LECTURE 13:

THE INFORMATION AGE

Prepared by:

DIVINE GRACE S. BATENGA, MSc, LPT

 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
⦿ define information Age;
⦿ discuss the history of Information Age; and
⦿ understand the factors that need to be consodered in
checking website sources
 Data-driven
Highly modernized
Technologically
Automated advanced

THE INFORMATION AGE

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 INFORMATION
“Knowledge communicated or
obtained concerning a specific
fact or circumstance.”
(Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged
Dictionary)

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The Information Age
⦿ starts in the last quarter of the 20th century when
information became accessible through publication.
⦿ Digital Age Associated with the
development of
⦿ New Media Age computers

⦿ Theory of Information Age (1982) - James R.

Messenger

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Theory of Information Age
⦿ true new age
⦿ interconnection of computers via telecommunications
⦿ convenience and user-friendliness (user dependence)

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 3000 BC - Cuneiform ⦿ 2900 BC - Hieroglyphic

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1300 BC - tortoise shell and ⦿ 500 BC - papyrus roll was

oracle bone writing used

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 220 BC - Chinese small seal ⦿ 100 AD - Book (parchment

writing was developed codex)

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 105 AD - Woodblock printing and paper was

invented by the Chinese

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History and Emergence of the Information Age
⦿ 1455 - Johannes Guternberg ⦿ 1755 - Samuel Johnson's dictionary
invented the printing press using standardized English spelling
movable metal type

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1802 - The Library of

Congress was established,
Invention of carbon arc lamp

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1824 - Research on
persistence of vision
published

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1830's - first viable design

for a digital computer
⦿ Augusta Lady Byron writes
the world's first computer
program

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1837 - invention of the telegraph in Great

Britain and the United States

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1861 - motion pictures were projected onto a

screen

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1876 - Dewey Decimal

system was introduced

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1877 - Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated high-speed

photography

Muybridge's photographic
sequence of a race horse
galloping, first published in 1878.

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1899 - first magnetic

recording were released

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1906 - Lee DeForest invented the electronic amplifying

tube (triode)

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1923 - television camera

tube was invented by
Zvorkyn

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1926 - first practical sound ⦿ 1939 - regularly scheduled

movie television broadcasting
began in the US

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1940s - Beginnings of ⦿ 1945 - Vannevar Bush

information science as a foresaw the invention of
discipline hypertext

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1946 - ENIAC computer was developed

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1948 - birth of field-of-information theory proposed by

Claude E. Shannon

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1957 - Planar transistor

was developed by Jean
Hoerni

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1958 - First integrated

circuit

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1960s - Library of Congress

developed LC MARC
(machine-readable code)

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1969 - UNIX operating

system was developed,
which could handle
multitasking

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1971 - Intel introduced the ⦿ 1972 - Optical laserdisc was

first microprocessor chip developed by Philips and
MCA

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1974 - MCA and Philips agreed on a standard videodisc

encoding format

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1975 - Altair
Microcomputer Kit was
released: first personal
computer for the public

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1984 - Apple Macintosh ⦿ Mid 1980s -Artificial

computer was introduced intelligence was separated
from information science

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ 1987 - Hypercard was ⦿ 1991 - Four hundred fifty

developed by Bill Atkinson complete works of literature
recipe box metaphor on one CD-ROM was
released

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History and Emergence of the Information Age

⦿ January 1997 - RSA

(encryption and network
security software) Internet
security code cracked for a
48-bit number

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As man evolved, information and its
dissemination has also evolved in many ways...

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The Abundance of Information
⦿ It was difficult to collect and manage them starting in the
1960s and 1970s.
⦿ 1980s – Richard Wurman called it “Information Anxiety”
⦿ 1990s – information became the currency in the business
world
⌾ Preferred medium of exchange
⌾ Information managers served as information officers

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The Abundance of Information
⦿ In the present generation, there is no doubt that
information has turned out to be a commodity, an
overdeveloped product, mass-produced, and
unspecialized.
⦿ Soon, we become overloaded with it!

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TRUTHS OF THE
INFORMATION AGE
By: Robert Harris

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Truths of the Information Age
⦿ Information must compete.
⦿ Newer is equated with truer.
⦿ Selection is a viewpoint.
⦿ The media sells what the culture buys.
Truths of the Information Age
⦿ The early word gets the perm.
⦿ You are what you eat and so is your brain.
⦿ Anything in great demand will be counterfeited.
(knowledge, scandals, secrets) – can be fabricated
⦿ Ideas are seen as controversial.
Truths of the Information Age
⦿ Undead information walks ever on. (rumors, lies,
disinformation, gossips) – never die down
⦿ Media presence creates the story.
⦿ The medium selects the message.
⦿ The whole truth is a pursuit.
COMPUTERS
Computer
⦿ Computers are among the most important
contributions of advances in the Information Age to
society.
⦿ An electronic device that stores and process data
(information).
⦿ Runs on a program that contains the exact, step-by-
step directions to solve a problem.
Types of Computers
⦿ Personal Computer (PC)
• single-user instrument
• first known as
microcomputers since they
were a complete computer
but built on a smaller scale

