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Engineering Electromagnetics 9th solution

Engineering Electromagnetics (Chungnam National University)

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CHAPTER 3 – 9th Edition

3.1. Suppose that the Faraday concentric sphere experiment is performed in free space using a central
charge at the origin, 𝑄1 , and with hemispheres of radius 𝑎. A second charge 𝑄2 (this time a point
charge) is located at distance 𝑅 from 𝑄1 , where 𝑅 >> 𝑎.

a) What is the force on the point charge before the hemispheres are assembled around 𝑄1 ? This
will be simply the force beween two point charges, or
𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐅= 𝐚𝑟
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅2

b) What is the force on the point charge after the hemispheres are assembled but before they are
discharged? The answer will be the same as in part 𝑎 because induced charge 𝑄1 now resides
as a surface charge layer on the sphere exterior. This produces the same electric field at the 𝑄2
location as before, and so the force acting on 𝑄2 is the same.
c) What is the force on the point charge after the hemispheres are assembled and after they are
discharged? Discharging the hemispheres (connecting them to ground) neutralizes the positive
outside surface charge layer, thus zeroing the net field outside the sphere. The force on 𝑄2 is now
zero.
d) Qualitatively, describe what happens as 𝑄2 is moved toward the sphere assembly to the extent
that the condition 𝑅 >> 𝑎 is no longer valid. 𝑄2 itself begins to induce negative surface charge
on the sphere. An attractive force thus begins to strengthen as the charge moves closer. The point
charge field approximation used in parts 𝑎 through 𝑐 is no longer valid.

3.2. An electric field in free space is 𝐄 = (5𝑧2 ∕𝜖0 ) 𝐚̂ 𝑧 V/m. Find the total charge contained within a
cube, centered at the origin, of 4-m side length, in which all sides are parallel to coordinate axes (and
therefore each side intersects an axis at ±2.

The flux density is 𝐃 = 𝜖0 𝐄 = 5𝑧2 𝐚𝑧 . As 𝐃 is 𝑧-directed only, it will intersect only the top and
bottom surfaces (both parallel to the 𝑥-𝑦 plane). From Gauss’ law, the charge in the cube is equal
to the net outward flux of 𝐃, which in this case is
2 2 2 2

∮ ∫−2 ∫−2 ∫−2 ∫−2

𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 𝐃 ⋅ 𝐧 𝑑𝑎 = 5(2)2 𝐚𝑧 ⋅ 𝐚𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 5(−2)2 𝐚𝑧 ⋅ (−𝐚𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

where the first and second integrals on the far right are over the top and bottom surfaces
respectively.

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3.3. Consider an electric dipole in free space, consisting of a point charge 𝑞 at location 𝑧 = +𝑑∕2, and a
point charge −𝑞 at location 𝑧 = −𝑑∕2. The electric field intensity in the 𝑥𝑦 plane is (see Problem 2.7):
−𝑞𝑑 𝐚𝑧
𝐄=
4𝜋𝜖0 [𝜌2 + (𝑑∕2)2 ]3∕2

where 𝜌 is the radius from the origin in cylindrical coordinates.

a) Determine the net electric flux associated with this field that penetrates the 𝑥𝑦 plane:
The flux will be

∫ ∫𝑥𝑦
Ψ𝑒 = 𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 where 𝐃 = 𝜖0 𝐄 and 𝑑𝐒 = −𝐚𝑧 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙

Over the entire 𝑥𝑦 plane, the flus is then:

2𝜋 ∞
−𝑞𝑑𝐚𝑧 ⋅ (−𝐚𝑧 ) 2𝜋𝑞𝑑 ∞
∫0 ∫0 4𝜋[𝜌2 + (𝑑∕2)2 ]3∕2 4𝜋 ∫0 [𝜌2 + (𝑑∕2)2 ]3∕2
𝜌𝑑𝜌
Ψ𝑒 = 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙 =

𝑞𝑑 −1 |∞
= | =𝑞
2 [𝜌2 + (𝑑∕2)2 ]1∕2 |0

b) Interpret your result as it relates to Gauss’ Law: In the dipole configuration, all field lines termi-
nate on the two charges. Therefore, a closed surface that is drawn around the upper charge, and
which includes the entire 𝑥𝑦 plane will show outward flux that passes through the 𝑥𝑦 plane only.
This flux will equal the enclosed charge of 𝑞.

