HYDRAULICS

By: ENGR. MARIA YSABELLA MOSCOSO

5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
1 Energy and Head

Kinetic Energy – the ability of fluid mass to do work by

virtue of its velocity.

2 Potential Energy the energy possessed by the fluid by

virtue of its position or elevation with respect to datum or
by virtue of the pressure experience by the fluid at that
point.

3 Head the amount of energy per pound or

Newton of fluid.
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
1 KINETIC ENERGY

Kinetic Energy Kinetic Head or Where:

KE = kinetic Energy in N*m (J)
Formula: Velocity Head: W = weight in N
𝑚
1 𝐾𝐸 V = velocity of flow in
K.E = 𝑚𝑉 2 𝐻𝑉 =
𝑠
2
1 𝑊 𝑊
K.E = ( )𝑉 2 1 𝑊 2
2 𝑔 ( )𝑉
2 𝑔
𝐻𝑉 =
𝑊
𝑉 2
𝐻𝑉 =
2𝑔
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
2 POTENTIAL ENERGY

Potential Energy Elevation Head: Where:

PE = Potential Energy in N*m
Formula: 𝑃𝐸 (J)
𝐻𝑧 =
P.E = mgh 𝑊 W = weight in N
z = elevation (+) above (-)
𝑊 𝑊𝑧
P.E = 𝑔ℎ 𝐻𝑍 = below datum line
𝑔 𝑊
P.E = Wh 𝐻𝑧 = 𝑧
P.E = Wz
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
2 POTENTIAL ENERGY

Potential Energy Pressure Head: Where:

PE = Potential Energy in N*m
Formula: 𝑃𝐸 (J)
𝐻𝑝 =
P.E = mgh 𝑊 W = weight in N
P = gage pressure in Pa
𝑊 𝑊ℎ
P.E = 𝑔ℎ 𝐻𝑝 = δ = unit weight of the liquid
𝑔 𝑊
P.E = Wh 𝑃
𝑃 𝑊( )
P.E = W( ) 𝐻𝑝 = 𝛿
𝛿 𝑊
𝑃
𝐻𝑝 =
𝛿
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
TOTAL ENERGY/ TOTAL HEAD

𝑻𝑬 = 𝑲𝑬 + 𝑷𝑬
H = 𝑯𝑽 + 𝑯 𝑷 + 𝑯𝒁

𝑽𝟐 𝑷
H= + +𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜹

𝑽𝟐 𝑷
E= + +𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜹
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
in any stream flowing steadily without friction the total
energy contained in a given mass is the same at every point in its path of flow.
In other words, kinetic energy, energy of position, and pressure energy may
each be converted into either of the two forms, theoretically without loss.

TOTAL ENERGY

v2 P
H = 𝑯𝑽 + 𝑯𝑷 + 𝑯𝒁 = + +z
2g
NO HEAD ADDED OR HEAD LOSS

v12 P1 v22 P2
+ + z1 = + + z2
2g 2g
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
in any stream flowing steadily without friction the total
energy contained in a given mass is the same at every point in its path of flow.
In other words, kinetic energy, energy of position, and pressure energy may
each be converted into either of the two forms, theoretically without loss.

WITH HEAD ADDED OR WITH HEAD LOSS

v12 P1 v22 P2
+ + z -HL= + + z2
2g 2g

v12 P1 v22 P2
+ +z= + + z2 + HL
2g 2g
6 EXAMPLE 1
QUESTION: At point A at elevation 200m. in a pipeline carrying water, the diameter is meter,
the pressure is 100kPa and the velocity is 1m/s. At point B, 2m higher than A, the diameter
is 0.5m and the pressure is 20kPa.
a. Determine the head loss
b. Determine the total energy at B
c. Determine the total energy at A
FIGURE SOLUTION