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Types of Computers
⦿ Desktop Computer
• PC that is not designed for
portability
• Desktop can be set up in a
permanent spot
• Has a more powerful processor,and
additional memory
• Enhanced capabilties for performing
special group
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Types of Computers
⦿ Laptops
• portable computers that
integrate the essentials of a
desktop computers in a
battery-powered package

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Types of Computers
⦿ Personal Digital Assistants
(PDAs)
• tightly integrated computers
that usually have no
keyboards but rely on touch
screen

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Types of Computers
⦿ Server
• refers to a computer that
has been improved to
provide network services to
other computers
• boast powerful processors,
tons of memory, and large
hard drives.
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Types of Computers
⦿ Mainframes
• Huge computer systems
that can fill an entire room.
• They are used especially by
large firms to describe the
large, expensive machines
that process millions of
transaction everyday.
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Types of Computers
⦿ Wearable Computers
• Involve materials that are
usually integrated into cell
phones, watches, and other
small objects or places.
• Perform common computer
applications (databases, email,
multimedia, schedulers)

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THE WORLD WIDE
WEB

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Origin of the Internet
⦿ CLAUDE E. SHANNON
• American Mathematecian
• “Father of Information Theory”
• Worked at Bell Laboratories
• Published a paper proposing that
information can be quantitatively
encoded as a sequence of ones
and zeroes.
Origin of the Internet
⦿ INTERNET -worldwide system of interconnected
networks that facilitate data transmission
⦿ Developed during 1970s by the Department of
Defense
⦿ Used mainly by scientists to communicate with other
scientists
⦿ Remained under government control until 1984
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Early problem faced by Internet
⦿ Speed
⦿ Phone lines could only transmit information at a
limited rate
⦿ FIBER-OPTIC CABLES allowed for billions of bits of
information to be received every minute
⦿ INTEL developed faster microprocessors

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Sergey Brin and Larry Page
⦿ directors of Stanford Research Project
⦿ built a search engine that listed results
to reflect page popularity when they
determined that the most popular result
would frequently be the most usable
⦿ 1 million dollar investment from friends,
family and other investor
⦿ launched their company in 1998

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GOOGLE is now the world's most popular search
engine, accepting more that 200 million queries daily!

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New forms of communication
⦿ Electronic mail (e-mail) – suitable way to send message
⦿ America Online and CompuServe – setup electronic chat
room

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 CURRENT INFORMATION AGE

Bill Gates

Steve Jobs
Mark Zuckerberg

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Issues on World Wide Web

Critics charged that the

internet created a
technological divide that
increased the gap between
higher class and lower
class society.

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Issues on World Wide Web

The unregulated and loose

nature of the internet
allowed ponography to be
broadcast to millions of
homes.

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Issues on World Wide Web

Cyberbullying is an issue
that poses alarm
worldwide.

Consequently, we need to
be aware of the possible
harm and damage due to
the abuse of these
advances in the
Information Age.

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APPLICATIONS OF
COMPUTERS IN
SCIENCE AND
RESEARCH
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BIOINFORMATICS
⦿ The application of information technology to store,
organize and analyze the vast amount of biological data
which is available in the form of sequences and
structures of proteins – building block of
organisms and nucleic acids – the information
carrier (Madan, n.d.).
ESTABLISHMENT OF BIOINFORMATICS
⦿ Established because of a need to create databases of
biological sequences.
⦿ Human brain cannot store all genetic sequences of
organisms and this huge amount of data can only be
stored, analyzed, and be used efficiently with the use
of computers.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF BIOINFORMATICS
⦿ SWISS-PROT PROTEIN SEQUENCE DATABASE
⌾ Consolidated formal database
⌾ Initiated in 1986
⌾ It now has about 70,000 protein sequences
from more than 5,000 modelorganisms.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF BIOINFORMATICS
⦿ Enormous variety of divergent data resources is
now available for study and research by both
academic institutions and industries.
⦿ Available as public domain information through:
⌾ Internet (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
⌾ CD-ROMs (on request from www.rcsb.org)

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THE APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS AND
SOFTWARE TOOLS
⦿ Generating databases
⦿ Identifying the function of proteins
⦿ Modeling the structure of proteins
⦿ Determining the coding (useful) regions of nucleic
acid sequences
⦿ Finding suitable drug compounds from a large pool
⦿ Optimizing the drug development process by
predicting possible targets 60
SOFTWARE TOOLS WHICH ARE
HANDY IN THEANALYSIS
⦿ BLAST – used for comparing sequences
⦿ Annotator – an interactive genome analysis tool
⦿ GeneFinder – tool to identify coding regions and
splice sites

