe jB. fJBQ K ftu o[ wKue ozr tX/o/ gqX kB j?. nzfwqs k gqhsw B/ *i? fFoh* *vkeNo
d/t *, *fgzio*, *nkbQ Dk*, *p[ b ktk*, *fJe ;tkb*, *nkF{* , *pzd dotk}k*, *u?& Ze Bzp o SZs h*,
*ozr dk gZs k*, *fdZb h dhnK rbhnK*, nkfd Bktb gzikph ;kfjs Bz{ G/N ehs/ jB. nzf wqs k
gqhsw d/ Bktb wZX F/qDh dhnK o[ uhnK Bz{ gqrN eoB s/ T[ ; dh ekfte F?b h eoe/
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 52 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
wjZs tg{oB jB. T[j fJ;sqh iksh d/ dZp / j'J/ i}fpnK dk pVh ;\bsk Bkb toDB eodh
j?. T[ ; dhnK ouBktK ftu ftFkd ns/ nfsqg sh dh r{zi pVh shyD j? ns/ eJh BktbK
ftu fbzr ;zp zX K dk fpnkB BrBsk dhnK jZd K S{zjdk j?.
;[ o ihs f;z x ;/ m h B/ *iBsk ikrh*, *o/ s d/ gjkV*, *fJe Ffjo dh rZ b *, *ez X h
T[ s / o[ y Vk*, *fJe ykbh fgnkbk*, fwbgZEo, nbgZ E o*, *eZ b Q th ;{ o i Bjh_ uVQ / r k* ns/
*nkpok edkpok*, BK d/ Bktb fby/ jB. T[ ; dh F? b h wB' f tfrnkBe j? s/ T[ ; B/
u/ s Bk-gq t kj dk gq : ' r th ;\bsk Bkb ehsk j? . eosko f;z x d[ Z r b d/ Bktb
*nKdoK*, *Bjz [ s/ wk;*, *fJe fdb ftekT[ j? * , *fdb dfonk*, *w/ o k fdb w' V d/ * , T[ ;
dh gq f eq s htkdh o[ u h d/ ;{ u e jB. dbhg e" o fNtkDk d/ Bktb *nrBh gq h fynk*,
*J/j[ jwkok ihtDk*, fJ;sq h iksh d/ d[ y Ks jB. T[ ; d/ fBZ i h nB[ G t dh T[ g i ikgd/
jB. fBoz i B s;Bhw Ffjoh wZ X F/ q D h dh ekw G[ Z y s/ fbz r Bkb ;z p z f Xs ftfFnK Bz {
b? e/ Bktb eodk j? . T[ ; B/ *goSkt/ _ * , *e;e*, *s/ V K d/ o{ g * nkfd Bktb fby/ jB.
w' j B ekjb' _ B/ gz i kp d/ dfonk okth bkr/ tZ ; d/ r[ Z i o s/ iZ N K Bz { nkgD/ BktbK
*wZ S bh fJe dfonk dh* ns/ *p/ V h s/ po/ s k* d/ gksoK d/ s" o *s/ u[ f Dnk j? s/ T[ B Q K
d/ ihtB Bz { :EkoEtkdh Yz r Bkb fpnkB ehsk j? .
nkX[fBe BktbekoK ftu'_ r[ofdnkb f;zx dk T[b/y eoBk th }o{oh j?. T[j *wVQh
dk dhtk*, *nDj'J/*, *o/s dh fJe w[Zmh*, *e[t/bk*, *nZX ukBDh oks*, ns/ *nzBQ/ x'V/ dk dkB*,
@go;k ns/ nkjD# BK d/ Bktb gqekfFs eo u[Zek j?. T[; d/ BktbK d/ ftF/ :EkoEtkdh
s/ gkso T[;koh pVh fBro j?. T[j B/ nkgDh Bt/ebh F?b h ns/ ebkswe gqkgsh ;dek
gzikph Bktb d/ y/so ftu nkgDh ftF/F EK pDk bJh j?.
12H Bktb?N dk ftek;
gz i kph ftu S' N / Bktb (Bktb? N ) fbyD dk s}opk th ft;/ a F toDB dh wz r
eodk j? . FkfJd Bktb? N fbyD dk gfjbk s}opk vkH w' j B f;z x t? d B/ *ofwz d o
e" o * fby e/ ehsk. fJ; s' _ pknd T[ ; B/ *;[ G kr e" o * s/ *fJe ;[ y h gfotko* BK dhnK
bz p hnK ejkDhnK fbyhnK fiBQ K Bz { Bktb? N efjDk :' r j? . vkH nwo f;z x B/ th d'
Bktb? N ou/ fijV/ *d' T[ s w ihtB* ns/ *csfj f;z x * BktK nXhB Sg/ . ;H r[ o p]F
f;z x gq h sbVh dh ouBk *nDftnkjh wK* th Bktb? N dh F/ q D h ftu jh nkT[ _ d h j? . BkBe
f;z x d/ fJe ;wekbh whok p]F fwBjk; dh ouBk *Btkp ]K* th Bktb? N jh j? .
fJj fJe ;" s' _ e[ M tX/ o / gz f BnK dh g[ ; se j? . gq ' H nkJhH ;hH Bz d k B/ th fJe Bktb? N
*s/ r e" o * thjth_ ;dh d/ d{ i / djke/ ftu fbyh. ;' j B f;z x ;hsb dhnK gfjbhnK
rbg ouBktK th bx{ Bktb Bktb? N dh F/ q D h ftu jh oZ y hnK ik ;edhnK jB. fJ;
s' _ fpBK ;z s ' y f;z x Xho dk Bktb? N *Fokph* ns/ BkNe f;z x d/ *nD;hs/ }]w* ns/
*gZ E o d/ yz v * toDB:' r jB.
13H nB[ t kfds Bktb
Bktb d/ y/so ftu nB[tkfds ouBktK dk f}eo eoBk th e[EK Bjh_. gq'H eosko
f;zx B/ *e"wh gotkBk*, *eowK dh y/v*, s/ *d[yhJ/*, Bfozdo f;zx ;'u B/ *w}d{o*, BkBe
f;zx B/ *gZEo eKpk*, *gsMV d/ gzSh*, *gqkfFus*, *\oK; dk vke{* s/ oiBh* nkfd, gq'H w'jB
f;zx B/ *Xosh gk;k gofsnk*, fgnkok f;zx dksk B/ *Xosh bkb' bkb*, irihs f;zx nkBzd
B/ *;sozrh gh_x*, eosko f;zx ;{oh B/ *N[ZfNnk nkbQDk*, fgnkok f;zx G"o B/ *NZgoh tk;*
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 53 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
nB[tkfds ouBktK gzikph ;kfjs dh G/_N ehshnK jB. fJBQK s'_ fpBK w?e;w r'oeh,
s[orB/t , d;s't;eh, ckJhd/t nkfd o{;h BktbekoK ns/ nofB;N j?fwzrt/ fij/ nwoheB
BktbekoK dhnK gqf;ZX ouBktK d/ nB[tkd th ehs/ rJ/ jB.
gz i kph Bktb y/ s o ftu e[ M nfij/ b/ y e j' o th jB fiBQ K dk f}eo T[ g o Bjh_
ehsk ik ;fenk feT[ _ f e T[ B Q K Bz { fGz B fGz B gq f tq s hnK tkb/ BktbK nXhB ftukoBk T[ f us
Bjh_ ;h ikgdk. fJj Bktbeko jB L ;[ f oz d oihs pokV (eosk dktkBb ns/ wohuek),
wfjz d o f;z x ;oBk (eosk ghVK wb/ okj, ek|K d/ ez Y / , Bhbk r[ b kp), feogkb f;z x
e;/ b (eosk tkov Bz p o d;), ;' j B f;z x ;hsb (eosk s{ s K tkbk y{ j , ekb/ goSkt/ _ ,
izr s/ nwB, fti'r B, nzB Q h ;[ zd osk, gstzs / ekfsb, i[ r pdb frnk, pdbk), joh f;z x
fdbpo (eosk BdhnK d/ tfjD, pkfjz fiBk dh geVhJ/ ) , ;kX{ f;z x jwdod, ;z s JhFo
f;z x ueotosh, doFB f;z x ntkok, B" o z r f;z x , wBihs f;z x okDk, r[ o w[ y f;z x ihs,
irwhs pokV, p{ N k f;z x Fkd.
fJ; soQK gzikph Bktb d/ nZ;h tfoQnK ftu fJfsjk;e, Xkofwe, ;wkie ;[Xkoe,
:EkoEtkdh, ;wkitkdh nkfd tzBrhnK dhnK ouBktK okjh_ gzikph ;kfjs Gzvko ftu fBro
tkXk ehsk j? s/ j[D fJ; ftu wZX F/qDh dhnK BthB ouhnK dk y[ZbQk gqrN ehsk ik fojk
j? s/ u/sBk-gqtkj d/ gq:'t th ehs/ ik oj/ jB. fiT[_ fiT[_ ihtB r[zMbdko pD fojk j?
fsT[_ fsT[_ Bktb th fBozso ftef;s j' fojk j?.
1960 s'_ fgZS '_ dk Bktb
1960 s'_ fgS'_ gzikph Bktb ftu th Bt/_ M[ e kn g?d k j'J / jB. fJBQ K M[ e ktK Bz{ w'N /
s"o s/ o[ wK;tkdh, :EkoEtkdh, gq: 'rtkdh, s/ i[ M kotkdh dk BK fdZs k ik ;edk j?. fJBQ K
s'_ gfjbK Xkofwe F[ ZX tkd, ;wkie ;[ X kotkd s/ wkBttkd gzikph Bktb ftu gqw[ Zy
gqftqs hnK jB.
1H o[ w K;tkdh Bktb
nzfwqsk gqhsw d/ brGr ;ko/ Bktb, i;tzs f;zx eztb d/ *fwZso fgnko/ Bz{* ns/
*i/ok*, dbhg e"o fNtkDk dk *nrBh gqhfynk ns/ eosko f;zx d[Zrb d/ Bktb o[wK;tkdh
M[ekn Bz{ jh do;kT[_d/ jB. fJBQK BktbK dk e/_doh ftFk fgnko j? ns/ fJBQK dh F?bh ekfte
j?. nzfwqsk gqhsw d/ *fJe ;tkb*, *pzd dotk}k*, *u&Ze Bzpo SZsh*, *p[bktk* s/ *fdZbh dhnK
rbhnK*, T[; d/ ekfte nB[Gt d/ jh bykfJe jB. T[; B/ fJ;sqh wodK d/ ;zpzXK Bz{ fJ;sqh
d/ fdqFNhe'D s'_ t/fynk j? s/ fJ; bJh T[j fJe T[gGkte s/ o[wKfNe tksktoD T[;koB
ftu th ;\b j' ;eh j?. eztb dk Bktb *fwZso fgnko/ Bz{* o[wKfNe F?bh ns/ nkdoFe
;zxoF dk T[dkjoD j?. fJj Bktb fJe gq/fwek tZb'_ gq/wh Bz{ fbyh fJe T[gGkte fijh
bzph fuZmh s'_ tZX e[M j?. *i/ok* ftu th ezt b B/ fJe :EkoEe ;wZf;nk Bz{ jZE gk e/
T[; Bz{ o[wKfNe fij/ Yzr Bkb fBgNkfJnk j?. fNtkDk d/ Bktb *nrBh gqhfynk* ftu
nkdoFe s/ n\bks{Bh fij/ fgnko dh b'uk eoB tkbh fJe e[Vh dh ejkDh j?. d[Zrb
d/ Bktb *fJe fdb ftekT{ j?*, *w/ok fdb w'V d/* s/ *fdb dfonk* nkfd T[; dhnK
ejkDhnK tKr jh |?o-e[dosh fbzr-;zpzXK, ftfuZso gksoK d/ T[bko wB'fposhnK tkb/
wB[ZyK dhnK ejkDhnK jB. fJ;/ bJh fJBQK BktbK dk gqGkt o[wKfNe j?.
2H :EkoEtkdh Bktb
r[ofdnkb f;zx, w'jB ekjb'_, ;[oihs jK;, ;[ypho s/ p{Nk f;zx Fkd B/ e[M nfij/
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 54 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
Bktb fby/ jB fiBQK Bz{ fBo'b :EkoEtkdh Bktb fejk ik ;edk j?. dbhg e"o fNtkDk
dk gzi j}koh Bktb *J/j[ jwkok ihtDk* th fJ;/ M[ekn d/ nXhB oZfynk ik ;edk j?.
r[ofdnkb f;zx B/ *wVQh dk dhtk*, *nDj'J/* s/ *nZX ukBDh oks* tor/ Bktb fby
e/ gzikp d/ g/_v{ ihtB dhnK fBZe hnK-2 ;wZf;nktK dk ns/ ;kXkoB wB[ZyK dhnK s'NK s/
nfsqgshnK dk pVk :EkoE-wJh fusoD g/F ehsk j?. *wVQh dk dhtk* ftu ir;ho d[nkok
Bktbeko B/ bx{-wB[Zy dh fiT[D woB dh nEkj Fesh Bz{ o{gwkB eoe/ gzikp d/ dZp/ e[ub/
feqshnK dh w{e-t/dBk Bz{ }pkB fdZsh j?. *nDj'J/* ftu th fpFB/, wkxh ns/ dfJnk e"o
d/ o{g ftu ir;ho d/ ufoZso Bz{ jh tX/o/ ikros ns/ eowFhb o{g ftu gqrNkfJnk j?.
*nZX ukBDh oks* ftu th gzikp d/ fgzvK ftu tkgod/ fBZe/ fBZe/ jkdf;nK dk pj[s B/fVT[_
t/fynk ns/ jZvh_ ihftnk nB[Gt j?. fJ; ;w/_ r[ofdnkb f;zx d/ j'o Bktb *e[t/bk* ns/
*o/s dh w[mh* th ;kjwD/ nkT[_d / jB.
r[ofdnkb f;zx tKr w'jB ekjb'_ B/ th ;EkBe p'bh ns/ :EkoEe p'bh okjh_
wZSbh fJe dfonk dh*, *p/Vh s/ po/sk* s/ *god/;h o[Zy* BK d/ BktbK ftu nkgDk :EkoEe
nB[Gt g/F ehsk j?, go *god/;h o[Zy* s'_ fpBK pkeh BktbK ftu T[j ihtB dh ftFkbsk
ns/ ifNbsk Bz{ nkgD/ pj[-ozr/ gk;ko ftu g/F Bjh_ eo ;fenk. ikrhodkoh ;wki d/ n"os
wod d/ fgnko ;zpzX K Bz{ 1947 dh gzikp dh tzv dhnK g?dk ehshnK ;wZf;nktK Bz{ fJefjo/
fij/ Yzr Bkb jh g/F eo ;fenk j?. T[go'e s BktbK s'_ fgZS'_ w'jB ekjb'_ B/ *okth d/
gZsD*, *r'oh Bdh dk rhs* ns/ *pokpoh dh okDh* Bktb 1980 sZe gzikph Bz{ fdZs/. p{Nk
f;zx B/, *nZXh oks gfjo dk seVk* ns/ *e[ZfsnK tkb/ ;odko* BktbK ftu ikrhodkoh
foFfsnK ftu pZM/ g/_v{ ;wki s'_ Bt/_ g'u Bz{ prkts eofdnK fdykfJnk j?. fJBQK ;ko/ BktbK
d/ gkso ;kv/ fBZs d/ ikD/ gSkD/ wB[Zy jB. fJBQK dhnK ejkDhnK ;kvhnK nkgDhnK
ejkDhnK jB ns/ fJBQK dh GkFk nkg' nkgD/ fJbke/ dh ;EkBe GkFk j?. fJj' bZSD fJBQK
Bz{ :EkoEtkdh Bktb f;ZX eod/ jB.
3H gq : ' r tkdh Bktb
o[ w K;tkdh s/ :EkoEtkdh Bktb n;b' _ Bt/ _ gq : ' r Bjh_ ;B feT[ _ f e fJBQ K d' j K
M[ e ktK dh j'_ d 1960 s' _ gfjbK d/ BktbK ftu th fwb iKdh j? . gq : 'rtkdh nfij/ Bktb
jB, fiBQ K ftu gZ S w d/ u/ s Bk-gq t kjh BktbK dh seBhe Bz { u/ s z B s" o s/ gq : ' r ftu
fbnkT[ D dk :sB ehsk frnk j? . fiE/ o[ w K;tkdh Bktb ftnesh d/ gq ; z r ftu jh
fusfonk j? . i/ w } iK toihBhnK t[ b c fij/ BktbekoK s' _ gq G kfts j' e/ ;[ o ihs f;z x
;/ m h, Bfoz i B s;Bhw, irihs f;z x pokV, wBihs okDk nkfd B/ gz i kph ftu fJ;
seBhe dk gq : ' r ehsk j? . T[ d kjoD bJh ;[ o ihs f;z x ;/ m h dk *fJe ykbh fgnkbk*
Bktb T[ ; dh BkfJek o' w K dh nZ m xz f NnK dh pkjow[ Z y h f}z d rh dk fpq s Ks j? go fJBQ K
nZ m K xz f NnK ftu T[ j nkgDh phs u[ Z e h f}z d rh Bz { nkgD/ wB-nz s o ftu jYkT[ _ d h j? .
*eZ b Q th ;{ o i Bjh_ uVQ / r k* s/ *nkpok edkpoK* ftu th nfijhnK u/ s Bk-gq t kjh ns/
T{ b -ib{ b tkdh F? b hnK dk jh gq : ' r ehsk frnk j? .
Bt/_ gq: 'rK s'_ gqG kfts j' e/ fJ; ghVQ h d/ e[ b BktbekoK ftu'_ Bfozd ogkb f;zx
s/ i;tzs f;zx ezt b B/ eqwtko *Nkg{* ns/ *poc dh nZr * Bktb fby/ jB. Bfozd ogkb
f;zx d/ efjD nB[ ;ko fJj fJe nBktb (Antinovel) fbyD dk gq:'r j?. *poc dh nZr *
dk ;w[ Zuk gqG kt o[ w KfNe j?, go fJ; ftu fBo'b tkoskbkgh F?b h dk gq: 'r gfjbh tko
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 55 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
ehsk frnk j?.
4H i[ M kotkdh Bktb
Uw gqe kF rk;' d/ *gzuBkd, egVtk;, e;e* nkfd eztb dk *bj{ dh b'n* ns/
pbpho f;zx ;zX{ dk *X{V T[vdh ojh* ns/ e[M j'o bx{ BktbK ftu i[Mkotkdh eftsk
tKr jh i{M oj/ wB[Zy Bz{ g/F ehsk frnk j?. fJj gzikph Bktb ftu nBktb s'_ w[V e/
Bktb tZb nkT[D dh o[uh d/ ;{ue jB. T[go'es BktbekoK s'_ fJbktk fJ; ;w/_ d/ e[M
j'o ;Ekgs b/yeK ns/ Bt/_ T[m oj/ b/yeK dhnK Bktbh feosK dk f}eo eoBk }o{oh pDdk
j?. fit/_ pbtzs rkorh dk *eZek o/sk* toDB:'r j?. fJt/_ Bt/_ T[m oj/ BktbekoK ftu'_
eztb eb;h d/ *nB{gh*, G[fgzdo f;zx d/ *feoBk dk jT[ek* fwdo dk *}]w dh nksw eEk*
fJzdo f;zx ykw'F *foFfsnK d/ ozr*, ;[oihs jK; *fwZNh dh Y/oh*, okw ;o{g nDyh d/
*;[bxdh oks* ns/ *eyK ekfBnk d/ g[b*, eowihs f;zx d/ *oks d/ okjh_*, pbpho f;zx
w'wh d/ *ihik ih* w[yfsnko frZb d/ *ekbk gfjo* ns/ *fwZNh dh fuVh* ns/ p;zs e[wko
osB d/ *;Zs ftYk y{j* jB.
nfGnk; bJh gqF B
1H gzikph Bktb dk iBw fejVh ;kfjfse Xkok ftu'_ j'fJnk j? <
2H gzikph Bktb d/ gqw[Zy M[ekn fejV/ jB <
;jkfJe g[ ; seK dh ;{u h
1H Aspects of Novel—E.M. Forster.
2H The Craft of Fiction—Percy Lubbock.
3H An Introduction of the Study of Literature—W.H. Hudson.
4H gzikph fJfsjk;e Bktb—gq'H ;[fozdo f;zzx d[;KM
5H Bktb dh o{g o/yk—vkH eosko f;zx ;{oh
6H gzikph Bktb dk fJfsjk;—nwoihs ;/y'_
7H gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk; Gkr d{ik—GkFk ftGkr
8H gzikph rbg dk fJfsjk;—vkH r[ouoB f;zx
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk gzi kph u' D tK ftFk
gzi kph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;

gkm Bzpo L 1H7

gzi kph ejkDh dk fJfsjk;

1H gkm dk wzs t L ejkDh ;[DB s/ ;[DkT[D dh G[Zy, wB[Zy d/ nzd o w[ZY s'_ jh j?.
nkfd ekb s'_ jh wB[Zy ejkDhnK ;[Ddk nkfJnk j?, go fi; Bz{ n;h_ ;kfjse fBZeh ejkDh
efjzd/ jK T[j g[okD/ ;w/_ dh T[gi Bjh_ ;r'_, nkX[fBe :[Zr dh T[gi j?. fJ; gkm ftu
;kfjs d/ fJ; o{g d/ iBw ns/ ftek; pko/ ftuko eoB dk :sB ehsk frnk j?.
2H gkm dh o{g o/y k L ejkDh fe; Bz{ nkyd/ jB - ejkDh dk iBw w[ZYb/ ejkDheko
1947 s'_ g{op s/ 1947 s'_ pknd gzikph ejkDh ftu Bt/_ M[e kn gzikph ejkDh - Bt/_ gq: 'r.
3H G{f wek L ejkDh, Bktb, BkNe, fJeKrh s/ eftsk tKr ;kfjs dk fJe fBt/ebk
o{g j?. Gkt/_ ejkDh dk nkozG wB[Zyh ;fGnsk d/ iBw s'_ jh j' frnk j't/rk go T[; ejkDh
s/ ni'e h fBZeh ejkDh ftu }whB n;wkB dk nzso j?. gfjbhnK ejkDhnK ftu fe;/ xNBk
d/ fpnkB T[s/ tX/o/ i'ao fdZsk iKdk ;h. c/o ikrhodkoh s/ o{gtkdh :[Zr ftu ejkDhnK
oki/ okDhnK s/ oki e[wkohnK d/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs j' rJhnK. go id'_ BthB :[Zr dk
nkrwB j'fJnk sK ejkDh dk ni'ek BtK o{g j'_d ftu nkfJnk s/ nkeko d/ nkXko s/
fJ; Bt/_ o{g Bz{ fBZeh ejkDh fejk ikD bZrk.
4H ejkDh eh j? < L ejkDh ftu ftFk, r'_d , gkso, tksktoD s/ T[ d /F nkfd sZs
j[ zd / jB. ejkDh dk nkfd, wZX s/ nzs th pVh wjZs sk oZyd/ jB. ni'e h ejkDh ftu
f;Zyo s/ nzs B/V/ j[ zd / jB. fBZe h ejkDh fJeKrh dh G?D nkyh ik ;edh j?. fJj d't /_
nkeko d/ gZy'_ fJe p?me ftu gVQhnK s/ y/v hnK ikD tkbhnK ;kfjse feosK j[ zd hnK jB.
fiZE/ fBZe h ejkDh gVQ / ikD tkbk ;kfjs o{g j?, T[ & ZE/ fJeKrh ;N/i s/ y/v e/ ftykJ/ ikD
tkbh ouBk j[ zd h j?.
fBZ e h ejkDh Bktb dk ;z y / g Bjh_ j[ z d h, ;r' _ fJj ;kfjs dk fJe ;[ s z s o o{ g j? .
fJ; Bz { Bktb dk ;ko wz B Dk fpbe[ b T[ f us Bjh_ . fijVh rZ b fe;/ fBZ e h ejkDh d/
wkfXnw okjh_ g/ F ehsh ik ;edh j? , T[ j fe;/ j' o ;kfjs o{ g d[ n kok gq r N Bjh_ ehsh
ik ;edh. ftF/ dk fJefjokgB, wz s t dh J/ e sk s/ gq G kt dh J/ e sk fBZ e h ejkDh d/
ftF/ F bZ S D jB.
5H ejkDh dk iBw s/ ftek; L :{ o g ftu fBZ e h ejkDh dk nkoz G T[ B Q h th_ ;dh
d/ o{ g ftu j' f Jnk wz f Bnk iKdk j? . w[ Z Y b/ ejkDh b/ y eK ftu n? v ro J/ b B g' ns/
fJoftz r fij/ nwoheB fbykohnK ns/ r' r ' b ns/ g[ F feB fij/ o{ ; h fbykohnK d/ BK
frD/ iKd/ jB. nz r o/ } h ;kfjs ftu e? E ohB w? B ;chbv B/ 1920 JhH ftu *pfb;* BK
dk ejkDh ;z r q f j gq e kfFs eoe/ fJ; gk;/ gfjb ehsh. gz i kph ftu ejkDh dk iBw
nB[ t kfds ejkDhnK d/ o{ g ftu j' f Jnk. fJ; ez w Bz { GkJh gq / w f;z x BkGk B/ 1905 JhH
ftu *GktkoE* BK dh g[ ; se oue/ F[ o { ehsk. fJ; s' _ e[ M toQ / pknd GkJh w' j B f;z x
B/ 1927 JhH ftu *oz r poz r / c[ Z b * BK dk nB[ t kfds ejkDh ;z r q f j Skfgnk. T[ ; dh
56
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 57 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
oh;/ ;' jB f;z x i' F B/ *pz r kbh ejkDhnK*, fgnkok f;z x dksk *wKrt/ c[ Zb *, pbtz s f;z x
B/ *nKY r[ n kY* ns/ nG? f;z x B/ *uz p / dhnK ebhnK* nB[ t kfds ;z f rq j k d[ n kok gz i kph
;kfjs d/ Gz v ko Bz{ Gog{o ehsk. T[ _ M ;G s' _ gfjbh w" f be ejkDh *;op b' j dh t[ j Nh*
bkb f;z x ewbk nekbh B/ fbyh.
6H gfjb/ g' u d/ ejkDheko L gfjb/ g?o d/ ejkDh b/yeK ftu GkJh tho f;zx ,
GkJh w'jB f;zx t?d ns/ jhok f;zx dod d/ BK toDB:'r jB. gfjb/ d' fbykohnK
B/ f;zx ;Gk bfjo d/ gqG kt nXhB Xkofwe s/ ;[ X koe ejkDhnK fbyhnK. GkJh tho f;zx
B/ Nq?e N o{g ftu fijV/ gq;zr fby/ ns/ fijV/ pknd ftu *r[ o{ BkBe uwseko* ns/
*;qh ebrhXo uwseko* ftu ;zwfbs ehs/ rJ/, fJ; gqe ko dhnK ejkDhnK jh jB. w'jB
f;zx t?d B/ *ozr pozr/ c[ Zb * s'_ S[ ZN *jho/ dhnK eDhnK* ns/ *fe;ws dk uZe o* ;zrqfj
th gqe kfFs ehs/ jB. jhok f;zx dod dhnK ejkDhnK *gzikph ;ZX oK* BK d/ ;zrqfj ftu
fwbdhnK jB. fJj ejkDhnK Bktbh fe;w dhnK jB go T[ BQ K ftu nkdoFtkd Bkb'_
tk;sftesk tX/o/ j?. T[ BQ K B/ gzi kph ejkDh bJh fJe wjkB ezw fJj th ehsk fe nkgD/
wk;e gZs o *c[ Zb tkVh* okjh_ gq'H ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ ns/ gq' H w'jB f;zx tor/ ejkDhekoK Bz{
w[ ZY b/ s}op/ eoB bJh nt;o gqd kB ehsk.
7H d{i / g'u d/ ejkDheko L ejkDhekoK d/ d{i/ g'u ftu uoB f;zx Fjhd, r[opyF
f;zx ns/ BkBe f;zx d/ Bkw nkT[_d/ jB. fJj Bk sK gfjb/ g'u d/ fbykohnK d/ gqGkt
Bz{ g{oh soQK fsnkr ;e/ ns/ Bk jh nkgD/ s'_ pknd tkb/ g'u tKr g{oh soQK ejkDh dh
BthB seBhe Bz{ ngDk ;e/.
7H1 uoB f;zx Fjhd (1881-1935) dhnK ejkDhnK *jZ;d/ jzM {* ;zr qfj ftu gqe kfFs
j'J hnK jB fJBQ K ftu ftnzr ns/ u'N j?. T[ ; dhnK ejkDhnK dk nkeko th ekch S'N k
j[zdk j?. fi; eoe/ T[; dhnK ejkDhnK BthBsw ejkDhnK ftu frDhnK ik ;edhnK jB.
7H2 r[ o p]F f;z x (1995-1977) B/ nwoheB ihtB s' _ gq G kfts j' e/ , fgnko ep}k
Bjh_ gfjukD j? d/ ftF/ Bz { y{ p gq ukfonk j? . 1943 JhH sZe T[ ; B/ fiz B hnK th ejkDhnK
fbyhnK, T[ B Q K ;kohnK ftu T[ ; B/ fJ; f;XKs Bz { g/ F ehsk fe ;kv/ ihtB s/ pj[ s / d[ Z y
sebhcK gqhs gqt kj d/ o[ e o[ e e/ ubD eoe/ jB. fJ; ;w/_ T[ ; d/ gqf ;ZX ejkDh ;zrqfj
*nB' y / s/ fJeZ b k*, *thDk ftB' d *, *Bkr gq h s dk ikd{ * s/ *gq h s ejkDhnK* nkfd jB.
r[ o p]F f;z x fJe gq r shtkdh ejkDheko j? go T[ j ;[ X kotkdh s/ nkdoFtkdh th j? .
T[ j fBZ i h fgnko s' _ s[ o e/ ;w[ Z u h wB[ Z y sk d/ fgnko sZ e g[ i frnk ;h. T[ ; Bz { rohp
d/ gZS V/ tor Bkb jwdodh ;h s/ T[ j T[ BQ K dhnK ;wZ f;nktK Bz{ th nkgDhnK ejkDhnK
ftu fuZ s odk ;h. T[ j nkgDhnK ejkDhnK d/ gksoK Bz { pVh pkohe ;{ M p{ M Bkb
fuZ s odk ;h. T[ j pVk fBoG? s/ fBMe b/ y e ;h. T[ ; B/ fJ;sohnK dhnK ;wZ f ;nktK
Bz{ th nkgDhnK ejkDhnK okjh_ g/F ehsk j?. T[ j ihtB d/ p'M Bz { d{o eoB bJh T[ s ;[ e
;h s/ fJ; bJh gq / o Dk ;wkitkdh d/ F K s' _ b? _ d k ;h. T[ ; dhnK ejkDhnK Gkt/ _ jk; o;
s' _ e' o hnK j[ z d hnK jB go pVhnK jh o' u e s/ j" b hnK c[ Z b j[ z d hnK jB. seBhe gZ y ' _
T[ ; dhnK pj[ s ;kohnK ejkDhnK g{ ohnK Bjh_ T[ s odhnK. T[ ; d/ tX/o / i' ao r' d s/ j[ z d k
j? fi; eoe/ T[ ; dhnK pj[ s ;kohnK ejkDhnK Bktbh fe;w dhnK pD iKdhnK jB.
nfijhnK Bktbh ejkDhnK ftu fes/ fes/ w" e k-w/ b th j[ z d k j? .
7H3 BkBe f;zx (1897-1972) B/ ejkDh y/s o ftu th e[ M ekoi B/go/ ukfVQ n k j?.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 58 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
*;ZX oK d/ okj*, *s;tho d/ d't /_ gk;/* , *fwZX / j'J / c[ Zb K*, *jzM {nK d/ jko*, *mzv hnK SktK*,
nkfd T[; d/ frDsh d/ ejkDh ;zrqfj gqekfFs j'J/ jB. T[; dhnK ejkDhnK ftu ft;Eko
j? s/ T[ j th Bktbh fe;w dhnK jB. BkBe f;zx dhnK ejkDhnK dk T[ d /F T[; d/ Bktb
tKr ;wki dk ;[ X ko j?. ;[ X ko dh o[ u h eoe/ T[ ; dhnK pj[ s ;kohnK ejkDhnK ebk
d/ gZy s'_ pj[ s hnK ;\b Bjh_ jB. T[ ; dhnK eJh ejkDhnK sK seBhe dh fdqFNh s'_
th g{o hnK Bjh_ T[ s odhnK. go T[ ; dhnK ejkDhnK dh fJe ftF/F sk wB'ftfrnkBe
nfXn?B j?. T[ j nkgD/ gkso nkw ihtB ftu'_ b?_d k j? s/ T[ j n;bh ikgd/ jB. T[ _i
T[;B/ nkdoFtkdh gkso th fuso/ jB. T[; dk fbyD Yzr ;ob s/ ;kdk j?. fJBQK Bktbh
fe;w dhnK ejkDhnK s'_ pknd gzikph ftu BthB fe;w dh fBZe h ejkDh fbyD dh fgos
fgqzH ;zs f;zx ;/y'_, w'jB f;zx , r[ ow[ y f;zx w[ ;kco, eosko f;zx d[ Zrb, ;[ ikB f;zx ns/
d/ftzd o ;fsnkoEh nkfd b/yek B/ gkJh.
7H4 ;zs f;zx ;/y '_ B/ gfjbK nzro/}h ftu fbyDk F[o{ ehsk ;h go c/o T[; B/ gzikph
ftu fbyDk F[o{ ehsk. T[; B/ gzikph ftu j[Boh fBZeh ejkDh fbyD dk fotk} gkfJnk.
T[; dk gfjbk ejkDh ;zrqfj 1943 JhH ftu Sfgnk. fJ; ;zrqfj dk BK *;wkuko* ;h. fJ;
;zrqfj ftu gkso-gqX kB ejkDhnK fwbdhnK jB. ;/y'_ B/ fJBQK ejkDhnK ftu ;wki, Xow
s/ b'eK T[&Zs/ ftnzr th ehsk. T[j ;wkfie e[ohshnK Bz{ e/t b fuZsodk jh Bjh_, ;r'_ T[BQK
e[ohshnK dk jZb th dZ;dk j?. T[; dhnK ejkDhnK dh ftbZyDsk T[BQK dk p"fXe sZs j?.
T[j nkgD/ ftF/ s/ gksoK dh u'D pV/ jh tk;sfte Yzr Bkb eodk j?. T[j g/_v{ ihtB
Bz{ fuZs oD ftu tX/o/ ;[fjodsk s'_ ezw b?_d k j?.
;/y'_ B/ *;wkuko* s'_ fgS'_ *ekw/ s/ :'X/*, *shik gfjo*, *nZXh tkN* ejkDh ;zrqfj
gqekfFs ehs/ jB. T[; d/ ftF/ :EkoEtkdh s/ T[d/F gqrshtkdh j[zdk j?. T[j wbtJh
T[gGkFk dh tos'_ eoe/ ejkDh ftu ;EkBe ozr th Go fdzdk j?. T[; T[s/ fJj d'F th
bkfJnk iKdk j? fe T[; dhnK ejkDhnK ftu gouko dk nzF j[zdk j? go fJj fJ; eoe/
fe T[j fJe nrKjtX{ b/ye j?. T[; dhnK eJh ejkDhnK ftu fes/ fes/ ekw pko/ th
y[bQ e/ uouk ehsh j[zdh j?.
;zs f;zx ;/y'_ r'_d Bkb'_ gkso T[;koh T[&Zs/ tX/o/ i'ao brkT[_dk j?. gkso T[;koh
bJh T[j wB'ftfrnkBe sohfenK dh tos'_ eodk j?. seBhe d/ gZy'_ T[ ; dhnK ejkDhnK
ftu xZN d'F jB. T[; dhnK ejkDhnK dh tkoskbkg Y[e th_, ;ziw Gog{o s/ u[;s j[zdh
j?.
7H5 ;[ i kB f;zx gzikph dk nfijk ejkDheko j? fi; B/ ;wki d/ fBoXkB tor d/ ihtB
Bz{ nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu fpnkB ehsk j?. T[; dhnK ejkDhnK fe;/ nkofEe, ;wkfie
iK okiBhfse ;wZf;nk d[nkb/ T[;kohnK j[zdhnK jB. 1947 JhH s'_ gfjbK T[; d/ *d[y ;[y*
ns/ *d[y ;[y s'_ fgS'_* BK d/ ejkDh ;zrqfj Sg/ ;B fiBQK ftu'_ T[; dh nkdoFtkdh fdqFNh
;k\ ftykJh fdzdh j? go T[; B/ Bkb Bkb T[; dh gqrshtkdh o[uh dk Mbekok th g?_dk
j? fijVk d{i/ ejkDh ;zrqfj ftu tX/o/ fBro o{g ftu gkme d/ fdqFNhr'uo j[zdk j?. T[;
dhnK ejkDhnK ftu e[M ft;sko j[zdk j? s/ T[j nkgD/ T[d /F Bz{ ;gZFN eo fdzdk j?. fi;
eoe/ T[; dhnK ejkDhnK dk nzs ;[M kT{ Bjh_ ofjzdk.
1947 JhH s'_ pknd ;[ikB f;zx B/ *wB[Zy s/ gF{*, *BoeK d/ d/ts/* , *;G ozr*, *BtK
ozr/* , *;tkb itkp*, *w's hnK dh wkbk*, *gZs D s/ ;oK* nkfd ejkDh ;zr qfj gqe kfFs ehs/
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 59 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
jB. fJBQK ejkDhnK d/ ftF/ dh tzv (fit/_ wB[Zy s/ gF{) s/ feosh fe;kBK dhnK ;wZf;nktK
nkfd jB. ;[ ikB f;zx dhnK ejkDhnK ftu B?fsesk dk r[ D th gqs Zy j?. T[ j u/s zB j'
e/ ouBk eodk j? fi; eoe/ T[ ; dhnK ejkDhnK ftu p"fXesk dk nzF gqX kB j' iKdk
j?. T[j ejkDh dh r'_d s/ seBhe dk yk; f]nkb oZydk j? go fJ; s'_ th f}nkdk fceo
T[ ; Bz{ ejkDh d/ nkF/ dk j[ zd k j?. T[ j nkgDh ouBk nkofEe gZX o s/ x'b eo ojh
iBsk Bz{ T[ G koB fjZs eodk j?. T[ j fJ;sohnK dh ;wZf;nktK dk th gqrNktk eodk
j? s/ T[ BQ K d/ jZe K dh tekbs eoBk nkgDk eosZt ;wMdk j?. T[ ; dh ejkDh ebk dh
fJe y{ p h ftnzr dh ;[ zd o tos'_ j? go fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[ j gqrshtkdh ftukoK dk gquko
pVk jh T[ gGkte j' e/ eodk j?.