3.4. An electric field in free space is 𝐄 = (5𝑧3 ∕𝜖0 ) 𝐚̂ 𝑧 V/m. Find the total charge contained within a sphere
of 3-m radius, centered at the origin. Using Gauss’ law, we set up the integral in free space over the
sphere surface, whose outward unit normal is 𝐚𝑟 :
2𝜋 𝜋

∮ ∫0 ∫0
𝑄= 𝜖0 𝐄 ⋅ 𝐧 𝑑𝑎 = 5𝑧3 𝐚𝑧 ⋅ 𝐚𝑟 (3)2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙

where in this case 𝑧 = 3 cos 𝜃 and (in all cases) 𝐚𝑧 ⋅ 𝐚𝑟 = cos 𝜃. These are substituted to yield
𝜋 ( )
∫0
1 |𝜋
𝑄 = 2𝜋 5(3)5 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = −2𝜋(5)(3)5 cos5 𝜃 | = 972𝜋
5 |0

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3.5. A volume charge distribution in free space is characterized by the density:

𝑞
𝜌𝑣 = exp(−|𝑧|∕𝑑)
2𝐴𝑑
where 𝑑 is a distance along 𝑧, 𝐴 is the area of a surface parallel to the 𝑥𝑦 plane, and 𝑞 is a fixed charge
quantity. The charge distribution exists everywhere.

a) Find the electric field intensity 𝐄 everywhere: Choose a Gaussian surface of thickness 2𝑧0 , with
surfaces of area 𝐴 located at 𝑧 = ±𝑧0 . From symmetry, the presumed 𝐃 field will be directed
along +𝐚𝑧 for 𝑧 > 0, and along −𝐚𝑧 for 𝑧 < 0. It will therefore penetrate only the aforementioned
surfaces. Gauss’ Law takes the form:
𝑧0

∮ ∫0
𝑞
𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 2𝐴1 |𝐷𝑧 | = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 2𝐴1 exp(−𝑧∕𝑑) 𝑑𝑧
2𝐴𝑑

Therefore
𝑞 [ ] 𝑞 [ ]
|𝐷𝑧 | = 1 − exp(−𝑧0 ∕𝑑) ⇒ 𝐄(𝑧) = ± 1 − exp(−|𝑧|∕𝑑) 𝐚𝑧 V∕m
2𝐴 2𝜖0 𝐴

where the positive sign applies for 𝑧 > 0, the negative sign for 𝑧 < 0.
b) What is the interpretation of 𝑞? 𝑞 would be the charge contained within a volume of infinite
length in 𝑧, and of cross-sectional area 𝐴.

3.6. In free space, volume charge of constant density 𝜌𝑣 = 𝜌0 exists within the region −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞,
−∞ < 𝑦 < ∞, and −𝑑∕2 < 𝑧 < 𝑑∕2. Find 𝐃 and 𝐄 everywhere.

From the symmetry of the configuration, we surmise that the field will be everywhere 𝑧-directed,
and will be uniform with 𝑥 and 𝑦 at fixed 𝑧. For finding the field inside the charge, an appropriate
Gaussian surface will be that which encloses a rectangular region defined by −1 < 𝑥 < 1,
−1 < 𝑦 < 1, and |𝑧| < 𝑑∕2. The outward flux from this surface will be limited to that through
the two parallel surfaces at ±𝑧:
1 1 𝑧 1 1

∮ ∫−1 ∫−1 ∫−𝑧 ∫−1 ∫−1

Φ𝑖𝑛 = 𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 2 𝐷𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 𝜌0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧′

where the factor of 2 in the second integral account for the equal fluxes through the two surfaces.
The above readily simplifies, as both 𝐷𝑧 and 𝜌0 are constants, leading to
𝐃𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌0 𝑧 𝐚𝑧 C∕m2 (|𝑧| < 𝑑∕2), and therefore 𝐄𝑖𝑛 = (𝜌0 𝑧∕𝜖0 ) 𝐚𝑧 V∕m (|𝑧| < 𝑑∕2).
Outside the charge, the Gaussian surface is the same, except that the parallel boundaries at ±𝑧
occur at |𝑧| > 𝑑∕2. As a result, the calculation is nearly the same as before, with the only change
being the limits on the total charge integral:
1 1 𝑑∕2 1 1

