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Embedded System and Microprocessors

This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microprocessors. It discusses what embedded systems and microprocessors are, their characteristics and applications. It also covers topics like instruction cycle, CPU types, registers and the history of ARM architecture.

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karim Abdelaziz Mahmoud Ali
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© © All Rights Reserved
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4 views

Embedded System and Microprocessors

This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microprocessors. It discusses what embedded systems and microprocessors are, their characteristics and applications. It also covers topics like instruction cycle, CPU types, registers and the history of ARM architecture.

Uploaded by

karim Abdelaziz Mahmoud Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

Embedded System and Microprocessors


Outlines

• What is Embedded systems?


• Embedded systems characteristics
• Embedded Systems applications
• What is a microprocessor?
• CPU types
• Instruction cycle
• Pipelining
• CPU Types
• Von Neumann vs Harvard Architecture
• CPU registers
What is an Embedded System?

• It is a h a r d w a r e controlled b y a software to p e r f or m a s p e c i fi c a n d periodic


functionality.
• It m a y b e real-time or not.
Embedded systems characteristics

• Single-functioned: re p e ate d s i n g l e functionality.


• Tightly constrained: s m a l l size, speed, low p ow e r c o n s u m p t i o n .
• Reactive and Real time: reacts to c h a n g e in sy s t e m e nvi ronme nt .
• Microprocessors based: n o e m b e d d e d sy s t e m w i t h o u t a m i c rop ro c e s s or
or a microcontroller.
• Memory: l i mi te d m e m o r y size.
• Connected: m u s t b e c o n n e c t e d to i n p u t a n d o u t p u t devices.
Embedded Systems applications

• Automotive: C ru i se control, l i ght control, A B S , E B D, E S P, … etc.


• Networking: Routers.
• Fintech: ATM, Po i n t Of Sale, Ve n d i n g m a c h i n e s , … etc.
• Home appliances: H o m e au to m ati on , Air conditioners, m i c ro w av e ovens, w a s h i n g
m a c h i n e s a n d dishwashers, … etc.
• Biomedical: Wearable devices, Teleradiology, … etc.
• Military: Missile t a rget i n g systems, c o m m a n d - a n d - c o n t r o l systems, electronic warfare, …
etc.
• Consumer Electronics: M P 3 players, television sets, m o b i l e p h o n es, video g a m e
consoles, digital cam eras, G P S receivers, printers, … etc.
W h a t is a m i c r o p r o c e s s o r ?

• A m i c ro p roc e s so r is a n I nte grated Circuit u n i t in a c o m p u t e r sy s t e m t h at


p e r fo r m s logical, a r i t h m e t i c a n d c o n t ro l l i n g operations.
• It is cal l ed also Ce nt ral P r o c e s s i n g Unit.
• T h e C P U is t h e brain of a ny microcontroller.
• It exe cu te s all t h e instructions p rovi d e d b y a p rogra m .
• T h e re a re t w o t y p e s R I S C , C I S C
Instruction cycle

• F e tc h:
– P C p o i nt s to t h e instruction to b e
e xe c u t e d
– Get instruction O p c o d e f ro m
m e m o r y a n d store it into I R Program
Memory
• Decode:
– K n o w w h a t operation will b e d o n e

• E xe c u te :
– T h e A L U to exe cu te t h e instruction
CPU Types
Von Neumann vs Harvard Architecture
C P U registers

• Re g i ste rs are t h e fastest t yp e s of m e m o r i e s .


• It is u s e d to facilitate C P U operations.
• G e n e ra l P u r p o s e Re g i sters :
– T h e s e are u s e d for internal storage: at least 8 a n d a s m a n y a s 32 a n d n u m b e r e d a s R1,...., R n
• S p e c i a l P u r p o s e Re g i sters :
– S t a t u s Regi ster : It co nta i n s information a b o u t t h e state of t h e processor.
– P r o g r a m C o u nter : It co nta i n s t h e m e m o r y a d d re ss of t h e n ext instruction to b e fetched.
– A c c u m u l a t o r : This is t h e m o s t frequently u s e d register u s e d to store d a t a t a ke n f ro m m e m o r y.
– I n s t r u c t i o n Regi ster : It h o l d s t h e instruction w h i c h is just a b o u t to b e executed.
– M e m o r y A d d r e s s R e g i s t e r a n d M e m o r y D a t a Regi ster : T h e s e facilitates m e m o r y R / W operations.
Summary

• You have learned what embedded systems are and it components

• Remember that embedded systems have limited resources.

• Embedded systems are around us and every where.

• You have learned what is a microprocessor

• You have learned the instruction cycle

• CPU registers
ARM Based
Microcontroller
ARM Architecture
Lecture 1
Advanced
RISC
Machines
Introduction 01
ARM Architecture
ARM
1990
ARM was formed in as Advanced RISC Machines Ltd., a joint venture of Apple
Computer, Acorn Computer Group, and VLSI Technology.

1991
ARM introduced the ARM6 processor family to meet Apple requirement for its
product “Personal Digital Assistant” called Newton.
Unfortunately, the Newton was not a great success and so Robin Saxby, ARM’s
CEO,
decided to grow the business by pursuing what we now call
intellectual property “IP” business model.

The ARM processor was licensed to many semiconductor companies for


an upfront license fee and then royalties on production silicon. This
effectively incentivized ARM to help its partner get to high volume
shipments as quickly as possible.
ARM
1993
Nokia approached TI to produce a chipset for an upcoming GSM mobile phone
and TI proposed an ARM7 based system to meet Nokia’s performance and
power requirements. Unfortunately Nokia rejected the proposal !
History

ARM came up with a radical idea to create a subset of the ARM


instruction set that required just 16 bits per instruction. This
improved the code density by about 35% and brought the
memory footprint down to a size comparable with 16 bit
microcontrollers.

32-bit ARM Instruction Set


16-bit Thumb Instruction Set

The first ARM-powered GSM phone was the hugely popular


Nokia 6110 and the ARM7TDMI.
ARM
1997
ARM had grown to become a £27m business with a net income of £3m !
ARM then decided to build software-based systems on a single chip, the so-
called system-on-chip, or SoC.
ARM

2001
ARM9 was announced. It was fully synthesizable with a 5 stage pipeline
and a proper MMU, as well as hardware support for Java acceleration
and some DSP extension.

2002
ARM11 families had extended the capability of the ARM architecture in
the direction of higher performance with the introduction of multi-
processing, SIMD multimedia instructions, DSP capability, Java
acceleration etc
ARM
2005
The ARMCortex..
A R M Processor Roadmap
A R M Silicon Partners
A R M Major Characteristic
Embedded System Challenge

Size

Cost

Performance

Power consumption
Development Kit
STM32
Is AWESOME

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