7H6 d/f tzd o ;fsnkoEh B/ Gkt/_ uko gzi ejkDh ;zrqfj *e[zr g'F*, *d/tsk fvr fgnk*,
*fszB p{fjnK tkbk xo* *Bhbh SZsoh tkbk* jh gzikph ftu gqekfFs eotkJ/ jB go T[;
B/ nkgDh ebk-e[Fbsk s/ seBheh fBg[zBsk ekoB nkgD/ bJh ;BwkB:'r ;EkB pDk fbnk
j?. T[; dhnK ejkDhnK b'e rhsK tKr ;ob, ;tZS ns/ Gkft-g{os jB. T[; B/ gksoK
s/ xNBktK dh u'D okFNoh gZXo s/ ehsh j?. fJj fJ; eoe/ th ;zGt j' ;fenk j? feT[_fe
T[; B/ gksoK s/ xNBktK dh u'D okFNoh gZX o s/ ehsh j?. fJj fJ; eoe/ th ;zGt j'
;fenk j? feT[_fe T[; B/ Gkos d/ brGr ;ko/ gqKsK ftu fco s[o e/ T[E'_ d/ b'e rhs
fJeZm/ eoB dk wjkB ekoi f;o/ ukfVQnk j?. T[; dhnK ejkDhnK gVQ e/ ;kBz{ Gkos dh
;z;feqs h, b'e eEktK s/ gqufbs o{VQhnK dk ;fji/ jh frnkB j' iKdk j?. ftF/ t;s{ dh
ftFkbsk, okFNotkdh u/szBsk ns/ wkBttkdh fdqFNh T[; dhnK ejkDhnK d/ ftF/F r[D jB
fiBQK ;de/ gzikph ;kfjs ;dk T[; dk foDh oj/rk.
7H7 gq'c ?; o w'j B f;zx T[BQK gzikph ejkDhekoK ftu'_ j? fiBQK B/ gzikph dh j[Boh fBZeh
ejkDh d/ w[ZY ftu nkgD/ :sBK ;dek fJ; p{N/ Bz{ tXD c[bD ftu ;jkfJsk ehsh. Gkt/_
T[; Bz{ e/tb fJe ejkDh ;zrqfj *fBZeh tkFBk* jh gqekfFs ehsk go fJ; ftubhnk ejkDhnK
Bz{ gVQ e/ T[; dh :EkoEtkdh o[uh s/ ebk-gqthBsk dk ;p{s fwbdk j?.
7H8 r[ o w[ y f;zx w[ ; kco B/ 1947 Jh;th_ s'_ g{op fijV/ d' ejkDh ;zrqfj *;G nZSk*
ns/ *tZyoh d[BhnK* gqekfFs ehs/, T[BQK ftu i/b Q ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs nfijhnK ejkDhnK jB
fijVhnK b/ye B/ fBZih nB[Gt dh T[gi j'D eoe/ T[; ihtB Bz{ pV/ jh :EkoEtkdh Yzr
Bkb fuZsodhnK jB. fJBQK ftu'_ pj[shnK ejkDhnK gkso-gqXkB jB. fJBQK dk nkozG sK
MNgN j[zdk j? go nzs nkw s"o s/ ;[M kT{ Bjh_ j[zdk.
r[ow[y f;zx w[;kco d/F Grsh s/ okFNotkdh ftukoK Bz{ fuZsoD tkbk ejkDheko
j? fi; dhnK ejkDhnK dk T[d/F b'eK nzdo d/F fgnko d/ GktK Bz{ T[s/fis eoBk j[zdk
j?. T[; dhnK ejkDhnK d/ gkso oki;h ;zrqkwK s/ ;[szsosk nzd'bBK ftu Gkr b?D tkb/
j[zd/ jB. d/F dh tzv s'_ pknd T[; d/ fijV/ ejkDh ;zrqfj Sg/ jB T[BQK ftu'_ *nZbk tkb/*,
*;;sk swkFk* (c[ZbK d/ goSkt/_) *27 iBtoh* ns/ *u[zwh d/ u'o* toDB:'r jB.
7H9 eosko f;zx d[ Zr b B/ 1947 s'_ g{ot *;t/o ;ko*, *fgZgb gZshnK* ns/ *e[Vh ejkDh
eodh rJh* BK d/ ejkDh ;zrqfj gzikph ;kfjs dh G/Nk ehs/. fJ; gVk ftu T[j *ebk
ebk bJh* d/ T[d/F Bz{ w[Zy oZy e/ fbydk ;h fi; eoe/ T[; dhnK ejkDhnK ebk d/ gZy'_
tX/o/ ;cb j[zdhnK ;B. T[BQK ftu gkmeK dh ;[ji G[Zy Bz{ fsqgs eoB tkbh ekch ;kwroh
j[zdh ;h. T[; dhnK gfjbhnK ejkDhnK ftu'_ fszB u"EkJh s'_ tZX d/ ftF/ ekw-tkFBk, fbzr
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 60 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
G[Zy s/ e'M nkfd ;B s/ fJBQK ftu T[; dk f;XKs cokfJvtkdh ;h. T[; B/ ihtB d/ fxofDs
fdqFK Bz{ pV/ jh :EkoEtkdh Yzr Bkb nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu fusfonk j?. T[; d/ gkso
jo w}jp Bkb ;zpzX oyd/ jB Gkt/_ T[j fjzd{, w[;bwkB s/ f;Zy gksoK Bz{ pVh ;'jDh soQK
fuZsodk j?. T[j wZX -F/qDh dhnK ftneshtkdh s/ nkdoFtkdh bkb;ktK s/ neKfynktK Bz{
nkgDh ebk-e[Fbsk d[nkok pVh jh ;cbsk Bkb gqrNk ;eD d/ ;woZE j?. T[; dhnK
ejkDhnK ftu tkeK dk d[jokT[ pVk jh o'ue s/ wB'ozie j[zdk j? s/ fJj T[; dh F?bh
Bz{ ekftwJh pDkT[_dk j?. fJj fBZe/ fBZe/ tkeK s/ fBZehnK T[eshnK Bkb nkgDh ejkDh dk
tk:{wzv b T[;koB ftu MZN jh ;cb j' iKdk j?.
1947 JhH s'_ T[; B/ *nZr ykD tkb/*, *vzro*, *BtK xo*, *BtK nkdwh*, *eokwks*,
*r'oiK*, *c[Zb s'VBk wBQk j?*, *gko/ w?o/*, *fJZe fSZN ukBD dh*, *;G/ ;KMhtkb ;dkfJB*,
*wkik Bjh_ w'fJnk* nkfd ejkDh ;zrqfjnK d[nkok gzikph ejkDh d/ Gzvko/ Bz{ Gog{o ehsk
j?. Gkt/_ T[; B/ d/F dh tzv ;zp zXh th e[M ejkDhnK fbyhnK jB go w[Zy s"o s/ T[; B/
fJ;soh d/ e'wb GktK Bz{ pV/ jh ;{yw s/ uzub Yzr Bkb o{gwkB ehsk j?. T[j fbzr
;zpzXK pko/ ekch y[b Q e/ rZb eoB dh db/oh oZydk j?. fJ; dhnK pj[s hnK ejkDhnK d/
ftF/ wB'ftfrnkfBe j[zd/ jB s/ T[BQK dk fBGkn th wB'ftfrnkBe jh j[zdk j?. T[; B/
seBhe d/ gZy s'_ BthB s'_ BthB gq:'r ehs/ jB fi; eoe/ T[; dhnK iBs B}ho torhnK
ejkDhnK fog'oski dh tzBrh g/F eodhnK jB. T[; B/ u/s Bk-gqtkj tkbhnK ejkDhnK th
fbyhnK jB fit/_ d;se *fJzd{ ;'u ojh ;h*, *B}o nkgDh nkgDh* nkfd.
1947 JhH s'_ gfjbK d/ ejkDhekoK ftu B'ozr f;zx dk T[b /y eoBk th }o{oh j?.
tzv g{op T[; d/ d' ejkDh ;zrqfj - *p'Mb gzvK* ns/ *G[yhnK o{jK* Sg/ jB. T[; dhnK
nfXeso ejkDhnK g/_v{ ihtB Bkb ;zpzX oZydhnK jB s/ T[j rohp F/qDh d/ ;wkfie s/
nkofEe w;fbnK d[nkb/ T[;ohnK j[zdhnK jB. T[; d/ e[M gkso r[op]F f;zx tKr
nkdoFtkdh j[zd/ jB. T[; dh F?bh pVh o'ue s/ ekftwJh j[zdh j?.
1947 JhH s'_ pknd T[; B/ *fwo}/ dh i{j* ns/ *p{jk y[bQ frnk* ejkDh-;zrqfj fdZs/
jB fiBQK ftu'_ T[; dh o'wKfue F?bh gosZy fd;dh j?.
8H d/F tzv T[ g ozs gzi kph ejkDh
d/F dh tzv T[gozs gzikph fBZeh ejkDh d/ y/s o ftu j/m fbyhnK gqftoshnK j'_d
ftu nkJhnK L
1H nkdoFtkdh gqftosh
2H :EkoEtkdh gqftosh
3H gq:'rtkdh gqftosh
8H1 nkdoFtkdh gq f tosh tkb/ ejkDheko
nkdoFtkdh gqftosh nXhB ejkDh fbyD tkb/ b/yeK ftu r[ op]F f;zx , w'jB
f;zx , r[ ow[ y f;zx w[ ;kco, B'ozr f;zx , jhok f;zx dod, joh f;zx fdbpo s/ ;'jD f;zx
;hsb nkfd jB. vkH w'jB f;zx fdtkBk B/ ejkDh y/s o ftu 1947 JhH s'_ pknd jh
gqt /F ehsk s/ T[ & Zgo Ebh fszB ejkDh ;zrqfj *d/ftzd o pfs;h*, *ozr swkF/* ns/ *goKdh*
gqe kfFs ehs/. vkH ;kfjp dhnK ejkDhnK dk ]k; B[ e sk fJj j? fe fJBQ K ftu gqrN iK
ngqrN o{g ftu b/y e nkg e/_d oh gkso j[ zd k j?. T[ ; dhnK ejkDhnK ftu shyD p[ ZX h,
ftbk; ns/ ;{yw ftnzr fwbdk j?. T[ j ihtB d/ tZy tZy gZyK T[ s / dkoFfBe GKs dh
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 61 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fNZgDh eoe/ nkgDhnK ejkDhnK Bz{ ;wki ;[ X koe th pDk fdzd/ jB. T[B Q K dhnK ejkDhnK
dk T[ d /F nkdoFtkdh j[ zd k j?.
r[opyF f;zx gqhs bVh dh tzv s'_ gfjbK dh ejkDh ebk pko/ fgZS/ uouk ehsh
ik u[Zeh j?. 1947 JhH s'_ pknd r[opyF f;zx d/ *gqhsK dh gfjo/dko*, *Gkph w?Bk*, *FpBw*,
*Bt/_ yzvo s/ T[;koh*, *nkyoh ;pe* *fJFe fiBQK d/ jZv h_ ofunk* nkfd ejkDh ;zrqfj
gqekfFs j'J/ jB. r[opyF f;zx B/ nkdoFtkdh ftfFnK Bz{ nkgDh o[wKfNe s/ ekfte F?bh
d[nkok of;e s/ Gkt-g{os Yzr Bkb w{oshwkB ehsk j?. Gkt/_ T[; dhnK ejkDhnK seBhe
d/ gy'_ so[Nh g{oB jB s/ b'V s'_ tZX bzphnK j[zdhnK jB go gqhs fij/ Gkte ftF/ d[nkb/
T[;kohnK j'D eoe/ ns/ nkgD/ ftneshrs nB[Gt dh S[j ekoB T[j pVhnk jh wB'ozie
s/ gq/oDkdkfJe pD iKdhnK jB.
joh f;z x fdbpo B/ *jb{ D / * , *MZ y V*, *wf;nk d/ dht/ * , *e{ z i K dh vko*, *MBK d/
gsD* s/ *:kdK bkvbhnK* nkfd ejkDh ;z r qf j gz ikph dh G/N K ehs/ jB. T[ j g/_ v { ihtB
Bz { fusoD s/ iB ;kXkoB d/ ;[ G k T[ b heD ftu pj[ s wkfjo j? . T[ ; dk fdq F Nhe' D
nkdoFtkd j? go f}z d rh d/ :EkoE Bz { T[ j nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu g/ F eoB dh
:' r sk th oydk j? .
;'jD f;zx ;hsb B/ Gkt/_ fJ; d"o ftu *edoK pdb rJhnK* ns/ *nzso:kwh* BK
d/ ;zrqfj jh Skg/ jB go T[j g/_v { ihtB Bz{ :EkoEtkdh Yzr Bkb fusoD ftu ekch fBg[zB
j?. T[; dk fdqFNhe'D th joh f;zx fdbpo tKr nkdoFtkdh j?.
frnkBh jhok f;zx dod B/ 1942 JhH s'_ pknd *nk; dh szd * BK dk ejkDh ;zrqfj
gqekfFs ehsk ;h. T[j fJe nrorkwh ejkDheko ;h. fi; dk nkgD/ ftF/ t;s{ dk fBGkn
nkdoFtkdh j' fBpVdk ;h.
8H2 :EkoEtkdh gq f tosh tkb/ ejkDheko
:EkoEtkdh o[ uh nXhB ejkDh fbyD tkb/ ejkDhekoK ftu n;h_ ;zs f;zx ;/y'_,
eosko f;zx d[ Zrb, ;[ ikB f;zx , d/ftzd o ;fsnkoEh, e[ b tz s f;zx ftoe, ;zs 'y f;zx Xho
nkfd d/ BK frD ;ed/ jK. fJBQ K ftu'_ gfjb/ uko dk f}eo nZr/ nk u[ Ze k j?. e[ b tzs
f;zx ftoe d/ *s{Vh dh gzv *, *Xosh s/ nkekF*, *J/e ; e/ jw pkoe*, *Skj t/b k*, *d[ ZX
dk SZg V*, *r'b Q k* ns/ *Bt/_ b'e * BK d/ ejkDh ;zrqfj gqe kfFs j' u[ Ze / jB. vkH ;ftzd o
f;zx T[ gb nB[ ;ko e[ b tzs f;zx ftoe gzikph ejkDh pk| dk fJe nfijk c[ Zb j? fi;
B/ g/_v { ihtB d/ Bo'J /gB s/ y[ b Q /g D Bz{ nkgD/ ;io/ s/ T[ x Vt/_ o{g okjh_ wfjekfJnk j?.
T[ j eosko f;zx d[ Zrb tKr ;[ ji gq/wh j? s/ fe;/ ;wkfie iK nkofEe wB"s nXhB
ejkDh dh ouBk Bjh_ eodk ;r'_ wkBttkdh gqG kt Bz{ g/F eodk j?. T[ j ekw ;zp zX h
ftfFnK Bz{ fpBK fMie d/ jZE gkT[_d k j? s/ fJBQK Bz{ nfij/ ebkwJh Yzr Bkb fpnkB eodk
j? fe T[ ; dk ;kok fdqFNhe'D :EkoEtkdh o{g ftu T[ x Vdk j?. T[ j ;wkfie e[ ohshnK
T[ s / ftnzr eodk j?. T[ ; dhnK ejkDhnK dk fJe yk; r[ D j? fe T[ B Q K ftu'_ fJe gVQ h
fbyh BthB ftukoK tkbh ;[ s zs o fJ;soh dk w[ jKdok T[ x Vdk j?. fJ; bJh T[ j gZS wh
edoK ehwsK dh tekbs eodk j?. T[ j nkgD/ gksoK Bz{ wB'ftfrnkfBe sohe/ Bkb
fuZs odk j? go T[ ; dh F?b h BkNeh, f;ZX h s/ ;ze 'uwJh j[ zd h j?. T[ j ;w/_ Bkb g?o w/u
e/ s[ odk j? s/ Bth_ g?d k j' ojh Ffjoh wZX F/qDh dh g/F ekoh eodk j?.
;z s ' y f;z x Xho th ftoe tKr g/ _ v { ihtB Bz { fusoD tkbk ejkDheko j? go
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 62 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fiE/ ftoe e/ _ d oh gz i kp d/ g/ _ v { ihtB Bz { nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu g/ F eodk j? , Xho
wkbt/ d/ fgz v dh ;Z i oh B[ j ko Bz { nkgDhnK ejkDhnK dk tksktoD T[ ; koB bJh
tosdk j? . Xho nkgDk fXnkB ihtB dh y{ p ;{ o sh ns/ rshFhbsk tb fdz d k j? . T[ ;
Bz { ;wki ftu g;o/ nkofEe n;z s [ b B dk g{ o B s" o s/ frnkB j? s/ T[ j fJ; r? o
e[ d osh nkofEe Bkpokpoh Bz { nkgDhnK ejkDhnK okjh_ T[ x kVdk j? . nkofEe u/ s z B sk
s' _ S[ N Xho Bz { ftnesh dhnK fgnko b' V K dk th nB[ G t j? . T[ ; dhnK ejkDhnK d/
gkso nkFktkdh j[ z d / jB s/ T[ j jko Bjh_ wz B d/ . F[ o { F[ o { ftu ;z s ' y f;z x Xho dk
fdq F Nhe' D o[ w Kutkdh ;h go ihtB d/ v{ z x / nB[ G t B/ T[ ; Bz { :EkoEtkdh pDk fdZ s k.
T[ ; dhnK ejkDhnK ftu ;t? - ihtBh nz F th fwbdk j? . ;wkitkdh fdq F Nh ngBkT[ D
eoe/ T[ j ejkDh d/ o{ g Bkb' _ T[ ; d/ ftF/ t;s{ T[ s / tX/ o / i' a o fdz d k j? . T[ ; d/
pj[ s / gkso g/ _ v { j' D eoe/ T[ j fJBQ K dk fusoD ;ohoesk d/ o{ g ftu eodk j? feT[ _ f e
g/ _ v { b' e ihtB dk pj[ s k Gkr ;ohoe o{ g ftu jh pshs eod/ jB. T[ j g/ _ v {
;fGnkuko Bz { g/ F eoB tkbk fJe ;cb ejkDheko j? .
:EkoEtkdh o[ u h nXhB ouBk eoB tkb/ ejkDhekoK ftu i;tz s f;z x ez t b s/
pbtz s rkorh th jB. i;tz s f;z x ez t b d/ *f}z d rh d{ o Bjh_ * , *ez v / * , *;z X { o *, ns/
*o{ g d/ oky/ * , ejkDh ;z r q f j gq e kfFs j' J / jB. T[ ; Bz { tX/ o / eoe/ Bktb-y/ s o ftu
gq f ;Z X sk gq k gs j' J h j? . ejkDh d/ y/ s o ftu T[ ; d/ ftF/ sK ekch pbtkB j[ z d / jB
go fBFfus T[ d / F nXhB fbyD eoe/ T[ ; dhnK ejkDhnK ebk d/ gZ y ' _ e[ M ewi' a o
j[ z d hnK jB. pbtz s rkorh w[ Z y s" o s/ fJe BkNeeko j? go T[ ; B/ *v[ Z b Q / p/ o *, *ekbk
nz p *, *gkskb dh Xosh*, ejkDh ;z r q f j gq e kfFs eoe/ ejkDh y/ s o ftu th nkgDk e[ M
;EkB pDk fbnk j?. pbtzs rkorh nkgDhnK ejkDhnK d/ ftfFnK Bz{ :EkoEtkdh sohe/
Bkb g/ F eoB tkbk b/ y e j? .
8H3 gq : ' r tkdh gq f tosh tkb/ ejkDheko
1947 s'_ pknd gzikph ejkDh nkdoF dh o[uh XkoB eodh, gdkoEtkdh gqftosh
nXhB ;wkitkdh nkF/ dk gquko eodh, gq:'r d/ y/so ftu dk]b j' rJh. ;kv/ ejkDhekoK
B/ nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu s/} ocsko wB[ZyK ihtB ftu'_ fBZe/ fBZe/ fSD cVB dk :sB
ehsk. gq'H ;[fozdogkb f;zx nB[;ko j[D ;kvk ejkDheko nfij/ gb cVdk j? fiBQK ftu
e[M Bjh_ tkgfonk, e'Jh xNBk Bjh_, e'Jh gkso Bjh_, s/ nZy coeD fizBk gb, i' nkfJnk
s/ r[}o frnk s/ e[M th Bjh_ j'fJnk. fJe gZEo fvr fgnk j?. fJe fpibh uwe gJh
j?. x[;o w[;o, ;'u, F'o uhe, jZ;D dh ntk}, rbk;K d/ NeokD dh nktk}, xVh dh
fNZe fNZe s/ p; fJe gb bzx frnk.1
gq:'rtkdh ejkDheko eJh gbK Bz{ fJeZm/ eodk j? T[j T[jBK Bz{ e'Jh soshp Bjh_
fdzdk, e'Jh ozr Bjh_ Godk, e'Jh nkdoF Bjh_ Godk s/ T[j e?d ehs/ j'J/ gb ejkDh dk
o{g fsnko eo b?_d/ jB.2 ejkDh j[D f;ZXh ;kdh s/ ;wM ftu nkT[D tkbh Bjh_ ojh.
fJ; ftu ;w/_ s/ ;EkB dh J/esk Bz{ ;theko Bjh_ ehsk iKdk. fJj fe;/ r'd nXhB Bjh_
ojh. fJ; ftu ;w/_ s/ ;EkB dh J/esk Bz{ ;theko Bjh_ ehsk iKdk. fJj fe;/ r'd nXhB
Bjh_ fbyh iKdh. fJ; Bth_ ejkDh ftu e'Jh ejkDh Bjh_ j[zdh go fJ; ftu e'Jh Bk e'Jh
1H gzikph ejkDheko, gzBk 257
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 63 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
s}opk iK nB[Gt }o{o j[zdk j?. gq:'rtkdh ejkDh ftu wB[Zy dh fJeZb sk gqrNkT[D dk
:sB }o{o ehsk iKdk j?. fJ;/ soQK wB[Zyk f}zd rh dh noEjhDsk s/ y'yb/gB Bz{ fJj ejkDh
fpnkB eodh j? go Xkofwe s/ gozgoktkdh fdqFNh s'_ Bjh_ ;r'_ fJ; soQK fe fi; Bz{ eJh
nkb'ue fBokFktkd iK ;Beh g[Dk nky e/ fBzdd/ jB.
gzikph dhnK gq:'rtkdh ejkDhnK ftu ng{oDtke fby/ ik oj/ jB. pj[s e[M
nDfejk jh SZv fdZsk iKdk j?. gkme nkg jh yZg/ g{o/ eo b?_dk j?. fGzB fGzB w"fenK
T[&Zs/ tkgohnK xNBktK Bz{ fJT[_ fpnkB ehsk j? fe ;w[Zuk gqGkt fJe jh g?_dk j?. ejkDh
b/ye ed/ fgSb/ ;w/_ d/ fe;/ fSD dh rZb eoB bZr g?_dk j?, ed/ toswkB ;w/_ d/ fe;/
gb Bz{ fpnkB eodk j?.
gzikph ejkDh y/so ftu gq:'rtkdh gqftosh nXhB fbyD tkb/ b/yeK ftu n;h_
fgnkok f;zx G'rb, nihs e"o, r[b}ko ;zX{, gq/w gqekF, r[ofdnkb f;zx, p{Nk f;zx, wfjow
:ko, dbhg e"o fNtkDk, ;[fozdo i'jo, i;tzs f;zx ftodh, okfizdo e"o, wfjzdo f;zx
;oBk, ;[oihs f;zx ;/mh, w'jB Gzvkoh ns/ n?B H e"o nkfd Bz{ frD ;ed/ jK.
nZi d/ ;w/_ dhnK pdbdhnK ;wkfie ehwsK eoe/ j[D fJ;soh nZr/ Bkb'_ tX/o/
;fsekoh ikD bZr gJh j?. T[j fszB fGzB fGzB y/soK ftu wod tKr ezw eodh j? fi;
eoe/ T[; dh ;'uDh, tsho/ ns/ ;fEsh ftu toDB:'r gfotosB nk frnk j?. ejkDhekoK
B/ fJ; pdbdh j'Jh ;fEsh Bz{ g{oh soQK nB[Gt ehsk j? s/ T[j nkgDhnK ejkDhnK nfij/
gksoK s/ GktK dk fpnkB eoB bZr/ gJ/ jB fiBQK dk T[b /y ;kv/ gfjb/ ejkDhekoK ftu
Bjh_ ;h j[zdk. fJ; gq;zr ftu n;h_ p{Nk f;zx dh ejkDh *s/ok ;kE ep{b Bjh_* s/ r[b }ko
;zX{ dh ejkDh *;hs g'N/* dh T[dkjoD g/F eo ;ed/ jK.
Bth_ gq: 'rtkdh ejkDh ftu fbzr ;zpzXK dk y[b Q e/ toDB ehsk ik fojk j?. fi;
Bz{ ;wkitkdh nkb'ue nFbhb s/ BrB efj e/ Gzvd/ jB. T[_i sK eosko f;zx d[ Zrb,
;[ikB f;zx s/ nzfwqs k gqhsw dhnK eJh ejkDhnK ftu fbzr ;zpzXK dh uouk j[zdh ojh j?
go T[j pVh Ugoh Ugoh j[zdh ;h s/ fJT[_ gqs hs j[zdk ;h fe b/ye iK gkme T[; uouk
Bz{ gVQ e/ fbzr ;[nkd wkDd/ jB. fJ; d/ Nkeo/ s/ nZi d/ ejkDheko ftu fbzr tkFBK
Bkb ;zpzXs xNBktK Bz{ fJT[_ fpnkB eod/ jB fe fit/_ T[j wB[Zy dhnK e[dosh ekwBktK
dk ;[G kte f;ZNk j'D. nfijh fJe ejkDh ftu fbzr iK fgnko d/ i}p/ Bz{ e[dosh o{g
ftu fusfonk frnk j?, *sz{ w?_ T[j* ofus fgnkok f;zx G'rb.
Bt/_ ejkDhekoK B/ ;kvk fgzvK s/ FfjoK ftu nkJ/ ;wkfie, nkofEe s/ okiBhfse
gfotosB Bz{ th g{oh soQK fXnkB ftu fbnKdk j?. r[b}ko ;zX{, r[ofdnkb f;zx ns/
fgnkok f;zx G'rb B/ g/_v{ ihtB Bz{ pj[s B/V/ j' e/ fusfonk j?. go Bt/_ gq:'r eoB tkb/
ejkDhekoK B/ g/_v{ ihtB d/ Nkeo/ s/ Ffjoh ihtB Bz{ tX/o/ uzrh soQK g/F ehsk j?. gksoK
d/ ;[Gkn fusoB ;w/_ T[BQK B/ pdbdhnK j'JhnK ehwsK s/ ni'eh ftnesh o[uh Bz{ pVh
;cbsk Bkb fBGkfJnk j?, BthB ejkDhnK ftu :{Bhtof;NhnK, ekbiK, ekch jkT{;K, j'NbK,
Nh ;NkbK, p; ;NkgK, d\soK, ;VeK, pk}koK nkfd dk e/tb f}eo jh Bjh_ j[zdk ;r'_
fJBQK fGzB fGzB ;EkBK T[&Zs/ fijVk ihtB pshs ehsk ik fojk j? T[; dh tk;sfte s;tho
th j[zdh j?. gq/w gqe kF, nihs e"o s/ p{Nk f;zx nkfd ejkDheko fJ; gq;zr ftu toDB:'r
2H T[jh, gzBk 71
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 64 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
jB.
e[M ejkDhekoK B/ e/tb wZX-F/qDh Bz{ jh nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu Bjh_ fusfonk ;r'_
dfbs F/qDh Bz{ th jwdodh Bkb g/F ehsk j?. fJ; soQK dhnK ejkDhnK fbyD tkb/ fgnkok
f;zx G'rb s/ gq/w gqekF jB.
;z;ko ftu fgSb/ e[ M djkfenK ftu fijVhnK ftfrnkfBe y'iK j'J hnK jB s/
gdkoEe T[ & ZBsh j'J h j? T[ ; eoe/ wB[ Zy dh o[ uh gdkoEtkdh j' rJh j?. go fgSb/ d'
wjkB :[ ZX K dh spkjh B/ dkoFfBeK Bz{ fJj ;'uD s/ w}p{o eo fdZs k j? fe wB[ Zy Xow
Bz{ ngDkt/ iK ftfrnkB dk ;jkok bt/. fJ; dtzd wJh nt;Ek ftu ihtB s'_ fBokF j'
e/ wB[ Zy B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ *w?_* s/ e/_d fos eo fbnk s/ nkgDh j'_d s'_ fpBK T[ ; Bz{ pkeh
dk ;kok ;z;ko M{mk ikgD bZr fgnk. fJ; f;XKs d/ ;z; Ekge ;z;ko gqf;ZX dkoFfBe
ihB gkb ;koso jB s/ fJ; Bz{ n;fssttkd dk BK fdZs k iKdk j?. Gkt/_ fJj o[ uh gzikph
ejkDh y/s o ftu g{ oh soQ K ftef;s o{g ftu t/yD ftu Bjh_ nkT[ _d h go gq: 'r o{g ftu,
fJ; dh tos'_ dbhg e"o fNtkDk s/ p{N k f;zx B/ ehsh j?. fNtkDk d/ ejkDh ;zrqfj
*:ksok* ftu n;fssttkd dh tos'_ dhnK eJh T[ d kjoDK fwbdhnK jB fit/_ *fJj e"D
J/* s/ *G[ b /yk* BK dhnK ejkDhnK ftu.
9H u/s Bk-gq t kj dk gq: 'r
eosko f;zx d[Zrb, wfjzdo f;zx ;oBk s/ e[b tzs f;zx ftoe B/ th u/sBk-gqtkj
tkbhnK ejkDhnK fbyhnK ;B go fJBQK b/yeK B/ ;[u/s s"o s/ fJ; Yzr Bz{ Bjh_ ;h
ngDkfJnk. gozs{ gq/w gqekF *Nkeh* torhnK ejkDhnK ftu u/sB wB d/ gqtkj Bz{ :EkoEe
sohe/ Bkb fuZsodk j?. fJ; ejkDh ftu w[Zy gkso Bz{ e';/ gkDh Bkb BjkT[D, c;bK ftu
T[rh Gzr Bz{ t/y e/, w/b/ d/ ukn ftu fe;/ e[Vh dh :kd, gkDh dhnK ykbK, row o'N hnK,
Fokp, t/;tk, G'_ed/ e[Zs/, fgzv dhnK e[VhnK d/ T[Xkb/ nkfd d/ ftuko nkT[_d/ jB. p{Nk
f;zx dh ejkDh *nXtkN/* th u/sBk gqtkj d/ gq:'r tkbh ejkDh j?. nihs e"o dh ejkDh
*;{bh s/ bNe/ gb* th fJ; gqeko dk fJe ;cb gq:'r j?.
j[D ejkDh ftu gkso fuZsoD d/ gZy'_ th Bt/_ gq:'r ehs/ ik oj/ jB. j[D gkso
dk J/Bk ;ohoe fusoD }o{oh Bjh_ ;wfMnk iKdk fizBk T[; dk wkB;e fuZsoD. gkso
fusoD j[D o/yk fuZso ftZu th pdb fojk j?. o/yk fuZs o ftu ;zg{oB s/ ft;Eko dh
EK fe;/ N[eV/ iK ftF/F nzr Bz{ jh w[Zy s"o s/ g/F ehsk iKdk j? Gkt/_ o/yk fuZso Bz{ ihtBh
d/ nzsors th ftukfonk iKdk j? go fJj ejkDh y/so dh ebk tX/o/ gqshs j[zdh j?.
o/yk fuZso ftu fbykoh r'd dh EK fe;/ fJZe gkso d/ wB'ftfrnkfBe ftFb/FD s/ tX/o/
i'ao fdzd k j?. Gkt/_ uoB f;zx Fjhd B/ tfonkw BK d/ nwo gkso s/ ;zs f;zx ;/y'_, eosko
f;zx d[Zrb ns/ d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh B/ th fes/ fes/ eJh o/yk fuZso fby/ jB go BthB
gq:'rK dh fdqFNh s'_ T[BQK ftu pVhnK so[ZNhnK jB. e[btzs f;zx ftoe dk *ukuk*, p{Nk
f;zx dk *wkJh ;Xok*, dbhg e"o fNtkDk dk *phph pz;'*, r[ofdnkb f;zx *pebw y[d*
gq:'rtkdh o/yk fuZsoK dhnK e[M e[ T[dkjoDK jB.
eJh b/ye fog'oski iK ;{uBk d/ Yzr dhnK ejkDhnK th fby oj/ jB fit/_ p{Nk
f;zx, gq/w gqekF, nihs e"o ns/ r[ofdnkb f;zx. p{Nk f;zx dh *pkpk gq/w f;zx* s/ *ukuk
eohw pyF*, gq/w gqekF dh *ehV/ dk fo}e*, nihs e"o dh *fJe fgnkbk d' j'_m* ns/
r[ofdnkb f;zx dh *ehN wB[Zy w?Bz{ eh ;ko* fog'oski dhnK ;[zdo T[dkjoDK jB.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 65 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
BthBsw gq:'rK ftu fBpzX o{gh ejkDh dk toDB eoBk th }o{oh ikgdk j?. ;zs
f;zx ;/y'_ d/ ejkDh ;zrqfj *shik gfjo* ftu eJh ejkDhnK fBpzX o{gh jB fit/_ *NZgoh
tk; w[zv k* *y'fynK tkbk u"_e* nkfd. fJ;/ soQK JhFto fuZsoeko, ;{pk f;zx s/ fgnkok f;zx
dksk B/ fJ; gqeko dhnK ejkDhnK fbyhnK jB.
T[go'es ftuko s'_ T[gozs n;h_ fJ; f;ZN/ s/ g[Zid/ jK fe gzikph ejkDh B/ E'VQ/ fij/
;w/_ ftu jh ekch bzpk g?_vk wko fbnk j? s/ gzikph y/so ftu i' Bt/_ gq: 'r j'J/ jB, T[BQK
;dek fJj ;z;ko dhnK d{ihnK T[&ZBs GkFktK dhnK ejkDhnK d/ pokpo yVh j' ;eD d/
;woZE j' rJh j?.
10H 1960 s'_ pknd dh gzi kph ejkDh
j'o ;kfjs o{gK tKr 1960 s'_ gzikph fBZeh ejkDh ftu th Bt/_ gq:'r j'J/ jB. gfjb/
g'u d/ b/ye e[btzs f;zx ftoe, eosko f;zx d[Zrb s/ nzfwqsk gqhsw nkfd th ejkDhnK
fbyd/ oj/ jB e[M s/ Bt/_ b/ye wfjzdo f;zx ;oBk, i;tzs f;zx ftodh, r[btzs \kor,
r[opyF pkjtbh, nihs ;?Dh, pbpho w'wh, pbd/t pb, oki Fowk, r[opyF f;zx, r[b }ko
f;zx ;zX{, r[ow[y ihs, w'jB Gzvkoh s/ oxpho Yzv nkfd B/ ejkDh ouBk ftu fjZ;k
gkfJnk. fJ; ;w/_ ejkDh d/ y/so ftu j/m fby/ M[ekn g?d k j'J/.
10 H1 gq : ' r tkdh ejkDh
fJ; ;w/_ dh ;w[Zuh ejkDh dk M[ekn gfjbh nkdoFtkdh ;'uDh s'_ T[bN
wB'ftfrnkBe fojk j?. g/_v{ s/ Ffjoh ihtB dhnK ;wZf;nktK Bz{ wB'ftfrnkBh fdqFNh s'_
d/yD dh fgos gJh j?. fJjBK ejkDhnK ftu tX/o/ Ffjoh ihtB Bz{ nkXko pDkfJnk frnk
j?. fJj ihtB wZX tor dk ihtB j?, fi; ftu jo S'Nh s'_ S'Nh ;wZf;nk wZX torh wB[ZyK
d/ ;zs[b B Bz{ Gzr eo fdzdh j?. wfjzdo f;zx ;oBk dh *;[gfBnK dh ;hwk*, d/ftzdo dh
*fJe gb dk w;hjk*, *d' feBko/*, *y[Fp'*, r[btzs ckor dh *uKdh dk g[b * nkfd toDB:'r
g[;seK jB. fJ; s'_ fpBK fJ;soh b/yeK B/ th ejkDh f;oiDk ftu ek\h fjZ;k gkfJnk.
nzfwqsk gqhsw, dbhg e"o fNtkDk, nihs e"o s/ n?B e"o nkfd d/ BK th toDB:'r j?.
fJBQK ftu'_ nzfwqsk gqhsw dhnK ejkDhnK fBo'b o[wK;tkdh F?bh dhnK jB. dbhg e"o
fNtkDk dhnK e[M ejkDhnK nzfwqs k gqhsw dh gfogkNh Bkb w/b yKdhnK jB s/ e[M Bjh_.
e[M Bt/_ gq:'r th jB go fNtkDk dk ftFk th nzfwqsk tKr fJ;soh gksoK dhnK w}p{ohnK
g/F eoBk jh fojk j?. nihs e"o dhnK ejkDhnK }o{o wB'ftfrnkBe :EkoEtkd Bkb
;zpzX oZydhnK jB. gfjbh tko fJe fJ;soh b/ye B/ n"os dhnK ;wZf;nktK dk w{b e/tb
wod ftu'_ jh bG e/ ;wki iK T[; d/ nkgD/ jh wzB-nzso ftu'_ bZGD dk isB ehsk j?.
gq:'rtkdhnK ftu'_ ;G Bkb'_ tX i;tzs f;zx ftodh (ghV gokJh), jopz; f;zx i"bh (uheK,
fJe oks goGks, gqhs fwbDh nkfd) b'uD f;zx pyFh (gkg g[zB s'_ go/, to s/ ;okg, Go/
w/b/ ftu) nkfd ;cb ejkDheko jB fiBQK B/ T[gobh wZX F/qDh d/ dzG s'_ godk u[Ze e/
T[; dh nzdo{Bh f}zd rh dh e"Vh joes Bz{ Bzrk eoB dh db/oh ehsh j?.
10 H2 Bt-gq r shtkdh iK i[ M kotkdh ejkDh
fJ; M[ekn nXhB n;h_ nwo f;zx (epo g[ZN s/ f;Zy ;kro), Bts/i f;zx (d/F
tkg;h, Bth_ o[Zs, pk;wsh dh wfje s/ ukBD d/ phi), oxpho Yzv (p'b Xosh) nkfd
ejkDhekoK Bz{ oZy ;ed/ jK. Bti's dh ejkDh ebk ftu wB'ftfrnkB s/ o[wKfNe F?bh
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 66 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
dh th fwZ; j?. u/s Bk Gkt/_ ;wkitkdh j?, go T[; dhnK ejkDhnK ftu fJe soQK d/
nkdoFtkd dh th Mbe g?_dh j?. nwo f;zx dh u/szBsk ;wki-tkdh ftukoXkok oZydh j?
s/ nkgDhnK e[M e[ ejkDhnK ftu T[j ;[ikB f;zx Bkb w/b yKdk j?. oxpho Yzv dh
ouBk *p'bh Xosh* th fJ;/ ftukoXkok dk gqrNktk j?. fJj b/ye nkgD/ ftF/ ns/ o{g
d'jK gy'_ ekch fBg[zB ejkDheko jB. ejkDh-ebk d/ gZy s'_ fJjBK dhnK ejkDhnK ;cb
ejhnK ik ;edhnK jB.