∮ ∫−1 ∫−1 ∫−𝑑∕2 ∫−1 ∫−1

Φ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 2 𝐷𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 𝜌0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧′

Solve for 𝐷𝑧 to find the constant values:

{ {
(𝜌0 𝑑∕2) 𝐚𝑧 (𝑧 > 𝑑∕2) 2 (𝜌0 𝑑∕2𝜖0 ) 𝐚𝑧 (𝑧 > 𝑑∕2)
𝐃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = C∕m and 𝐄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = V∕m
−(𝜌0 𝑑∕2) 𝐚𝑧 (𝑧 < 𝑑∕2) −(𝜌0 𝑑∕2𝜖0 ) 𝐚𝑧 (𝑧 < 𝑑∕2)

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3.7. A spherically symmetric charge distribution in free space is characterized by the charge density
𝑞𝑏
𝜌𝑣 = 2
exp(−𝑏𝑟) C∕m3 (0 < 𝑟 < ∞)
𝑟
a) Find the electric field intensity, 𝐄(𝑟), everywhere: By symmetry, the field will be radially di-
rected, so Gauss’ Law can be applied to a spherical surface of radius 𝑟:
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑟

∮𝑟 ∫𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙. 𝑣𝑜𝑙 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑟′ )2

𝑞𝑏
𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 4𝜋𝑟2 𝐷𝑟 = 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = exp[−𝑏(𝑟′ )2 ] (𝑟′ )2 sin 𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
𝑟

∫0
= 4𝜋𝑞𝑏 exp[−𝑏(𝑟′ )2 ] = 4𝜋𝑞[1 − exp(−𝑏𝑟)]

Therefore
[ ] [ ]
1 − exp(−𝑏𝑟) 2 𝑞 1 − exp(−𝑏𝑟)
𝐃(𝑟) = 𝑞 𝐚𝑟 C∕m ⇒ 𝐄(𝑟) = 𝐚𝑟 V∕m
𝑟2 𝜖0 𝑟2

b) Find the total charge present: From the right hand side of Gauss’ Law, we found the charge
enclosed within a sphere of radius 𝑟, which is 𝑄(𝑟) = 4𝜋𝑞[1 − exp(−𝑏𝑟)]. The total charge
present will be this result evaluated as 𝑟 → ∞, or 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 4𝜋𝑞.

3.8. Use Gauss’s law in integral form to show that an inverse distance field in spherical coordinates, 𝐃 =
𝐴𝐚𝑟 ∕𝑟, where 𝐴 is a constant, requires every spherical shell of 1 m thickness to contain 4𝜋𝐴 coulombs
of charge. Does this indicate a continuous charge distribution? If so, find the charge density variation
with 𝑟.

The net outward flux of this field through a spherical surface of radius 𝑟 is
2𝜋 𝜋

∮ ∫0 ∫0
𝐴
Φ= 𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 𝐚 ⋅ 𝐚 𝑟2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 = 4𝜋𝐴𝑟 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

We see from this that with every increase in 𝑟 by one m, the enclosed charge increases by 4𝜋𝐴
(done). It is evident that the charge density is continuous, and we can find the density indirectly
by constructing the integral for the enclosed charge, in which we already found the latter from
Gauss’s law:
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑟 𝑟

∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 4𝜋𝐴𝑟 = 𝜌(𝑟′ ) (𝑟′ )2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟′ 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 = 4𝜋 𝜌(𝑟′ ) (𝑟′ )2 𝑑𝑟′

To obtain the correct enclosed charge, the integrand must be 𝜌(𝑟) = 𝐴∕𝑟2 .