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THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
⦿ Initiated in 1988
⦿ Has now been stored as a primary information source
for future applications in medicine.
⦿ The available data is so huge that if compiled in books,
the data would run into 200 volumes of 1,000 pages
each and reading alone (ignoring understanding factor)
would require 26 years working around the clock.
⦿ 5 billion human beings (two individuals differing in three
million bases) = 15,000,000 billion entries (genomic
sequence difference database)
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

⦿ The present challenge to handle such huge

volume of data is to: improve database
design, develop software for database
access, and manipulation and device data-
entry procedures to compensate for the
varied computer procedures and systems
used in different laboratories.
BIOINFORMATICS IN PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY
⦿ Bioinformatics is the key to rational drug discovery
⦿ Reduces the trials in the screening of drug compounds
⦿ Identifying potential drug targets for a particular
disease using high-power computing workstationsand
software like Insight
⦿ PHARMACOGENOMICS
⌾ Potential targets for drug development are
hypothesized from the genome sequences
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PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
⦿ Bioinformatics is found to be
useful in the areas of identifying
diseases resistance genes and
designing plants with high
nutritional value (Madan,n.d.)

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HOW TO CHECK THE
RELIABILITY OF WEB
SOURCES

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1. Who is the author of the article/site?
⦿ About/More About the Author
⌾ credentials
⌾ expertise
⌾ education
⌾ experience
⌾ affiliations
2. Who published the site?
⦿ How to find out?
⌾ website domain
⌾ reputable organization
⌾ suffix on the domain name
• .edu = educational
• .com = commercial
• .mil = millitary
• .gov = government
• .org = nonprofit
3. What is the main purpose of the site?
⦿ sell product
⦿ personal hobby
⦿ public service
⦿ sholarship
⦿ general information
⦿ opinion
4. Who is the intended audience?
⦿ general public
⦿ age group
⦿ people from a particular geographic area
⦿ members of particular profession or with specific
training
5. What is the quality of information
provided on the website?
⦿ timelines
⦿ cite sources
⦿ reputable sites
⦿ sites links
EXAMPLES OF USEFUL
AND RELIABLE WEB
SOURCES

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USEFUL AND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ AFA e-Newsletter (Alzheimer's Foundaton of
America newsletter)
USEFUL AND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ AMERICAN MEMORY - the Library of Congress
historical digital collection
USEFUL AND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Bartleby.com Great Books Online

A collection of free e-books

including fictions, nonfictions,
references, and verses.
USEFUL AND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Chronicling America – search and view pages from
American newspaper for 1880-1922
USEFUL AND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Cyber Bullying
A free collection of e-books
from ebrary plus additional
reports and documents to
help better understand,
prevent and take action
against this growing
concern.
USEFUL AND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Drug information websites:
⌾ National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus
⌾ Drugs.com
⌾ PDRhealth
USEFUL AND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Global Gateway: World Culture & Resources
USEFUL AND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Google Books
USEFUL AND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Google Scholar
 USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ History sites with primary documents:

AMDOCS documents for the study of American history

AVALON PROJECT: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy (Yale Law School)
USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ History sites with primary documents:

Internet Modern History Sourcebook

Teacher Oz’s Kingdom of History

USEFUL AND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Illinois Digital Arhcives

Illinois Digital Archives – the Illinois State Library working with

libraries, museums, and historical societies in Illinois provides
this collection of materials related to Illinois history.
USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Internet Archive

Internet Archive – a digital library of Internet sites and other

cultural artifacts in digital form.
USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Internet Archive for CARLI digitized
resources
USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Librarians’ Internet Index
USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Nursing Sites:

AHRQ (www.ahrq.gov)
USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Nursing Sites:

PubMed (www.nlm.nih.gov)
 USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg – the first and largest single collection of free electronic books
with currently over 60,000 e-books available.
USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Shmoop

Shmoop – literature, US history, and poetry information written primarily by PhD and
masters students from top universities like Stanford, Berkeley, Harvard, and Yale
USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ StateMaster

A unique statistical database which allows you to research and compare a multitude
of different data on US states using various primary sources.
USEFULAND RELIABLE WEB SOURCES
⦿ Virtual Reference (Gale eBooks)

Selected web sources compiled by the Library of Congress.

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
⦿ WU-P Library

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End of lecture...
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References:
⦿ Serafica J.P.et. al, (2018). Science, Technology and
Society Rex Book Store, Inc.

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MIDTERM EXAM (APRIL 16-STS TIME;
FACE-TO-FACE)
⦿ Indigenous Science and Technology
⦿ Human Flourishing
⦿ Technology as a way of Revealing
⦿ The Good Life
⦿ When Technology and Humanity Cross
⦿ Robotics and Humanity
Type of exam: Multiple Choice
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