10 H3 jk;o;h gz i kph ejkDh
fJ; ;w/_ d"okB ejkDh-y/so ftu fJe j'o gozgok jk;o;h ejkDhnK dh ubh j?
fi; nXhB ;{pk f;zx, r[oBkw f;zx sho, fgnkok f;zx dksk, Bz{ ofynk ik ;edk j?.
r[oBkw f;zx sho ofus *j;dh d[BhnK*, *fwZmhnK ghVK*, *r[VQsh* ns/ *nZX h oks dhnK jkeK*
nkfd ejkDh ;zrqfj pV/ BkNeh s/ ebkswe nzdk} ftu f}zdrh d/ eJh e"V/ ;ZuK T[&Zs/
ftnzrwJh u'N eo/ jB. fJjBK dk pkjoh gqGkt Gkt/_ jk;/ dk j? go nzd o{Bh s"o s/ ihtB
d/ fe;/ v{zx/ Gkt Bz{ ;gZFN ehsk j'fJnk j? fijVk nkgD/ nkg ftu t/dBk Gog{o j?. ;{pk
f;zx ofus *nZr s/ gkDh* ftubhnK ejkDhnK ihtB d/ v{zx/ :EkoEe nB[Gt ftu'_ fBebhnK
jB. T[; dk ftnzrkswe fdqFNhe'D gfogZe j? s/ jk;o;h F?bh fes/ th p"fXesk dh g[Zm
s'_ ;ZyDh Bjh_ j[zdh. fgnkok f;zx dksk dhnK ejkDhnK dh so} }o{o j"bh s/ wB'ozie
j[zdh j? fi; s'_ ;kXkoB s'_ ;kXkoB gkme th o; wkD ;edk j? Gkt/_ j"bkgB fes/ th
;kfjse gZXo s'_ xNhnk Bjh_ brdk. *ngq?b c{b*, *wKrt/_ yzG*, *w/oh gfjbh gqhs* nkfd
T[; dhnK e[M e[ toDB:'r feosK jB.
nfGnk; tk;s/ gqF B
1H ejkDh eh j? <
2H w[Yb/ d"o dh ejkDh dhnK eh ftF/FsktK jB <
3H :EkoEtkdh ejkDh dhnK eh ftF/FsktK jB <
4H u/sBk gqtkj seBhe nXhB fbyh ejkDh pko/ ftuko ftnes eo'.
5H jk; o;h ejkDh dk gzikph ejkDh ftu eh ;EkB j? <
;jkfJe g[ ; seK dh ;{u h
1H gzikph, ejkDheko - vkH ;ftzdo f;zx T[&Zgb.
2H gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;, Gkr d{ik - GkFk ftGkr, gfNnkbk.
3H gzikph ejkDh d/ Bt/_ gq:'r - gq'H ;[fozdogkb f;zx
4H gzikph rbg dk fJfsjk; - vkH r[ouoB f;zx
5H ejkDheko nze - *;kfjs ;wkuko*.
6H gq:'rFhb bfjo dk f;XKs fgS'eV - (;zgH) vkH i;pho f;zx nkjb{t kbhnK.
7H gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;, Gkr d{ik - (GkFk ftGkr, gzikp).
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk gzi kph u' D tK ftFk
gzi kph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;

gkm Bzpo L 1H8

gzi kph BkNe ns/ fJeKrh dk fJfsjk;

1H wz s t
fJ; gkm dk wzst ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ gzikph BkNe ns/ fJeKrh ebk d/ iBw ns/
ftek; pko/ g{oh ikDekoh d/Dk j?. gzikph BkNe d/ w[ZY pko/ ekch Gow G[b/y/ jB. e[M
ftdtkBK dk f]nkb j? fe nzro/}K d/ gzikp T[&Zs/ ep}k eoB s'_ gfjbK fJE/ e'Jh BkNeh
gozgok Bjh_ ;h. fJ; gkm ftu gfjbK fJ; gqFB Bz{ gVskfbnk frnk j?.
2H G { f we k
fJ; gkm d/ gzi fjZ;/ pDd/ jB (Gkt/_ f;ob/y Bjh_ fdZs/). gfjb/ Gkr ftu fJj
d/fynk frnk j? fe nkX[fBe gzikph BkNe fezBQK jkbsK ftu g?dk j'fJnk noEks nzro/}K
d/ gqt/F ;w/_ fJE/ e'Jh BkNe j? ;h fe Bjh_ < d{i/ fjZ;/ ftu T[BQhth_ ;dh d/ fgSb/ nZX
ftu nkX[fBe gzikph BkNe d/ iBw nkfd pko/ ftuko ehsh rJh j?. shi/ ftu 1901 s'_
1936 JhH sZe ns/ u"E/ ftu 1936 s'_ 1947 JhH sZe gzikph BkNe dk ftek; T[bhfenk frnk
j?. nzsb/ Gkr ftu 1947 s'_ 1960 sZe nkX[fBe gzikph BkNe dk ftek; ns/ T[; d/ M[ ektK
iK gqftoshnK s/ ftuko ehsh rJh j?.
3H gzikph BkNe dk iBw fezB Q K jkbsK ftu j'f Jnk <
T[ & Zs o L nkw ftdtkBK dh fJj okJ/ j? fe gzikph BkNe thjth_ ;dh d/ nkozG ftu
poskBth oki dh poes s/ pyfFF ekoB ns/ nzro/}h ;kfjs s/ ;fGnkuko d/ gqGkt nXhB
j'_d ftu nkfJnk. fJj eEB *Gkosh: BkN: ;kfjs:* g[;se d/ nfXnkfJ *gzikph vokwk*
ftu doi j?. ;gZFN s"o s/ fJj eEB gzikp ;kfjse s/ ;fGnkukoe fto;/ s'_ nfrnkBsk
dk ;{ue j?.
jo d/F d/ ;kfjs s/ ebk dhnK iVQk T[; d/F dh Xosh ftu v{zx h soQK rZvhnK
j[zdhnK jB. fJ;/ eoe/ jo d/F d/ BkNe ftu T[; d/F dh Xosh dh ;[rzX , ;wkfie ;fEsh,
gkso, GkFk ns/ ;[G ktk dh ftbyDsk fwbh j[zdh j?. BkNe ebk ftu o{g iK T[;koh bJh
gq/oBk bJh ik ;edh j? go BkNe d/ w{b sZs T[; Xosh ftu gfjb'_ jh w"i{d j[zd/ jB.
gqGkt th gfjb'_ ;Ekgs fe;/ uh} T[&Zs/ g? ;edk j?. fw;kb ti'_ wZX s'_ gZSwh J/Fhnk ftu
th nzro/} ;?_eV/ ;kb oki eod/ oj/, c/o th T[BQK d/FK ftu BkNe feT[_ Bjh_ g?dk j'fJnk
<
gz i kph ftu BkNeh goz g ok dk ;z p z X f;z X xkNh dh ;fGnsk Bkb i' f Vnk ik u[ Z e k
j? . fJ; dk ;p{ s jVZ g k s/ wfjz i ' d ko' dh y[ d kJh s' _ gq k gs j' f Jnk j? go nc;' ; ;kv/
gk; fJ; sZ E Bz { f;Z X eoB d/ fbysh ;p{ s Bjh_ fwbd/ . ;ojZ d h ;{ p k j' D eoe/ gz i kp
gq k uhB ekb s' _ ;fGnkukoe s" o s/ xkN/ ftu fojk j? . nB/ e K pd/ F h jZ f bnK B/ gz i kph
ebkekoK Bz { gz i kp s' _ pkjo ;[ o Z f yns EktK s/ ikD bJh w}p{ o ehsk. f;ez d o d/ jZ b /
;w/ _ j}koK dh frDsh ftu rtZ J hJ/ s/ fuZ s q e ko gz i kp s' _ pkjo fXz r ' } ' o h fbikJ/ rJ/ .
67
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 68 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fcod" ; d/ FkjBkw/ nB[ ; ko wfjw{ d riBh d/ jwb/ d/ f;Z N / ti' _ j}koK gz i kph ebkeko
gz i kp s' _ r}Bh fbnKd/ rJ/ .
nzro/}K d/ gzikp T[&Zs/ ep}/ fgS'_ ;[Zy s/ FKsh dk ekb nkozG j'fJnk, i'
;fGnkukoe T[&ZBsh bJh nktZFe j[zdk j?. gzikp ftu ;wkfie s/ oki;h ;fEsh tX/o/ s/}h
Bkb pdbDh F[o{ j'Jh. gZSwh ;kfjs s/ ;fGnkuko dk gqG kt gzikp T[& Zs/ Gkos d/ pkeh
;{fpnK Bkb'_ s/}h Bkb fgnk. 1854 ftu jh f;Zfynk ftGkr ;Ekgs j' frnk fi; B/ nzro/}h
Yzr Bkb ftfdnk d/D dk ekoi nkozG ehsk. T[BQhth_ ;dh d/ fgSb/ nZX ftu g[Bo ikfrqsh
F[o{ j'J h. fJ; ;w/_ ;wki dk ;BksBh Gkr g[okD/ fto;/ d/ ;zGkb s/ ;Ekgsh tZb M[fenk
fojk ns/ gqrshFhb tor nkX[fBe gZSwh soi sohe/ ngBkD bZrk.
Jh;kJh fwFBohnK d/ gquko d/ gqsheow ti'_ gzikp ftu f;zx ;Gk nkohnk ;wki,
pqjw' ;wki, nfjwdhnk nkfd bfjoK j'_d ftu nkJhnK ;B. T[j ;wki ;[Xko s/ ftfdnk
d/ gquko bJh sK pj[s jh ;orow ;B go Bku s/ BkNebk tZb T[BQK dk otZJhnk fto'Xsk
Gfonk ;h. fJBQK bfjoK d/ nkr{nK B/ ;r'_ b'e rhsK ns/ b'e BkuK dh fto'Xsk ehsh.
nfijh fto'Xh ;fEsh d/ j[zd/ j'J / gzikp nzdo nkX[fBe ozr wzu 1880 JhH d/ eohp j'_d
ftu nkT[Dk F[o{ j'fJnk.
n;bhns sK fJj j? fe gzikp nzdo ozr wzu bJh Xosh gfjbK jh fsnko ;h.
gzikp ;kfjs ftu Jh;kJh fwFBohnK d/ :sBK d[nkok nkX[fBe tkose gfjb/ j'_d ftu nk
u[Zeh ;h i' BkNe d/ nkozG s/ ftek; bJh }o{oh j[zdh j?. Fowk okw f\b'oh dh g[;se
*gzikph pksuhs* ftu nkX[fBe Yzr dh BkNeh tkoskbkg d/ nB/eK T[dkjoD fwbd/ jB.
fJ; dk JhFto uzdo Bzdk d/ BkNeK dh p'bukb T[&Zs/ ikjok n;o fgnk.
T[BQhth_ ;dh d/ fgSb/ nZX (1850 s'_ 1900 JhH sZe) gzikp nzdo nkX[fBe BkNe ns/
ozr wzu Bz{ j'_d ftu fbnkT[D ns/ T[sFkfjs eoB ftu j/m fby/ sZeK, gqGktK iK ;z;EktK
dk ftF/F Gkr ;h.
3H1 N?_g o?_; n?; '; hJ/F B L fJj Fokp iK BFkpzdh fto[ZX ;Ekgs j'JhnK ;GktK ;B. fJj
;z;EktK nkgD/ wB'oE d/ gquko bJh BkNe ns/ ozr swkF/ dk ;kXB ns/ wkfXnw tosdhnK
jB.
3H2 gko;h EhJ/N o L bzvB dh ok;' gkoNh EhJ/No gfjbK pzpJh ns/ ebZes/ fty/
;Ekgs j'fJnk. fJj ezgBhnK gzikp ftu 1880 d/ bkr/ nkT[DhnK F[o{ j'JhnK. gko;h
EhJ/No dk gqG kt okw bhbk ns/ feqFB bhbk dh g/Fekoh T[&Zs/ th fgnk.
3H3 Bt/_ Yzr Bkb :{ B htof;Nh ftZf dnk L F[ o{ F[ o { ftu nzro/ }h gVQ kT[ D bJh gZS wh
gq'c?;o s/ nfXnkge Gkoh frDsh ftu nkJ/. T[ BQ K B/ ;e{b K ns/ ekb}K ftu BkNe
fyvkT[ D / F[ o{ ehs/.
3H4 gZS w dk f;ZX k gqG kt L fJBQK Bkb'_ th v{zxk gqGkt T[BQK b'eK dk fgnk fijV/
fJzrb?_v iK :{og d/ pkeh w[beK ftu ;?o iK fe;/ j'o ezw eko bJh rJ/. T[&ZE/ T[BQK
B/ gquZfbs BkNe s/ ozr wzu d/y/. fJ; dk fJj n;o fgnk fe gZSw dh oh;/ Gkosh ozr
wzu T[& Zs/ fJ;sohnK nkT[DhnK F[o{ j'JhnK.
3H5 Jh;kJh fwFBohnK dk gqG kt L gzikp ftu fwFBohnK d/ gquko d/ gqsheow ti'_
e[M j\sktko o;kb/ gqekfFs j'D/ F[o{ j'J/. T[BQK ftu S'N/ S'N/ b/y, xNBk Gog{o ejkDhnK
ns/ BkNeh tkoskbkgh MkehnK SkgDhnK F[o{ j'JhnK. gzikph dk ;G s'_ gfjbK *;[gB BkNe*
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 69 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
ofus frnkBh fdZs f;zx 1886 JhH d/ eohp *]kb;k* j\sktko ftu SZfgnk ;h.
4H gzikp ftu BkNe dh w[ ZY bh nt;Ek fej' fijh j? <
T[ & Zs o L ;[Gkr dh rZb j? fe T[BQhth_ ;dh d/ djkfenK ftu bkj"o ns/ nzfwqs;o
ftu y/v/ rJ/ BkNe dk ;kBz{ nZyh fvZmk jkb wkb{w j?. r"ofwzN ekbi bkj"o d/ fJe
nzro/} gq'c?;o, i' fgS'_ ykb;k ekbi, nzfwqs;o d/ gfjb/ fgqz;hgb bZr/, i/H;hH T[wkB d/
fszB g[ ;seK fbyhnK ;B. T[BQK ftu T[; B/ T[; ;w/_ d/ gzikph ihtB dhnK nZyh d/yhnK
MkehnK doi ehshnK jB. T[BQK ftu'_ fJe g[;se (Cuults, Customs and Superstitions
of India) ftu T[; ;w/_ gzikph d/ ozr-wzu, BkNe ns/ g/Fekoh pko/ ft;Eko Gog{o toDB
fwbdk j?. fJ; g[;se ftu ozr wzu s/ g/F ehs/ BkNeK d/ e[M fuZso th fdZs/ jB. fJj
;koh tke\hns T[; B/ *BtK Gkosh EhJ/N o* d/ f;ob/y j/m doi ehsh j?.
gq 'H T[ w kB B/ nkgDhnK d' g[ ;seK ftu, uko bkj"o nzd o ns/ fJZ e nz fwqs ;o ftu
y/ v / rJ/ BkNeK dk nZ y h fvZ m k jkb toDB ehsk. y/ v / rJ/ BkNeK d/ ftF/ t;s{ , r' d ,
oz r wz u dh pDso, ndkekoh dk Yz r s/ gZ X o, doFeK dh frDsh, p? m D dhnK ;hNK,
fNeNK dk o/ N , rZ b eh fBZ e h s'_ fBZ e h rZ b pVh x' y Bkb doi ehsh j? . ftdtkB b/y e
B/ fiBQ K gz i BkNeK dk f}eo nkgDhnK d' g[ ; seK ftu ehsk j? , T[ B Q K d/ BK fJj jB
L
4H1 nbkdhB dk b?_g L fJ; Bz{ fJe gko;h BkNe ezgBh B/ g/F ehsk. fJ; y/b ftu
fJe n"os B/ th gkoN ehsk.
4H2 gqf jbkd Grs BkNe L fJj BkNe fJe j'o gk;h ezgBh B/ bkj"o ftu g/F ehsk.
T[; ftu gzikp d/ e[M wok;h gkso ns/ BZuD tkbhnK fJ;sohnK th Fkfwb ;B.
4H3 gqf jbkd Grs BkNe L fJj BkNe bkj"o ftu fJe XBtkB tgkoh d/ you/ s/
nkw b'eK d/ gowkoE fjZs fdykfJnk frnk ;h.
4H4 g{o B Grs BkNe L fJj BkNe bkj"o d/ fJe ;EkBe BkNeh N'b/ B/ gzikph p'b h
ftu g/F ehsk.
4H5 Fokp e"o L fJj gzikph BkNe gq'H T[wkB B/ nzfwqs;o ik e/ t/fynk. fJ; Bz{ T[j
nkX[fBe GKs dk N?_go?_; ;[;kfJNh nzfwqs;o tb'_ g/F ehsk frnk BkNe efjzdk j?. T[; d/
eEB nB[;ko fJj BkNe Fokp B'Fh fto[X fJe uzrk s/ ;\b b/y ;h.
gq'H T[wkB B/ bkj"o ftu nZyh_ d/y/ uko BkNeK dh eoVh nkb'uBk ehsh j?. BkNeK
d/ Bht/_ gZXo s'_ fpBK T[; B/ b'e K d/ xNhnk ;[ji ;tkd Bz{ th oi e/ fBzfdnk j?, go
nzfwqs;o ftu d/y/ BkNe dh T[; B/ ;bkj[Dk ehsh j?, feT[_fe T[j gzikph p'bh ftu j'D
eoe/ w"fbe s/ tk;sfte ihtB dk fdqF g/F eodk ;h.
4H6 gzikp ftu b'e-fgq: EhJ/No j'_d ftu nk fojk ;h. Gkt/_ ozr wzu ni/ w[ZYbh nt;Ek
ftu ;h, c/o th T[; d/ gZe/ g?oK s/ yV/ j'D dh ;zGktBk fdZ;D bZr gJh ;h.
4H7 gko;h EhJ/No wB goukt/ dk w[Zy ;kXB ;h. Gkt/_ Gkosh EhJ/No gZSwh BkNe ns/
ozr-wzu s'_ pj[s gSfVnk j'fJnk ;h.
4H8 Xkofwe s/ ;wki bfjoK d/ nkr{ ns/ Xkofwe o[uhnK tkb/ b'e gko;h EhJ/No dh
nkuoDe gZy s'_ ;zy/g fto'Xsk eod/ ;B. T[BQK ftu e[M ;[u/s nkr{ fJ; Bt/_ ebk wkfXnw
Bz{ gquko dk ;kXB pDkT[D bJh fsnko ;B. frnkBh r[ofdZs f;zx dk *;[gB BkNe* fJ;
dk }kjok ;p{s j?. f;zx ;Gk bfjo d/ ;zukbe GkJh tho f;zx B/ T[; FeshFkbh ebk
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 70 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
wkfXnw dk f;Zek wzBfdnK *okik bydksk f;zx* BkNe ofunk.
4H9 FfjoK dh nkpkdh tZXD Bkb b'eK Bz{ wB gqukt/ d/ ;kXBK dh b'V wfj;{; j'D bZr
gJh ;h. fgzvK s'_ FfjoK tZb X{j g?D ekoD fgzvK dhnK BebK Bz{ Gkoh XZek bZrk. fgzvK
d/ wok;h gko;h EhJ/NoK ftu B"eohnK dh Gkb eoB bZr gJ/ ;B.
4H10 gko;h EhJ/No w[Zy s"o s/ tgkoe Xzdk jh ;h. ezgBhnK d/ wkbeK dk w{b wB'oE
g?;k ewkT[Dk jh ;h Bk fe BkNeh ebk dk tkXk eoBk. fJ; eoe/ Bzr/ ;hB ns/ rzd/
sZs y/b swkfFnK ftu tX/o/ Fkwb j' rJ/. BkNeK ftu pDktN s/ Bku rkfDnK dh Gowko
j[zdh ;h.
BkN Gzv ko ftu T[; ;w/_ w[Zy s"o s/ fJFe d/ feZ;/ ejkDhnK s/ nXkfos BkNe jh
;B fit/_ Fhoh \fojkd, b?bk wiBz{, :{Fc i[b ?yK nkfd. fJBQK s'_ pknd c/o johF uzdo,
tho nfGwBz{, gqfjbkd Grs, g{oB Grs nkfd gquZfbs j'J /. Gkosh b'V ns/ ;[ji ;tkd
nB[;ko F?e;ghno d/ BkNe th y/v/ iKd/ ;B. fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb e"wh BkNe T[;koB tZb
th ;[u/s :sB j' fojk ;h. *fJzd o ;Gk* dk y/b fJ; tZb fJe seVk ;[d/Fh edw ;h.
N?_go?_; ;GktK dhnK y/bK ns/ BkNeK dh gZXoh ek\h T[&Zuh ;h. fJ; Bkb wZXtor d/ Ffjoh
b'e th Fkwb ;B.
gZSwh Yzr dh ftfdnk gqDkbh dk BkNe ebk dh ;Ekgsh s/ v{zxk gqGkt fgnk. 1880
JhH ftu r"ofwzN ekbi bkj"o ns/ 1382 JhH ftu gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh ;Ekgs j'D Bkb pj[s
;ko/ nzro/} gq'c?;o bkj"o ftu nk rJ/ ;B. T[BQK nfXnkgeK ns/ j'o nzro/} n\;oK s/
ftdtkBK B/ ekbiK ns/ ebZpk ftu gfjbk nzro/}h BkNe y/v e/ T[&Zu gZX oh BkNeh gozgok
Bz{ iBw fdZsk ;h. T[BQK dk gzikph BkNe d/ ftek; ftu v{zxk jZE j? i' thjth_ ;dh ftu
ik e/ gqrN j'Dk F[o{ j'fJnk.
5H gzikph BkNe (1901 s'_ 1936 JhH sZe )
thjth_ ;dh d/ nkoz G s' _ BkNe d/ ftek; bJh pj[ s ;ko/ nB[ ; koh jkbks g? d k
j' rJ/ ; B. gz i kp d/ w[ Z y FfjoK ftu gZ S wh GKs dh ftZ f dnk d/ D bJh ekbi y[ b Q oj/
;B. ykb;k ekbi nz f wq s ;o 1904 ns/ fdnkb f;z x ekbi bkj" o 1910 ftu ;Ekgs
j' J / ;B. fgSbh ;dh ftu BkNe e/ t b wB gq u kt/ dk ;kXB jh ;h, gq z s { thjth_ ;dh
d/ nkoz G s' _ jh ;wkfie ;[ X ko dk tXhnk wkfXnw fynkb ehsk ikD bZ r k. GkJh tho
f;zx tor/ r[ of;Z y k Bz { th gq uko ykso *okik bydksk f;z x * BkNe fbyDk fgnk. 1910-
11 JhH ftu bkj" o ftu g/ F kto EhJ/ N o j' rJ/ ;B. nkrk jFo ns/ wk;No ofjws
nbh d/ fBod/ F BK Eb/ ub oj/ d' tZ y tZ y EhJ/ N o o' F w[ e kpb/ s/ y' b Q g/ F eod/ ;B.
Gkt/ _ T[ B Q K BkNeK dh GkFk T[ o d{ ;h, goz s { doFeK dh pj[ - frDsh gz i kphnK dh j[ z d h
;h. T[ j BK dh s;Z b h bJh BkNeK d/ ftukb/ gz i kph MkehnK g/ F ehshnK iKdhnK ;B.
pkpk p[ Z X f;z x dk gfjbk gz i kph BkNe *uz d o joh* (1909 JhH) f;Z X k gko;h EhJ/ N o
s' _ gq G kfts j' e/ ofunk frnk ;h.
pzrkbhnK dk gzikph BkNe d/ iBw s/ ftek; ftu g{ok Gkr j?. thjth_ ;dh d/
nkozG ftu bkj"o nzdo seVh frDsh ftu pzrkbh pkp{ ;B. T[jBK pko/ gqf;ZX j? fe fJj
b'e fiE/fes/ th iKd/ jB Bku s/ BkNe dhnK gozgoktK Bkb b? e/ iKd/ jB. T[jBK b'eK
B/ gzikp dh okiXkBh ftu ;[uZik ;fGnkukoe tksktoD g?dk eoB ftu ekch fjZ;k gkfJnk.
T[j b'e d[ork g{ik d/ T[&Zs;t d/ nt;o s/ BkNe y'b d/ ;B fiBQK dk gqGkt gzikph
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 71 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
EhJ/No T[&Zs/ f;ZXk fgnk.
gzikp ftu b'e BkN dh gozgok j}koK ;kb g[okDh j?. gko;h EhJ/No dh tXdh
gqf;ZXsk dk Nkeok eoB bJh gzikp d/ BebhnK s/ GzvK B/ Bt/_ ftF/ s/ Yzr ngBkD/ F[o{
ehs/. fJ; ;w/_ gzikp ftu ok;XkohnK dhnK e[M wzvbhnK th ;Ekgs j'JhnK.
gzikph BkNe Bz{ BthnK s/ Bo'JhnK bhjK s/ gkT[D ftu fwf;} B'oQk fouov} dk
;G s'_ tZX fjZ;k j?. B'oQk fdnkb f;zx ekbi d/ nzro/}h d/ gq'c?;o dh gsBh ;h ns/ T[;
d/ Bkb jh 1911 JhH ftu bkj"o nkJh ;h. T[; B/ nkT[_d/ ;ko/ T[&Zu gZXo d/ nzro/}h BkNe
g/F eoB/ F[o{ ehs/ fJ; s'_ fpBK gzikp nzdo gfjbh ozrwzu ;Gk *;o;tsh ;N/i ;[;kfJNh*
;Ekgs ehsh fi; dk w[Zy wB'oE jh Gkosh p'bhnK ftu ;jkfJe s/ T[& Zu gZXo s/ BkNe
fbytk e/ g/F eoBk ;h n;b ftu xNhnk gZXo d/ gko;h EhJ/No d/ gqsheow ti'_ fJj
;Gk j'_d ftu fbnKdh rJh ;h sK i' T[; wko{ n;o s'_ B"itkBK Bz{ pukfJnk ik ;e/ ns/
BkNeebk Bz{ :EkoEtkdh bhjK s/ s'fonk ik ;e/.
B' o Q k fouov} ;w/ _ fJz r b? _ v s' _ gz i kp ftu nkJh ;h id' _ gZ S w ftu nkfJob? _ v
dh b' e -BkN bfjo g{ o / i' a o K s/ ;h fi; dk gq G kt :{ o g d/ d/ F K s' _ fpBK nwohek sZ e
g[ f ink j' f Jnk ;h. nkfJob? _ v d/ jkbks ;kv/ w[ b e Bkb ekch w/ b yKd/ jB. T[ j d/ F
th nz r o/ } k dh oki;h r[ b kwh nXhB ;h ns/ Gkos tKr ;[ s z s osk bJh id' - ifjd eo
fojk ;h. T[ E ' _ dh b' e BkN bfjo B/ iBsk ftu oki;h ikrq s h g? d k eoB ftu Gkoh
fjZ ; k gkfJnk. T[ B Q K d/ BkNeK dk M[ e k g/ _v { ihtB d/ ftF/ tb ;h ns/ T[ j nkgD/ ihtB
d/ ;wekbh w;fbnK Bkb ;z p z X s BkNe y/ v d/ ;B. BkNeK Bz { ;kdk ;kXkoD Yz r Bkb
y[ b Q / wz u (Open Air Theatre) T[ & Z s / g/ F eod/ ;B. b/ v h ro? r oh nkfJob? _ v dh ;G s' _
gq f ;Z X ;z u kbe Fesh ;h. T[ ; ndkeko s/ BkNeeko ;tkDh s' _ gq G kfts j' e/ B' o Q k
fouov} gz i kp bJh b/ v h ro? r oh f;Z X j' J h.
bkj"o d/ ;ko/ ekbiK ftu'_ fdnkb f;zx ekbiK dk gzikph ;fGnkuko Bkb ftF/F
;pzX fojk j?. fJj ekbi F[o{ (1910 JhH) s'_ gzikph ;fGnkuko dk e/_do pD frnk. fJ;
ftu pj[s/ fgzvK d/ w[zv/ jh gVQd / ;B. B'oQk Bz{ ekbi dk tksktoD pj[s ;[ykfJnk. T[;
B/ ekbi d/ y[bQ/ v[b Q/ njks/ ftu y[bQk wzvg T[;kfonk. 1911 ns/ 1912 JhH ftu T[; B/
F?e;ghno d/ d' BkNe *J/ fwv ;wo BkJhN; vohw* ns/ *n?} :{ bkJhe fJN* ns/ b/vh
ro?roh dk nkgDk BkNe *;go?fvzr dk fBT{} g/F ehs/. fJBQK BkNeK dh g/Fekoh dk gzikp
d/ EhJ/No s/ ;EkJh s/ v{zxk gqG kt fgnk.
B'oQk fouov} Bz{ Gkosh b'eK Bkb e[dosh s"o s/ (nkfJob?_v dh j'D eoe/)
jwdodh ;h. 1912 JhH ftu T[; B/ d/Fh GkFktK ftu'_ BkNe gqkgs eoB bJh fJe BkNe
w[ekpb/ dk n?bkB ehsk. nkJhH ;hH Bzdk T[BQK fdBK ftu fdnkb f;zx ekbi dk ftfdnkoEh
;h ns/ B'oQk fouov} d/ d' nzro/}h BkNeK ftu Gkr b? u[Zek ;h. T[; nwbh f;Zfynk
d/ nXko s/ Bzdk d/ *d[bjB* BK dk gzikph fJeKrh w[ekpb/ bJh G/fink i' 1913 JhH d/
w[ekpb/ ftu gfjb/ Bzpo s/ nkfJnk.
1914 JhH ftu okfiz d o bkb ;kjBh dk gz i kph BkNe *dhB/ dh poks* ntb
ns/ Bz d k dk fJeKrh *p/ p / okw GiBh* d{ i / doi/ s/ fojk. *d[ b jB* BkNe 1914 ftu
oz r wz u T[ & Z s / ;cbsK Bkb y/ f vnk frnk. B' o Q k dh nrtkJh j/ m fby/ fJj fsz B / BkNe
gz i kp d/ fgz v K d/ tk;sfte ihtB Bkb ;z p z X s ;B ns/ oz r wz u T[ & Z s / ;Z u h soQ K y/ v /
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 72 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
ik ;ed/ jB. B' o Q k fouov} B/ 1911 s' _ b? e/ nkgDk ;kok ihtB gz i kph EhJ/ N o dh
T[ & Z B sh bJh nogB ehsk.
nkJhH;hH Bzdk Bz{ nkX[fBe gzikph BkNe dk iBwdksk fejk iKdk j?. fJ; dk fJj
noE Bjh_ fe T[; s'_ gfjbk gzikph BkNe fby/ iK y/v/ Bjh_ ;B rJ/. fJ; s'_ gfjbK brGr
doiB BkNe gzikph ftu fby/ ik y/v/ ik u[Ze/ ;B, fit/_ ;[gB BkNw, wbek n;so, g{oB
Grs, Fe[zsbk, wjkokDh Fokp e"o, uzdo joh, okik bZy dksk f;zx, ;[Zek ;w[zdo (no{V
f;zx skfbp), T[E?b' (nB[tkd ;/tk f;zx), *wBw'jB* BkNe ofus r[opyF f;zx, fpoX fttkj
dh d[odFk nkfd. c/o th n;h_ Bzdk Bz{ nkX[fBe gzikph BkNe dk w'Yh ejKr/ feT[_fe ftF/
s/ seBhe d/ gZy'_ fJj BkNe g{oBsk dh Gkn wkod/ jB. T[BQK dk ;wekbh ihtB Bkb
pj[s xZN ;zpzX j?. T[BQK ftu'_ fe;/ Bz{ th g{oh soQK BkNe ebk dk Bk frnkB ;h ns/
Bk jh ozr wzu dk n;bh s}opk.
B' o Q k fouov} B/ jh gz i kp ns/ gz i kph ftu fJeKrh BkNe fbytkD ns/ y/ v D
dh goz g ok ;Ekgs ehsh. 1910-11 d/ eohp nkfJob? _ v dh BkNe bfjo dk gq G kt, fi;
ftu tX/ o / eoe/ fJeKrh jh fby/ s/ y/ v / iKd/ ;B, :{ o g ns/ nwohek ftu fgnk ;h.
brGr T[ B Q K fdBk ftu jh B' o Q k fouov} B/ gz i kph p' b h ftu fJeKrh fbytkT[ D bJh
T[ s Fkj g? d k ehsk. fJj' ekoD j? fe nZ i n;h_ fJeKrh ebk ftu gZ S wh ;kfjs s' _
pj[ s fgS/ Bjh_ jK.
1936 JhH sZe fszB doiB s'_ T[& Zs/ gzikph ftu BkNe Sg u[Ze/ ;B go T[BQK ftu'_
pV/ E'fVQnK Bz{ ozr wzu T[&Zs/ g/F j'D dk ;[G kr gqkgs j'fJnk. 1936 JhH sZe d/ gzikph
BkNeekoK Bz{ T[BQK dh gqpb o[uh ik gqftosh nB[;ko oy e/ d/yDk tX/o/ bkGdkfJe j't /rk.
5H1 :EkoEtkdh BkNe gozgok L gzikph BkNe dh fJj gqw[Zy gozgok j? fi; Bz{ B'oQk
fouov} Bz{ gqubs ehsk. B'oQk s'_ fgS'_ th gzikph BkNe dh fJj' jh gqX kB Xkok ojh j?.
JhFto uzdo Bzdk ns/ i'F{nk \}bdhB (fgzv d/ t?oh) d/ BkNe fJ; F/qDh ftu oy/ ik ;ed/
jB.
5H2 oz r wz u h BkNe goz g ok L gko;h EhJ/ N o d/ gq G kt Eb/ gz i kph ftu th e[ M
BkNe fby/ rJ/ . pktk p[ X f;z x d/ w[ Y b/ BkNe gko;h EhJ/ N o d/ gq G kt Eb/ jh fby/
rJ/ jB. GkJh tho f;z x , r[ o pyF f;z x pko n? N bk ns/ fwjo f;z x d/ BkNe fJ;
goz g ok d/ XkoDh jB.
5H3 gqG kttkdh ;kfjse L vkH w'jB f;zx fJ; F/qDh ftu fJeZbk jh fd;dk j?. dhtkB
dk fJe fJeKrh ;zrqfj *gyzVhnK* 1928 JhH ftu Sfgnk ;h. fJ; ftu 6 S'N/ BkNe iK
fJeKrh jB. b/ye Gkt/_ T[BQK Bz{ ;wZf;nk BkNe efjzdk j? go T[j tX/o/ eoe/ gkmeK bJh
fby/ rJ/ jB.
5H4 ohsh pX BkNeh gozg ok L fJ; F/qDh ftu T[j BkNe nkT[_d/ jB i' g[oksB Gkosh
BkNe ebk tb M[e kn eod/ jB. fpqi bkb Fk;sqh d/ BkNe fJ; gozgok d/ XkoBh ej/
ik ;ed/ jB.
5H5 b'e BkN gozgok L nfij/ BkNe pV/ E'VQ/ jB i' y[b Q/ b'e BkNe o{g ns/ ;[d /Fh
sZsK Bkb Gog{o jB, feT[_fe b'e BkNe gozgok w[ZY edhw s'_ nD fbysh ojh j?. feogk
;kro d/ BkNe fJ; b'e-BkN gozgok d/ pj[s jZd sZe XkoDh ej/ ik ;ed/ jB. T[; d/
BkNeK dh y[bQh s/ fYZbh pDso, S'NhnK MkehnK dh Gowko, rkfDnK ns/ rhsK dh nkw
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 73 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
tos'_ b'e BkN gozgok d/ n?B nB[e{b j?.
1936 s'_ 1947 JhH sZe dk ;wK gzikph BkNe ns/ fJeKrh d/ g{oh soQ K nkX[ fBe
o{g XkoB eoB ns/ gqc[ b s j'D dk ;wK j?. fJ; ekb ftu BkNe s'_ fpBK gzikph d/
T[ j ;ko/ BkNeeko nk iKd/ jB, fiBQ K B/ gzikph BkNe ebk Bz{ f;yD s/ gqukoD ftu
nkgDh ebw fJ; gk;/ tb rzG hosk Bkb ubkJh. fJBQ K pkoK ;kbK ftu n;h_ r[ opyF
f;zx gqhsbVh, ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ jouoB f;zx , pbtzs rkorh, eosko f;zx d[ Z rb,
r[ ofdnkb f;zx c[ Zb nkfd dk BK b? ;ed/ jK, gZS wh BkNe ebk s/ ;kfjs s'_ ikD{ fiBQ K
BkNeekoK B/ ;[ uZi/ s"o s/ :EkoEtkdh Xkok Bz{ ngDkfJnk. ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ B/ BkNeebk
ftu ftF/ dh gqX kBsk ns/ rzG hosk fbnKdh. pkeh BkNeekoK B/ ozr wzu d/ nwbh s}op/
d/ nXko s/ BkNe ou/ ns/ gzikph wzu Bz{ ;Ekgs eoB ftu fjZ;k gkfJnk. 1947 JhH
sZe r[ opyF f;zx B/ oki e[ wkoh bfsek ns/ fszB fJeKrh ou/ ;B. ;/y'_ B/ g{ok BkNe
*ebkeko* ns/ *S/ xo* (fJeKrh), jouoB f;zx B/ *ewbk e[ wkoh*, *okik g'o;*, *d{o
d[ okv/ Ffjo'_* , *y/v D d/ fdB uko*, ns/ *nBi'V* g{o/ BkNeK s'_ fpBK uko fJeKrh ;zrqfj
- *ihtB bhbk*, *;gs foFh*, *gzi rhNVk* ns/ *gzu gqX kB* gqe kFs ehs/. pbtzs rkorh
B/ *b'j k e[ ZN * ns/ d' fJeKrh ;zrqfj *e[ nkoh Nh;h* ns/ *d' gk;/* gzikph BkNe ;kfjs
Bz{ fdZs /. r[ ofdnkb f;zx y';bk B/ e/t b fJe w"fbe BkNe *p{j/ p?mh Xh* ns/ fJe
nB[t kds BkNe *uKdh dk vZp k* (Silver Box by Galsworthy) gqe kFs ehs/. c[ Zb dk e/t b
fgsk fgnko jh tzv s'_ gfjbK d/yD ftu nkfJnk j?. eosko f;zx d[ Zr b B/ d' fJeKrh
fJe *e/t b f;co f;co*, *n'j rJ/ ;kiB n'j rJ/* gzikph wzu Bz{ fdZs / jo jkbs ftu
gzikph BkNe B/ ;kfjs s/ wzu T[ & Zs / nkgDh ;BwkB:'r EK gqkgs eo bJh ;h.
1947 s'_ 1960 JhH sZe d/ ;w/_ ftu gzikph BkNe s/ fJeKrh B/ j'o th T[&ZBsh ehsh.