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3.9. A sphere of radius 𝑎 in free space contains charge of density 𝜌𝑣 = 𝜌0 𝑟∕𝑎, where 𝜌0 is a constant.

a) Find the electric field intensity, 𝐄𝐼 , inside the sphere: Noting from symmetry that 𝐃 will be
radially directed and will vary only with radius, we apply Gauss’ Law to a spherical surface of
radius 𝑟 < 𝑎, within the charge. On that surface we have
𝑟
𝜌0 𝑟′ ′ 2 𝑟4
∮𝑠 ∫𝑣 ∫0
𝐃𝐼 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 4𝜋𝑟2 𝐷𝐼 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 4𝜋 (𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑟 = 4𝜋𝜌0
𝑎 4𝑎

So
𝜌0 𝑟2 𝜌 𝑟2
𝐷𝐼 = C∕m2 ⇒ 𝐄𝐼 = 0 𝐚𝑟 V∕m (𝑟 < 𝑎)
4𝑎 4𝜖0 𝑎

b) Find the electric field intensity, 𝐄𝐼𝐼 , outside the sphere: The Gaussian surface of radius 𝑟 is now
positioned outside the sphere. Gauss’ Law for that surface becomes:
𝑎
𝜌0 𝑟′ ′ 2 𝑎3
∮𝑠 ∫𝑣 ∫0
𝐃𝐼𝐼 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 4𝜋𝑟2 𝐷𝐼𝐼 = 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 4𝜋 (𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑟 = 4𝜋𝜌0
𝑎 4

which gives
𝜌0 𝑎3 𝜌0 𝑎3
𝐷𝐼𝐼 = C∕m2 ⇒ 𝐄𝐼𝐼 = 𝐚𝑟 V∕m (𝑟 > 𝑎)
4𝑟2 4𝜖0 𝑟2
Note that 𝐄𝐼 = 𝐄𝐼𝐼 at 𝑟 = 𝑎, which will be true as long as both regions have the same permittivity
(more about this in Chapter 5).
c) A spherical shell of radius 𝑏 (where 𝑏 > 𝑎) is positioned concentrically around the sphere. What
surface charge density, 𝜌𝑠 , must exist on the shell so that the electric field at locations 𝑟 > 𝑏
is zero? For zero field in the region 𝑟 > 𝑏, a concentric Gaussian surface drawn in that region
must enclose zero net charge. This means that the volume and surface charges must be equal and
opposite to each other. We express this through the condition:

−𝜌0 𝑎3
4𝜋𝑏2 𝜌𝑠 = −𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −𝜋𝜌0 𝑎3 ⇒ 𝜌𝑠 = C∕m2
4𝑏2

Note that this result is equivalent to −𝐷𝐼𝐼 at 𝑟 = 𝑏.

d) What electrostatic force per unit area is exerted by the solid sphere on the spherical shell? This
will be the charge per unit area on the shell times the field from the interior charge evaluated at
the shell radius:
𝐅 | −𝜌0 𝑎3 𝜌0 𝑎3 −𝜌20 𝑎6
= 𝜌𝑠 𝐄𝐼𝐼 | = 𝐚𝑟 = 𝐚𝑟 N∕m2
𝐴 |𝑟=𝑏 4𝑏2 4𝜖0 𝑏2 16𝜖0 𝑏4

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3.10. An infinitely long cylindrical dielectric of radius 𝑏 contains charge within its volume of density 𝜌𝑣 =
𝑎𝜌2 , where 𝑎 is a constant. Find the electric field strength, 𝐄, both inside and outside the cylinder.

Inside, we note from symmetry that 𝐃 will be radially-directed, in the manner of a line charge
field. So we apply Gauss’ law to a cylindrical surface of radius 𝜌, concentric with the charge
distribution, having unit length in 𝑧, and where 𝜌 < 𝑏. The outward normal to the surface is 𝐚𝜌 .

1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 𝜌

∮ ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝐃 ⋅ 𝐧 𝑑𝑎 = 𝐷𝜌 𝐚𝜌 ⋅ 𝐚𝜌 𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 𝑎(𝜌′ )2 𝜌′ 𝑑𝜌′ 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧

in which the dummy variable 𝜌′ must be used in the far-right integral because the upper radial
limit is 𝜌. 𝐷𝜌 is constant over the surface and can be factored outside the integral. Evaluating
both integrals leads to
( ) 𝑎𝜌3 𝑎𝜌3
1 4
2𝜋(1)𝜌𝐷𝜌 = 2𝜋𝑎 𝜌 ⇒ 𝐷𝜌 = or 𝐄𝑖𝑛 = 𝐚 (𝜌 < 𝑏)
4 4 4𝜖0 𝜌

To find the field outside the cylinder, we apply Gauss’ law to a cylinder of radius 𝜌 > 𝑏. The
setup now changes only by the upper radius limit for the charge integral, which is now the charge
radius, 𝑏:
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 𝑏