a. v12 P1 v22 P2
B + + z1 = + + z2 + H.L
2g 2g
Q1 = A1V1= A2V2
A
202m 𝜋 𝜋 HL = 5.39m
(1)2 1 = (0.5)2 𝑉2
200m9 4 4
𝑉2 = 4𝑚/𝑠
DATUM
(1)2 100 42 20
ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO + + 200 = + + 202 + H.L
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) 9.81
6 EXAMPLE 1
QUESTION: At point A at elevation 200m. in a pipeline carrying water, the diameter is meter,
the pressure is 100kPa and the velocity is 1m/s. At point B, 2m higher than A, the diameter
is 0.5m and the pressure is 20kPa.
a. Determine the head loss
b. Determine the total energy at B
c. Determine the total energy at A
FIGURE SOLUTION
c. v12 P1
b. v22 P2
+ + z2 E= + + z1
B 𝐸=
2g 2g

42 (1)2 100
E= +
20
+ 202 E= + + 200
A 2(9.81) 2(9.81) 9.81
9.81
202m
10 E = 204.854m E = 210.24m
200m

DATUM
5 PIPES
HEADLOSS IN NOZZLE

𝑉𝑛 2 1
ℎ𝑛 = 2
−1
2𝑔 𝐶𝑣
QUESTION: A 180m rubber cottonlined hose having a diameter of 75mm is attached to a
hydrant at P=410kPa during the flow. Assume the hose is horizontal. F = 0.024
a. At what rate will water be discharged through the rubber cottonlined hose?
b. If 25mm nozzle is attached to the hose, what would be the expected headloss if P =
480 kPa at the hydrant is maintained. Cv= 0.96
c. Discharge of nozzle

2 2 0.0826(0.024)(180)𝑄2
Figure Solution 𝑉𝐴 𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐵 𝑃𝐵 41.79 =
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝐻𝐿 (0.075)5
11 2𝑔 𝛿 2𝑔 𝛿 𝑚3
a. Q = 0.0167 𝑠
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝐵 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 𝑍𝐴 = 𝑍𝐵
𝑉𝐴 2 410 𝑉𝐵 2
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + 0 + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝐻𝐿
ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO
2𝑔 9.81 2𝑔
HL = 41.79
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
QUESTION: A 180m rubber cottonlined hose having a diameter of 75mm is attached to a
hydrant at P=410kPa during the flow. Assume the hose is horizontal. F = 0.024
b. If 25mm nozzle is attached to the hose, what would be the expected headloss if P =
480 kPa at the hydrant is maintained. Cv= 0.96

Figure Solution b. Q =AV

𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝐵
𝜋 𝜋
(0.075)2 𝑉𝐴 = (0.025)2 𝑉𝐵
4 4
4.418𝑋10 𝑉𝐴 = 4. 908𝑋10−4 𝑉𝐵
−3

𝑉𝐵 = 9𝑉𝐴
Headloss = Hose and nozzle
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 𝑉𝑛 2 1
HL = HL = + −1
𝐷2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐶𝑣 2
12 (0.024)(180)𝑉𝐴 2 𝑉𝐵 2 1
HL = + −1
(0.075)2𝑔 2𝑔 (0.96)2
HL = 2.936𝑉𝐴 2 +0.351𝑉𝐴 2
HL = 3.287 𝑉𝐴 2
ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
Solution