Bzdk s/ pkeh d/ j'o w'Yh BkNeekoK B/ BkN-y/s o ftu gqt/F ehsk. tzv s'_ pknd fJ; y/so
ftu nkJ/ BkNeekoK d/ BK jB - nwohe f;zx , o"FB bkb nj{ik, ;[oihs f;zx ;/mh, eg{o
f;zx x[zwD, jo;oB f;zx, fgnkok f;zx G'rb, r[ouoB f;zx ik;{ik, pbpho f;zx t'jok,
gohs'F rkorh, gKXh BkBekDth, Fhbk GkNhnk, sob'uB f;zx frZb nkfd. fJBQK s'_ fJbktk
j'o th e[M b/ye jB fiBQK B/ fJZe nZX BkNe ofunk.
d/ F dh ;[ s z s osk s' _ pknd Gkos ftu BkNeebk dh gq c [ b sk bJh ;[ y ktK
tksktoD g? d k j' frnk ;h. tz v s' _ pknd BkNeebk Bz { T[ s / i Bk d/ D ftu ;G s' _ tZ X
fjZ ; k Gkosh b' e -BkN bfjo dk j? . fJ; b' e bfjo d/ nkr{ n K B/ BkNe ebk Bz { iBsk
d/ tk;sfte ihtB Bkb i' f Vnk, wz u Bz { ;kdk s/ ;kXkoB eoB dh gq / o Bk fdZ s h ns/
BkNeh tkoskbkg Bz { ihtB wJh ns/ fBs tos' _ dh p' b ukb d/ B/ V / oZ y D dk ;[ M kn
fdZ s k. gz i kph BkNeekoK B/ gZ S wh wz u s/ BkNe dk nfXn? B ehsk ns/ gz i kph
BkNeekoK Bz { gZ S w d/ s[ b yVk eoB ftu f;os' V :sB ehs/ . pbtz s rkorh dk
*e/ ; o' * pd/ F h p' b hnK ftu nB[ t kd j' f Jnk. gz i kph dk pj[ s ;ko/ BkNe fjz d h s/ j' o
Gkosh p' b hnK ftu nB[ t kd j' e/ ;BwkB/ rJ/ .
6H gq f toshnK ns/ gq k gshnK
nkX[fBe gzikph BkNe ozrwzu dh :EkoEtkdh gqftosh fJ; dh gqpb ftF/Fsk s/
gqkgsh j?. fJ; Bz{ bhjK s/ gkT[D ftu B'oQk dk pj[s jZE j?. fJ; dk w[Zy ekoD fJj j?
fe gzikph BkNe b'e K d/ ihtB s/ p'bh d/ pj[s B/V/ fojk j?. d{i/, gzikph gqrshFhb j'D
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 74 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
e/ pV/ ;[u/s jB. ;z;ko Go dh e'Jh th bfjo iK ftukoXkok dk gqGkt T[j ;G s'_ gfjbK
ep{bd/ jB ns/ T[; dk gqrNkn ebkwJh Yzr Bkb nkgD/ BkNeK ftu eod/ jB. gzikph
dk b'e -BkN ns/ nkX[fBe BkNe d't/_ ;w/_ dh nkswk ns/ ;wkfie u/sBk dk dogB (Mirror
of time) fojk j?.
gzikph BkNe o[uh tb'_ b"fee, fdqFNh tb'_ gqrshFhb ns/ nzs o okFNoh GktBk tkbk
j?. gzikph BkNeekoK d/ ;kjwD/ ;dk jh ftFkb e"wh fdqFNhe'D fojk j?. ;z;ko Go dhnK
bfjoK ns/ gqf;ZX xNBktK s'_ fpBK gzikph BkNeeko Gkosh fJfsjk;, fwfEjk; ftu'_ BkNeK
bJh ftF/ u[Dd/ jB.
gzikph BkNe dh fJe j'o gqftosh fJj ojh j? fe fJj nkozG s'_ g/_v{ ihtB Bkb
Usg's fojk j?. fJ;/ eoe/ gzikph BkNe ftu ikB s/ Bo'nkgB j?. gzikph ihtB Bz{ fJ;
B/ tk;sfte ozr ftu fusoD dk :sB ehsk j?.
Gkt/_ seBheh gy'_ gzikph BkNe gZSwh ;kfjs s/ EhJ/No s'_ gqGkfts j? go Gkt s/
ftF/ dh u'D d/ s"o s/ fJj ;dk w"fbe s/ ;[s zso fojk j?. gzikp dh Xkok d/ ftF/F sZs
d/ r[D fJ; ftu gqp b oj/ jB. fJ; dh p'bh ftubk Bo'nk jk;o;, BkN ns/ ftnzr fJ;
dh fJZe ftF/Fsk ojh j?.
gzikph BkNe gzikph fcbwK s'_ T[bN tX/o/ rzGho, ;koEe ns/ ebkwJh fojk j?.
gzikph BkNeebk dh ftF/F gqkgsh fJeKrh ebk d/ y/so ftu wzBh ik ;edh j?.
nkeko tb'_ gzikph fJeKrhnK dh frDsh xZN j' ;edh j? go r[DK d/ gZy fJj Gkos dhnK
j'o p'b hnK d/ BkNe dk g{ok Nkeok eoB dh ;woEk oZydk j?. gzikph d/ doiBK fJeKrh
nB[tkd j' e/ d/;h ns/ pd/Fh GkFktK ftu ;BwkB:'r EK gqkgs eo u[Ze/ jB.
fdZbh tor/ e"wKsoh Ffjo ftu gzikph BkN ns/ wzu B/ uzrk BkwDk yfNnk j?.
fBogZy BkNe nkb'ueK d/ ftuko nB[;ko gzikph BkNe (Ug/ok) e[Zb Gkosh p'bhnK d/ BkNeK
s'_ nZr/ j?. Fhbk GkNhnk d/ :sB fJ; ;zpzX ftu pj[s Fbkxk:'r jB. nkoH ihH nBzd,
gq/w ibzXoh ns/ FzB' y[okDk B/ th gzikph fJeKrh Bz{ b'e-fgq: pDkT[D ns/ T[&Zu gZX o s/
g[ukT[D ftu fjZ;k gkfJnk j?.
;kv/ fynkb ftu gzikph BkNe dk GftZy nkFkiBe j?. nB[ekoh fposh (Mimetic
instinct) gzikphnK Bz{ fto;/ ftu'_ fwbdh j?. fJ; dk ihT{_dk ;p{s gzikph ndkekoK dh
Gkosh fcbw d;sekoh ftu Gkoh pj[-frDsh j?.
7H 1960 s'_ pknd dk gzi kph BkNe
1960 s'_ pknd ;kv/ gfjb/ BkNeekoK fit/_ vkH jouoB f;zx *F'Gk Fesh* s/ *ebQ*,
*nZi s/ Gbe*, ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ *fwZso fgnkok*, pbtzs rkorh *rrB wfj Ekb[* s/ *X{Dh
dh nZr* th BkNe f;oiBk eod/ oj/ jB go ;w[Zu/ s"o s/ fJ; ;w/_ d/ BkNe gfjb/ BkNeK
Bkb'_ fGzB gqeko d/ jB. j'o ;kfjs-o{gK tKr BkNe-y/s o ftu th Bt/_ gq:'r j'J/ jB.
BkNe ftu fJ; ekb ftu n;h_ j/m fby/ M[ekn bG ;ed/ jK L
(T) fJfsjk;e BkNe
(n) gq:'rtkdh s/ np?;ov BkNe
7H1 fJfsjk;e BkNe
fJ; ;wK r[ o { BkBe d/ t s/ r[ o { r' f pz d f;z x ih dhnK 500 ;kbK s/ fsz B ;"
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 75 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
;kbk iBw FskpdhnK dk ;wK j?, fJ; bJh gzikph BkNeekoK B/ fJjBK d'jK f;Zy r[ o{nK
d/ ihtB Bkb ;z p z X s ek\h BkNe fby/ jB. jouoB f;z x , gKXh BBekDth, r[ o uoB
f;z x i;{ i k, r[ o fdnkb f;z x c[ Z b , pbtz s rkorh, ;[ o ihs f;z x ;/ m h nkfd d/ BK
fJfsjk;e BkNe fbyD tkfbnK ftu' _ bJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. jouoB f;z x B/ *uwe" o dh
rVQ h * *fwZ N h X[ z d ifr ukBD j' n k* ns/ *fjz d dh ukdo* BkNe fby/ . gKXh BBekDth
B/ *nkBz d g[ o dh nktk}* (1961) s/ *jZ e gokfJnk BkBek* (1969) d' BkNe fdZ s / jB.
gfjb/ ftu 1701 s' _ b? e/ 1706 sZ e d/ ;kbK ftu r[ o { r' f pz d f;z x Bkb tkgohnK
xNBktK dk f}eo j? . d{ i / nz d o r[ o { BkBe d/ t Bkb tkgoh n? w Bkpkd tkbh xNBk
dk f}eo j? . 1969 ftu jh r[ o uoB f;z x i;{ i k B/ *ufVQ n k ;' X D Xosh b' e kJh* BK
dk BkNe gq e kfFs eotkfJnk fi; ftu r[ o { BkBe d/ t ih d/ eoskog[ o SZ v D s/ gfjbh
T[ d k;h d/ nkoz G tkbh xNBk Bz { fbfynk frnk j? . fJ;/ soQ K r[ o fdnkb f;z x c[ Z b dk
*;G feS[ j' s T[ g kfJ* r[ o { r' f pz d f;z x d/ ihtB Bkb ;z p z X s BkNe j? . ;[ o ihs f;z x
;/ m h B/ *r[ o fpB x' f o nz X ko* (1969) ftu ;iD mZ r Bkb j' J h r[ o { BkBe d/ t ih
dh w[ b keks tkbh xNBk Bz { nkXko pDkfJnk j? . pbtz s rkorh dk *rrB wfj Ekb[ *
th r[ o { BkBe d/ t ih d/ ihtB Bz { BkNeh o{ g ftu fusoD dh e" f FF j? .
fJBQ K s'_ fpBK ;[ oihs f;zx ;/mh dk *ekdo:ko* s/ ;/y'_ dk *fwZs o fgnkok* th
toBD :'r jB. *ekdo:ko* ftu g{oB Grs d/ b/ye dh ihtBh Bz{ nkXko pDkfJnk
frnk j? s/ *fwZs o fgnko/* ftu b?f BB s/ Gkos d/ ;tszs osk ;zrokwhJ/ osB f;zx s/
gkoNh dh w[ b keks j?. fJjBK d'jK BkNeK ftu ;kfjse s/ okiBhfse nkr{nK iK BkfJeK
Bz{ g/F ehsk frnk j? go *ekdo:ko* ftu ebgBk dk J/B k fwbr'G k j? fe T[ ; ftubk
fJfsjk; X[ zX Bk g? frnk j?. ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ d/ *fwZs o fgnko/* Bz{ ;kfjs nekvwh dk fJBkw
gqkgs j'fJnk j? go fJfsjk;e BkNe d/ gZy'_ fJj th e'J h pj[ s k ;cb BkNe Bjh_ fejk
ik ;edk. f;Zy-fJfsjk; Bkb ;zp zXs BkNe th BkNeekoK dh nkdoFe ;'uDh dh jh d/D
j?, fJ; bJh xNBktK Gkt/_ fJfsjk;e jB go fJBQ K d/ fBGkn nkfd ekoB fJj pj[ s /
;cb fJfsjk; BkNe Bjh_ ej/ ik ;ed/ jB.
7H2 gq: 'r tkdh s/ n?p ;ov BkNe
gZSwh ;kfjs d/ gqGktK nXhB gzikph ftu fJ; ;w/_ gq:'rtkdh s/ n?p;ov BkNe fby/
rJ/ jB fiBQK dk f;jok w[Zy o{g ftu ;[oihs f;zx ;/mh d/ f;o j?. fJ; s'_ fpBK eg{o
f;zx x[zwD d/ e[M BkNe fit/_ *g[sbh xo* s/ *nshs d/ goSkt/_* pbtzs rkorh d/ *X{Dh
dh nZr* th gq:'rtkdh BkNe ej/ ik ;ed/ jB. *X{Dh dh nZr* ftu rkorh B/ ftneshrs
:EkoE d/ gZy'_ BkNe ouBk ehsh j?. fJj fdqFNh gq:'rtkdhnK dh ftF/Fsk j?. fJ; BkNe
ftu w{b o{g ftu d' fJ;sohnK dh ejkDh Bz{ nkXko pDkfJnk frnk j?. fJj ftFk T[_i
sK pj[s BhtK Bjh_ go rkorh dk gqrNkn Yzr gq:'rtkdhnK tork j?. fJ;/ soQK eg{o
f;zx x[zwD d/ BkNeK ftu ni'e/ Ffjoh ihtB Bz{ nkXko pDk e/ fJj dZ;D dh e"fFF ehsh
rJh j? fe ni'ek wB[Zy jkbks d/ jZEK ftu fJe g[sbh j? (g[sbh xo). T[; dh nk}kdh
fpbe[b ]sw j' u[Ze h j?. *nshs d/ goSkt/_* ftu th fJ; soQK dk ftuko j?. fJ; ftu
fJe fJ;soh bkb;k d/ GktBk t; j' e/ ftnkj s'_ gfjbK fe;/ wod Bkb ;Ekgs ehs/
;ohoe ;zpzXK pko/ gSsktk j?. fJj gSsktk nzs T[; dh ikB b? b?_d k j?. gq:'rtkdh
BkNeekoK tKr x[zwD B/ nkgD/ BkNeK ftu ;wki Bz{ ftneshrs nk}kdh dk eksb f;ZX
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 76 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
eoB dh e"fFF ehsh j?. jo;oB f;zx d/ fszB BkNe *c[Zb e[wbk frnk*, *ngokXh*, *T[dk;
b'e* th gq:'rtkdh BkNeK d/ x/o/ ftu oy/ ik ;ed/ jB.
gq:'rtkdh s/ n?p;ov BkNe dk g{oB GKs w[ZY ;[oihs f;zx ;/mh B/ pzfBQnk j?.
T[; d/ BkNe *ekch jkT{;*, *Gfonk Gfonk ;yDk ;yDk*, *wod wod Bjh_ shth_ shth_ Bjh_,
*BZrh ;Ve oks dk Ujbk* s/ *fezr fwo}k s/ ;g/ok* fJ; rZb'_ toDB:'r jB. gZSw d/
gqGkt nXhB ;/mh B/ fJjBK BkNeK ftu shth_- wod d/ ;zpzX K Bz{ fpBK fe;/ ;wkfie pzXB
d/ g/; eoB dk :sB ehsk j?. fJBQK BkNeK ftu ;ko/ gkso iK sK wkBf;e s"o s/ T[bko
jB iK phwko. pj[s / gkso Ffjoh wZX Fo/Dh ftu'_ jB. gzikph gkmeK s/ gzikph ;wki bJh
fJj gkso Ugo/ jB, fJjBK dk fiT[D Yzr Ugok j?. fJ; bJh fJ; gqeko d/ BkNe gzikph
;kfjs-irs ftu n;[Gkfte fe;w d/ BkNe brd/ jB. fJBQK dk ftFk ns/ seBhe Ugo/
jB.
1975 d/ B/V/ s/V/ shih ghVQ h j'_d ftu nkT[ _d h j?. fJ; d"o dk nkozG nkswihs
ns/ niw/o n"b y dhnK w[ YbhnK :{E-c?;Nhtbh feosK Bkb j'fJnk. 1975 ftu nkswihs
nkgD/ gfjb/ BkNe *epo;skB* ns/ niw/o n"b y *nops Bopd X[ zX {e kok* ns/ *prkB/
p'jV dh EK* BkNe-;zrqfj Bkb uofus j'fJnk. fJ; ;w/_ fdZb h d/ ;go{ jkT{; EhJ/N o
dh nFbhb bfjo Bz{ s'V e/ fdZb h ftu ;kfjse BkNe dh g[ Bo ;EkgBk bJh fefonkFhb
uoB dk; f;ZX { nkgD/ w[ Y b/ BkNe *fJzd { wsh ;sd/t * ns/ *GiB'* okjh_ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk.
fJ; s'_ fJbktk nwoihs ro/t kb, oftzd o oth, nikfJp ewb, doFB fwstk nkfd
BkNeeko th ;kjwD/ nkJ/. fJj BkNeeko t;s{ fFbg dh fdqFNh s'_ gzikph BkNe Bz{
BthnK fdFktK gqd kB eod/ jB.
g[ ; se ;{u h
1H vkH r[ouoB f;zx L gzikph BkNeeko
2H vkH o"FB bkb nj{ik s/ c[Zb L nkX[fBe gzikph BkNe
3H ;H;H ;/mh s/ r[ofdnkb f;zx c[Zb L BkNe f;ZXKs
4H ;kfjs ;wkuko L BkNe nze
5H ;H;H ;'} L BkN gozgok
6H gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk; (Gkr d{ik) L GkFk ftGkr, gzikph gfNnkbk.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk gzikph u'D tK ftFk L gouk - n
gzi kph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;

gkm Bzpo L 1H9

gz i kph tkose fJfsjk;

1H gkm dh o{ g o/y k L fJ; gkm ftu gzikph tkose d/ nkX[ fBe o{g dk fJfsjk;e
gfog/y ftu t/otk fdZs k ikt/rk. nkX[ fBe tkose d/ gqw[ Zy tkose b/y eK pko/ ikDekoh
fdZs h ikt/rh.
2H G{f wek L tkose dk ;zpzX i}p/ Bkb'_ tX/o/ p[ZXh Bkb wzfBnk frnk j?. thjth_ ;dh
j? jh p"fXe gqc[bsk dk :[Zr s/ fJ; ftu j'fJnk tkose dk ftek; fJe fdbu;g gqFB
j?. fJ; :[r ftu ftfrnkB, doFB ns/ ;wki Bkb ;zpzfXs d{i/ Fk;soK B/ pj[s T[& ZBsh
ehsh j?. f;ZN/ ti'_ fBnkfJ-Gog{o fbysK tZb M[ekn tfXnk j?. fJj rZb fJ; ;dh dh
gzikph tkose d/ ;zdoG ftu th fpbe[b mhe p?mdh j?. thjth_ ;dh s'_ gfjbK jh rZd
ftu fiE/ Xow, ftFtk; ns/ nfXnksfwesk gqXkB ;h, T[E/ thjth_ ;dh ftu soe ns/
ftfrnkB dh gqXkBsk j' rJh. gzikph tkose o{g gy'_ nkX[fBesk Gkt/_ 19th_ ;dh d/ fgSb/
djkfenK s'_ rqfjD eo rJh ;h sK th g{oh soQK nkX[fBe fJ; ;w/_ ftu jh j'Jh. BthnK
;fEshnK d/ nzsors fiE/ Bt/_ s/ ;{yw ftF/ tkose ftu nkJ/, T[E/ fJ; B/ Bt/_ o{g th
rqfjD ehs/. fJ; gkm ftu thjth_ ;dh dh gzikph tkose pko/ ftuko ehsh ikt/rh.
3H w{b gkm L 1900 JhH s'_ b? e/ j[D sZe dh gzikph tkose dk fybko s/ g;kok
u'yk tZvk j?. p[fBnkdh s"o s/ Bktb, BkNe ejkDh, fJeKrh nkfd rZd d/ jh tkjB jB,
fco th n;h_ w[Zy o{g ftu T[BQK o{gK dk jh nfXn?B eoKr/ i' F[ZX tkose d/ x/o/ ftu
nkT[_d/ jB. fJBQK ftu'_ gfjbK o{g r[o{ ftneshnK dhnK ihtBhnK s/ fJfsjk;e ouBktK
dk j?. d{ik fBpzXK dk, shik ;coBkfwnK dk s/ u"Ek o/yk-fuZsoK dk.
id'_ gzikph rZd B/ gbQoBk F[o{ ehsk sK f;zx ;Gk bfjo }'o geV u[Zeh ;h. T[;
d/ gqGkt j/m f;Zy fJfsjk; s/ f;Zy cb;c/ dh g[Bo-Gkb j'D br gJh ;h. fJ; fJZS k B/
r[o{-ftneshnK dhnK ihtBhnK fbyD dh gozgok ubkJh. fJ; dk w[ZY sK GkJh tho f;zx
s'_ gfjbK GkJh fdZs f;zx, FoXk okw fcb'oh, gq'c?;o r[ow[y f;zx d/ jZE'_ pZM u[Zek ;h.
gozs{ GkJh tho f;zx B/ fJ; ftu f;Zy cb;ck Fkwb eoe/ fJ; Bz{ BtK r"ot gqdkB ehsk.
GkJh ;kfjp dh rZd B/ S'N/-S'N/ No?eNK dk o{g Xkfonk fiBQK ftu r[o{-ftneshnK d/ ihtB
Bkb ;zpzfXs xNBktK s/ fJBQK okjh_ fe;/ f;Zy f;XKs Bz{ y'fbQnk j'fJnk j[zdk ;h. fJ; ;ko/
;kfjs Bz{ nkw b'e f;Zy fJfsjk; Bkb :kd eod/ jB. e[M ftdtkB fJ; Bz{ *ihtBh* efjDk
g;zd eod/ jB. tk;st ftu fJj Bk fJfsjk; j? Bk F[X ihtBh. fJ; ftu ;r'_ pj[s
;kok ekbgfBe sZs fwfbnk j'fJnk j?. nfijh rZd d/ oukfJsk fJ; gqe ko jB L
4H GkJh tho f;zx
T[ g o' e s fe;w dh tkose dk w[ Z Y pz B Q D dk f;jok GkJh tho f;z x d/ f;o j? .
fJBQ K dh tkose dk nkXko f;Z y fJfsjk;, f;Z y doiB, y' i ns/ ftnkfynk j? . T[ B Q K
d[ n kok ouh rJh tkose *r[ o { BkBe uwseko*, *;q h r[ o { ebrhXo uwseko* s/ *nFN
r[ o { uwseko* BK dhnK g[ ; seK ftu ;z e fbs j? . GkJh ;kfjp th tkose ftu ebgBk
77
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 78 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
dh nEkj T[ v koh i}p/ dh nfs shposk s/ GktK dh e' w bsk j? . Grsh Gkr ftu bZ d /
wB dhnK ;' u K, v' p K, T[ w z r K, soz r K d/ T[ d rkoK Bz { t/ y Dk j' t / sK fJ; torh j' o e' J h
ouBk Bjh_ . nfXnkswe ow}K Bz { y' b Q D bJh fJj pVh ndG[ s e[ z i h j? . GkJh ;kfjp
feT[ _ f e p[ f Bnkdh s" o s/ eth ;B fJ; bJh T[ B Q K dh tkose ftu ekftesk nk rJh
j? . fuZ s oK s/ fdq F K d/ toDB ftu GkJh ;kfjp eth j' fBpV/ jB. nz s oht ow}K y'b Q D
bJh GkJh ;kfjp ne;o o{ g e, T[ g wk, fdq F NKs nkfd dk nk;ok b? _ d / jB, go fJj
nbz e ko ;gZ F Nsk T[ s / ;Z N Bjh_ wkod/ . gZ e h F? b h fJe ;fEo o{ g ftu s[ o dh iKdh j? ,
feXo/ fBoSb, o;jhB s/ fceh Bjh_ g? _ d h. GkJh ;kfjp dk n;b wB' o E gkmeK Bz {
fJfsjk; pko/ e/ t b tkech d/ D k jh Bjh_ , gq G kfts eoBk s/ f;Z f ynk d/ D k th j? . fJ;
bJh T[ B Q K dh rZ d ftu ft;Eko pj[ s j? .
4H1 ykb;k No?e N ;[ ; kfJNh dh d/D
GkJh tho f;zx d/ gq; z r ftu ykb;k No? e N ;[ ;kfJNh dk T[ b /y eoBk pVk }o{o h
Gk;dk j? . Bth_ ikrq s h s/ f;Z y K ftu ub ojh f;z x ;Gk bfjo d/ gq G ktK nXhB GkJh
tho f;zx B/ 1894 JhH ftu fJ; ;[ ; kfJNh dh Bh_j oZyh. fe;/ fJe ftnesh Bkb'_ tkose
o{ g s/ ;kfjs dh T[ ; koh ftu fJ; ;z ; Ek B/ ;G s' _ tXhe fjZ ; k gkfJnk. GkJh tho f;z x
s' _ fpBK fJ; ftu vkH uoB f;z x , frH j}kok f;z x , w' j B f;z x t? d , ihHphH f;z x , gq ' H
g{ oB f;z x s/ j' o BK ftdtkBK d/ b/ y th Sgd/ oj/ . fJBQ K b/ y eK dk nkFk gZ S wh ftfdnk
okjh_ gq k gs j' f Jnk frnkB nkgD/ d/ F tk;hnK sZ e T[ B Q K dh p' b h ftu gj[ z u kT[ D k ;h.
fJe No? e N fJ; ;[ ; kfJNh tb' _ ikoh ehsk iKdk ;h. fJ; ftu jo gq e ko d/ b/ y Sgd/
;B, fiBQ K ftu' _ e[ M ftF/ tz B rh ti' _ d/ D / e[ E K Bjh_ j' D r/ - f;Z y Xow dh pj[ - gZ y h
ftnkfynk, r[ o pkDh d/ Nhe/ , ;wki-;[ X ko, f;js-;ckJh, y' i , fJfsjk;, ;e{ b K dhnK
gkm-g[ ; seK, ihtBhnK, T[ b Z E / , ;kfjs ;whfynk, FoXKibhnK, ihtB-Bhsh nkfd. fJBQ K
No? e NK ftu ftF/ F r[ D j[ z d / ;B, w;bB tkose dh p' b h ;ob s/ ;gZ F N j[ z d h ;h sK
i' iB ;kXkoB fJBQ K ftubh ejh rZ b Bz { uz r h soQ K rq f jD eo bt/ . w" f besk fJBQ K
ftu }o{ o h ;h i' gkmeK dk fXnkB fyu-;e/ . Gkt[ e sk th fJBQ K dk }o{ o h nz r ;h.
;G s' _ tZ v h d/ D fJBQ K No? e NK dh fJj j? fe fJBQ K B/ nkX[ f Be b/ y / d/ o{ g Bz { fBykoB
ns/ ;fEo eoB ftu pj[ s fjZ ; k gkfJnk fJ; s' _ fgS' _ fiz B / th ;kfjseko tkose d/
y/ s o ftu j' J / T[ B Q K B/ Xkofwe ;z e hoDsk Bz { T[ e k jh fsnkr fdZ s k s/ tkose Bz { fBo' b
fBZ i h nfGftnesh, ;wkie s}op/ ns/ p" f Xesk dh uh} pDkfJnk.
5H gq'H g{o B f;zx
F[X tkose dk gqw[Zy fBpzX o{g wzfBnk frnk j?. fJj o{g fJ;/ ekb ftu ftef;s
j'fJnk. fJ; Bz{ gzikph gZsoekoh B/ iBw fdZs k gozs{ fJ; dk fgskwk ;jh noEK ftu gq'H
g{oB f;zx j?. T[; B/ w"fbe fBpzXK dh fJe g[;se *y[bQ/ b/y* fdZsh ns/ d' nzro/}h d/
tkoseekoK ekobkfJb ns/ n?wo;B dhnK ouBktK d/ gzikph tkose ftu nB[tkd ehs/.
g{oB f;zx dh tkose pVh U_i Goh s/ gqGktFkbh j?. fJj fe;/ ftF/F ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB
bJh fbyh rJh rZd Bjh_, ;r'_ b/ye dh FyFhns s/ nksw-gqekF dk tkjB j?. fJ; bJh
;[Gk ftu ekfte j?. T[_i w;b/ pV/ pkohe S'j/ rJ/ jB. tkose y/so ftu ;kfjse ;[ji
dh gqkgsh bJh g{oB f;zx d[nkok fby/ fJj fBpzX gfjbk :sB j?.
T[j fBZih FyFhns Bz{ T[ikro eofdnK ekftesk dk gq:'r eoe/ fJe ndG[s ;wK
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 79 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
pzBQdk j?. Fpdktbh d/ ;zpzX ftu g{oB f;zx fe;/ gZygks dk fFeko Bjh_. cko;h ;z;feqs,
nzro/}h, rZb eh fijVk Fpd T[; Bz{ iudk j?, fBo;ze'u tos b?_dk j?. T[; dh gzikph
th Ne;kbh iK F[ZX wkMh Bjh_ ;r'_ g'm'jkoh fwFos gzikph j?. F?bh g{oB f;zx dh nkgDh
jh fe;w dh j?.
6H fgqz; hgb s/i k f;zx
gzikph dk d{ik T[&Zx k fBpzXeko, nb'ue s/ Nhekeko s/ik f;zx j?, fi; B/ tkose
Bz{ nkX[fBe pDkT[D ftu ns/ fJ; dh T[;koh eoB ftu ftF/F fjZ;k gkfJnk. b/yK d/ uko
;zrqfj *;fji ;[Gk*, *;kfjs doFB*, *BthnK ;'uK*, *;fGnkukoK d/ w/b*, T[; dh d/D jB.
fJBQK ftu nkJ/ pj[s / b/ye nzro/}h b/yk d/ nB[eoD ftu fby/ jB iK fJj efjDk tX/o/
T[fus j't/rk fe T[E'_ gqGkfts j' e/ fby/ rJ/ jB. fJBQK d/ ftF/ pj[GKsh jB. fJBQK ftu
fJfsjk; j?, ;fGnkuko j?, wB[Zyh ;[Gkn dk fusoD j?. jbe/ c[be/ b/yk dh gfogkNh fJe
soQK fJBQK B/ nkozGh j?.
b/yK s'_ fpBK fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx B/ fezB/ jh B"itkB fbykohnK Bz{ T[ s Fkj ns/
gq/oDk d/ e/ ns/ T[ BQ K dh ;[ uZih nrtkJh eoe/ gzikph ftu fbyD tkb/ gk;/ bkfJnk.
nB/e K Bt/_ fbykohnk dhnK feskpK d/ ohftT{ ns/ w[ Zy pzX fby e/ j"_;bk tXkfJnk.
gzikph tkose Bz{ nzro/}h tkose dhnK bhjK T[ &Zs / s'oB s/ fJ; Bz{ T[ ;/ gZX o dh pDkT[ D
bJh n;h_ ;H s/ik f;zx d/ ;dk jh foDh ojKr/. T[ ; B/ fJ; gZy'_ Bw{B / dh tkose fby
e/ fw;kb ekfJw ehsh.
fbyD-Yzr ftu s/ik f;zx B/ fe;/ fJe ftF/ Bz{ b? e/ T[; ;zp zXh nkgD/ fBZih ftukoK
Bz{ gqrNkfJnk j[zdk j? s/ wiw{B Bz{ o'ue pDkT[D bJh fBZih S'jK s/ fBZih frnkB dh ozrD
ukVQh j'Jh j[zdh j?.
s/ik f;zx dh F?bh dk ;G s'_ tZv k r[D fJj' j? fe T[j i' e[M efjDk ukj[zdk j?,
pV/ ;kdk, ;cb s/ ;gZFN Yzr Bkb efj fdzdk j?. fi; eoe/ T[j gzikph dk gqf;ZX F?b heko
wzfBnk iKdk j?. nkgD/ ftukoK dh g[FNh bJh T[j r[opkDh s/ j'o ;z;ko-;kfjs ftu T[&Zx/
wjKg[oF dhnK N{eK tosdk j?. p'bh pVh m[Zedko, Ne;kbh ns/ pk-w[jktok j?. e'Jh rZb,
ftuko iK Gkt n;gFN Bjh_ ofjzdk.
7H r[ o pyF f;z x
r[ opyF f;zx gzikph tkose dk ;G s'_ tZv k wjkoEh j? i' ;zB 1893 s'_ b? e/
1978 ftu ;[ ortk; j'D sZe fbydk fojk j?. fJj T[ j b/ye j? fi; B/ gzikph r'd Bz{
GkJh tho f;zx tkbhnk nfXnkswe bhjK ftu'_ eZY e/ d[ fBnkth gZX o s/ fbnKdk. i/
fJj efj fbnk ikt/ fe fJ; B/ gfjbh tko GkJh tho f;zx d/ 30 ;kbk sfb;w Bz{ s'fVnk
sK fJ; ftu e'J h nfseEBh Bjh_ j't /rh. r[ o pyF f;zx B/ j[ D sZe *gow wB[ Zy*, *;kth_
gZX oh f}zd rh, *;[ ykth ;[ X oh f}zd rh*, *w/ohnk nG[ b :kdK*, *y[ b Q k do*, *BtK fFtkbk*,
*;t? g{oBsk dh brB*, *ohMK dh yZv h*, *Bth_ seVh d[ BhnK*, *Gydh ihtB uzfrnkVh*,
*uzr/oh d[ BhnK*, *f}zd rh dh ok;*, *fJFe fiBQ K dh jZv h ofunk*, nkfd nB/e tkose
;zrqfj fdZs / jB. r[ opyF f;zx B/ tkose Bz{ wKfink, fbFekfJnk, T[ G kfonk s/ fJ; d/
x/o/ Bz{ ftFkb eoe/ Bk f;oc fJ; dhnK ;zG ktBktK Bz{ T[ ikro ehsk j?, ;r'_ BthnK
T[ ukJhnK T[ & Zs / th gj[ zukfJnk j?. T[ ; B/ gzikph tkose Bz{ Xow dhnK S'jK bkJhnK jB
ns/ fgnko fbzr ;zp zX , ;'jDh FyFhns, ;'jDk ;wki, ;[ykth gZX oh f}zd rh d/ oKrb/ ;[gB/
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 80 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
gkmeK dhnK nZyK ftu bNek e/ rbs o;wk, fotk}k s/ tfjwk Gowk dk yzv B eoe/
Bt/_ ;wki dh T[ ;koh bJh g{oh fdqVQ s k s/ ;[ fjodsk Bkb ebw ubkJh j?. r[ opyF f;zx
fJe' fJe fbykoh j? fi; dhnK ouBktk B/ E'VQ / fij/ tfoQ n k ftu jh gzikph ;wki dk
fXnkB nkgD/ tZb fyZu fbnk ;h feT[ _fe T[ ; d/ ftukok ftu BthBsk s/ Bo'nkgD j?
ns/ T[ ; d/ nkgD/ ftu i'ao dbhb ns/ ;t?- ftFtk; j?.
fJj pj[gZyh b/ye B/ f}zdrh d/ eJh gZyK s/ ebw ubkJh j?. fiBQK ftu Xow,
okiBhsh ns/ ;fGnkuko Fkwb jB.
8H fgqzH fBoziB f;zx
fgqzH fBoziB f;zx dh tkose T[ BQ K d/ o;kb/ *Bthnk ehwsk* dh T[ gi j?. go
nkX[ fBe tkose y/s o ftu T[ BQ K dhnK fbysK Bz{ ftF/F BkwDk fwfbnk j?. T[ BQ K dhnK
gqf;ZX fbysK *Btk i[ r*, *BtK ;wki*, *ihtB i[ rsh*, *Feo o'r dh ejkDh* ns/ *ihtB
ftek;* jB. fJBQ K ftu'_ *BtK i[ r *, *BtK ;wki*, *ihtB i[ rsh* wB[ Zyh nkuoD T[ ;koh
bJh fbyhnK pVhnK ndG[ s g[ ;seK jB. *iht ftek;* fgqz; hgb ;kfjp dh nksweEk j?.
*FZe o o'r dh ejkDh* ufes;k ;zp zX h g[ ;se j?. fJBQ K ;kohnK ouBktK ftu Bktb torh
o'uesk d// Bkb nwbh ihtB bJh pj[ s bkGdkfJe ikDekoh th j?. fgzq;hgb ;kfjp dh
F?b h pVh ;Kih ;[ n koh s/ ;kXh j'J h j?. GkFk b'e -w[ jkto/ d/ B/V/ dh tosd/ jB. fJ;
gy'_ fJBQ K dh fbys ;bkj[ D :'r j?.
9H vkH pbpho f;zx
GkJh tho f;zx d/ S'N / Goksk vkH pbpho f;zx gzikph d/ uzr/ rZd ekoK ftu'_ ;B.
T[ j fiE/ r[ owfs ;kfjs d/ rzG ho fuzs e ns/ ftnkfynkeko j'J / jB, T[ E/ gqw[ Zy p[ X hwkB
s/ nkX[ fBe frnkB ftfrnkB d/ ftF/F ikDeko th jB. *uoB joh ft;Eko*, *ebw dh
eokwks*, *bzwh Bdo s/ F[ X ;o{g* nkg d/ b/yK d/ Sg/ j'J / ;zrqfj jB. vkH ;kfjp d/
b/yK ftu gZS wh s/ g{oph doFB, fJfsjk; s/ Fkfjs d/ gqwkD EK EK fwbd/ jB. fiBQ K
s'_ T[ B Q K d/ ftFkb nfXn?B dk frnkB j[ zd k j?. GkJh tho f;zx dh eftsk ;zp zX h T[ BQ K
dh *ebw dh eokwks* BK dk fBpzX GkJh tho f;zx ;zp zX h *ekft-nkb'u Bk* nkb'uBk ftu
fJe whb gZEo j?. vkH pbpho f;zx r[ owfs f;XKsK dh ftnkfynk ;{y w s/ of;e Yzr
Bkb eod/ jB. T[ B Q K dh ouBk T[ & Zgo Gkt/_ ftdtsk dh Skg gqs Zy fd;dh j?, go ouBk
d/ nekT{ s/ gzvskT{ j'D dk G[ b/yk Bjh_ g?_dk ;G e[ M ;[G kfte jh MoB/ dh fBnkJh tfjzdk
s[ fonk iKdk j?. ;zgkdBk ns/ e"Fekoh d/ y/s o ftu fJBQ K dh wjkB ;/t k *fBo[ e s* BK
d/ e'F ftu T[ x Vh j?.
10H eg{ o f;zx
dkoFBe rZd-gZso dk fJe j'o XBh, eg{o f;zx eosk *g[zd qhe*, *pj[-ft;Eko* ns/
*;gs fFqzr* j?. fgSbh g[;se ftu ;s gqf;ZX ftneshnK dk ihtB j?. eg{o f;zx Bz{
doFB, ftfrnkB s/ ;kfjs nkfd ;zpzXh ftF/F ikDekoh gqkgs j?. fJ; ;koh ;kwrqh Bz{ T[j
nkgD/ b/yK ftu p"fXe s/ ftdtsk-g{oD F?bh r[zd d/ w"fbe ozr ftu g/F eodk j?. T[;
dk fdqFNhe'D Bk ;ze hoD, ;r'_ ftFkb s/ gfoZge j?. rZb Bz{ skofee o{g ftu pzBQDk s/
ftF/ gqwkDk okjh_ f;ZX eoBk T[; dh b/yDh d/ d' tZv/ r[D jB. ;z;feqs dk ikDeko j'D
ekoD T[; dh GkFk ftu fJ; d/ FpdK dh tos'_ ekch j?, fi; eoe/ gzvskT{g[Dk nk frnk
j?. fco th T[; dh gqkgsh ;zs'yiBe j?.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 81 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
11H jfozd o f;zx o{g
;zB 1947 d/ fgS'_ jfozdo f;zx o{g B/ gzikph fBpzX ebk ftu ;{yw jk; o; s/
p"fXe ftnzr fbnk e/ fJ;/ o{g dh fJe Bth_ ;zGktBk Bz{ T[ikro ehsk j?. o{g dhnK tkose
y/so ftu *f;Zy s/ f;Zyh* *u[zMk g"_ju/*, *o{g ozr* s/ *GkJh r[odk;* nkfd gqkgshnK jB.