∮ ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝐃 ⋅ 𝐧 𝑑𝑎 = 𝐷𝜌 𝐚𝜌 ⋅ 𝐚𝜌 𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 𝑎𝜌2 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧

where the dummy variable is no longer needed. Evaluating as before, the result is

𝑎𝑏4 𝑎𝑏4
𝐷𝜌 = or 𝐄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐚 (𝜌 > 𝑏)
4𝜌 4𝜖0 𝜌 𝜌

3.11. Consider a cylindrical charge distribution having an infinite length in 𝑧, but which has a radial depen-
dence in charge density given by the gaussian, 𝜌𝑣 (𝜌) = 𝜌0 exp[−(𝜌∕𝑏)2 ] C∕m3 , where 𝑏 is a constant.

a) Find the electric field intensity 𝐄 at large radii, 𝜌 >> 𝑏. This enables the enclosed charge integral
in Gauss’ Law to be approximated using an infinite upper limit in radius: Choose a cylindrical
Gaussian surface of radius 𝜌 >> 𝑏 and of unit length in 𝑧, that is concentric with the charge.
Also assume that 𝐃 = 𝐷𝜌 𝐚𝜌 is uniform over the surface. Gauss’ Law is thus written:

1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 ∞

∮ ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
. 2 ∕𝑏2
𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 𝐷𝜌 𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋(1)𝜌𝐷𝜌 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 𝜌0 𝑒−𝜌 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝑧

which becomes
∞
𝑏2
∫0
. 2 ∕𝑏2
2𝜋𝜌𝐷𝜌 = 2𝜋𝜌0 𝜌𝑒−𝜌 𝑑𝜌 = 2𝜋𝜌0
2
Therefore
. 𝜌 𝑏2 . 𝜌 𝑏2
𝐷𝜌 = 0 and thus 𝐄 = 0 𝐚𝜌 V∕m (𝜌 >> 𝑏)
2𝜌 2𝜖0 𝜌

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3.11 b) Compare your result to the field outside a charged cylinder of radius 𝑏 containing uniform charge
density 𝜌0 : The setup is the same as in part 𝑎, except the charge integral is taken only to radius
𝑏, over the constant charge density:
1 2𝜋 𝑏
𝜌0 𝑏2
∫0 ∫0 ∫0
2𝜋𝜌𝐷𝜌 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 𝜌0 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝑧 = 𝜋𝜌0 𝑏2 ⇒ 𝐷𝜌 =
2𝜌
and thus 𝐄 is the same as in part 𝑎!

3.12. The sun radiates a total power of about 3.86 × 1026 watts (W). If we imagine the sun’s surface to be
marked off in latitude and longitude and assume uniform radiation,

a) What power is radiated by the region lying between latitude 50◦ N and 60◦ N and longitude 12◦
W and 27◦ W?
50◦ N lattitude and 60◦ N lattitude correspond respectively to 𝜃 = 40◦ and 𝜃 = 30◦ . 12◦ and 27◦
correspond directly to the limits on 𝜙. Since the sun for our purposes is spherically-symmetric,
the flux density emitted by it is 𝐈 = 3.86 × 1026 ∕(4𝜋𝑟2 ) 𝐚𝑟 W∕m2 . The required power is now
found through
27◦ 40◦
3.86 × 1026
∫12◦ ∫30◦
𝑃1 = 𝐚𝑟 ⋅ 𝐚𝑟 𝑟2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
4𝜋𝑟2
[ ] ( )
3.86 × 1026 2𝜋
= cos(30◦ ) − cos(40◦ ) (27◦ − 12◦ ) = 8.1 × 1023 W
4𝜋 360
b) What is the power density on a spherical surface 93,000,000 miles from the sun in W∕m2 ?
First, 93,000,000 miles = 155,000,000 km = 1.55 × 1011 m. Use this distance in the flux density
expression above to obtain
3.86 × 1026
𝐈= 𝐚𝑟 = 1200 𝐚𝑟 W∕m2
4𝜋(1.55 × 1011 )2
3.13. Spherical surfaces at 𝑟 = 2, 4, and 6 m carry uniform surface charge densities of 20 nC∕m2 , −4 nC∕m2 ,
and 𝜌𝑠0 , respectively.
a) Find 𝐃 at 𝑟 = 1, 3 and 5 m: Noting that the charges are spherically-symmetric, we ascertain that
𝐃 will be radially-directed and will vary only with radius. Thus, we apply Gauss’ law to spherical
shells in the following regions: 𝑟 < 2: Here, no charge is enclosed, and so 𝐷𝑟 = 0.
80 × 10−9
2 < 𝑟 < 4 ∶ 4𝜋𝑟2 𝐷𝑟 = 4𝜋(2)2 (20 × 10−9 ) ⇒ 𝐷𝑟 = 2
C∕m2
𝑟
So 𝐷𝑟 (𝑟 = 3) = 8.9 × 10−9 C∕m2 .
16 × 10−9
4 < 𝑟 < 6 ∶ 4𝜋𝑟2 𝐷𝑟 = 4𝜋(2)2 (20 × 10−9 ) + 4𝜋(4)2 (−4 × 10−9 ) ⇒ 𝐷𝑟 =
𝑟2
So 𝐷𝑟 (𝑟 = 5) = 6.4 × 10−10 C∕m2 .