Q =AV 𝑉𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐵 2 𝑃𝐵
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝐵 + + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝐻𝐿
𝜋 𝜋
2𝑔 𝛿 2𝑔 𝛿
(0.075)2 𝑉𝐴 = (0.025)2 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐴 2 480 (9𝑉𝐴 )2
4 4
4.418𝑋10 𝑉𝐴 = 4. 908𝑋10−4 𝑉𝐵
−3 + + 𝑍𝐴 = + 0 + 𝑍𝐵 + 3.287 𝑉𝐴 2
2𝑔 9.81 2𝑔
𝑉𝐵 = 9𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐴 = 2.578m/s
Headloss = Hose and nozzle 𝑉𝐵 = 9 2.578 = 23.202𝑚/𝑠
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 𝑉𝑛 2 1 (0.024)(180)(2.578)2 (23.202_2
HL = HL = + −1 HL = +
1
−1
𝐷2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐶𝑣 2 (0.075)2𝑔 2𝑔 (0.96)2
(0.024)(180)𝑉𝐴 2 𝑉𝐵 2 1 b.
HL = + −1 HL = 3.287 𝑉𝐴 2
(0.075)2𝑔 2𝑔 (0.96)2
HL = 3.287 (2.578)2
HL = 2.936𝑉𝐴 2 +0.351𝑉𝐴 2
HL = 21.85m
= 3.287 𝑉𝐴 2
HL13
c. Q=AV
𝜋
Q = (0.025)2 (23.202)
4
𝑚3
Q = 0.0114
𝑠
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
PUMP is basically used
to increase the head.

Note: The input power (Pinput) of

the pump is electrical energy and
its output power (Pout) is the flow
energy.

v12 P1 v22 P2
PUMP + + z1 + H.A.= + + z2 + H.L.
2g 2g
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
TURBINE or motor extract
flow energy to do mechanical work
which in turn converted to electrical
energy for turbines.

v12 P1 v22 P2
+ + z1 - H.E.= + + z2 + H.L.
2g 2g
v12 P1 v22 P2
+ + z1 + + + z2 + H.L. + H.E
2g 2g
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
POWER Is rate at which Pump
work is done.
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝜹𝑸𝑯𝑨
Note: 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
1hp = 746 watts
Effpump = 𝒙100
𝑷𝒊𝒏

Turbine

𝑷 = 𝜹𝑸𝑬 𝑷𝒊𝒏 = 𝜹𝑸𝑯𝑬

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
Effpump = 𝒙100
𝑷𝒊𝒏
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
QUESTION: SG = 1.26 is being in a pipeline from A to B. The diameter of A is 600mm and the
pressure is 300kPa. At B the pipe diameter is 300mm and the pressure is 330kPa. Point B is
1m lower than A. If the pump puts 16 kW into the flow and neglecting headlosses.
Determine: P = QδE P = QδHA 1.29
a. Q P = QδHA 16= Q(9.81)(1.26)(HA)
HA = 𝑄
b. HA? P= QδHE 1.29
HA = 𝑄 HA =
1.29

c. Input HP if E = 80% 0.418

HA = 3.09m

Solution QA = 𝑄𝐵
Figure Q = AV
𝑄𝛿𝐻𝐴
a. VA 2 PA VB 2 PB
HP = + + 𝑍𝐴 + 𝐻. 𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + HL
746
(0.418)(9810)(1.26)(3.09) 2g δ 2g δ
HP = Q = A 𝑉𝐵
746 Q = A 𝑉𝐴 𝜋
HP = 21.40hp (output) 𝜋 2 Q = (0.3)2
𝑉𝐵
Q = (0.6) 𝑉𝐴 4
OUT 4
Eff = (100) 𝑉𝐵 = 14.147Q
IN 𝑉𝐴 = 3.537Q
21.40 (3.537𝑄)2 300 2
80% = (100) 1.29 (14.147𝑄) 330
IN + + 1 + 𝐻. 𝐴 = + + 0 + HL
Input hp = 26.75hp 2g 9.81(1.26) 𝑄 2g 9.81(1.26)
𝑚3
Q= 0.418
𝑠
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
QUESTION:

GIVEN

C = 120
𝑙𝑖𝑡
Q = 150
𝑠𝑒𝑐
L = 100m

a. 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85 b. VA 2 PA VB 2 PB
HL = + + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝐻𝐸 + HL
𝐶 1.85 𝐷4.87
10.67(100)(0.15)1.85 2g δ 2g δ
HL = 0 + 0 + 150 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 𝐻𝐸 + 3.89
(120)1.85 (0.25)4.87
HL = 3.89m HE = 146.11m
c. P = QδHE
P = (0.15)(9.81)(146.11)
P = 215kW