T[; B/ ek, pKdo, f;Ue, feobh nkfd ftfFnK s'_ b? e/ o;r[Zb/, b{D tkbhnk ;/thnK nkfd
ftfFnK T[&Zgo pV/ o;dkfJe fBpzX fby/ jB. fJBQK ftu b'Vh_dh ikDekoh s'_ S[ZN
ftnzrkswe Yzr Bkb nkX[fBe edoK ehwsK T[&Zs/ Nhek-fNZgDh th ehsh j'Jh j?. ftnzr
;w/_ T[; dh fbys ftu feXo/ feXo/ yoQtkgD nk iKdk j? i' T[; d/ ;ob s/ iNe/ ;[Gkn
dk ;{ue j?.
12H vkH skoB f;zx
vkH skoB f;z x irs dk T[ & Z x k fuz s e j? . T[ ; B/ fiZ E / r[ o wfs ;kfjs dh
f;Z X Kse ftnkfynk ehsh j? , T[ E / f;Z y Xow Bkb ;z p z X s ftfFnK T[ & Z g o fBpz X th fby/
jB. *f;Z y Xow oj; s/ ow}* *Grsh s/ Fesh*, *Bkw fBXkBk*, *B/ w s/ gq / w *, *pkoh
pKj dogD*, *;q h r[ o { rq z E ;kfjp dk ;kfjse fJfsjk;, *r[ o { BkBe fuz s B s/ ebk*
nkfd g[ ; seK fJBQ K dh tkose d/ toDB:' r Bw{ B / jB. vkH skoB f;z x dk fbyD Yz r
nkw cfjw d/ ;ob j? .
13H ihtBh ;kfjs
;z B 1947 s' _ gfjbK T[ & Z x / B/ s ktK ns/ fJfsjk;e ftneshnK dhnK ihtBhnK e[ M
b/ y eK B/ fbyhnK ;B fiBQ K ftu' _ *wk;No skok f;z x * *pkrh ioB? b * s/ *w" b kDk np[ b
ebkw nk}kd* BK j/ m SghnK. ;[ o ihs f;z x ;/ mh B/ *fJfsjk; B/ s k ih* s/ *ihtB ioB? b
w' j B f;z x * SkghnK. fJBQ K s' _ fpBK e[ M fJfsjk;e ;fwnK dhnK ihtBhnK th, fiBQ K ftu
gq / w f;z x j' s h dh *wjkokik oDihs f;z x *, *ez t o B" f Bjkb f;z x *, *joh f;z x Bb{ n k*,
vkH rz v k f;z x ofus *pz d k f;z x pjkdo* nkfd gq f ;Z X jB. fJBQ K ihtBhnK dk nkXko
fJfsjk; j? ebk iK ;kfjs Bjh_ .
1947 JhH s'_ fgS'_ d/ ihtBh ;kfjs Bz{ d' gqw[Zy F/qDhnK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?.
;t?-ihtBhnK iK nksw eEktK ns/ ;kXkoB ihtBhnK.
14H ;t? - ihtBhn K
1947 JhH s' _ fgS' _ ;kv/ b/ y eK B/ ;t? - ihtBh tZ b T[ u / o k fXnkB fdZ s k j? .
fgq z ; hgb s/ i k f;z x dh *nko;h*, BkBe f;z x dh *w/ o h d[ B hnK* r[ o pyF f;z x dh *w/ o h
ihtB ejkDh*, noiB f;z x rVrZ i dh *w/ o k nkgDk nkg*, fgz q ; hgb fBoz i B f;z x dh
*ihtB ftek;* wk;No skok f;z x dh *w/ o h :kd* gq f sfBX ;t? - ihtBhnK jB. s/ i k f;z x
nkdoFe rZ d b/ y e j? . T[ ; d/ fBpz X K pko/ uouk gfjbK ehsh ik u[ Z e h j? , fJE/ e/ t b
*nko;h* pko/ jh ;z e / s ehsk ikt/ r k. nko;h fpq s Kse ouBk j? fi; ftu b/ y e B/
nkgDk nkgk fpnkB eo fdZ s k j? , e' J h T[ j bk sK G/ d Bjh_ ofjD fdZ s k. fJj ouBk
e/ t b s/ i k f;z x d/ ihtB dh jh *nko;h* Bjh_ ;r' _ ;wekbh ns/ ssekbhB, :EkoE
dh w{ z j p' b dh s;tho th j? .
*w/ o h d[ B hnK* gq f ;Z X Bktbeko BkBe f;z x dh ebw dh d/ D j? fi; eoe/ T[ ;
dh T[ g fBnk;ekoh fJE/ th uwseko fdykT[ D ' _ Bjh_ ofj ;eh. b/ y e B/ nkgDh f}z d rh
ns/ fJfsjk; Bkb ;z p z X s ;G xNBktK Bz { S' N hnK S' N hnK ejkDhnK ftu tz v e/ pVh
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 82 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
;[ u Z } sk Bkb r[ z f dnk j? . ;t? - ihtBh ftu b/ y e d/ ihtB d/ pj[ s ;ko/ gZ y T[ x V e/
;kjwD/ nkT[ _ d / jB i' T[ ; dh ouBk d/ w[ b KeD ftu pV/ ;jkJh f;Z X j' ;ed/ jB.
r[ o pyF f;z x dh *w/ o h ihtB ejkDh* th ;t? - ihtBh d/ T[ g o-fbys r[ D K Bkb ;oFko
j? . fJ; ftu T[ ; B/ nkgD/ nz d ob/ ;{ ] w nkg/ dh gfjbh tkoh ;[ f jod j' e/ ;[ z d o
ebkswe o{ g ftu Mbe ftykJh j? . T[ ; B/ gfjbK nkgD/ fBZi h ihtB Bkb ;z p z X s nB/ e
xNBktK Bz { nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ns/ fbysK dk nkXko pDkfJnk ;h. go T[ E / T[ B Q K dh
n;bhns pko/ wB Fz f enK Bkb Gfonk ofjz d k ;h, go *w/ o h ihtBh ejkDh* SZ g D Bkb
fJBQ K Fz f enK dh fBftosh j' rJh ikgdh j? ns/ T[ j ;kohnK xNBktK tk;sfte ikgD
bZ r gJhnK jB. *w/ o h :kd* feq s wk;No skok f;z x , *ihtB ;z r q k w* feq s pkpk ;' j D
f;zx GeBk, *ihtB ftek;* feqs fgqz; hgb fBozi B f;zx s/ *w/o k nkgDk nkg* feq s ekwo/v
noiB f;z x rVri ;t? - ihtBh ;kfjs ftu fJ; eoe/ nkdo:' r EK pDk ;ehnK jB
fe fJBQ K ftu gz i kp dh f;nk;s ns/ okiBhfse ;fEsh pVh y{ p h Bkb fpnkBh j' J h j? .
n;b ftu rZ b fJ; soQ K j? fe fJBQ K fsz B K ouBktK d/ ouBjkfonK dk tk;sk f;Z X /
s" o s/ tes dh ;oeko s/ f;nk;s Bkb fojk j? . fJj ;t? - ihtBhnK oki;h y/ s o d/
tho-;z r q k whnK s/ d/ F GrsK tb' _ ofus j' D eoe/ T[ ; t/ b / d/ wjZ s tg{ o B fJfsjk;e
sZ E K Bz { ;[ o Z f yns oZ y D ftu pj[ s ;jkJh j' J hnK jB.
w"be ;t?-ihtBhnK d/ Bkb Bkb e[M nB[tkfds ihtBhnK th fwbdhnK jB, fJBQK
ftu Bfjo{ dh *nkg phsh*, vkH okfizdo gqFkd dh *nksw eEk*, o{;' dh *nkg phshnK* ftF/F
s"o s/ fXnkB d/D :'r jB.
oki;h y/so d/ :'fXnK s/ ;zrqkwhnK ;zpzXh e[M ihtBhnK yk; s"o s/ toDB:'r jB.
i;tzs f;zx *i;* dh *pkpk okw f;zx*, ;[fozdo f;zx i"jo dh *bkbk bkigs okJ/*, fJzdo
f;zx ueotosh dh *nNb gqskgh*, vkH eow f;zx eg{o dh *;fsr[o gqskg f;zx* Bw{B/ ti'_
g/F ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB. e[M ;kfjsekoK dhnK ihtBhnK th fbyhnK rJhnK jB. gq'H
jofdnkb f;zx dh *fJe ;[Bfjoh fdb*, dhtkB f;zx ekb/gkDh pko/ j?. r[ofdnkb f;zx
c[Zb dh *GkJh i'X f;zx d[yh dh* *ihtB GkJh w'jB f;zx t?d*, gq'H feogkb f;zx e;/b dh
*oki jz;*, fJ; gk;/ ehs/ e[M j'o :sB jB.
15H ;\oBkwk ;kfjs
gzikph tkose y/so ftu fJj fpbe[b Bth_ uh} j? fi; B/ e/tb thjth_ ;dh ftu
jh gqt/F ehsk j?. fJ; T[&Zsw ;kfjs o{g B/ pj[s ;ko/ b/yeK dk fXnkB nkgD/ tZb Bjh_
fyfunk Gkt/_ fJj nkX[fBe wB[Zy dh fifrnk;k dh fsqgsh s/ ftfuso ;z;ko dh ikDekoh
bJh T[s;[esk Bz{ ;zs[FN eoB fjZs pj[s T[g:'rh f;ZX j' ;edk j?. Gkt/_ ;kv/ b/yeK Bz{
ftd/FK ftu fcoB s[oB dk ekch w"ek fwfbnk j?, fco th T[BQK dk fJ; pzB/ fXnkB xN
jh frnk j?. bkb f;zx ewbk nekbh d/ *w/ok tbkfJsh ;\oBkwk* s'_ fgS'_ j[D e[M gqrsh
fJ; gk;/ j'Jh j?. jhok f;zx dod dh *fpqi G{wh s/ wbkfJnk dh :ksok*, *nw'b dh
:ksok*, Bfozdogkb f;zx dh *o{; :ksok*, vkH rzvk f;zx dh *ekpb dh :ksok*, pboki
;kjBh dh d/ *w/ok gkfe;skBh ;\oBkwk* ns/ *w/ok o{;h ;coBkwk*, pbtzs rkorh dk
*gkskb dk pzdk*, j[ew f;zx dh *eJh d/F s/ eJh b'e*, irihs f;zx nkBzd dk *BtK
fBnkok iowBh*, nkswk f;zx dk *w/ok ;z;ko uZeo* ns/ i'frzdo f;zx Fw;/ao d/ ;\oBkw/
fJ; d/ uzr/ GftZy dh nk; pDkT[_d/ jB.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 83 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
:ksok ;kfjs ftu bkb f;z x ewbk nekbh dk ;EkB w' Y hnK tkbk j? . T[ ;
dh ouBk *w/ o k tbkfJsh ;\oBkwk* ;w[ Z u / gz i kph ;kfjs ftu nd[ s h ;EkB oZ y dh j? .
nw' b , frnkBh jhok f;z x dod ;ob s/ F[ X fbyD tkb/ tkoskeko jB. nw' b dh
:ksok ftu wbkfJnk d/ gq f ;Z X fJfsjk;e ;EkBK dk toBD pVh of;e s/ wB b[ G kT{
F? b h ftu ehsk frnk j? . :kso{ dh vkfJoh ftu Gkos s/ wb/ F hnk d/ gq f ;Z X :ksok
;EkBK pko/ Gog{ o tkechns j? . *e[ Z b { s/ eFwho dh :ksok* gq ' H okw f;z x B/ pVh
pkoheh Bkb nz f es ehsh j? . nwoBkE dh :ksok tkbk eKv pVk nkeoFe s/
T[ s ;[ e sk Gog{ o j? . gjkVh ;z ; feq s h dh fJj w{ z j p' b dh s;tho j? . o{ ; Bkb ;z p z X s
;coBkfwnK ftu fiE/ fJ; d/ gq f ;Z X BktK EktK dk gsk ubdk j? , T[ E / o{ ; dh
;wkitkdh fB}kw eoe/ ehsh rJh soZ e h dk jkb th ;coBkwk b/ y eK B/ pVh ohM
Bkb ftukoXkoe ;KM j' D eoe/ fpnkB ehsk j? . gkfe;skB pko/ fbfynk frnk
pboki ;kjBh dk ;coBkwk gz i kph nkb' u eK tb' _ ekch ;bkfjnK s/ ;fsekfonk
frnk j? . gkfe;skB Bkb pboki dh i}pksh ;KM j? ns/ T[ ; d/ pugB, i[ n kBh
s/ wksG{ w h Bkb ;z p z X s eJh EktK ns/ ;Z X oK dk f}eo T[ j nfs Gkt[ e j' e/ eodk
j? . fi; dh gkme dh gkfe;skB iK T[ & Z X o ofj rJh wksG{ w h Bkb i}pksh ;KM
j? T[ j fJj ;coBkwk gVQ d / tes nZ E o{ e/ o / fpBK Bjh_ ofj ;edk.
16H o/ y k fuZ s o
gzikph ftu o/yk fuZso fbyD/ n;b'_ jh fJe BtK s}opk j?. tkose ftu d'
rZdeko nfij/ jB fiBQK B/ fJ; gk;/ tZb pV/ i'ao Bkb ebw ubkJh j?, gfjbk j? pbtzs
rkorh s/ d{ik j? e[bpho f;zx eKr. pbtzs rkorh ofus o/yk-fuZsoK dhnK fszB g[;seK
ftF/F jB - *fBzw d/ gZs/*, *;[ow/ tkbh nZy* s/ *e"vhnK tkbk ;Zg*. fJBQK ftu ;wekbh
b/yeK d/ ufoZso ftnzr, jk; ns/ eNky Bkb fby/ j'J/ jB. fJBQK o/yk-fuZsoK dhnK g[;seK
B/ fJj ;kps eo fdZsk j? fe, rkorh fJe gqG ktFkbh BkNeeko jh Bjh_ fBg[zB tkoseeko
th j?. T[; dh F?bh pVh of;e, wB'ozie ns/ j[bk;-T[gikT{ j?. gfofus b/yeK d/ o/yk-
fuZso gVQ e/ gkme j'o th nkBzd wkDB br g?_dk j?.
e[bpho f;zx eKr B/ th fuZsoK dhnK fszB g[;seK *gZEo bheK*, *pZdbK d/ ozr*
ns/ *gZehnK fJZNK* gzikph irs Bz{ fdZshnK jB. eKr nkb'uBk ns/ bfbs fBpzXK d/ y/so
ftu ekch BK g?dk eo u[Zek j?. fJBQK o/yk fuZsoK B/ T[; dh f;oiBkswe gqfsGk Bz{ uzrk
T[xkfVnk j?. fJBQK ftu th ;wekbh ;kfjsekoK dhnK o[uhnK, ;[Gkn, b/ye T[&Zgo T[BQK
d/ gqGkt ns/ j'o ;]Fh r[DK n"r[DK Bz{ T[&Zib ns/ o'ue tkose ftu pzfBQnK j?.
gz i kph rZ d Bz { ftef;s eoB bJh T[ g fBnk;ekoK s/ BkNeekoK B/ th fjZ ; k
gkfJnk j? . gfjbh Fq / D h ftu toDB:' r w' j B f;z x t? d , n? ; Hn? ; H uoB f;z x , BkBe
f;z x , i;tz s f;z x ez t b, Bfoz d o gkb f;z x s/ ;' j B f;z x ;hsb jB. nrbh F/ q D h d/
wjkoEh JhFto uz d o Bz d k, ;z s f;z x ;/ y ' _ , jouoB f;z x , pbtz s rkorh, r[ o fdnkb
f;z x y' ; bk ns/ ;[ o ihs f;z x ;/ m h jB. fJBQ K b/ y eK B/ iB ;kXkoD d/ B/ V / ofj e/
o' u e rZ d fbyD dh e" f FF ehsh j? . e/ t b ;z s f;z x ;/ y ' _ dh tkose p" f Xe nz F K dh
XkoDh j? . m/ m p' b h fbyD ftu Bz d k dk w[ e kpbk Bjh_ j? . BkBe f;z x dh GkFk ftu
;z i w, ;' u s/ ;[ j Z g D Bjh_ j? , i' wjkB rbgekoK ftu t/ y D ftu nkT[ _ d k j? . eJh tko
T[ j nkgD/ g? d k ehs/ tksktoD Bz { nkg jh fe;/ nF[ Z X Fpd Bkb Bk; eo b? _ d k j? ,
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 84 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
sK th T[ ; dh nghb iB;kXkoD Bz { pj[ s j? .
fJ; s' _ gfjbK fe n;h_ fJ; gq e oD Bz { SZ v hJ/ fJ; ekb ftu ftef;s j' J h rZ d
F? b h dk ikfJik ;w[ Z u / o{ g ftu b? D k pDdk j? . fJ; gZ y ' _ ftukfonk fJ; ekb ftu
w[ Z y o{ g ftu uko F? b h-gq D kbhnk fdq F Nhr' u o j[ z d hnK jB L fJe j? ojZ ; wJh-ekftwJh
F? b h fi; d/ ;z d oG ftu GkJh tho f;z x ns/ gq ' c ? ; o g{ o B f;z x jB. d{ i h F? b h
Gkt[ e sk ns/ ;{ y w ftukok dh XkoDh j? . fJ; dh tXhnk fw;kb ;H r[ o pyF f;z x
(gq h sbVh j? ) . shih jbe/ c[ b e/ go Gkt g{ f os ftfFnK dh XkoDh j? . fJ; d/
gq f sgkde jfoz d o f;z x , r[ o Bkw f;z x sho s/ ;{ p k f;z x jB, Gkt/ _ Bh_ j fJ; dh uoB
f;z x Fjhd d/ jE' _ oyh rJh ;h. u" E h F? b h ftnefsst ofjs gq r Nkn tkbh j? . fJ;
fgSbh tz B rh ftu ftfrnkBe ftF/ , nkb' u Bk nkfd dk fBo{ g D j[ z d k j? . fJ; d/
fbyDjkfonK dh frDsh u' y h j? . fJ; rZ d tz B rh d/ T[ & Z x / b/ y e jB fgq z ; hgb s/ i k
f;z x , fgq z ; hgb r[ o puB f;z x skfbp, ;z s f;z x ;/ y ' _ nkfd jB.
gfjbh F?bh d/ gqfsgkde b/yeK ftu'_ GkJh tho f;zx ns/ g{oB f;zx dh tkose
ftu nzsoht ojZ;, nkBzd ns/ nksfwe ft;wkd dk T[b/y j?. fJ; ftu o{g d/ jbe/ Mktb/
jB. fJj ozr fBs d/ s}ofpnK Bz{ T[bheD bJh Bjh_ tofsnk ik ;edk e/tb ftneshst
gqXkB rZbK d/ fBo{gD bJh jh tofsnk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu ;[ji ns/ ebk d/ r[D b/ye
dh ebgBk ekoD nk iKd/ jB. fJ; tzBrh dh b;o ftu u{zfe nzsoht Bkb ;KM gkJh
iKdh j?, fJ; bJh fJ; dh Fpdktbh ojZ;wJh, fe;/ ;tgB d/F dh gqrNkT[ j' iKdh j?.
eJh tko i}p/ d/ jVQ ekoB fbys ftu fJzBk t/r nk iKdk j? fe T[; dh geV eoBh
;zGt jh Bjh_ j[zdh. ;[jikswe rZd fJE/ nk e/ T[xVdh j?.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk gzi kph u' D tK ftFk
gzi kph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;
gkm Bzpo L 1H10

gzi kph ftu ihtBh ;kfjs ns/ ;\oBkwk ;kfjs

1H gkm dk wzs t L
ni'e/ ;w/_ ftu gzikph ftu tkose ;kfjs dh ouBk r[Dkswe s/ frDkswe gZy
s'_ pj[s tX/o/ j' ojh j?. ;kfjsekoK d/ nB[Gt dh ftFkbsk s/ n;hwsk B/ nB/eK Bt/_
tkose o{gK Bz{ iBw fdZsk j?. gqkuhB ekb ftu ;kfjseko wjK g[oF dh ihtB-rkEk fpnkB
eoB bJh iBw-;kEh dh ouBk eodk ;h. toswkB ;w/_ ftu fJ; dh EK ihtB ;kfjs
B/ b? bJh j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh pd/F :ksok eoB tkb/ ;kfjsekoK B/ nkgDhnK :ksoktK
dk jkb ;\oBkfwnK d/ o{g ftu gkmeK ;kjwD/ oZyD dk :sB ehsk j?. fJ;/ gkm ftu
fJBQK d'jK ;kfjs o{gK pko/ ftuko eoB dk :sB ehsk ikt/rk.
2H o{g o/y k L ihtB ;kfjs dh gfoGkFk - gqf;ZX fbykohnK d/ ftuko - ihtBh s/
fJfsjk; ftu nzso - ;\oBkw/ dh gfoGkFk - ihtBh s/ ;\oBkwk ;kfjs d/ w[ZYb/ o{g -
gqf;ZX ihtBhnK s/ ;\oBkfwnK pko/ ftuko - GftZy ;zGktBktK.
3H w{b gkm L poskBth wjkB e'F (Encyclopaed of Britannica) nB[;ko **ihtBh
fJfsjk; dk T[j o{g j? fi; ftu ikshnK iK e"wK dh EK fe;/ fJe ftnesh d/ ihtB
;wkuko doi j[zd/ jB.** g[oksB ;w/_ ftu i/eo fe;/ fbykoh B/ fe;/ ftnesh pko/ e[M
fbfynk sK e/tb T[; d/ B?fse r[DK Bz{ gqrN ehsk. T[; d/ ihtB d/ ;ko/ gZyK T[&Zs/ ukBDk
gkT[D dk fynkb eoBk jh (T[; ;w/_) fJe n;zGt fijh rZb ikgdh ;h.
ni'e/ ;w/_ ftu ihtBh ;kfjs dk fJe o{g j?, fJj ftfrnkB dh Fkyk Bjh_. ;kfjs
dk fJe o{g j'D eoe/ fJ; Bz{ ;kfjs d/ wkg-dzvK T[&Zs/ g{fonK T[skoBk g?_d k j?. fe;/ ihtBh
Bz{ gVQ e/ ;kBz{ T[;/ gqeko ;[ji ;[nkd dk nB[Gt j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fit/_ fe e'Jh Bktb,
fBZeh ejkDh, rhs iK eftsk gVQ e/ j[zdk j?. ihtBheko nkgD/ ftF/ d/ gqrNkn ;w/_ ftnesh
Bz{ gkso iK Bw{B/ d/ s"o s/ g/F Bjh_ eodk ;r'_ fJe fiT{_d / ikrd/ wB[Zy d/ o{g ftu g/F
eodk j?.
i/e o e'J h b/ye fe;/ ftnesh d/ ihtB Bkb ;zp zX s :EkoEe xNBktK Bz{
fJeZfmnK eoe/ ihtBh fby/ sK nfijh ihtBh fJfsjk;e ihtBh dk o{g XkoB eo bt/rh,
j' ;edk j? fe fJ; ftu nzfes fJfsjk;e ;wZroh nfijh ouBk Bz{ ihtBh Bkb'_ fJfsjk;
d/ B/V/ b? ikt/.
fJ;/ soQK eJh toswkB b/ye fe;/ ftnesh dk g{o/ dk g{ok ihtB fbyD dh EK
T[; d/ ihtB d/ fe;/ wjZstg{oB gZy Bz{ jh g/F eoB ftu ;zs[FN ofjzd / jB. fJ; soQK
nKFe ihtBh j'_d ftu nkT[_dh j?.
o/yk-fuZso th nKFe *ihtBh* d/ nXhB jh ftuko/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJBQK ftu fe;/
fwZso iK ftnesh Bkb fe;/ w[bkeks okjh_ jh gqkgs ehsh ikDekoh d/ nkXko s/ T[;d/
ihtB d/ fe;/ fJe gZy Bz{ T[xkVB dk :sB ehsk j[zdk j?.

85
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 86 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
;zw{ nb ikB;B d/ eEB nB[;ko **ihtBh fJj Bjh_ dZ;dh fe e'Jh ftnesh fet/_
wjkB pfDnk ;r'_ fJj dZ;dh j? fe T[; Bz{ y[ Fh fet/_ gqkgs j'Jh. ihtBh fJj Bjh_ dZ;dh
fe cbK nkdwk Bz{ oki dopko ftu'_ fet/_ d[oekfonk frnk ;r'_ fJj dZ;dh j? fe T[j
nkgD/ ihtB Bkb fet/_ n;zs[FN j'fJnk.**
ihtBh fJfsjk; d/ T[bN, ftnesh Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j?. rbg d/ ftgohs fJj nfij/
ihtB Bz{ fpnkB eodbh j? i' fJ; d[BhnK ftu ;Zuh-w[Zuh ihftnk frnk ;h, go fJ; ftu
fJfsjk; tKr ;Zu th j[zdk j? s/ rbg tKr ebk dk nzF th j[zdk j?. ihtBh gVQB :'r
jz[dh j? feT[_fe fJj gqf;ZX, pdBkw iK nfij/ pzfdnK pko/ j[zdh j? fiBQK d/ ihtB iB-;kXkoD
Bz{ o'ue ikgd/ jB. ihtBh wB[Zy ;[Gk (human nature) Bz{ o{gwkB eodh j?. fJ; dk
wsbp j? fe ihtBh wB[Zyh GktK ns/ wB'GktK Bz{ g/F eodh j?.
;zy/g ftu n;h_ fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe ihtBh fJe nfijh ouBk j[zdh j? fijh p"fXe
ns/ ebkwJh Yzr Bkb fe;/ ftnesh d/ ihtB d/ ekoiK Bz{ nzfes eodh j? s/ T[; dh
FyFhns Bz{ o{gwkB eodh j?.
nkX[fBe :[r ftu eJh gqf;ZX nkr{ iK b/ye nkgDhnK ihtBhnK nkg th fbyd/
jB. nfijh ihtBh Bz{ nksw-eEk iK ;t? ihtBh nkfynk iKdk j?.
;\oBkwk, ;kfjs dk T[j o{g fi; ftu fe;/ ftnesh d/ nkgD/ d/F iK god/; ftu
ehs/ rJ/ ;\o d/ jkbks doi j[zd/ jB. ;kfjs dk o{g j'D eoe/ fJ; gqeko dh ouBk
dk o'ue j'Dk th nktFZe j?. ;\oBkwk fbyD tkb/ ;kfjseko bJh }o{oh j? fe T[j fi;
d/F iK fJbke/ pko/ ouBk eo/ T[E'_ dhnK d/yD:'r fJwkosK, ndG[s t/FK, e[dosh B}kfonK,
gjkVK, MhbK, dfonktK, b'eK dh ofjDh pfjDh, o;w fotki, T[BQK d/ ykD ghD, gfjBD
gqkj[Dkukoh nkfd d/ YzrK dk toBD eo/. fJj th ;zGt j? fe ;\oBkwk b/ye nkgDh ouBk
ftu d{i/ d/F d/ Xkofwe, ;wkfie s/ okiBhfse gqpzX pko/ tkechns rqfjD eoe/ T[; Bz{
fpBK fe;/ fNZgDh d/ iK fNZgDh ;fjs g/F eo/. ;kfjs dk fJj o{g nkX[fBe j'D eoe/ rZd
ftu jh fbfynk iKdk j?.
ihtBh d/ ;\oBkwk Gkt/_ nkX[ fBe ;w/_ d/ ;kfjs dk nzr jB go fJBQ K dhnK iVQ K
ekch g[ oksB ;kfjs ftu bZG hnK ik ;edhnK jB. fJj mhe j? fe jo ;kfjs ftu nkw
s"o s/ gfjbK eftsk dk nkozG j'fJnk s/ T[ j eftsk th tX/o/ eoe/ Xkofwe eftsk jh
;h. Skg/ykB/ dh nDj'_d s/ ekr} d/ g{oB nGkt iK n"y Bkb gqkgs j'D eoe/ T[ BQ K
;fwnK ftu tkose dk ;qh rD/F Bjh_ ;h j'fJnk. fi; soQ K Bktb, fBZe h ejkDh, BkNe
s/ fJeKrh nkX[ fBe ekb ftu T[ gi/ jB, T[ ; / soQ K jh ihtBh s/ ;\oBkwk th fJ; :[ Zr
dh g?d ktko jB go fit/_ fe n;h_ d; nkJ/ jK fJBQ K ;kfjs o{gK dh Bh_j ;kBz{ g[ o ksB
;kfjs ftu bZ G g?_d h j?.
4H gzikph ;kfjs ftu ihtBh ns/ ;\oBkwk
gz ikph ;kfjs ftu ihtBh s/ ;\oBkwk phi o{g ftu iBw ;kyh ;kfjs ftu w"i {d
jB. r[ o { BkBe d/ t dhnK iBw ;kyhnK ftu r[ o { ;kfjp dk ihtB s/ T[ B Q K dhnK
:ksoktK s/ ;wkuko fby/ j'J / fwbd/ jB. r[ o { ;kfjp d/ ihtB pko/ fijVh th ikDekoh
iBw ;kyhnK s' _ gq k gs j[ z d h j? . T[ ; d/ nkXko s/ ni' e / pj[ s ;ko/ b/ y eK B/ r[ o { BkBe
d/ t ih dh ihtBh fbyh j? . fJBQ K iBw ;kyhnK d/ eJh ;wkukoK pko/ nkgDh n;z w sh
d/ pkti{ d fJBQ K d/ nfXn? B s' _ gsk brdk j? fe r[ o { BkBe d/ t dk iBw okfJ G' f Jz
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 87 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
dh sbtz v h ftu ;z w s 1525 fpeq w h Bz { wfjsk ekb{ d/ rq f j fty/ fsq g sk dh e[ y ' _ j' f Jnk
;h. ;kohnK iBw ;kyhnk B/ r[ o { ;kfjp d/ gKX/ gk; gVQ B ikD, wZ M K ukoB, fJeKstk;
s/ yok ;" d k eoB d/ ;wkuko fby e/ T[ B Q K d/ sbtz v h fBtk; ;w/ _ dh ihtB dhnK
xNBktK Bz { gq r N eoB dk :sB ehsk j? . ;kohnK iBw ;kyhnk r[ o { ;kfjp d/
;[ b skBg[ o ikD s/ w' d hykB/ dk ez w ;z G kbD, t/ J h_ gq t / F s/ B" e oh SZ v e/ T[ d k;hnK
(:ksoktK) s/ ikD dk toBD eodhnK jB. fJ; gq e ko fJBQ K ouBktK ftu ihtBh s/
;\oBkwk phi o{ g ftu gq s Z y fdykJh fdz d k j? .
fwjopkB ofus iBw ;kyh B/ r[ o{ BkBe d/t ih dhnK d' wjkB :ksoktK dk
toBD ehsk j?. T[ ; nB[ ;ko r[ o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ gfjbh wjkB :ksok ftu Gkos d/
g{op s/ dZyD dhnK gqf;ZX EktK dh :ksok ehsh. T[ j jfod[ nko, gq: kr, n:[ ZfXnk,
pBko;, r:k, irBBkE g[ oh, okw/Ftow, T[ i ?B , ;'okFNo, d/F , phekB/o, wE[ ok, fdZb h,
e[ o{e F/s o nkfd ;EkBK s/ rJ/ ns/ T[ E/ nkgD/ ftukoK dk gq;ko eoe/ ;[ b skBg[ o w[ V
nkJ/. d{ih wjkB :ksok ftu T[ j ;[ w/o gops, w[ b skB, w"e / Fkw, ekpb, fgFkto nkfd
;EkBK s/ rJ/ s/ tkfg; gos e/ eoskog[ o nk fNe/. fJ;/ gqe ko g[ oksB iBw ;kyh ftZu
r[ o{ BkBe d/t ih dhnK gzi :ksoktK g{op, dZyD, T[ & Zs o gZS w s/ c[ N eb dk T[ b /y j?.
pkb/ tkbh iBw ;kyh ftu Gkt/_ :ksoktK ftT[ _s -pZ sohe/ Bkb fpnkB Bjh_ ehshnK rJhnK
go fbykoh B/ r[ o{ BkBe d/t ih dh fGzB fGzB ;EkBK dh :ksok d/ Bkb T[ BQ K dh g[ b kV
:ksok dk T[ b /y th ehsk j?. fJ; :ksok d/ d"okB T[ ; B/ pj[ s ;ko/ ekbgfBe gopsK
d/ BK s/ T[ BQ K dhnK ekbgfBe T[ v kohnK fby e/ :ksok Bz{ pVk jh o"u e pDk fdZs k j?.
frnkB osBktbh B/ pkeh dhnK fszB iBw;kyhnK ftu toBD ehs/ ;EkBK s'_ S[ZN ikgkgNB
(ikcBk, bze k) s/ prdkd dh :ksok dk th toDB ehsk j?.
T[go'es iBw;kyhnK s'_ S[ZN GkJh r[odk; dh gfjbh s/ frnkoQth_ tko ftu th
ihtBh d/ nzF fwbd/ jB. gfjbh tko d/ nkXko *s/ *frnkB osBktbh* s/ frnkoQth_ tko
d/ nkXko s/ *Grs osBktbh* dh ouBk ehsh rJh j?. frnkB osBktbh dk f}eo fgS/
ehsk ik u[Zek j?. Grs osBktbh ftu gfjb/ S/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB t/b/ j'J/ gqf;ZX f;ZyK d/
gq;zr jB. fJj gq;zr pV/ ;zfygs s/ T[BQK f;ZyK d/ nkswe ihtB d/ ;zpzX ftu e[M ikDekoh
jh ;kBz{ fdzd/ jB. iBw ;kyh gozgok ftu jh *gouhnK ;/t kdk;* BK dh ouBk nkT[_d h j?,
fijVh 1708 Jh;th_ ftu fbyh rJh. fJ; ftu pj[s/ gq;zr sK r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx d/ ihtB
pko/ jB go gfjb/ B"_ r[o{ ;kfjpkB pko/ th ;zfygs ikDekoh fdZsh rJh j?.
nmkoQth_ ;dh d/ wZX d/ B/V/ jh 1741 ftu *wfjwk gqekF* BK dh tkose ouBk ehsh
rJh fi; ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ ihtB ;zpzXh 20 ;kyhnK doi jB. 1706 JhH ftu
pktk ;o{g dk; GZb / B/ eftsk ftu *wfjwk gqe kF* BK dk rqzE ofunk fi; ftu d;K r[o{
;kfjpkBK d/ ihtB ;wkuko nzfes jB. wjK eth ;zs'y f;zx B/ *BkBe gqekF* s/ *;{oi
gqekF* BK d/ rqzE ou/ fijV/ eqwtko r[o{ BkBe d/t s/ pkeh B"_ r[o{ ;kfjpkB pko/ jB.
Gkt/_ fJj rqzE pqi GkFk ftu jB go feT[_fe fJBQK ftu nzfes gq;zr dh eEk nkw j[zdh
ojh j?, fi; d/ ouBjko/ ;kX{ ;zs o/D jB. fJ; ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh ihtBh, GkJh
pkb/ dh iBw ;kyh d/ nkXko s/ fbyh j'Jh fwbdh j?. fJj ;kohnK ouBktK ihtBh ;kfjs
dh G{fwek d/ s"o s/ ftukohnK ik ;edhnK jB.
nzro/} h ekb ftu *f;ZyK d/ oki ftfEnk* (feqs FoXk okw fcb"oh) ftu th r[ o{
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 88 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
BkBe d/t s/ pkeh r[ o{ ;kfjpkB d/ ;zfygs ihtB doi ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJ; d"o dh fJe
j'o ouBk *gzE gqe kF* feqs osB f;zx Gzr{ j? fi; ftu nzfes gq;zr gfjbhnK iBw
;kyhnK s/ ouBktK Bkb'_ tX/o/ fJfsjk;e s/ ftfrnkBe jB. frnkBh frnkB f;zx d[n kok
ofus *gzE gqe kF* gfjb/ gzE gqe kF Bkb'_ tX/o/ fJfsjk;e s/ ftfrnkBe jB. frnkBh
frnkB f;zx d[ nkok ofus *gzE gqe kF* gfjb/ gzE gqe kF Bkb'_ tX/o/ ft;fsqs ouBk j?.
fJ; ftu Bk e/t b r[ o{ ;kfjp dh ihtBh jh fwbdh j? ;r'_ T[ BQ K dhnK :ksoktK ;zp zX h
pj[ s Gog{o t/ot/ th T[ gbpX jB. GkJh tho f;zx d[ nkok ou/ rJ/ *r[ o{ BkBe
uwseko*, *ebrhXo uwseko* s/ nFN r[o{ uwseko* th iBw ;kyh gozgok Bz{ jh thjth_
;dh ftu nZr/ s'od/ jB Gkt/_ fJBQ K ftu fes/ fes/ fJfsjk;e s"o *s/ sZE d/D dk :sB
gqs Zy j?. GkJh tho f;zx s/ fJj *uwseko* f;zx ;Gk bfjo d/ T[ EkB ;w/_ ou/ rJ/ ;B
fi; eoe/ fJBQ K ftu f;Zy gozgok Bkb ;zp zf Xs ;kohnK rZb K fiT[ _ dhnK fsT[ _ jh oZy
bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJBQ K Bz{ nkX[ fBe ihtBh bJh nkXko wzfBnk ik ;edk j?, fBo'b
ihtBhnK Bjh_. GkJh tho f;zx B/ pZfunK bJh r[ o{ pkbw ;kyhnK r[ o { BkBe d/t , r[ o{
pkbw ;kyhnK, r[ o{ r'fpzd f;zx th ouhnK jB. fJ; s'_ S[ N T[ BQ K B/ *;zs rkEk* BK dh
g[ ;se th fbyh j?. fi; ftu ;zs ;[ G kn f;ZyK d/ ihtB gq;zr fdZs / jB.
GkJh tho f;z x B/ *uwsekoK* dh ouBk j/ m fby/ wz s t Bz { w[ Z y oZ y e/ ehsh.
**f}z d rhnK ihez { p;o j' J hnK fst/ _ j{ p j{ fwbdhnK-i[ b dhnK, ez w eodhnK ;[ y h d[ y h
j[ z d hnK, uVQ d hnK-fc;bdhnK, T[ ; odhnK, jz p b/ wkodhnK, ekw:kp j[ z d hnK, ez p dhnK,
EoEokT[ _ d hnK, nZ y K nZ r / nkT[ D , ;kfjpK dh wfjo dh u' i B? D K ;kjwD/ fco ikD/ , fiBQ K
s' _ nkdwh w[ n ;o j' t / , nkgD/ fdb d/ S' V eZ N / ikD, fdb e[ M t? o kr ftu nkt/ , nkgD/
nkg T[ ; ukBD/ ftu fd;/ , T[ ; d/ j' D dk gq / w ikr T[ m / , fco T[ u ihtB bJh o;sk
bZ G / s/ T[ E ' _ jh f;Z f ynk d/ o;s/ N[ o B dk sohek fwb gt/ , T[ j gfVQ n k ihtB jh wkB'
fJe soQ K dk e[ M ofjpo j' yb' t / . **
T[go'es N{e f;ZX eodh j? fe GkJh tho f;zx Bz{ ihtB d/ nkX[fBe sZsK Bkb g{oh
ikDekoh ;h s/ T[j fe;/ ftnesh ihtB Bz{ fJ; gqeko fpnkB eoB d/ jZe ftu ;B fit/_
fJzB fpzB T[; B/ pshs ehsk j't/, fit/_ T[; B/ ;[y-d[y MZb/ j'D, fit/_ T[j fes/ Bkekw:kp
j'fJnk j't/, fit/_ T[; B/ fjzws Bk SZvh j't/, s/ c/o jzGbk wkoBk F[o{ eo fdZsk j't/. nfij/
ihtB s'_ gkme T[sFkj gqkgs eo ;edk j? s/ nfijk ihtB T[; bJh fJe nkdoF j' ;edk
j?.
fJ; w[ ZY b/ ;w/_ ftu frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ *iBw ;kyh ;qh r[ o{ BkBe d/t *, *skok
f;zx Fjhd*, ns/ *ihtB eEk r[ o{ s/r pjkdo ih* fbye/ Xkofwe ihtBhnK d/ Gzv ko
ftu tkXk ehsk. eow f;zx fj;N'ohnB B/ *pzd k pjkdo* s/ *nkbk f;zx * ihtB fposKs
fby/ ns/ *eZs e eh ft;ky* BK dh y'i g[ ;se fby e/ gzi kph ;kfjs ftu fJfsjk; gZy'_
F[ ZX ihtBh fbyD bJh okj fsnko ehsk. T[ B Q K B/ ;kps ehsk fe r[ o{ BkBe d/t dk
iBw eZs e ftu Bjh_ ;r'_ ft;ky ftu j'fJnk ;h. fJj y'i g[ ;se ihtBh ;kfjs d/ y/s o
ftu fJ; eoe/ wjkBsk dh jZe dko j? fe fJ; ftu fwfEjk;e s/ nD-fJfsjk;e gq;zrK
Bz{ fBo'b ebgBk dh T[ gi dZ; e/ ihtBh fbyD tkb/ b/yeK Bz{ fJfsjk;e sZEK d/ nkXko
*s/ ouBktK eoB dh gq/oBk fdZs h j?.
nr;s 1947 ftu j' J h d/ F dh tz v s' _ g{ o t gz i kph ftu e[ M e[ ihtBhnK
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 89 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fbyhnK fwbdhnK jB. fJj w[ Z Y b/ :sB ;B fiBQ K ftu fJBQ K ;kfjse wkgdz v K dk
fXnkB Bjh_ oZ f ynk frnk, fiz B k ftnesh ftF/ F d/ ihtB ;wkuko d/ D dk T[ g okbk
ehsk frnk. fJBQ K w[ Z Y b/ :sBK ftu ;q H d[ o bZ G f;z x d[ n kok ofus *fBoG? :' X k* *pkrh
ioB? b * s/ *np[ b ebkw nk}kd* jB fijVhnK okiBhfse y/ s o d/ gq f ;Z X B/ s ktK wk;No
skok f;z x , ;[ G kF uz d o p' ; s/ w" b kBk nk}kd dhnK ihtBhnK jB. nk}kd fjz d c" i
dh Gkos dh ;[ s z s osk dh wz r ftu ftF/ F d/ D j? . fJ; eoe/ ;kv/ fbykohnK bJh
fJ; c" i d/ B/ s ktK d/ ihtB pVh tZ v h gq / o Bk dk ;' w k oj/ jB. ;[ o ihs f;z x ;/ m h B/
*fJfsjk; B/ s k ih* s/ *ihtB iBob w' j B f;z x * fby e/ B/ s k ih ;[ G kF uz d o p' ; ns/
iBob w' j B f;z x d/ e[ o pkBh Go/ ihtB *s/ ;kvh Mks g[ n kJh j? . fJ; ;w/ _ ;G s' _
tZ X fJfsjk;e ihtBhnK fbyD dk wjZ s tg{ o D ekoi pkpk gq / w f;z x j' s h wodkB B/
B/ g o/ ukfVQ n k. T[ B Q K B/ f;Z y fJfsjk; Bkb ;z p z f Xs pj[ s ;kohnK gq f ;Z X j;shnK d/
ihtB fby/ fit/ _ *wjkokik oDihs f;z x *, *joh f;z x Bb{ n k*, *nekbh c{ b k f;z x *,
*ez t o B" f Bjkb f;z x *, *wjkokik F/ o f;z x *, *Btkp eg{ o f;z x *. T[ B Q K B/ fJBQ K ihtBhnK
s' _ S[ N *ykb;k oki d/ T[ ; oJhJ/ * (d' Gkr) ns/ *ykb;k oki d/ pd/ F h efoz d / * g[ ; seK
th fbyhnK. fJj g[ ; seK th ihtB ;kfjs nXhB nkT[ _ d hnK jB. feT[ _ i' fJBQ K ftu
wjkokik oDihs f;z x d/ ;w/ _ f;Z y oki dh ;EkgBk eoB tkb/ s/ T[ ; oki Bz { c" i h
fdq F Nh s' _ FeshFkbh pDkT[ D tkb/ d/ ; h s/ pd/ F h ftneshnK pko/ ;z f ygs go pVh
Gktg{ o s ikDekoh fwbdh j? . fJBQ K ;kohnK g[ ; seK ftu fGz B fGz B ftneshnK d/
oki;h c" i h ihtBK s' _ S[ N T[ B Q K d/ nkuoD d/ wjZ s tg{ o D nz F K T[ s / th pVh ;ob
s/ ;gFN GkFk ftu o" F Bh gkJh rJh j? . Gkt/ _ pkpk ih e[ M jZ d sZ e Gkt[ e j' e/
fbyd/ ;B go c/ o th T[ B Q K dk fpnkB ekch jZ d sZ e fBogZ y fejk ik ;edk j? .
fJ; ;w/ _ vkH rz v k f;z x B/ *wjkokik e' V k wZ b pjkdo*, *pz d k f;z x pjkdo*
ns/ *Fkw f;z x nNkoh tkbk d/ BK dhnK fJfsjk;e ihtBhnK fby e/ fJ; gk;/
wjZ s tg{ o B ez w ehsk. vkH rz v k f;z x fJfsjk; d/ y' i h ftdtkB ;B s/ T[ j ;ob
s/ ;" y h GkFk dh tos' _ eod/ jB. f;Z y fJfsjk; Bkb Gkt[ e ;z p z X j' D eoe/ T[ B Q K
dhnK T[ g o' e s g[ ; seK ftu fes/ fes/ Gkt[ e sk dk nz F t/ y D ftu nkT[ _ d k j? . fJBQ K
ihtBh b' e K s' _ S[ Z N gq ' H eosko f;z x B/ *ihtB r[ o { r' f pz d f;z x *, *ihtB r[ o { BkBe
d/ t * dh ouBk ehsh ns/ wjkswk rKXh dh ;P ? - ihtBh ;kfjs bJh w? d kB fsnko
ehsk. fgq z ; hgb s/ i k f;z x dh ;g[ Z s oh phph fJz d o e" o B/ pV/ ;kdk s/ ;ob Yz r
Bkb fJe pd/ F h B/ s k dk ihtB gz i kph gkmeK Bz { G/ N ehsk. ;[ s z s osk s' _ gfjb/ d/
;w/ _ ftu jh r[ o uoB wfjsk dh fbyh *gz f vs itkjo bkb Bfjo{ * ihtBh th
toBD:' r j? . wkou 1947 ftu ;H r[ o pyF f;z x gq h sbVh dh g[ ; se *w/ o hnK nG[ Z b
:kdK* gq e kfFs j' J h fi; B/ gz i kph ftu ;P ? - ihtBh fbyD bJh tk:{ w z v b fsnko eoB
ftu :' r fjZ ; k gkfJnk. fJ;/ b/ y e d[ n kok r[ o { ;kfjpkB d/ ihtB pko/ fbyh g[ ; se
*gow wB[ Z y * th ihtBh ;kfjs ftu ftF/ F ;EkB oZ y dh j? .
5H ;P ? - ihtBh ;kfjs
fJj mhe j? fe 1947 JhH s'_ g{ot ou/ rJ/ s/ ;P?-ihtBh ;kfjs ftu b/yek dk tX/o/
fXnkB ftF/F ftnesh ;zpzX h tkech d/Dk ns/ T[; d/ ftneshrs s/ oki;h ihtB pko/
ikDekoh Bz{ gkmeK Bkb ;KMk eoBk j[zdk ;h. fJBQK ouBktK ftu'_ e/t b frDsh dhnK
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 90 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
ouBktK Bz{ jh ;kfjse wkgdzvk sZe ep{fbnk frnk j?. fiE'_ se ;[ji ;[nkd dh fsqgsh
dk ;zp zX j? fJBQK ftu fJ; dk ek\h jZd se nGkt j? go r[opyF f;zx gqhsbVh d[nkok
ouhnK rJhnK g[;seK *gow wB[Zy* s/ *w/ohnK nG[Zb :kdK* ;[ji ;[nkd dh fsqgsh dh
fdqFNh s'_ th ekch T[u/ ;kfjse gZX o dhnK ouBktK jB.
;P?-ihtBh d/ y/so ftu gzikph ftu e[M tXhnk Bw{B/ 1947 JhH s'_ pknd j'_d ftu
nkJ/ jB. fJBQK ftu'_ fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx d[nkok fbyh ;?P-ihtBh *nko;h* ftu T[BQK B/ nkgD/
ihtB dhnK xNBktK Bz{ ssekbhB ;wkie s/ fJfsjk;e sZEK d/ fgS'eV ftu oZy e/ fpnkB
ehsk j?. s/ik f;zx dh F?bh pVh ;ziw Gog{o j?. *nko;h* ftu s/ik f;zx B/ nkgD/ fBZih
nB[Gt ns/ s}op/ Bz{ gkmeK Bkb ;KMk eoB dk ;\b :sB ehsk j?.
gz i kph d/ gq f ;Z X rbgeko BkBe f;z x B/ nkgDh ;P ? - ihtBh *w/ o h d[ B hnK* BK EZ b /
gq e kfFs ehsk j? . fJ; ftu b/ y e B/ nkgD/ ihtB Bkb ;z p z f Xs nB/ e K xNBktK Bz { pVh
;kfjse ;{ M s/ f;nkDg Bkb fJe ;z r bh ftu go' e/ g/ F ehsk j? . BkBe f;z x dh
fJj ouBk gVQ e/ gz i kph gkmeK Bz { T[ ; d/ ihtB d/ pj[ s ;ko/ gZ y nZ y K ;kjwD/ nk
rJ/ jB, fi; Bkb gfofus j' D s' _ pr? o BkBe f;z x d/ BktbK d/ gksoK s/ T[ B Q K Bkb
;z p z f Xs xNBktK Bz { uz r h soQ K ;wMDk pVk w[ F eb ;h. b/ y e dh ihtBh d/ e[ M eKv
fJT[ _ gq s hs j[ z d / jB fit/ _ T[ j ;[ s z s o ejkDhnK j' D . T[ B Q K ftu ejkDh o; u' y h wksok
ftu T[ g bpX j? . fJ; gq e ko BkBe f;z x dh fJj ;P ? - ihtBh pVh o' u e s/ wB' o z i e j?
s/ fJ; Bz { gVQ e/ ;[ j i ;[ n kd dh fsq g sh th j[ z d h j? s/ b/ y e d/ ihtB pko/ b' V h_ d h
ikDekoh th fwbdh j? .
r[ o pyF f;z x B/ 1947 dh tz v s' _ E' V Q k fuo gfjbK *w/ o hnK nG[ Z b :kdK* Bkb
nkgD/ ihtB d/ ;zy /g doFB eotkJ/ gozs { pknd ftu T[ j nkgDh ;P ?- ihtBh *w/o h ihtB-
ejkDh* Bkb ftokN o{ g ftu ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. fJ; g[ ; se ftu T[ ; B/ nkgD/ pugB
s' _ b? e/ nkgDh T[ w o Gkt g" D h ;dh d/ bz p / ihtB dh oKrbh Mkeh g/ F ehsh j? .
r[ o pyF f;z x Gkt/ _ F[ o { s' _ jh nkgDhnK pj[ s ;kohnK ouBktK ftu nkgD/ fBZ i h ihtB
d/ nB[ G t fpnkB eodk j? go T[ ; dh ekftwJh s/ ndG[ s F? b h eoe/ fJT[ _ gq s hs j[ z d k
fojk j? fe T[ ; dk fpnkB tX/ o / ekbgfBe j? . go id' _ T[ ; B/ *w/ o h ihtB ejkDh*
d[ n kok nkgD/ ;ko/ fgnko s}ofpnK dh gq : ' r Fkbk gz i kph gkmeK bJh g{ o h soQ K y' b Q
fdZs h j? sK fJ; ftu e' J h FZe dh rz[ ikfJF pkeh Bjh_ ojh fe r[ opyF f;z x dk fgnko-
XVedk fdb ;dk s' _ jh gq h s G[ Z y k fojk j? s/ T[ ; dh nEkj G[ Z y Bz { wZ y Dh, G{ n k iK
poes/ , Bz B Q h fbbkj, torhnK fgnko-G[ Z y hnK nkswktK th g{ o hnK Bjh_ eo ;edhnK.
r[ o pyF f;z x Bz { *FpdK dk ikd{ r o* s/ *noEK dk pk}hro* nkfynk frnk j? . T[ ;
dh ;P ? - ihtBh dh F? b h pj[ s jh ekftwJh, o;h j' J h gZ e / \b torh s/ wkfyU_ fwZ m h j? .
fJj ouBk d' GkrK ftu j? s/ d{ i / Gkr dk BK *wz f }b fdZ ; gJh* j? .
r[ o pyF f;z x B/ nkgDh T[ g o' e s ;P ? - ihtBh s' _ S[ N gq ' H g{ o B f;z x dh nz r o/ } h
GkFk ftu ouh nksweEk (On paths of life) dk nB[ t kd eoe/ gz i kph ;kfjs d/ fJ;
o{ g ftu fJe j' o fBZ r o tkXk ehsk j? . fJj nB[ t kd gz i kph :{ B htof;Nh gfNnkbk
B/ gq e kfFs ehsk j? . fJ; g[ ; se ftu g{ o B f;z x d/ ;w[ Z u / ihtB d/ doFB sK Bjh_
j[ z d / go T[ B Q K d/ ikgkB d/ F d/ fBtk; ;w/ _ gq k gs ehs/ ihtB nB[ G t dh ;[ z d o Mkeh
}o{ o fwbdh j? . fJ; s' _ g{ o B f;z x dh nz s o-okFNoh ;{ M -p{ M s/ wkBttkdh o[ u h pko/
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 91 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
Gog{ o ikDekoh gq k gs j[ z d h j? .
T[go'es ;kfjsekoK dhnK ;P?-ihtBhnK s'_ f;nk;h s/ fJBebkph ihtB y/so d/
;zrokwhnK tZb'_ fbyhnK rJhnK ouBktK th toBD:'r jB. rdo gkoNh d/ pkBh s/ gqf;ZX
d/F Grs pkpk ;'jB f;zx GeBk dh ;?P-ihtBh *ihtB ;zrokw* T[BQK d/ ihtB d/ nzfsw
ekb ftu gqekfFs j'Jh. Gkt/_ fJj e'Jh tZv/ nkeko dh ouBk Bjh_ go fJ; ftu pkpk ih
d/ ;zxoFwJh ihtB dh b{z-ezv/ yV/ eoB tkbh ejkDh j?. r[opuB f;zx ;fjz;ok dh ouBk
*T[j th fdB ;B* T[; d/ feosh bfjo Bkb ;zgoe dhnK :kdK *s/ nkXkos j'D eoe/
;kBz{ T[; d/ fBZih ihtB dh Mbe th fwbdh j?. nzfwqsk gqhsw B/ *ekbk r[bkp* s/ *feowuh
behoK* fgqz;hgb fBoziB f;zx B/ *ihtB ftek;*, wk;No skok f;zx B/ *w/ohnK :kdK* w/io
iBob r[opyF f;zx B/ *nkg phsh dhnK nG[Zb :kdK* fbye/ ;P?-ihtBh ;kfjs d/ ftek;
ftu :'r fjZ;k gkfJnk j?.
fJ; ;w/_ eJh ;P?-ihtBhnK d/ gzikp ftu nB[tkd th j'J/ jB, fiBQK ftu nzfwqsk gqhsw
d[nkok nB[tkfds *oki/_do gq;kd dh nksweEk*, w?e;w roeh dh ;P?-ihtBh d/ fszB GkrK
dk eqwtko r[ofdnkb f;zx, doFB f;zx ns/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx d[nkok, gzfvs itkjo bkb
Bfjo{ dh ;?P-ihtBh *w/oh ejkDh* dk okfizdo f;zx Ekgo d[nkok ns/ o{;' dh ;?P-ihtBh *nkg
phshnK* dk s/ok f;zx uzB d[nkok ehsk nB[tkd gqkgs jB.
Xkofwe wjKg[oFK dhnK gqekfFs j'JhnK ihtBhnK ftu'_ frnkBh fsqb'e f;zx dhnK
ihtB eEktK r[o{ noiB d/t, ihtB eEk r[o{ s/r pjkdo, ;H JhFo f;zx Bkok d[nkok
fbyh pkpk ;kfjp f;zx p/dh dh ihtBh *oki i'rh*, ;'jB f;zx ;hsb dhnK *wB[Zysk d/
r[o{-r[o{ r'fpzd* ns/ *ihtBh ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t *, gq'H ;kfjp f;zx dk ihtB fpqsKs *;qh r[o{
BkBe d/t* s/ *r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx dhnK ihtBhnK s/ r[opyF f;zx *gqhsbVh* dh *;opgZyh
BkfJek* ns/ frnkBh nksw f;zx dh *Fjhd wBh f;zx* ]k; s"o *s/ toBD:'r jB. fJ;
bVh dhnK e[M j'o Xkofwe ihtBhnK *Fjhd oDXho f;zx*, *r[o{ s/r pjkdo dk ihtB*
s/ *nNZb gqskgh ;fsr[o{* jB. gfjbhnK d'jK Bz{ vkH fsqb'uB f;zx B/ ns/ shih Bz{ vkH eow
f;zx eg{o B/ ou e/ gzikph ftu ihtBh ;kfjs Bz{ nwho pDkfJnk j?.
oki;h y/s o d/ gqf;ZX nkr{nK dhnK ihtBhnK d/ gZy s'_ gzikph ftu toBD:'r
ezw j'f Jnk j?. ;[ fozd o f;zx i"jb B/ *bkbk bkigs okJ/* , i;tzs f;zx i; B/ *pkpk okw
f;zx * s/ pkpk ;'jD f;zx B/ *Fjhd eoB?b f;zx *, gq'H r[ ouoB f;zx B/ *;odko ;/t k f;zx
mheohtkbk*, ftFtBkE fstkVh B/ ;H gqs kg f;zx e?o'_ dh *;odko*, r[ o w[ y f;zx w[ ; kco
B/ *t/fynk ;[ fDnk rKXh*, gqhsw f;zx B/ pkpk joBkw f;zx ekbk ;zx hnk dh *FwQ k pbdh
ojh* ihtBhnK ouhnK jB. fJzd ok rKXh dh ytkik nfjwd npk; d[ nkok fbyh rJh
ihtBh dk fijVk nB[ t kd nihs e"o B/ ehsk j? T[j *w[ V ;{j/ r[b kp dh wfje* BK nXhB
gqe kfFs j'fJnk j?.
gzikph d/ e[M gqf;ZX ;kfjsekoK d/ ihtB fpqsKs th fby/ rJ/ jB. vkH dhtkB f;zx
ekb/gkDh dk ihtB gq'H jofdnkb f;zx B/ *fJe ;[Bfjoh fdb* BK dh ouBk ftu, g{oB f;zx
dk feqgkb f;zx e;/b B/ *okijz;* BK dh g[;se ftu nzfes ehsk j?. fJ;/ soQK ;H;H nw'b
B/ *ihtB GkJh w'jB f;zx t/d* ns/ r[ofdnkb f;zx c[Zb B/ vkH GkJh i'X f;zx dk ihtB
fpqsKs fby e/ fJBQK ;kfjsekoK Bz{ FoXKibh G/N ehsh.
ihtBh ;kfjs dhnK c[Neb ouBktK ftu n;h_ ;[fozdo f;zx i"jo ofus *ihtBh
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 92 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
okfpzdo BkE N?r'o*, B?FBb p[Ze No;N d[nkok gqekfFs *;tkwh okw shoE* dh ihtBh, vkH
;[o?D f;zx ftby{ d[nkok ouh *;zs Bkwd/t ihtB s/ pkDh gqekF*, fgnkok f;zx dksk dh
ouBk *gotkB/* fi; ftu nZm ftneshnK d/ ;zy/g ihtB jB, pbtzs f;zx usoE feqs
*fjzd[;skB dhnK gqf;ZX fJ;sohnK* ns/ ;H eg{o f;zx dh *;gsf;qzr* nkfd Bz{ Fkwb eod/
jK. fJBQK ftu'_ fgSbhnK d' nKFe ihtBh dh F/qDh ftu frDhnK ik ;edhnk jB.
6H gzikph ;kfjs ftu o/y k fuZs o
gzikph ;kfjs ftu o/yk fuZso fbyD tkb/ dh fJek-d[Zek fbykohnK B/ o[ uh ftykJh
j?. fJ; gq;zr ftu pbtzs rkorh ns/ e[bpho eKr d/ :sBK dh gq;za;k ehs/ fpBK Bjh_
ofj ;ed/. pbtzs rkroh B/ *fBzw d/ gZs/*, *;[ow/ tkbh nZy* ns/ *e"vhnK tkbk ;Zg* ftu
gzikph d/ pj[s ;ko/ ;kfjsekoK d/ o/yk fuZso pVh ;{yws Bkb g/F ehs/ jB. T[; B/ fJBQK
ftu ;kfjsekoK dhnK Bk e/tb nkdsK, gfjoktk s/ ofjDh pfjDh pko/ jh gzikph gkmeK
Bz{ ikD{ eotkfJnk j?, ;r'_ T[BQK d/ ;kfjse M[ektK T[s/ th Mks g[nkJh j?. e[bpho f;zx
eKr B/ *gZEo dh bhe* ns/ *pZdbK d/ ozr* ftu g/F ehs/ o/yk-fuZsoK ftu nkgD/ jh nzdk}
ftu pj[s ;ko/ gzikph ;kfjsekoK d/ ;kfjse ftnefsst ;kvh fdqFNh ftu fbnKd/ jB.
o/yk fuZsoK d/ y/so ftu *ebw dh nZy* Bk dh g[;se th toDB:'r j?. fi; ftu eowihs
f;zx B/ e[M b/yeK Bkb ehshnK w[bkeksK d/ nkXko *s/ T[BQK d/ ;[Gkn d/ fe;/ gZy Bz{
T[xkVB dh e'fFF ehsh j?.
7H gzi kph ;kfjs ftu ;\oBkwk ouBk
fiE'_ se gzikph ftu ;\oBkwk ;kfjs dk ;tkb j?, fJ; dh Bh_j sK iBw ;kyhnK
ftu tofDs r[o{ BkBe d/t dhnK T[dk;hnK Bkb pZM rJh ;h go ;[szs o ;kfjse o{g d/
s"o *s/ fJ; dk iBw thjth_ ;dh ftu bkb f;zx ewbk nekbh dh gqf;ZX ouBk *w/ok
tbkfJsh ;\oBkwk* Bkb j'fJnk. fJj ;\oBkwk fbfynk frnk sK bzvB ftu p?m e/ ;h
go feskph o{g ftu 1933 JhH ftu gqekfFs j'fJnk. fJ; d/ 20 eKv jB. fJ; ftu b/ye
dh iowBh, ;ftN}ob?_v, fJNbh, cqK; ns/ fJzrb?_v dh :ksok d/ jkb doi jB. fJ; ouBk
dh fJe ftF/Fsk j? fe fJ; d/ b/ye B/ pd/FK ftu nZyh_ t/yhnK s/ wfj;{; ehshnK rZbK
dk nkgD/ d/F Bkb s[bBkswe nfXn?B g/F ehsk j?. T[; B/ pd/FK d/ o;w-fotk}, ofjDh-
pfjDh, Xow-eow, d?fBe ftjko, okiBhfse gqp zX nkfd pko/ th fNZgDh ehsh j?. fJ; ouBk
dh GkFk pVh ;ob, m/m, y[ZbQh, jbeh c[beh s/ iB ;kXkoD d/ gZXo dh j?. fJj b/ye
dh toDkswe s/ fpnkBhnk F?bh dk fJe ;[zdo Bw{Bk j?.
bkb f;z x ewbk nekbh dk d{ i k ;\oBkwk *;? b kBh d/ F Grs* j? . fJ; ftu
fJe ebfgs BkfJe joBkw f;z x N[ z v / dh o' } rko dh sbkF ftu fGz B fGz B d/ F K dh
:ksok dk ekbgfBe ;wkuko j? . fJj nfijh ouBk j? fi; ftu b/ y e B/ fpBK ;\o
ehfsnK nwohek, ikgkB, jKreKr, f;nkw, powk nkfd d/ F K pko/ pVh Gog{ o o' u e
ikDekoh fdZ s h j? . fJ; ftu' _ rdo gkoNh bfjo s/ ekwkrkNkwko{ dh xNBk dhnK
r{ z i K th ;[ D kJh fdz d hnK jB. fJ; ;\oBkw/ ftu nz f es ;wkuko T[ s w g[ o y ftu fby/
rJ/ jB s/ fJ; ftu nfijh orhB s/ ftbZ y D F? b h dh tos' _ ehsh rJh j? fe fJj
fJe pj[ s T[ u / ;kfjse gZ X o dh feos j' fBpVdh j? . fBo;z d / j ewbk nekbh B/
;\oBkwk ;kfjs d/ y/ s oftu Bk e/ t b w' Y hnK tkbk jh ez w ehsk j? , ;r' _ fJ; d/
ftek; ftu th Gog{ o fjZ ; k gkfJnk j? .
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 93 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
;\oBkwk ;kfjs d/ v{ z x / nfXn? B T[ g oz s gsk brdk j? fe fJ; ;kfjs tz B rh
bJh b/ y e tZ y -tZ y Yz r tosd/ jB. eJh b/ y e gZ s o okjh_ ;\oBkwk fbyd/ jB fit/ _
vkeNo F/ o f;z x B/ tbkfJs s' _ nkgDh gsBh Bz { T[ E ' _ d/ ;wkuko gZ s oK okjh_ fby e/
G/ i / s/ wro' _ fJj gZ s o fJeZ m / eoe/ gq e kfFs eo fdZ s / rJ/ . fJ; soQ K *gq d / F :ksok*
BK dk ;\oBkwk j' _ d ftu nkfJnk. d{ i k Yz r j? o' } kBkwu/ iK vkfJoh dk fi; dh tos' _
Bfoz d ogkb f;z x , pboki ;kjBh s/ nz f wq s k gq h sw B/ ehsh j? . Bfoz d ogkb f;z x B/ *d/ F K
gq d / F K* s' _ w/ o k o{ ; h ;\oBkwk BK dh ouBk fe;/ Yz r dh tos' _ eoe/ ehsh j? . fJ;
ftu fdZs / j'J / ft;Eko pV/ o'u e ns/ fdbu;g jB. pboki ;kjBh *w/o k o{; h ;\oBkwk*
*w/ o k gkfe;skBh ;\oBkwk* ;' t hns d/ F ns/ gkfe;skB ;z p z X h Bk e/ t b f;XKse
ikDekoh jh fdz d k j? ;r' _ T[ ; wkB d/ F d/ ;wkie s/ nkofEe ihtB ftu nk ojhnK
spdhbhnK gq s h b/ y e d/ wB ftu T[ g i/ gq f seow Bz { th g/ F eodk j? . gkfe;skB Bkb
pboki ;kjBh dh Gkt[ e ;KM j? s/ ;' t hns d/ F Bkb f;XKse. Gkt/ _ d/ F dh tz v ekoD
pboki ;kjBh Bz { fjz d [ ; skB nkT[ D k fgnk go oktbfgz v h T[ ; dh ibw G{ w h j' _ d eoe/
T[ ; Bz { i}pksh s" o *s/ gkfe;skBh fJbke/ Bkb fgnko j? . pboki ;kjBh d/ d' t / _
;\oBkw/ nkeko ns/ r[ D kswe gZ y s' _ tvw[ Z b h gq k gsh j? . T[ ; dh GkFk T[ o d{ , cko;h
s/ fjz d h d/ r{ V Q FpdK Bkb fFz r koh j' J h j[ z d h j? s/ T[ ; dh tkose F? b h pVh ;[ z d o,
ekftwJh ns/ o' u e. nz f wq s k gq h sw B/ nkgDh :{ o g dh :ksok ;z p z X h *fJZ e h gZ s hnK dk
r[ b kp* BK dh ouBk ehsh j? . fijVh gkme Bz { Bktb dk ;[ n kd th fdz d h j? , ekfte
g[ F gK dh wfje th SZv dh j? ns/ ;kfjsekoK Bkb fBZ x hnK fwbDhnK d/ ;[ n kd th fdz d h
j?, ekfte g[ FgK dh wfje th SZ v dh j? ns/ ;kfjsekoK Bkb fBZx hnK fwbDhnK d/ ;[ nkd
Bz { ;kfjse s" o *s/ wkDB dk nt;o th gq d kB eodh j? . fJ; ftu ;z ; ko-d' ; sh d/
i}fpnK Bkb Gog{ o fSDk dh fBZ x j? . ;kfjs ns/ ;kfjsekoK dh nkswk ftu Mksh
wko e/ d{ i / b' e K Bz { ikBD gSkBD dk :sB j? . fJj ouBk vkfJoh d/ o{ g ftu j? go
nz f wq s k dh ekfte F? b h B/ fJ; Bz { pj[ s jh ;[ z d o s/ o' u e pDk fdZ s k j? .
powk, wbkfJnk, f;nkw nkfd dZyD g{oph d/FK Bkb Grs d/ ;zp zX gqkuhB ekb
s'_ ub/ nk oj/ jB s/ fJBQK pko/ ikDekoh gqkgs eoB dh fJZSk ;kv/ b'e K ftu jw/Fk pDh
ofjzdh j?. fJ; fJZS k dh g{osh fJBQK d/FK ;zp zXh fby/ rJ/ ;\oBkfwnK s'_ ekch jZd se
j' iKdh j?. fJ;/ gk;/ frnkBh jhok f;zx dod ns/ gq'H ;H;H nw'b B/ Fbkxk:'r ezw ehsk
j?. fJBQK d'jK ;kfjsekoK B/ eqwtko *fpqi s/ wbkfJnk :ksok* ns/ *nw'b :ksok* BK dhnK
ouBktK ehshnK jB. frnkBh jhok f;zx pV/ jh ;[fjod ns/ ;[bM/ j'J/ b/ye ;B. GkFk
pVh ;ob s/ ;kdk j? wbkfJnk d/F dhnK gqf;ZX EktK s/ T[E'_ dh ofjDh-pfjDh Bz{ pV/
uzr/ Yzr Bkb fusfonk j?. nw'b ;kfjp B/ nkgDh ouBk ftu wbkfJnk d/ gqf;ZX fJfsjk;e
;EkBK dk toDB ehsk j?. T[BQK B/ T[E/ t;D tkb/ gzikphnK d/ ;fGnkukoe ihtB Bz{ th
;kv/ ;kjwD/ g/F eoB dk :sB ehsk j?. T[BQK dh fJe j'o ouBk *:kso{ dh vkfJoh* th
Sgh j? fi; ftu Gkosh s/ pd/Fh ;EkBK pko/ pVh o'ue s/ frnkB toXe ikDekoh fwbdh
j?. nw'b dk fbyD Yzr pVk ;kdk s/ GkFk pVh m/m s/ Ne;kbh j?.
fjwkbk gops s/ fJ; d/ dkwB ftu ;fEs gjkVh ;EkB w? d kB ftu t;d/ b' e K
bJh ;dk jh nb" f ee fyZ u dk ekoD oj/ jB. j}koK b' e jo toQ / ;EkBK dh :ksok
eoB iKd/ jB. go T[ j e' J h ftobk ;kfjseko jh j[ z d k j? fijVk nkgDh :ksok dk
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 94 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
jkb xo p? m e/ :ksok dk nBz d b? D tkfbnK dh ykso fby/ . nfijk T[ g eko s/ T[ d w
gq ' H okw f;z x s/ fgnkok f;z x dksk B/ ehsk j? . gq ' H okw f;z x B/ *eFwho s/ e[ Z b { * ns/
fgnkok f;z x dksk B/ *w/ o h gops :ksok* BK dhnK g[ ; seK ouhnk jB. gq ' H okw f;z x
d/ fJ; ;\oBkw/ ftu eFwho s/ e[ Z b { dhnK MhbK, uFfwnK s/ j' o t/ y D:' r ;EkBK dk
toBD ehsk j? . fJ; ftu gjkVh b' e K dh ofjDh-pfjDh dh ;[ z d o Mkeh th gq ; s[ s ehsh
rJh j? . g[ ; se dk fpnkB pVk o' u e, BkNeh ns/ T[ s ;[ e sk Gog{ o j? . fgnkok f;z x
dksk dh F? b h pVh ;ob, ;kdk s/ iB-;kXkoB d/ gZ X o dh j? s/ T[ j nkgD/ toBD
Bz { o' u e pDk ;eD ftu pjs jh ;\b j? .
c[Neb ouBktK ftu n;h_ rzvk f;zx dh *ekpb dh :ksok*, ;H j[ew f;zx dh *eJh
d/F s/ eJh b'e* irihs f;zx nkBzd dh *BtK fBnkok iowBh*, pbtzs rkorh dh *gskb
dk pzd k* nkfd ouBktK Bz{ oZy ;ed/ jK. Gkt/_ nwohek dh :ksok pko/ d' fszB g[;seK
gfjbK th fbyhnK ik u[ZehnK jB. fit/_ vkeNo gqd{wB f;zx dh *nwohek dk uZeo* go
pbtzs rkorh dk ;\oBkwk *gskb dk pzdk* pVh jh nB{mh s/ T[sfeqFN ouBk j? ns/
fJ; ftu b/ye dh BkNeh s/ ekftwJh F?bh v[ZbQ v[Zb Q g?_dh j?. vkH pbd/t Xkbhtkb B/
nwohek, e?B/vk ns/ fJzrb?_v dh fgSb/ ;kbK ftu ehsh :ksok Bz{ ;\oBkwk *w'shnK dh
u'r* ftu pj[s o'ue ns/ rbgwJh F?bh ftu g/F ehsk j?.
gq ' H eg{ o f;z x dh ;P ? - ihtBh, fi; dk nB[ t kd *f}z d rh d/ okjK* *s/ BK nXhB
j'f Jnk j? . ;\oBkw/ d/ e[ M nz G th nkgD/ ftu ;w'J h p? m h j?. fJ; ftu gq 'H g{o B f;zx ,
pz p Jh s' _ ikgkB d/ Bro :' e ' j kw sZ e d/ ;w[ z d oh ;co dk jkb, ns/ ikgkB d/ gops
fcT[ i h-:kwk s/ T[ ; d/ F d/ eJh gq f ;Z X ;EkBK dk toDB pVh jh gq G ktFkbh F? b h ftu
eodk j? . fJ;/ gq e ko r[ o pyF f;z x dh ;? P - ihtBh fi; dk f}eo fgS/ nkfJnk j? , ftu
th T[ ; dh nwohek, o{ ; s/ uhB nkfd d/ F K dh :ksok d/ gq ; z r pVh jh o' u e s/
wB' o z i e F? b h ftu gq k gs jB. fJBQ K d' j K ouBktK Bz { nKFe s" o s/ ;\oBkwk ;kfjs
nXhB ftukfonk ik ;edk j? .
nzs ftu n;h_ efj ;ed/ jK fe ;kfjs d/ fJj d't/_ o{g fijV/ iBw ;kyh ;kfjs
dhnK BhjK T[s/ ftef;s j'J/ jB, ni/ th ihtBh ns/ :ksok d/ nzFK Bz{ nkgD/ nzdo ;w'Jh
p?m/ jB s/ fJBQK d/ ftek; dhnK ;zGktBktK ekch nkFkiBe jB.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk gzi kph u' D tK ftFk
gzi kph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;

gkm Bzpo L 1H11

gz i kph gZ s oekoh
1H gkm dk wzs t L gzikph tkose-;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu gzikph gZsoekoh dk
ftF/F ;EkB j?. gzikph ftu nzro/}h oki dh ;EkgBk s'_ fgZS'_ nzro/}h gqGkt gZsoekoh d/
wjZst Bz{ ;wfMnk ikD bZr fgnk ns/ gzikp ftu fGzB fGzB Xkofwe s/ ;wkfie bfjoK
d/ gquko bJh d?fBe, ;gskfje s/ wkf;e gZs oK dh ;jkfJsk bJh ikD bZrh. j"bh-j"bh
gZsoekoh dk ftek; j[zdk frnk s/ ;wK gk e/ fJ; B/ ;kfjs irs ftu wjZstg{oD ;EkB
pDk fbnk. j[D gZs oekoh Bz{ ftuko gqrNkn dk fJe i'aodko wkfXnw ;wfMnk iKdk j?.
fJ; gkm ftu gzikph gZsoekoh d/ iBw ns/ ftek; pko/ Gog{o uouk ehsh rJh j?.
2H o{g o/y k L G{fwek-w[ZYbk :[Zr-ikfrqsh ekb-wZX-gfotosB ekb-toswkB
ekb (1952 s'_ j[D sZe) gZsoekoh d/ ;kjwD/ efmBkJhnK-nkFktK s/ ;zG ktBktK.
3H G{ f wek L gZs oekoh dk nkozG fe;/ GkFk ns/ T[ ; d/ ;kfjs bJh F[ G
nkrwB j[ zd k j?. Gkos ftu gZs oekoh dk nkozG nzro/}h gZs oekoh dh Beb ftZu
j'fJnk. ;G s'_ gfjbK ;wkuko gZs o 29 iBtoh, 1780 JhL Bz{ i/w} nkr;N; fjZe h B/
*pzrkb r}N* iK *ebeZs k ioBb n?v toNkJh}o* BK j/m ikoh ehsk. gzikp gZs oekoh
dk nkozG fJ; s'_ mhe fJ; ;dh fgS'_ j'fJnk. fJ; dh T[ wo S[ N /oh j'D d/ eJh ekoB
jB. ;G s'_ gfjbK fJj j? fel fit/_ T[ &Zgo ;ze /s ehsk frnk j?, gzikph gZsoekoh nzr o/}h
oki dh d/D j? i' 1849 JhH s'_ fgS'_ gzikp T[ & Zgo ;Ekfgs j'fJnk ;h. 1849 JhL sZe dk
gzikp d' fjZf;nK ftZu tzfvnk fojk fi; eoe/ gzikp ftu e'J h gZs o Bk fBeb ;fenk.
p/Fe f;Zy oki d/ yksw/ fgS'_ ;kok gzikp nzro/}k d/ nXhB j' frnk go S/s h ehs/ gzikph
nypko dk s;tZo Bk s/ nzro/}K d/ wB ftu nkfJnk s/ Bk d/; h b'e K d/. T[ _i fejk
iKdk j? fe 1837 JhL ftu id ;hokwg[o tkb/ fwFB dh fJe Fkyk b[ fXnkD/ ;Ekfgs ehsh
rJh sK T[ ; fwFB d/ gkdoh B/ 1850-60 JhH d/ djke/ ftu fJe nypko T[ E'_ eZfYnk,
go fJj rZb ni/ j'o y'i dh w[ Eki j?. 1850-60 JhH s'_ b? e/ j[ D sZe dh gzikph
gZs oekoh dk fJfsjk; pVk ft;fsqs s/ o'ue j?. nfXn?B dh ;"y fjs fJ; ;ko/ fJfsjk;
ns/ c? b kU Bz{ j/m fby/ gVktK ftu tzv e/ ftuko ehsk ikt/rk.
4H w{b gkm
4H1 w[ ZY bk :[ Zr (1880-1900)
fiE'_ se fJfsjk; r[nkjh d/_dk j? gzikph dk gfjbk nypko *nypko ;qh dopko
;kfjp* j?. fJ; dk fBFkBk f;ZyK ftu fjzd{ wZs dk gquko eoBk ;h. fJ; d/ n?vhNo w[BFh
joh BokfJD s/ fcokfJnk bkb ;B i' nzro/}K d/ nv'b oki Grs ;B. fJ; nypko dk
BK sK f;ZyK tkbk ;h go fJ; dk B}ohnK f;ZyK Bkb w/b Bjh_ yKdk ;h.
1872 ftu *eth uzd r'fd:* ns/ *;[ekft: ;zp 'XBh* ikoh j'J/. fJBQK dh GktBk th
gfjb/ nypko tkbh jh ;h. p'bh ftu pqih ns/ ;z;feqs FpdK dk Gowko j[ zdh ;h.
95
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 96 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
f;z x ;Gk bfjo d/ iBw Bkb gz i kph ftu fJe BtK w' V nkfJnk feT[ _ f e fJ;
d/ w' Y hnK B/ m/ m s/ F[ X gz i kph Bz { ;[ u / s s" o s/ nkgD/ gq u ko bJh tofsnk. f;z x ;Gk
bfjo w[ Z Y b/ s" o s/ fJe Xkofwe bfjo jh ;h i' Jh;kJh gq u koeK d/ tX oj/ gq u ko
Bz { o' e D ns/ f;Z y K ftu' _ ;wkfie p[ o kJhnK d{ o eoB bJh ubkJh rJh ;h. f;z x ;Gk
bfjo d/ nkfFnK Bz { gq u koB bJh 10 Btz p o, 1880 JhH Bz { *r[ o w[ y h nypko* s/ 1885
JhH ftu *ykb;k nypko* ikoh ehs/ rJ/ . fJ; ;w/ _ ftu T[ g i/ s/ ekb t; j' J / gZ s oK
dh ;ft;Eko ;{ u h fJ; gq e ko j? .
4 H1 H1 H ;gskfje L r[ow[yh nypko, ykb;k nypko, ykb;k gqekF, r[owfs gqe kF,
f;zx ;Gk r}N, bkfJb ykb;k r}N, ;s Xow gqukoe, ykb;k ;wkuko nkfd.
4 H1 H2 H wkf;e gZs o L ftfdnkoe, gzikp ;[ X koe, ;[ X ko gfsqe k, ;[ X k;kro,
fBor[fDnkok, Gkos ;[Xko, ykb;k Xow gqukoe, nw'b gfsqe k, B"itkB pjkdo, Xow gquko,
F[ZXh gZso.
fJBQ K nypkoK B/ o;kfbnK B/ nkgDk nkFk g{oh sBd/jh Bkb gqukfonk ns/ fJ;
ftu th e'Jh FZe Bjh_ fe ;ko/ gzikp ftu f;zx ;GktK dk fJe fe;w dk ikb ftS frnk.
fJBQ K ;kohnK ;GktK Bz{ fJe ;{s o ftu go'D bJh ykb;k dhtkB nzf wqs ;o s/ ykb;k
dhtkB bkj"o 1885 JhH ftu ekfJw j'J /. Xkofwe gquko Bkb fJj gzikph GkFk ns/
r[ ow[ yh fbgh dh T[ & ZBsh bJh th g{o/ i'F s/ T[ s Fkj Bkb b'e K Bz{ nghbK eod/. fJBQ K
nypkoK dh NZe o f}nkdk eoe/ nkohnk ;wkihnK d/ jwfbnK Bkb j[ zd h ;h. nkohnk
;wkihnK B/ f;ZyK Bz{ p[ Zs g{ik, fjzd { Xow dk fJe nzr, f;Zy fJfsjk;, s/ r[ o{ ;kfjpkB
;zp zX h fijVhnK rbs fpnkBhnK eoe/ fJb}kw sokFhnK ehshnK ;B T[ BQ K dk itkp d/D
bJh frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ uzrh ebw ubkJh. f;ZyK ftu ftfdnk-gqu ko s/ yk; eoe/
ykb;k ekbi dh ekfJwh bJh fJBQ K nypkoK B/ tX uVQ e/ fjZ;k gkfJnk. fJzi gzikph
gZs oK s/ nkozfGe d"o dk ;ot/yD ;kBz{ fJ; f;ZN / s/ gj[ zukT[ _d k j? fe fi; bfjo dh fJj
g?d ktko ;B, T[ ; Bz{ fJBQ K B/ g{o h ;cbsk Bkb nrKj tXkfJnk. f;Zyh f;XKsK dk gquko
s/ ;gFNheoB, wBwsh ftukoK Bz{ j{zM Dk, gzikph GkFk s/ ;kfjs dh T[ & Z Bsh eoBk, gZS wh
ftfdnk dk gquko eoBk, fJ; d"o d/ gZs oK d/ w[ Zy nkF/ jB.
T[; ;w/_ d/ gZsoekok ftu gqw[Zy fJj jB. (gq'H r[ow[y f;zx, frnkB fdZs f;zx,
frnkBh Mzvk f;zx, pktk y/w f;zx p/dh, GkJh bfjDk f;zx, GkJh ntsko f;zx, GkJh bkj"ok
f;zx, p;zs f;zx, vkH uoB f;zx , pkp{ okfizd o f;zx f;nkbe'N ns/ GkJh wZJhnk f;zx
nkfd.
4 H 2 ikfrqs h ekb (1900-1920) L thjth_ ;dh gzikph iBsk ns/ gZs oekoh bJh
eJh gZy'_ ftF/F j?, fi; dk fieo nZr/ ub e/ ehsk ikt/rk. jkb dh xVh n;h_ T[BQK
nypkoK s/ o;kfbnK dk ;ot/yD eoKr/ i' fJ; ;w/_ F[o{ j'J/.
4 H2 H1 H o'} kBk L fJ; ;w/_ gzikph dk gfjbk o'}kBk nypko *Fjhd* 4 d;zpo, 1911
JhH Bz{ nzfwqs;o s'_ ikoh j'fJnk. ;zgkde ;H ;H uoB f;zx Fjhd ;B. uzrk ;kfjs g?dk
eoB s/ f;Zy Xow Bz{ gqukoBk fJ; nypko dk w[Zy wB'oE ;h. Fjhd Bz{ ikoh j'fJnk ni/
E'VQk ;wK jh j'fJnk ;h fe nkohnk ;wkihnK pko/ fJe b/y fbyD pdb/ fJ; d/ ;zgkde
Bz{ i[owkBk ehsk frnk fi; fgS'_ fJj pzd j' frnk.
4 H2 H2 H fszB o'} k L *;Zuk Yzv'ok* 3 nr;s, 1909 Bz{ bkfJbg[o s'_ nkozG j'fJnk.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 97 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fJj E'VQk fuo jh uZfbnk s/ fgS'_ pzd j' frnk. n?v hNo wk;No skok f;zx ;B.
4 H2 H3 H ;gskfje L gzikp e/;oh, f;tb fwbNoh nypko, gow, pho, gzikph
gfNnkbk r}N, gzikph fog'oNo, gzE ;/te, c"ih nypko gzikp dogD, ;[ szso f;Zy f;gkjh,
jZe, gzE fwZso.
4 H2 H4 H nZm o'} k L nzfwqs;o gfsqek, no'Vk pz; r}N, nkjb{tkbhnk r}N.
4 H2 H5 H wk;e gZs o L T[gekoh, r[ows gquko, okwrVQhnK, gfsqek, ykb;k ;/te,
fJ;sqh ;fs;zr, ykb;k :zr w?B} w?r}hB, gzikph, ;/te, d[yfBtkoB, w[chd nkw gzE, rqzEh,
gzikph G?D, B"_ osB, fJ;soh ;wkuko, pho, fBowb, wfjwk gZfsqek, ftFeowk, fdZsk f;zx
w?r}hB, t?doki, gzikph ;{owk, c[btkVh, Bkwd/t gsq, N?_go?_;, w?r}hB, ihtB ;[Xko,
;[ydksk, fJ;soh ;[Xko, ;Zuyzv, ;[y ihtB, gzE fjsekoh, ufes;k, dogB, ;[xV ;j/bh,
G[izrD gZso, fJ;soh ;[Xko, r[owfs gquko w?r}hB, r[owfs gqekFe nkfd.
1900-1920 d/ ;w/ _ ftu gz i kp, Gkos ns/ nz s o-okFNoh gZ X o T[ & Z s / eJh
okiBhfse ns/ fJfsjk;e gfotosB nkJ/ fiBQ K dk gz i kph nypkoK ns/ o;kfbnK
T[ & Z g o gq G kt fgnk. fJ; ;w/ _ dh fJe j' o rZ b j? . fiE/ 1900 JhH sZ e b' e okiBhfse
;orowhnK s' _ fpbe[ b e' o / iK N[ N / j' J / ;B T[ E / fJ; ;w/ _ ftu T[ j fJ; y/ s o ftu
:sBFhb j' J / . b' e k B/ ;[ u / s s" o s/ Gkos s/ gz i kp ftu iBse bfjoK ubkJhnK fiBQ K
dk gq u ko n]pkoK okjh_ ehsk ikD bZ r k fi; eoe/ fJBQ K nypkoK ns/ fJBQ K d/
;z g kdeK Bz { tZ v h e[ o pkBh th d/ D h gJh. e[ M gq w [ Z y xNBktK dk ;z y / g t/ o tk fJ; gq e ko
j? L 1902 dh gb/ r , 1903 ftu n? v otv ;Z s t/ _ dh skig' F h, 1914 ftu ekwrkNk wko{
ijk} dh xNBk, 1905 ftu j' J h pz r kb dh tz v , 1907 ftu pkoK dk t;kT[ D k, go
npkdekoK T[ & Z g o bkJhnK rJhnK gkpz d hnK. 1908 ftu pkb rz r kXo fsbe dh j' J h
frq c skoh, 1911 ftu FfjBFkj ;Z s t/ _ dh skig' F h, 1 wkou 1912 ftu tkfFz r NB ftu
j' f Jnk GkoshnK dk fJeZ m ns/ nk}kdh bJh gq D , rdo gkoNh bfjo, r[ o d[ n kfonk
dk Bkfe; gq p z X , 1914 dh gfjbh tZ v h iz r s/ gz i kp T[ & Z g o fJ; dk n;o, o' b N n? e N
s/ ifbQ n K tkb/ pkr dk d[ y Ks, nihs f;z x Bz { d/ F fBekbk, oekp rz i dh ez X dk
Ykfjnk ikDk ns/ feogkB T[ & Z g o gkpz d h nkfd.
fJBQ K ;G xNBktK dk gqG kt fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftu jo/e nypko s/ o;kb/ T[ & Zgo
fgnk t/fynk ik ;edk go fijV/ gZs o f;zx ;Gk bfjo d/ n;o nXhB ub oj/ ;B,
T[ BQ K ftu fgSb/ ;w/_ tkbk Xow gquko ns/ ;wki ;[ X ko fJ; ;w/_ gZs oK ftu t/fynk ik
;edk j?.
fJ; :[r ftu jh e[M gou/ ftF/F iks pokdohnK tZb'_ eZY/ rJ/ fiBQK ftu pokdoh
d/ b'eK Bz{ fJe w[m j'D, nkgD/ tor d/ fjsK bJh ;'uD ns/ e[M eoB bJh fejk frnk
j[zdk ;h. feZfsnK ;zp zXh gofunK ftu'_ e[M ufes;k ns/ fJbki d/ gZso j[zd/ ;B fiBQK ftu
o'r, T[BQK dh gSkD, f;js ns/ T[BQK dk n;o ns/ dtkJhnK dk fieo jh j[zdk ;h. fJe
nZX gouk c'N'rqkch pko/ th ;h, e[M gou/ fBo'b fJ;soh ;wZf;nktK, ;wki ftu T[BQ K dk
;EkB T[BQK ftu ftfdnk dk gquko s/ j'o gq/oDk dkfJe rZb K pko/ j[zd/ ;B. fiE'_ se fJBQK
dh SgD frDsh dk ;zpzX j? T[j th jo fJE dh tZy'_ tZyoh ;h feT[_fe jo/e n]pko iK
o;kb/ dk gkme tor ;hfws j[zd k ;h. fgSb/ ;w/_ tKr fJ; ;w/_ th eJh gou/ Bt/_ fBeb/
s/ T[;/ o\sko Bkb nb'g j' rJ/.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 98 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
4 H 3 H wZ X :[ r (1920-1935) L gz i kph gZ s oekoh dk fJj :[ r nekbh bfjo
Bkb F[ o { j[ z d k j? . fJ; :[ r ftu fBeb/ d? f Be gZ s oK dh frDsh Bz { d/ y e/ fJ; ekb
Bz { d? f Be gZ s oK dk :[ Z r nkfynk ik ;edk j? . fJ; ;w/ _ 23 o' } kBk n]pko F[ o { j' J / .
fJ; dk tZ v k ekoB b' e K dh oki;h bfjo ftu tX ojh ;orowh ;h. 23 o' } kBk
n]pkoK s' _ fpBK 8 gz i o' } k, 67 jcs/ t ko, 4 gz d oK o' } k, 25 wkf;e s/ fSwkjh gZ s o
ikoh j' J / . t/ o tk fJ; soQ K j? L
4 H3 H1 H o'} kBk L nekbh, gqd/F (nekbh d/ gqd/;h), nekbh gfsqek, ;z;ko, pho
ykb;k, ykb;k, iE/d ko, e"wh dod, e{ek, rVrZi, nekbh, pZpo F/o, oDihs, d/F dogD,
d[FN dwB, fBoG?, nekbh, f;Zy ;/te, pzrkb ykb;k, F/o ykb;k, ykb;k ;/te.
4 H3 H2 H gzi o'} k L feqgkB pjkd[o, gzE ykb;k ;wkuko, pjkdo ykb;k gkobhw?_N
r}N, wkbtk r}N, ykb;k, gzukfJs ;[nkDh, T[gekoh wksk.
4 H3 H3 H ;gskfje L jZe p[fbNB, gzu r[o{ BkBe doFB, ;zrs, okwrVQhnK r}N
nekbh ;fsi[r, gzE go/wh, Bk:e, ;zs ;/te, ;zs ;wkuko, nekbh ;[B/jk, nk}kd nekbh,
frnkBh, d/F ;/te, ykb;k s/ ykb;k n?vt'e/N, fBo'b ykb;k, fonk;sh efjo, ;Zuk Yzv'ok,
Xow, e"wh F/o, db/o, fjzd{, dbihs, e"wh ;[szso, pho nekbh, d/F dodh, w}d{o fe;kB,
w"ih, nypko jho, csfj, e"w g{ik, vkeNo d;seko, goukoe, gqd/;h, ykb;k, ;/te, gzikp
w/b, e"wh ;/te, r[ ows gqukoe, fBowb gZso, nkekFpkDh, BtK :[r, ykb;k wbkfJnk
dogD, powQk dogD, r[o;/te, BtK Yzv'ok.
4 H3 H4 H gzdoK o'} k L ;[szso, ezp'i, powQk gZso, ykb;k No/fBzr r}N, dopko,
SDeDk.
4 H3 H5 H wkf;e gZs o L fJ;soh ufes;k, uzBD, rfjo rzGho r}N, okth, fJ;soh
ihtB, nk}kd G?D, e"wh ihtB, fog[dwB, gqhsw, :{Bhtof;Nh Uohn?_Nb, ekbi w?r}hB,
c[btkVh, ;[yh ihtB, feos cb/oB, gzikph, fJ;soh osB, pqkjwD, f;Zy ;wkuko, e'wb,
eth gzik ;kfjp, w?r}hB, p;zs, r[od[nkok r}N, oDihs Bo;oh jz; , nzfwqs, ;kozr,
;kfjs-;o'to, gqhsbVh, fbykoh, y[Ffdb.
4 H3 H6 H sq?- wkf;e L gzikph gqekF, oDXho.
fJ; bzw/ u"V/ t/ot/ s'_ fdqVQ GKs ;gFN j' iKdk j? fe J/;/ ;w/_ ftu ihtB dk jo
gZy nypko ftu'_ fbyD :'r ftFk ;h go f}nkdk eoe/ Xow ns/ f;nk;s jh fJBQK dk
woei fojk. fJ; ;w/_ ftu i' ftF/F xNBktK xNhnK T[BQK dk f}eo fJ; soQK j? L 1920
ftu ;op fjzd eKro; fJibk; nzfwqs;o ftu j'fJnk fi; ftu eKro; bfjo B/ bVke{
;/X bJh. 1920 ftu jh F'qwDh r[od[nkok gqp zXe ew/Nh r[od[nkfonK d/ gqpzX ;[XkoB d/
wB'oE Bkb ekfJw j'Jh fi; d/ :sB Bkb r[od[nkok ;[Xko bfjo ubh fi; B/ T[; ;w/_
gqf;ZX nypko nekbh Bz{ iBw fdZsk. fJj nypko e[M w[Zy nkF/ b? e/ iBfwnk L
r[od[nkfonK dh wjzsh ysw eoe/ fJBQK Bz{ iwj{oh gqpzX ftu f;ZyK d/ jZE d/Dk, r[od[nkok
oekp rzi dh Ykjh ezX ;oeko e'b'_ jh T[;otkDh, f;ZyK ftu okiBhfse u/sBk gquzv eoBh
nkfd. fJj' jh nk;/a brGr j'o nypkoK d/ ;B.
*nekbh* s'_ fgS'_ *w"ih ftF/F fXnkB dh wzr eodk j?. fJ; d/ ;zgkde uoB f;zx
*Fjhd* ;B fiBQK B/ nkgDh ebw d/ i'ao Bkb fJ; nypko ftu e[M nfij/ chuo F[o{ ehs/
i' j[D se :kdrko pD/ j'J/ jB. *w"ih* nypko ypoK d/ Bkb jk;o;h rZbK Bz{ ;G s'_
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 99 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
tZX wjZssk d/_d/ ;h fi; dh T[gi *pkpk tfonkwk* ;h. *w"ih* d/ Bkb *csfj* dk f}eo
eoBk bk}wh j?. fJ; d/ ;zgkde ;H bkG f;zx Bkozr ;B i' pV/ T[sFkjh d/F Grs, ;[bM/
j'J/ fynkbK tkb/ ns/ ;zihdk fwik} pzd/ ;B. fJ; ftu ikDekoh tkb/ b/y j[zd/ ;B. jo
w;b/ T[&Zgo fBvo fNZgDhnk j[zdhnK ;B s/ Bkb/ tzB ;[tzB/ chuo. r[ow[y f;zx w[;kfco,
frH F/o f;zx tor/ b/yeK dhnK fJ; ftu ouBktK SgdhnK ;B *ohftT{* th nypko ftu
ehs/ fwbd/ ;B. ;kc }kfjo j? fe nypkoh w;kb/ dh Gosh d/ Bkb Bkb ;kfjse b'V
Bz{ g{ok eoB dh e'fFF ehsh iKdh ;h.
fJ; ;w/ _ ftu e[ M nfsnz s gq G ktFkbh wkf;e gZ s o ikoh j' J / fiBQ K B/ ;kfjse
y/ s o ftu th pVk BkwDk yZ f Nnk. ;G s' _ gfjbK, frnkBh jhok f;z x dod dh ;z g kdBk
j/ m fBebdk fo;kbk *c[ b tkVh* j? . fJj Btz p o 1924 ftu bkj' o ' _ ikoh ehsk frnk.
*c[ b tkVh* pj[ s jZ d sZ e d/ F ftu tkgo ojhnK xNBktK ns/ ;wekbh ;kfjs dk FhFk
pDh ojh. nekbh bfjo, eKro;, f;Z y bh_ r , feosh gkoNh, pZ p o nekbh bfjo,
B" i tkB Gkos ;Gk, feosh nypko, fcoe{ MrV/ , eKro; ;fsnkrq f j s/ u' D nkfd ftF/
j[ z d / ;B. ;kfjsekoh d/ w? d kB ftu fJ; Bz { frH r[ o w[ y f;z x w[ ; kfco, cho' } dhB Foc,
gq ' H s/ i k f;z x , pktk p[ X f;z x , bkb f;z x ewbk nekbh, fpq i bkb Fk;sq h , bkb feogk
;kro, GkJh ekBQ f;z x BkGk, wkH skok f;z x , gq ' H r[ o w[ y fBjkb f;z x ns/ nkJhH;hH
Bz d k tor/ ftdtkB fbykohnK dk ;fj:' r gq k gs fojk. 1930 ftu cbtkVh dk *f;Z y
fJfsjk; Bz p o* eow f;z x fj;N' o hnB e' b ' _ ;z g kfds eotk e/ gq e kfFs ehsk frnk i'
ni/ se ;fseko dhnK B}oK Bkb t/ f ynk iKdk j? . c[ b tkVh s' _ fJbktk frnkBh jhok
f;z x dod B/ 1920 ftu *c[ b / o B* BK Eb/ fJ;sohnK bJh tZ y ok gouk th ikoh ehsk
i' uko gz i ;kb se ubdk fojk.
iBtoh 1925 ftu nkozG j'fJnk *feosh* th ;w/_ dk gqf;ZX gZso j?. fJ; okjh_
gfjbh tko ftfrnkBe ;wkitkd dk gquko nkozG j'fJnk. *feosh gfjbK o;kbk ;h fi;
B/ feoshnK ns/ fe;kBK ftu Bth_ u/sBk irkJh ns/ ;owkJ/dkoh d/ fybkc nktk} p[bzd
eoB bJh g{ok }'o bkfJnk. T[; t/b/ d/ fizB/ th soZeh g;zd, fJBebkph s/ Grs ebw
XBh ;B T[BQK ;kfonK dk iwxNk fJ; d[nkb/ bZrk ofjzdk ;h. ;w/_ ;w/_ eJh ;zgkde pdb/,
go ;'jD f;zx i'F, noiB f;zx rVrZi, ntsko f;zx nk}kd, nwo f;zx s/r ns/
r[ouoB f;zx ;fjz;ok tX/o/ gqf;ZX jB.
ngo? b 1927 ftu gz i kph gZ s oekoh d/ w? d kB ftu *eth* B/ gq t / F ehsk. fJ; dk
wB' o E f;Z N / o{ g ftu gz i kph ;kfjs dh soZ e h ns/ eftsk dh goy gVu' b eoBk ;h.
fJ; d/ n? v hNo s/ ;z u kbe w[ B Fk f;z x d[ Z y h ;B. fJ; ftu dhtkB f;z x ekb/ g kDh ns/
eJh j' o i{ M ko d/ F Grs ethnK dhnK ouBktK SgdhnK ;B. *gq h sw* 1923 ftu
fwz N r[ w oh s' _ bkG f;z x Bkoz r B/ ikoh ehsk fi; ftu gz i kph ihtB d/ jo gfjb{ T[ & Z g o
b/ y Skg/ iKd/ ;B.
1933 JhL ftu gz i kph dk fJe j' o nfs wep{ b gZ s o *gq h s bVh* fBefbnk i'
nZ i th ikoh j? . fJ; d/ ;z g kde r[ o pyF f;z x ;B. id r[ o pyF f;z x B/ fJ; gZ s o
ftu g? o Xfonk sK T[ ; d/ fynkb nB' y / , ;Z i o/ s/ wfjeK fybkoB tkb/ ;B. T[ j fJe
nfijh fBokbh gq f sGk dk wkbe ;h fi; dh b/ y Dh ftu ikD{ ;h, i' gfjbh B}o/ gkme
Bz { ehb b? _ d k ;h. r[ o p]F f;z x B/ nwohek s' _ f;fynk bJh i' nZ i Bkb' _ pj[ s tZ y oh
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 100 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
;h. T[ E ' _ d/ b' e nk}kdh ftu ;kj b? _ d / ;B, c' e hnK ;wkih pz d FK T[ B Q K dhnK nkswktK
Bz { uh;K Bjh_ ;B gkT[ _ d hnK. o' } rko d/ w" f enK dk e' J h w/ u pz B k Bjh_ ;h. nwoheh
b' e jo gq e ko dhnK y[ Z b Q k wkDd/ ;B. nwoheh Jh;kJh ;koh d[ B hnK ftu fBok;fonK
Bz { rb bkT[ _ d / ;B. nkgD/ Xow dk c? b kU fgnko Bkb eod/ ;B. nwoheh b/ y eK,
ethnK, ebkekoK s/ fcbk;coK B/ r[ o pyF f;z x d/ wB T[ & Z g o v{ z x k gq G kt gkfJnk ;h.
T[ j id' _ d/ F w[ V / sK o/ b t/ ftu nc;oh eo bJh, go fco T[ ; Bz { m[ e ok fdZ s k feT[ _ f e
T[ ; Bz { tZ v / tZ v / nj[ f dnK s/ th ;kj x[ N dk wfj;{ ; j[ z d k ;h. sphns p/ u ? B j' rJh
e[ M eo r[ } oB bJh, b' e ghVK Bz { ipkB d/ D bJh ebw p/ s kp j' J h. nfijh ;fEsh
ftu' _ *gq h s bVh* B/ iBw fbnk. ;fji/ ;fji/ *gq h sbVh* B/ f;nk;h oz r s th fJyfsnko
eo bJh. gfjbK gfjbK sK r[ o pyF f;z x nwohek d/ b' e , T[ E ' _ dh je{ w s dk gq ; z a ; e
;h, go e" w Ksoh w? d kB ftu \kfF;N nwohek dh ;ogo;sh B/ T[ ; dk wB yZ N k eo
fdZ s k. fJBQ K fdBK ftu nz r o/ } j[ e wokBK dh gkV' s/ oki eo' dh Bhsh d/ sfjs fjz d { ,
f;Z y K s/ w[ ; bwkBK ftueko w}ph fyu' s kD ns/ sDkT[ g? d k eo fdZ s k fi; d/ cb;o{ g
eJh EktK-eokuh, bkj" o , nz f wq s ;o, oktbfgz v h s/ eJhnK j' o BK EktK s/ fcoe{ dz r / ,
wkoXkV s/ esb nkoz G j' rJ/ . fJ; ;w/ _ *gq h sbVh* fJe nfijk fJeZ b k gouk ;h fi;
B/ neb, j' F ns/ ;fjBFhbsk dk ;p{ s g/ F ehsk. fJ; fBogZ y ns/ wB[ Z y st dh
g? _ s V/ p k}h ns/ y[ b Q fynkbh ekoB, r[ o pyF f;z x dh eZ N V gz EhnK tZ b ' _ w[ y kbcs th j' D
bZ r gJh go fJ; s/ th T[ B Q K dh ebw dk fEVeh. *gq h sbVh* dhnK B}oK ftu gz i kp
s' _ pkjo fjz d [ ; skB ns/ nz s o-okFNoh gZ X o s/ tkgodhnK ;G xNBktK nk ikfJnk
eodhnK ;B. fJ; ftu bVhtko BkNe, ejkDhnK ns/ S' N / S' N / Bktb th fdZ s / iKd/
;B. 1939 JhH Bz { id' _ d{ j oh tZ v h bVkJh fSVh sK *gq h sbVh* ;[ b M/ j' J / f;nk;h fuz s e
tKr ckf;}w d/ fybkc yVk j' frnk. iz r s' _ wro' _ nwB bfjo, d/ F dh tz v , gz i kp
dh tz v , gz i kph ;{ p k, 1965 s/ 1971 JhH dhnK iz r K, pz r bk d/ F dk w;kbk, nkfd ;G
;wZ f ;nktK pko/ *gq h sbVh* B/ wB[ Z y sktkdh B}ohJ/ s' _ ;' f unk s/ d[ B hnK Bz { nkgD/ Bkb
s' o B dh e' f F; ehsh.
4 H 4 H gfotosB ekb (1940-47 JhH) L fJj ;wK gzikp d/ fJfsjk; ftu pV/
;zxoF ns/ T[Eb g[Eb dk ;wK ;h. fJj ;kb f;nk;h jzrkfwnK, b'eK dhnK wB'sozrK
ftu T[SkfbnK d/ ;B, fJ; bJh gZsoekoh d/ y/so ftu s}op/ j'D/ bk}wh ;B. fJ; ;w/_
dk gZs oK dk ft;fsqs t/otk fJ; soQK j?.
4 H4 H1 H o'} kBk L ;/tkdko, nk}kd fjzd d/ toswkB.
4 H4 H2 H ;gskfje L irs ;[ X ko, gqe kF, d[ yh fe;kB, gzikph F/o, ;[ yh ihtB, f;Zy
;wkuko d[ yh d[ BhnK, r[ o{ ykb;k, ;Zuk ;Zid, gq/w ;zd /F gzi kp, db/o ykb;k, w"ih, mke[ o,
gfjo/d ko, ;dk ftrk;, gqhs ;?f Be, i[ r gbNkT[ , itkB, okwrVQ hnk, pho, izr BkGk
gfsqe k, BtK ;z;ko, ykb;k riN, izfr-nk}kdh, BtK ukBD, J/e sk, oDihs, nekbh :'X k,
;/t kdko, goik.
4 H4 H3 H gzdok o'} k L uzdB, ;koh d[BhnK, izrh ;wkuko, gfNnkbk ;wkuko.
4 H4 H4 H wkf;e gZs o L fusq ;z;ko, fsZyh fo;ou, f;Zy d[BhnK, ;[y-u?B, o{jkBh
Yzv'ok, r[o{ BkBe ;zd/F, Bth_ d[BhnK, e'wb ;z;ko, frnkB ftfrnkB, f;Zy fwFB, r[o{
uwseko, BtK Fkbkwko, gzi dfonk, r[o{ ;{oi d;swko gZso, e/;o fenkoh, pkb ;zd/F,
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 101 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
gq/w wkor, ihtB gqfs ftuko, gzikph ;kfjs, ftjkj ;[Xko, ;zs f;gkjh, f;Zy ;zd/F, ;kvh
ejkDh, fjsekoh, nzfwqs t/bk, fwbkg, fiT[_dh iBsk, f;Zy ;zrhs, gj[cNh, ihtB ;kfjs,
gzyVhnK.
4 H 4 H 5 Hsq ? wk;e L ;fs tuB, i:' s h, fFtkbk, nkswk Bz d , fpq f iz d ok,
okfiz d ok, pko nkfd. fJ; ;w/ _ dhnK fijVhnK xNBktK nypkoK dhnK ;[ o yhnK
pDhnK T[ B K ftZ u ' _ e[ M fJ; soK jB L 1936-37 JhL ftu r" o fwz N nkc fJz v hnk d/
Bt/ _ n? e N j/ m ;ko/ d/ F dhnK j' J hnK u' D K L r[ o d[ n kok u' D K. 1939 JhL ftu d[ B hnk
dk d{ i k wjkB iz r F[ o { j' f Jnk fi; eoe/ eJhnK nypkoK s/ gkpz d hnK bZ r hnK. ;z B
1942 dh eKro; bfjo ;w/ _ nypkoK T[ & Z s / j' o th ;ysh j' rJh. eJhnK Bz { i[ o wkB/
j' J / s/ eJh pz d j' rJ/ go fco th T[ B K nkgD/ e" w h co} s' _ w{ z j Bk w' f Vnk. ykb;k
ekbi dk gq p z X T[ ; ;w/ _ sZ e ;oekoh jZ E K ftu ;h fi; Bz { f;Z y K d/ jZ E ftu d/ D
bJh nypkoK B/ pVh nktk} p[ b z d ehsh. fJ; wkwb/ s/ th f;Z y K d/ d' XV/ ;B.
fJe ;h Fo' w Dh nekbh db dk fi; ftu wk, skok f;z x , frnkBh r[ o w[ y f;z x
w[ ; kfco, gq s kg f;z x e? o ' _ , frH F/ o f;z x , s/ pkpk yVe f;z x ;B. d{ i / gk;/ uhc
ykb;k dhtkB tkb/ ;B fiBK d/ bhvo ;[ z d o f;z x wihmhnk ;B. fJj fto' X T[ ;
;w/ _ d/ nypkoK *u' _ gq s Z y fd;dk j? . fJBK s' _ fpBK r' b w/ } ekBcoz ; , gz f vs Bfjo{
tZ b ' _ g{ o B ;toki dk iK w[ e z w b nk}kdh dk Bknok, Gkos SZ v ikU sfjohe, 1947
dk pNtkok s/ T[ ; ;w/ _ dh wkoXkV, eNk-tkYh, ;kV-c{ e nkfd.
e[ M Fpd fJ; ;w/ _ d/ ftF/ F gZ s oK pko/ efjD/ th T[ f us j' D r/ , fiBK gz i kph
gZ s oekoh Bz { fe;/ Bk fe;/ y/ s o ftu e' J h :' r dkB fdZ s k. *nekbh* s/ *nekbh gfsq e k*
fJ; ;w/ _ d/ d' o' } kBk gZ s o ;B fiBK gz i kphnK ns/ yk; eoe/ f;Z y K Bz { nk}kdh bJh
jo e[ o pkBh d/ D bJh fsnko ehsk. fJj tfYnkJh th fJBK nypkoK dh jh j? fe fiE/
w[ ; bwkB ns/ fjz d { n K d/ T[ o d{ nypko fcoek gq ; sh ns/ Xkofwe eZ N Vfdbh dk gq u ko
eod/ ;B T[ E / gz i kph nypko fJBK ;G d' F K s' _ w[ e s ;B ns/ gz i kp iK ;ko/ Gkos
pko/ jZ b eod/ jB.
fJ; ekb d/ wkf;e gZ s oK ftu' _ i' , *gq h sbVh* s' _ fJbktk ikoh j' J / , e[ M nfij/
jB i' ftF/ F fXnkB dh wz r eod/ jB. fJBQ K dk fBFkBk Gkt/ _ ;kfjse ;h go fco
th gZ s oekoh d/ y/ s o ftu fJj nZ y ' _ T[ j b/ Bjh_ ehs/ ik ;ed/ . fJBQ K ftu' _ gz i dfonk
dk BK ;G s' _ T[ & Z x k j? . *gz i dfonk* dh nfjwhns fJj j? fe fJ; Bz { brGr ;ko/
gq f ;Z X ;kfjsekoK dk fwbtosB gq k gs ;h. fJ; ftu fbyD tkb/ gq ' H w' j B f;z x , s/ i k
f;z x , XBh okw ukfsq e , ;z s f;z x ;/ y ' _ , gq h sw f;z x ;cho, ;[ o ihs f;z x ;/ m h, jfoz d o
f;z x o{ g , fJz d o f;z x ueotosh, dftz d o ;fsnkoEh, eg{ o f;z x i/ m { t kbhnk, r[ o uoB
f;z x , dhtkB f;z x ekb/ g kDh ns/ eJh j' o ;B. 1939 JhH ftu ikoh j' f Jnk fJj gZ s o
nk}kdh s' _ wro' _ th e[ M fuo ikoh fojk. fJj pdfe;wsh dh rZ b j? fe Gkt/ _ gq h sbVh
s/ gz i dfonk fBo' b gz i kphns d/ Mz v k podko ;B, go fJBQ K ftu SgD tkb/ b/ y eK
ftu w[ ; bwkB b/ y eK d/ BK fJe dw rkfJp jB.
*fbykoh* gfjbK pzd j' frnk ;h. go nes{p o 1940 JhH Bz{ w[V nkozG j'fJnk.
fJ; d/ n?vhNo gqf;ZX ;kfjseko ;H;H nw'b ;B. T[j fJ; ftu ;kfjs dh gVu'b, wjhB/
Go dhnK u'DthnK, ]poK, b/y ns/ eftsktK dhnK N{eK fdnk eod/ ;B.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 102 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fo;kbk *eztb* 1942 ftu iwhns f;zx s/ fBoG? f;zx B/ fwb e/ nzfwqs;o s'_ ikoh
ehsk. fJ; ftu jo ;kfjse gZy T[go b/y j[zd/ ;B.
nr;s 1942 ftu ;H jofeFB f;zx B/ bkj"o s'_ *gzikph ;kfjs* BK dk fJe gZso
ikoh ehsk, fJj fJe soQK dk gzikph vkfJi?;N ;h, jo gZy Bkb ;zpzfXs fbykoh fJ; ftu
fbyd/ ;B. nkb'uBkswe b/y th fJ; B/ SkgD/ nkozG/. fgS'_ id'_ jofeFB f;zx fJzrb?_v
ufbnk frnk sK 1955-56 JhH ftu fJj o;kbk vkH jouoB f;zx dh ;zgkdBk j/m fdZbh
s'_ ikoh j'fJnk go fco S/sh pzd j' frnk. fizBk fuo th fJj gZso fBebdk fojk fJ;
B/ gzikph ;kfjs Bz{ f;oiBkswe bhjK s/ s'oB dh pVh fBro ;/tk ehsh. fco vkH jouoB
f;zx B/ *d/F gzikp* nkg efYnk.
1945 JhH ftu nzfwqs ;o s'_ wk;No skok f;zx B/ *;zs f;gkjh* BK dk wkf;e gZso
F[o{ ehsk. fJ; ftu wk;No ih nkgD/ f;nk;h fynkbK dk gquko eod/ ;B. fJ; gZso
B/ wk;No ih dh ;yFhns ;dek S/sh jh ;ko/ gzikp ftu pVh F[jos jk;b eo bJh.
4 H 5 toswkB ekb (T) (1947-52) L 1947 dk ;kb gzikp ftu g[ Bo-ikfrqs h
dk ;kb j?. fJ; ;kb 15 nr;s Bz{ nk}kdh sK }o{o fwbh go wB[ Zysk dk i' esb/n kw,
ikfJdkdK dh ;kV c{e s/ j?t kBhns dk i' Bzrk Bku j'fJnk T[ ; B/ ;G }[ b wK Bz{ wks
eo fdZs k. e[ d osh rZb ;h fe gzikph gZs oekoh Bz{ th XZe k brdk feT[ _fe fJ; dk tZv k
rVQ bkj"o gkfe;skB ftu ufbnk frnk ;h. gzikp dh tzv Bkb gzikph gZs oekoh fJ;
soQ K iVQ '_ gZ[ N h rJh, go fizBh w[ V nkgD/ nkg Bz{ g{oph gzikp ftu pjkb ehsk s/ fizBh
frDsh ftu j'o Bt/_ nypko ikoh j'J /, T[ BQ K s'_ ;kc gsk brdk j? fe gzikph gZs oekoh
dhnK iVQ K fezBhnK gZe hnK jB. 1947-52 JhH d/ F[ o{ se fijV/ gzikph gZs o fBeb/ T[ BQ K
dh s\Fhb fJ; soQ K j?.
4 H5 H1 H o'} kBk L nk} eh pks, gzikph f}whdko, f;Zy, e"wh Fjhd, BtK :[r, ykb;k,
r[owfs ;wkuko.
4 H5 H2 H ;gskfje L w/b fwbkg, oftdk; i?ekok, d[BhnKdko, nkFk, iE/dko, bfjoh,
i? gzikp, bbeko, b'eoki, fBowb ;zd/F, w/ok ;[szso d/F, ghVs ;wkuko, nekb Brkok,
;KMhtkb, gzikph gfsqek, irs ;/te, e"wh ;/t e, ;kvh ;oeko, Bth_ d[BhnK, pkpk ihtB
f;zx r}N, d[yh ykb;k nr/ tX/, T[ikbk, jwkok ihtB, johiB T[Xko, iBsk i[r, ykb;k
pqkdo, g/_v{ iBsk, nDyhbh okDh, b'e ;/te gfsqek, ftukotkB, Bt/_ okj, e/;oh, oDG{wh,
ykb;k, wiQph r}N, fBjzr f;zx ;zd/F.
4 H5 H3 H gzdoK o'i K L tho G{wh.
4 H5 H4 H wkf;e gZs o L b'e ;kfjs, y'i, ;t/ok, ;?Bkgsh, gq/w gNkoh, o{jkBh d';s,
pkb ;z;ko, BthnK ehwsK, ;kvk i[r, ihtB ;zd/F, BtK i[r, ;t/ok, pkb ;zd/F, gzikph
d[BhnK, nwo ejkDhnK, ;kfjs ;wkuko, ejkDh eftsk.
4 H5 H5 H sq? wkf;e L fJfsjk;e gZso, rtoBw?_N No/fBzr ekbi w?r}hB, fpnk;,
gzikph ;kfjs dopko, fcbwh ;z;ko, gzikph fothT{, fBoze koh ;zd/F, fcbwh pjko, g?g;{
;wkuko, fdZbh ;wkuko, b'e ;wkuko nkfd.
1947 JhH d/ pNtko/ d/ f;ZN/ ti'_ c?bh pdnwBh, phwkohnK, nkofEe wzdtkVk,
p/o'}rkoh, w[V t;kT[D ns/ j'o eJh ;wZf;nktK fJBQK gZsoK dhnK ;[oyhnK j[zdhnK jB.
fJj MZN jkb/ wZmh Bjh_ ;h gJh fe 1948 JhH ftu gkfe;skB B/ Gkos T[go jwbk ehsk
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 103 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
fi; d/ fto[ZX vND bJh nypkoK ftu i'F T[e;kT{ ypoK ns/ ;kfjs dk jVQ nk frnk.
g{oph gzikp dhnK fonk;sK Bz{ fJeZfmnK eoe/ g?g;{ ;oeko j'_d ftu nkJh fi; dk e/_do
gfNnkbk ;h. fJzM e[M fuo bJh fonk;sh gZs oekoh dk e/_do gfNnkbk pD frnk. fJBQK
;wkfie okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe gfo;fEshnK B/ T[; ;w/_ d/ gZsoK Bz{ pj[s w[skf;o ehsk.
j[D e[M Fpd T[; ;w/_ d/ gqf;ZX gZX o pko/ th efjD/ T[fus j'Dr/.
frnkBh r[ofdZs f;zx dk wkf;e gZso *ihtB ;zd/F* gfNnkb/ s'_ ikoh j'fJnk fJj
pVk fwnkoh gouk ;h. b/yK ftu T[u gZXoh y'i j[zdh ;h. fJ; d/ fizB/ th nze Sg/ ftdtkB
y'ihnk bJh pV/ ekonkwd ;kps j'J/. gzikph GkFk, r[ow[yh fbgh ns/ r[owfs ;kfjs pko/
fJ; ftu Sg/ b/yK Bz{ gqwkfDe wzfBnk iKdk ;h. fJ; fe;w dk fJe gZso *gqekF* th
frnkBh ih B/ ikoh ehsk i' nZi th ubdk j?.
d{ik gqf;ZX gZso *gzikph d[BhnK* j? fi; Bz{ wkou 1950 JhH ftu GkFk ftGkr tb'_
ikoh ehsk frnk. fJ; o;kb/ ftu gzikph d/ seohpB ;ko/ ftdtkBK d/ b/y Sgd/ oj/ jB.
fJj o;kbk sK j[D gzikph ;kfjs, p'bh, fJfsjk;, fbgh ns/ j'o ;zpzfXs gZyK bJh Go';/:'r
gouk j' fBpfVnk j?. fJ; d/ ftF/F nzeK B/ gzikph nkb'uBk ns/ y'i Bz{ Bth_ ;/X gqdkB
ehsh j?.
*gzikph gfsqek* r[oBkw f;zx sho B/ 1948-49 JhH ftu b[fXnkD/ s'_ ikoh ehsk.
*sho* ns/ T[BQK d/ S'N/ GkJh FwF/o f;zx ;o'i B/ fJ; ftu eJh Bt/_ w}kjhnk (jk;-Gog{o)
chuo F[o{ ehs/. T[jBK ftu'_ *m{zr/* B/ ekch gqf;ZXh jk;b ehsh. go ;owkfJnk pj[s k Bk
j'D eoe/ S/sh pzd j' frnk.
b[fXnkD/ s'_ jh ioB?b f;zx noFh B/ *bbeko* nkozG ehsk. ioB?b f;zx noFh
nkg th ftnzr-wJh b/yDh d/ wkbe ;B, fJ;/ eoe/ T[BQK B/ *bbeko* ftu *sz{p/ p[VQeD
d/*, *M'eK jkDhnK dhnK* b'eK ftu pV/ wep{b j'J/. *bbeko* dk fJe ftF/F ;kbkBk s/
dFw/F nze Sfgnk fi; dh oki;h jbfenK ftu pVh uouk j'Jh. ;kfjsekoK dk uzrk
o;{y j'D ekoB T[; t/b/ d/ ;ko/ f;ow"o b/yeK dhnK ouBktK fJ; ftu SgdhnK ;B.
1950 JhH s'_ jh nwo ejkDhnK wkf;e gZso ikoh j'fJnk. fJ; ftu e/tb ejkDhnK jh
Sgdhnk ojhnK jB i' pVhnK uzrhnK ns/ tzB-;[tzBhnK j[zdhnK jB.
nzfwqs t/bk, fwbkg, fiT[_dh iBsk, f;Zy ;zrhs, gj[cNh, ihtB ;kfjs, gzyVhnK.
4 H4 H5 H sq? wk;e L ;fs tuB, i:'sh, fFtkbk, e's jk;, nkswk Bzd, fpqfizdok,
okfizdok, pko nkfd.
fJ; ;w/_ dhnK fijVhnK xNBktK nypkoK dhnK ;[oyhnK pDhnK T[BQK ftu'_ e[M fJ;
soQK jB L 1936-37 JhH ftu r'ofwzN nkc fJzv hnk d/ Bt/_ n?eN j/m ;ko/ d/F dhnK j'J hnK
u'DK L r[od[nkok u'DK. 1939 JhH ftu d[BhnK dk d{ik wjkB izr F[o{ j'fJnk fi; eoe/
eJhnK nypkoK s/ gkpzdhnK brhnK. ;zB 1942 dh eKro; bfjo ;w/_ nypkoK T[&Zs/ j'o
th ;ysh j' rJh. eJhnK Bz{ i[owkB/ j'J/ s/ eJh pzd j' rJ/ go fco th T[BQK nkgD/ e"wh
co} s'_ w{zj Bk w'fVnk. ykb;k ekbi dk gqp zX T[; ;w/_ sZe ;oekoh jZEK ftu ;h fi;
Bz{ f;ZyK d/ jZE ftu d/D bJh nypkoK B/ pVh nktk} p[bzd ehsh. fJ; wkwb/ s/ th f;ZyK
d/ d' XV/ ;B. fJe ;h Fo'wDh nekbh db dk fi; ftu wkH skok f;zx , frnkBh r[ow[y
f;zx w[;kfco, gqskg f;zx e?o'_, frH F/o f;zx s/ pkpk yVe f;zx ;B. d{i/ gk;/ uhc ykb;k
dhtkb tkb/ ;B fiBQK d/ bhvo ;[zdo f;zx wihmhnK ;B. fJj fto'X T[; ;w/_ d/ nypkoK
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 104 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
*u'_ gosZy fd;dk j?. fJBQK s'_ fpBK r'bw/} ekBcoz;, gzfvs Bfjo{ tZb'_ g{oB ;toki dk
iK w[e zwb nk}kdh dk Bknok, Gkos SZv ikU sfjohe, 1947 dk pNtkok s/ T[; t/b / dh
wkoXkV, eNk-tYh, ;kV-c{e nkfd.
e[M Fpd fJ; ;w/_ d/ ftF/F gZsoK pko/ efjD/ th T[fus j'Dr/, fiBQK gzikph
gZsoekoh Bz{ fe;/ Bk fe;/ y/so ftu e'Jh :'rdkB fdZsk. *nekbh* s/ *nekbh gfsqek* fJ;
;w/_ d/ d' o'}kBk gZso ;B fiBQK gzikphnK ns/ yk; eoe/ f;ZyK Bz{ nk}kdh bJh jo e[opkBh
d/D bJh fsnko ehsk. fJj tfvnkJh th fJBQK nypkoK dk jh j? fe fiE/ w[;bwkB ns/
fjzd{nK d/ T[od{ nypko fcoek gq;sh ns/ Xkofwe eZNVfdbh dk gquko eod/ ;B T[E/
gzikph nypko fJBQK ;GBK d'FK s'_ w[es ;B ns/ gzikp iK ;ko/ Gkos pko/ jZb eod/ jB.
fJ; ekb d/ wkf;e gZ s oK ftu' _ i' , *gq h sbVh* s' _ fJbktk ikoh j' J / e[ M nfij/
jB i' ft;/ a F fXnkB dh wz r eod/ jB. fJBQ K dk fBFkBk Gkt/ _ ;kfjse ;h go fco
th gZ s oekoh d/ y/ s o ftu fJj nZ y ' _ T[ j b/ Bjh_ ehs/ ik ;ed/ . fJBQ K ftu' _ gz i dfonk
dk BK ;G s' _ T[ & Z x k j? . *gz i dfonk* dh nfjwhns fJj j? fe fJ; Bz { brGr ;ko/
gq f ;Z X ;kfjsekoK dk fwbtosB gq k gs ;h. fJ; ftu fbyD tkb/ gq ' H w' j B f;z x , s/ i k
f;z x , XBh okw ukfsq e , ;z s f;z x ;/ y ' _ , gq h sw f;z x ;cho, ;[ o ihs f;z x ;/ m h, jfoz d o
f;z x o{ g , fJz d o f;z x uZ e q t osh, dftz d o ;fsnkoEh, eg{ o f;z x i/ m { t kbhnk, r[ o uoB
f;z x , dhtkB f;z x ekb/ g kDh ns/ eJh j' o ;B. 1939 JhH ftu ikoh j' f Jnk fJj gZ s o
nk}kdh s' _ wro' _ th e[ M fuo ikoh fojk. fJj pdfe;wsh dh rZ b j? fe Gkt/ _ gq h s
bVh s/ gz i dfonk fBo' b gz i kphns d/ Mz v k podko ;B, go fJBQ K ftu SgD tkb/
b/ y eK ftu w[ ; bwkB b/ y eK d/ BK fJe dw rkfJp jB.
*fbykoh* gfjbK pzd j' frnk ;h. go nes{p o 1940 JhH Bz{ w[V nkozG j'fJnk.
fJ; d/ n?vhNo gqf;ZX ;kfjseko ;H;H nw'b ;B. T[j fJ; ftu ;kfjs dh gVu'b, wjhB/
Go dhnK u'DthnK, ypoK, b/y ns/ eftsktK dhnK N{eK fdnk eod/ ;B.
fo;kbk *eztb* 1942 JhH ftu iwhns f;zx s/ fBoG? f;zx B/ fwbe/ nzfwqs;o s'_
ikoh ehsk. fJ; ftu jo ;kfjse gZy T[&Zgo b/y j[zd/ ;B.
nr;s 1942 JhH ftu ;H jfofeFB f;zx B/ bkj"o s'_ *gzikph ;kfjs BK dk fJe
gZso ikoh ehsk, fJj fJe soQK dk gzikph vkfJi?;N ;h, jo gZy Bkb ;zpzXs fbykoh fJ;
ftu fbyd/ ;B. nkb'uBkswe b/y th fJ; B/ SkgD/ nkozG /. fgS'_ id'_ ;H jfofeFB f;zx
fJzrb?_v ufbnk frnk sK 1955-56 JhH ftu fJj o;kbk vkH jouoB f;zx dh ;zgkdBk j/m
fdZbh s'_ ikoh j'fJnk go fco S/sh pzd j' frnk. fizBk fuo th fJj gZs o fBebdk fojk
fJ; B/ gzikph ;kfjs Bz{ f;oBkswe bhjK s/ s'oB dh pVh fBro ;/t k ehsh. fco vkH
jouoB f;zx B/ *d/F gzikp* nkg efYnk.
1945 JhH ftu nzfwqs ;o s'_ wk;No skok f;zx B/ *;zs f;gkjh* BK dk wkf;e gZso
F[o{ ehsk. fJ; ftu wk;No ih nkgD/ f;nk;h fynkbK dk gquko eod/ ;B. fJ; gZso
B/ wk;No ih dh ;yFhns ;dek S/sh jh ;ko/ gzikp ftu pVh F[jos jk;b eo bJh.
4 H 5 H toswkB ekb (T) (1947-52) L 1947 dk ;kb gzikp ftu g[ Bo-ikrqs h
dk ;kb j?. fJ; ;kb 15 nr;s Bz{ nk}kdh sK }o{o fwbh go wB[ Zysk dk i' esb/n kw,
ikfJdkdK dh ;kV c{e s/ j?t kBhns dk i' Bzrk Bku j'fJnk T[ ; B/ ;G }[ b wK Bz{ wks
eo fdZs k. e[ d osh rZb ;h fe gzikph gZs oekoh Bz{ th XZe k brdk feT[ _fe fJ; dk tZv k
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 105 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
rVQ bkj"o gkfe;skB ftu ufbnk frnk ;h. gzikp dh tzv Bkb gzikph gZs oekoh fJ;
soQ K iV'_ g[ ZN h rJh, go fizBh w[ V nkgD/ nkg Bz{ g{oph gzikp ftu pjkb ehsk s/ fizBh
frDsh ftu j'o Bt/_ nypko ikoh j'J /, T[ BQ K s'_ ;kc gsk brdk j? fe gzikph gZs oekoh
dhnK iVQ K fezBhnK gZe hnK ;B. 1947-52 JhH d/ F[ o{ se fijV/ gzikph gZs o fBeb/ T[ BQ K
dh se;hb fJ; soQ K j?.
4 H5 H1 H o'} kBk L nk} eh pks, gzikph f}whdko, f;Zy, e"wh Fjhd, BtK :[r, ykb;k,
r[owfs ;wkuko.
4 H5 H2 H ;gskfje L w/b fwbkg, oftdk;, i?ekok, d[BhnKdko, nkFk, iE/dko, bfjoh,
i? gzikp, bbeko, b'eoki, fBowb ;zd/F, w/ok ;[szso d/F, ghVs ;wkuko, nekb Brkok,
;KMhtkb, gzikph gfsqek, irs ;/te, e"wh ;/t e, ;kvh ;oeko, Bth_ d[BhnK, pkpk ihtB
f;zx r}N, d[yh ykb;k nr/ tX/, T[ikbk, jwkok ihtB, johiB T[Xko, iBsk i[r, ykb;k
pqdo, g/_v{ iBsk, nDyhbh okDh, b'e ;/te gfsqek ftukotkB, Bt/_ okj, e/;oh, oDG{wh,
ykb;k, w}ph r}N, gqek}, fBjzr f;zx ;zd/F .
4 H5 H3 H gzdoK o}k L tho G{wh.
4 H5 H4 H wkf;e gZs o L b'e ;kfjs, y'i, ;t/ok ;?Bkgsh, gq/w gNkoh, o{jkBh d';s,
pkb ;z;ko, BthnK ehwsK, ;kvk i[r, ihtB ;zd/F, BtK i[r, ;t/ok pkb ;zd/F, gzikph
d[BhnK, nwo ejkDhnK, ;kfjs ;wkuko, ejkDh, eftsk.
4 H5 H5 H sq? wkf;e L fJfsjk;e gZso, rtoBw?_N No/fBzr ekbi w?r}hB, fpnk;,
gzikph ;kfjs dopko, fcbwh ;z;ko, gzikph fothT{, fBoze koh ;zd/F, fcbwh pjko, g?g;{
;wkuko, fdZbh ;wkuko, b'e ;wkuko nkfd.
1947 JhH d/ pNtko/ d/ f;ZN/ ti'_ c?bh pdnwBh, phwkohnK, nkofEe wzdtkVk,
p/o[}rkoh, w[V t;kT[D ns/ j'o eJh ;wZf;nktK fJBQK gZsoK dhnK ;[oyhnK j[zdhnK jB.
fJj ;ZN jkb/ wZmh Bjh_ ;h gJh fe 1948 JhH ftu gkfe;skB B/ Gkos T[&Zgo jwbk ehsk
fi; d/ fto[ZX vND bJh nypkoK ftu'_ i'F T[e;kT{ ypoK ns/ ;kfjs dk jVQ nk frnk.
g{oph gzikp dhnK fonk;sK Bz{ fJeZfmnK eoe/ g?g;{ ;oeko j'_d ftu nkJh fi; dk e/_do
gfNnkbk ;h. fJzi e[M fuo bJh fonk;sh gZs oekoh dk e/_do gfNnkbk pD frnk. fJBQK
;wkfie okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe gfo;fEshnK B/ T[; ;w/_ d/ gZsoK Bz{ pj[s w[skf;o ehsk.
j[D e[M Fpd T[; ;w/_ d/ gqf;ZX gZso pko/ th efjD/ T[fus j'Dr/.
frnkBh r[ofdZs f;zx dk wf;e gZso *ihtB ;zd/F* gfNnkb/ s'_ ikoh j'fJnk fJj
pVk fwnkoh gouk ;h. b/yK ftu T[&Zu gZXoh y'i j[zdh ;h. fJ; d/ fizB/ th nze Sg/
ftdtkB y'ihnK bJh pV/ ekonkwd ;kps j'J /. gzikph GkFk, r[ow[yh fbgh ns/ r[owfs
;kfjs pko/ fJ; ftu Sg/ b/yK Bz{ gqwkfDs wzfBnk iKdk ;h. fJ; fe;w dk fJe gZso
*gqekF* th frnkBh ih B/ ikoh ehsk i' nZi th ubdk j?.
d{ik gqf;ZX gZso *gzikph d[BhnK* j? fi; Bz{ wkou 1950 JhH ftu GkFk ftGkr tZb'_
ikoh ehsk frnk. fJ; o;kb/ ftu gzikph d/ seohpB ;ko/ ftdtkBK d/ b/y Sgd/ oj/ jB.
fJj o;kbk sK j[D gzikph ;kfjs, p'bh, fJfsjk;, fbgh ns/ j'o ;zpzXs gZyK bJh Go';/:'r
gouk j' fBpfVnk j?. fJ; d/ ftF/F nzeK B/ gzikph nkb'uBk ns/ y'i Bz{ Bth_ ;/X gqdkB
ehsh j?.
*gzikph gfsqek* r[oBkw f;zx sho B/ 1948-49 JhH ftu b[fXnkD/ s'_ ikoh ehsk.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 106 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
*sho* ns/ T[BQK d/ S"N/ GkJh FwF/o f;zx ;o'i B/ fJ; ftu eJh Bt/_ w}kjhnK (jk;-Gog{o)
chuo F[o{ ehs/. T[jBK ftu'_ jh ioB?b f;zx noFh B/ *bbeko* nkozG ehsk. ioB?b f;zx
noFh nkg th ftnzr-wJh b/yDh d/ wkbe ;B fJ;/ eoe/ T[BQK B/ *bbeko* ftu *sz{p/
p[VQeD d/*, *M'eK jkDhnK dhnK* b'eK ftu pV/ wep{b j'J/. *bbeko* dk fJe ftF/F
;kbkBk s/ dFw/F nze Sfgnk fi; dh oki;h jbfenK ftu pVh uouk j'Jh. ;kfjsekoK
dk uzrk o;{y j'D ekoB T[; t/b / d/ ;ko/ f;ow'o b/yeK dhnK ouBktK fJ; ftu SgdhnK
;B. 1950 JhH s'_ jh nwo ejkDhnK wkf;e gZso ikoh j'fJnk. fJ; ftu e/tb ejkDhnK
jh SgdhnK ojhnK jB i' pVhnK uzrhnK ns/ tzB-;[tzBhnK j[zdhnK jB.
*b'e ;kfjs* ;tortk;h BkBe f;zx Bktfb;N B/ 1950 JhH ftu nkozG ehsk i' pVh
T[&Zu gZXo dk gouk ;h fi; ftu Bt/_ ejkDheko ]k; s"o s/ fjZ;k gkT[_d / ;B. fJ; ftu
fe;/ dh ejkDh Sg ikDh wkD dh rZb ;wMh iKdh ;h. *eftsk* fi; d/ ;zgkde eosko
f;zx pbZrD ;B, th fJ; ;w/_ dh fJe j'o uzrh gfsqek ;h. pbZrD d/ ;w/_ sK eftsk
B/ *eftsk* dhnK MzvhnK bkJh oZyhnK. eftsk dh wfjcb ftu nk;h, :[wB, B{og{oh, ;wF/o,
pbZrD, w[Fske, T[gkFe, ewkb, r[odk;g[oh, w[;kfco, ;kpo, wkw, e[zd B ns/ sho nkfd
eJh ftF/F fjZ;k gkT[_d/ ;B. i{B-i[bkJh 1950 ftu pbZrD f;wqsh nze ns/ T[; s'_ gfjbK
fBefbnk Bzdk nze, ftF/F F[jos dk ekoD pD/.
b[fXnkD/ s'_ bkj"o p[e Fkg d/ wkbe ihtB f;zx B/ *;kfjs ;wkuko* s/ pkb dopko
F[o{ ehs/. ;kfjs ;wkuko dk wB'oE T[BQK b/yeK pko/ b/y SkgD/ jB fijV/ frnkBh,
p[ZXhwkBh, n?wHJ/H ns/ j'o fJwfsjkBK d/ e'o; ftu gVQkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ; d/ eJh ftF/F
nze Sg/ jB fiBQK B/ eJh ftfdnkoEhnK dk gko T[skok ehsk j?.
fgz q ; hgb fBoz i B f;z x ftfrnkB d/ nkfbw j' D d/ Bkb gz i kph d/ uz r / tkoskeko
th jB. T[ B Q k dk fJj F" e fojk j? fe gz i kph B" i tkB ]k; eoe/ frnkB ftfrnkB d' j K
Bz { uz r h soQ K rq f jD eoe/ f;Zy Xow dhnK ;dkukoe ehwsK nB[ ; ko nkgD/ nkg Bz { Ykb
;eD. fJ; nkF/ dh g{o sh bJh T[ Bk d;z p o 1947 Bz{ fdZ b hU_ *BthnK ehwsK* F[ o{ ehsk.
fJ; d/ gfjb/ gou/ Bkb ;kfjse ;bhfenK ns/ ftukotkBK dhnK wfjcbK ftu Xz [ w K
g? rJhnK.
;wZf;nk fdB' fdB xZNdh ik ojh j? i' gzikph gZsoekoh bJh uzrk bZSD j?. gfjbK
nkw f]nkb ehsk iKdk ;h fe NkfJg w'N/ j'D ekoB gzikph gZsoK ftu ;wZroh xZN Sg
;edh j? go j[D nkX[fBe SgkJh wFhBK d[nkok gzikph gZso bkG T[mk oj/ jB. fJe j'o
n"eV gzikph d/ gZsoK dh fJj j? wkbh ;woZEk xZN j'D eoe/ fJj ghHNhH nkJhH, :{H n?BH
nkJhH fjzd[;skB ;wkuko, Gkosh okJhNo ns/ j'o d/Fh ftd/Fh fBT{} J/iz;hnK dhnK ;/tktK
jk;b Bjh_ eo ;ed/.
fJe j' o tZ v h w[ F eb :' r ;Nkc nEtk eowukohnK dh xkN ;h, gz i kph
nypkoK ftu ez w eoB tkbk nwbk e' J h gq k gs iK No/ _ v Bjh_ j[ z d k. fJj' ekoD j?
fe eJh tko XZ e / Bkb ez w ubk fbnk iKdk j? . ez w tZ b ' _ nDrfjbh s/ bkgotkjh,
wBwo}h eoBh th fJ; Bkb ;z p z f Xs fJe j' o tZ v k w;bk j? . gz i kph gZ s oK ftu SgD
tkbhnK ypoK dh th nkgDh jh fe;w j[ z d h j? . i/ ;wki GbkJh dh e' J h ypo G/ i h
iKdh j? sK T[ ; Bz { ngq t kB eo fdZ s k iKdk j? . go esbK, T[ X kfbnK, vkfenK, u' o hnK,
i{ J / - pk}hnK ns/ ipo-fiBkj dhnK ypoK Bz { ;[ o yhnK bk e/ g/ F ehsk iKdk j? . fJ;
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 107 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
t/ b / ;fEsh fJj j? fe jcsktkoh s/ wkf;e gZ s o pj[ s eoe/ T[ j b' e eZ Y oj/ jB
fiBK dk ndp iK fbyD Bkb d{ o dk tk;sk th Bjh_ , T[ j e/ t b fJFfsjko d/ D
tkfbnK wro fco e/ fJFfsjko b? D k jh ikDd/ jB. ;z g kdeK dk fbyD dk nfGnk;
xZ N j' D iK BK j' D k th gz i kph gZ s oekoh bJh B[ e ;kBd/ j ;kps j' f Jnk j? . fJ; tes
gz i kp :{ B htof;Nh s/ gz i kph :{ B htof;Nh ftu gZ s oekoh dh fvroh gq d kB ehsh iKdh
j? , go No/ f Bz r b? D tkfbnK Bz { tZ v / - tZ v / nypko jh p' u b? _ d / jB. feT[ _ f e T[ E / T[ B K
Bz { tX/ o / sBykj ns/ T[ i tb GftZ y dh nk; ofjz d h j? , id fe gz i kph gZ s oekoh ftu
nfijk Bjh_ j? . eJhnK gZ s oK ftu Skgh ikD tkbh ;kwrq h d/ fwnko eKN SKN ns/
;' X ;[ X kJh tZ b fXnkB Bjh_ fdZ s k iKdk. pj[ f snK gofunK dh nkFk e/ t b fBFfus
ehfsnK ;fcnK dk fYZ v GoBk jh j[ z d k j? . ;G s' _ tZ v h o' e gz i kph gZ s oekoh d/ okj
ftu fijVh j? , T[ j j? ;owkJ/ dh xkN go fJ; xkN Bz { d{ o eoB bJh *ekog' o / F B*
pDkT[ D dh ekch uouk j? fi; Bkb ;G n" e VK nkg/ jh d{ o j' ikDrhnK.
fit/_ fe fgSbh uouk s'_ ;gFN j? gzikph gZs oekoh dk o;sk pVk fpyVk ns/
w[ FebK Bkb Gog{o fojk j? fi; eoe/ fJ; B/ nk; ns/ ;zG ktBk nB[ ;ko T[ & ZBsh Bjh_
ehsh. fJBK ekoBK dk fgZS / f}eo ehsk ik u[ Ze k j?. j[ D e[ M nfijhnK jkbsK tZb n;h_
gkmeK dk fXnkB fyuDk ukj[ zd / jK i' fi; d/ T[ & Zib/ s/ uzr/o/ GftZy dh T[ whd pDkT[ _d /
jB. gzikph Bz{ ;oeko dopko ns/ ftfdne ;z;EktK s/ fJ; ekoiK ftu ;fseko :'r
gdth fwb ikD Bkb fJ; d/ gZs oK ns/ ;kfjs dk nkdo tXdk ik fojk j?. GkFkJH
szrfdbh th xZN ojh j? fi; eoe/ fJjBK dh bkrs dk x/ok wfjd{d s'_ tXe/ u'V/ok
j[ zd k ik fojk j?. gZs oekoh bJh pekfJdk e'o; F[ o{ ehs/ jB fiBK s'_ ;[ oZfyns nwbk
gzikph ftu ikt/rk fi; Bkb eJh seBheh ns/ j'o n"eVK d{o j' ikDrhnK, GkFk ftGkr,
gzikp tZb '_ gZs oekoh Bz{ gq's ;kjB d/D bJh Bed fJBkw th fdZs k iKdk j?. j[ D gzikph
gZs oK Bz{ ;oekoh ns/ r?o ;oekoh ;z;EktK tZb '_ fJFfsjko tr?ok fdZs / iKd/ jB fi;
Bkb wkbh jkbs ftu th Y/o ;kok ;[ X ko j' fojk j?. fiT[ _ fiT[ _ gkmeK dk x/ok ns/
t;hb/ tXd/ ik oj/ jB fsT[ _ fsT[ _ fJBK gZs oK dh wkbh jkbs ftu ;[ X ko nkfJnk j?
fi; eoe/ j[ D d/ gZs o gq/oeK Bz{ e[ M Bk e[ M ;/t k cb th d/ oj/ jB. ;zgkdeh nwb/
dhnK sBykjK th nZr/ Bkb'_ uzr hnK jB. gZs oekoh Bt/_ Bt/_ y/s oK-pkb ;kfjs, Bkoh
;kfjs, ;zrhs, y/v K, fcbwh, jk; ftnzr , wB'ftfrnkB, y/s h-pkVh, fJzihfBnfozr, ekBz{B
ns/ j'o .
4 H 6 toswkB ekb (ubdk) (1952 s' _ j[ D se) L !952 s'_ gzikph GkFk,
;kfjs s/ ;fGnkuko dh gqc[ b sk bJh ;oekoh ns/ |?o-;oekoh ;z;EktK tZb '_ :sB ikoh
j'J /, feT[ _fe fJj GkFk ns/ fJ; d/ ;kfjs Bz{ gfjbK Bkb'_ fes/ tZX nkdo fwbD bZr
fgnk j?. ;zftXkB ftu gzikph Bz{ Gkos dhnK gqw[ Zy GkFktK ftu Fkfwb ehsk frnk j?.
1968 ftu fJ;Bz{ gzikp dh oki GkFk eoko d/ fdZs k frnk. nfijk ;[ yktK s/ T[ s Fkj-
toXe tksktoD fwbD eoe/ Bt/_ nypko o;kb/ ikoh j'J / fiBQ K dk ft;fsqs t/otk fJ;
soQ K j? L-
4H6H1 o'} kBk L nihs, nekbh gZfsqe k, BtK }wkBk, e"wh dod, b'e bfjo, iZE/dko,
oDihs.
4H6H2 ;gskfje L gzE r}N, gzE gqekF, wkB ;o'to, b'e ozr, e"wh J/esk, nzfwqs
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 108 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
gZfsqek, nGhs e/;oh, ;odko, cfsj.
4H6H3 wkf;e L BkrwDh, ;?Bkgsh, BtK ;kfjs, nko;h, ;h; rzi, ;/X, fte/_fdqs,
;'thns d/F, ;kvk i[r, u/s Bk, gq/oBk, gzikph vkfJi?; N, ikrqsh, gzukfJsh oki, gzyVhnK,
f;js ftek;, ;wkuko, ;?fBe ;wkuko, uzrh y/sh, iB ;kfjs, s;tho, o{gsoh, uouk,
;odb, gzi gkDh, gzidfonk (T[od{ nZyo), gzikph }pkB (T[od{), fJZesh cotoh.
4H6H4 d' wkjh L BeF, ihB :ksok.
4H6H5 s?q wkf;e L ;ze/s, o{g o/yk, gqshe, ;[oskb f;oiDk, nkb'uBk, Fpd, ejkDh
gzikp, ebk f;oie, gqtuB.
4H6H6 fSwkjh L Gkosh s/ ftd/Fh ;kfjs, y'i gZfsqek, BkBe gqekF gZfsqek,
ftfrnkB d/ BeF, Gkyk ;ziw, fJzihBhnfozr gZfsqek, ;wkfie ftfrnkB, goy, y'i dogD,
Fhok}k.
4H6H7 wBFkswe L ;{oiw[yh, j/w i:'s h-Bhbfroh, beho, w[jKdok, tsB'_ d{o,
fuzrkVh.
4H6H8 fwzB h gZs o L ;zebg, B[esk, fsqFze{, ewb, ne;, f;nkV, ebi[r, ico,
nD{, wohuek, nB[Gt, e;[zGVk, f;oie, ;gBk, ngq;zr j'ek, ;[goJhr' ;Zioh g?V s/ nekF
nkfd.
nZi d/ gzikph ftu d[BhnK d/ jo e'B/ dh ypo-;{pkJh, fJbkekJh, okFNoh iK nzso
okFNoh Sgh j'Jh fwbdh j?. iht d/ jo nzr, ftfrnkB, pkb-;kfjs, Bkoh ;kfjs, ;zrhs,
y/vK, f;js, ;ckJh, fcbwK, jk; ftnzr, wB'ftfrnkB, y/shpkVh, ;kfjs, fbgh, GkFk,
;fGnkuko, fJzihBhnfozr, ekBz{B, nkfd pko/ eJh gZso sK ftF/F s"o s/ fBFfus jB iK
T[BQK ftu nfij/ b/y Sgd/ ofjzd/ jB. j[D d/ nypko BK sK E[VQ g{zihJ/ jB s/ Bk ;oeko
tZb'_ fe;/ Bz{ }ps iK pzd eoB dk e'Jh ydFk j? go fJ; d/ pkti{d th gzikph gZsoekoh
ftu eJh fe;w dhnK efmBkJhnK fJ; d/ ftek; ftu pkXe pD ojhnK jB, Bjh_ sK e'Jh
tiQk Bjh_ fe uko eo'V dk wksoh }pkB dh gZso ebk fe;/ ftF/F f;yo Bz{ BK S{zjdh.
fJ; y/s o ftu ;G s'_ tZvh ;wZf;nk fJj' ojh j? fe gzikph t;'_ dh tZv h frDsh fJ; Bz{
wkdoh }pkB s;bhw eoB s'_ w[Beo ojh j?. gZsoekoh B/ ftF/F ;zdoG ftu fcoe{ ;'uDh
ekoD gzikp d/ fjzd { ns/ w[;bwkB gzikph gZs oekoh d/ fgV ftu fpbe[ b dk]b Bk j'J/,
fJj' ekoD j? fe fJ; dh i' B[jko j[D se pD ;eh j? T[j e/tb f;ZyK eoe/ jh j?.
fJ; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe gZsoekoh dk x/ok jw/Fk s'_ jh ;hfws fojk fi; eoe/ fJ;
d/ ;EkB jh ;[zrV/ oj/. d{;oh tZvh o'e gzikphnK ftu n]pkoK fo;kb/ yohd e/ Bjh_ wzr
e/ gVQB dh tkdh j?. fijV/ b'e gVQ/ fby/ jB s/ tZv/ ;oekoh nj[d/ ;KGh p?m/ jB T[j
th w[Zb b? e/ gVQBr/ sK e/tb nzro/}h dh n]pko, gVQBh Gkt/_ T[BQK Bz{ uzrh soQK nkT[_dh
j't/ ik Bk. go ;w/_ d/ eotN pdbD Bkb fJj ftfrnkBK ftu gqt/F eo ojh j?. gzikp
s'_ pkjo t;d/ gzikphnK dk th fJ; gk;/ fXnkB j'D bZrk j?. fw;kb bJh gkfe;skB ftu
th gzikph Bz{ :{Bhtof;Nh gZXo sZe wkBsk, fwb rJh j? fi; Bkb gzikph dk wkD ;fseko
T[E/ j'o th tX frnk j?. gkfe;skB d/ n]pkoK ftu fJwo'} s/ j'o eJh gzikph gou/
T[od{ nZyoK ftu fBeb oj/ jB. e[Zb fwbk e/ fJj ;fji/ jh fejk ik ;edk j? fe gzikph
gZsoekoh dk GftZy pVk o"FB s/ T[ib j?.
F?bh gZy s'_ gzikph gZsoekoh ftu d' gqeko dhnK F?bhnK fdqFNhr'uo j[zd hnK jB.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk 109 gzikph u'DtK ftFk
gfjbh dk ;zpzX y'i ns/ nkb'uBk Bkb j?. fJBQK ftu nzfes ftuko feT[_fe pj[sk eoe/
nzro/}h s'_ nkT[_d/ jB ns/ nzro/}h ftu rZb eoB dh pVh pkoheh j?, fJ; bJh b/ye
nu/s o{g ftu T[jBK ftukoK Bz{ nB[tkd eoe/ Bth_ xVh Fpdktbh iK fjzdh ;z;feqs s'_
nkJh Fpdktbh ftu G[rskT[D dh e'fFF eod/ jB fi; eoe/ fJj F?bh gzvskT[ ns/ efmB
gqshs j[zdh j? ns/ iBsk Bz{ fJ; dh ;wM Bjh_ nkT[_dh. fJj' ekoB j? fe nkw iBsk fJj
tkt/bk eodh j? fe gzikph n"yh j[zdh ik ojh j?.
d{ih F?bh f;oiBswe ;kfjs dh j? fi; ftu eftsk, ejkDh, Bktb, BkNe ns/
j'o eoskoh ;kfjs nk iKdk j?. fJBQK ;kfjs o{gK ftu f}nkdkso ;wekbh :EkoE dhnK
;wZf;nktK Bz{ fBo{gD eoB dk :sB ehsk j[zd k j? ns/ fJj jzdk th iB-;kXkoD bJh jh
j?. fJ; eoe/ fJj F?bh ;ob s/ ;"yh j?. o'}kBk gZsoK ftu th fJ;/ fe;w dh ;ob s/
;"yh F?bh dk gq:'r j'fJnk fwbdk j?, feT[_fe n]pko pj[ sk eoe/ iB ;kXkoD d/ gVQB
dh uh} j?. ;kBz{ fJj rZb efjD ftu e'Jh ;ze'u Bjh_ fe gZsoekoh B/ gzikph Bz{ pkohe
rZbK eoB d/ ;woZE pDkfJnk j? ns/ gzikph ;kfjs d/ gqe kFB ns/ gq;ko ftu pj[s tZvk
:'rdkB gkfJnk j?.
nfGnk; tk;s/ e[ M gqF B
1H gzikph d/ gqw[Zy tkoseekoK pko/ fby'.
2H ihtBh ;kfjs s'_ eh Gkt j? <
3H ;P?-ihtBh ns/ ihtBh ftu eh nzso j? <
4H gzikph ftu ;\oBkwk ;kfjs dh eh jkbs j? <
5H gzikph ftu fezB/ e[ o/yk fuZso gqkgs jB <
6H gzikph gZsoekoh pko/ b/y fby'.
;jkfJe g[ ; sek dh ;{u h
(1) gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk; - vkH r'gkb f;zx dodh
(2) gzikph ;kfjs dh T[sgsh s/ ftek;-feogkb f;zx e;/b, gofwzdo f;zx
(3) gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk; (Gkr d{ik) - GkFk ftGkr, gzikp, gfNnkbk
(4) gzikph tkose fbykoh - gq'H r[ouoB f;zx
(5) iBw ;kyhnK dk skofee nfXn?B - vkH irihs f;zx
(6) gzikph ;kfjs dk nkb'uBkswe nfXn?B - vkH ihs f;zx ;hsb
(7) gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;-gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh, uzv hrVQ.