b) Determine 𝜌𝑠0 such that 𝐃 = 0 at 𝑟 = 7 m. Since fields will decrease as 1∕𝑟2 , the question could
be re-phrased to ask for 𝜌𝑠0 such that 𝐃 = 0 at all points where 𝑟 > 6 m. In this region, the total
field will be
2
16 × 10−9 𝜌𝑠0 (6)
𝐷𝑟 (𝑟 > 6) = +
𝑟2 𝑟2
Requiring this to be zero, we find 𝜌𝑠0 = −(4∕9) × 10 C∕m2 .
−9

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3.14. A certain light-emitting diode (LED) is centered at the origin with its surface in the 𝑥𝑦 plane. At far
distances, the LED appears as a point, but the glowing surface geometry produces a far-field radiation
pattern that follows a raised cosine law: That is, the optical power (flux) density in Watts/m2 is given
in spherical coordinates by
cos2 𝜃
𝐏𝑑 = 𝑃0 𝐚𝑟 Watts∕m2
2𝜋𝑟2
where 𝜃 is the angle measured with respect to the normal to the LED surface (in this case, the 𝑧 axis),
and 𝑟 is the radial distance from the origin at which the power is detected.

a) Find, in terms of 𝑃0 , the total power in Watts emitted in the upper half-space by the LED: We
evaluate the surface integral of the power density over a hemispherical surface of radius 𝑟:
2𝜋 𝜋∕2
cos2 𝜃 𝑃 |𝜋∕2 𝑃0
∫0 ∫0
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃0 𝐚𝑟 ⋅ 𝐚𝑟 𝑟2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 = − 0 cos3 𝜃 | =
2𝜋𝑟 2 3 |0 3

b) Find the cone angle, 𝜃1 , within which half the total power is radiated; i.e., within the range
0 < 𝜃 < 𝜃1 : We perform the same integral as in part 𝑎 except the upper limit for 𝜃 is now 𝜃1 .
The result must be one-half that of part 𝑎, so we write:
( )
𝑃𝑡 𝑃 𝑃 |𝜃1 𝑃 ( ) 1
= 0 = − 0 cos3 𝜃 | = 0 1 − cos3 𝜃1 ⇒ 𝜃1 = cos−1 1∕3 = 37.5◦
2 6 3 |0 3 2

c) An optical detector, having a 1 mm2 cross-sectional area, is positioned at 𝑟 = 1 m and at 𝜃 = 45◦ ,

such that it faces the LED. If one nanowatt (stated in error as 1mW) is measured by the detector,
what (to a very good estimate) is the value of 𝑃0 ? Start with

cos2 (45◦ ) 𝑃0
𝐏𝑑 (45◦ ) = 𝑃0 𝐚 𝑟 = 𝐚𝑟
2𝜋𝑟2 4𝜋𝑟2
Then the detected power in a 1-mm2 area at 𝑟 = 1 m approximates as
. 𝑃 .
𝑃 [𝑊 ] = 0 × 10−6 = 10−9 ⇒ 𝑃0 = 4𝜋 × 10−3 W
4𝜋
If the originally stated 1mW value is used for the detected power, the answer would have been
4𝜋 kW (!).

3.15. Volume charge density is located as follows: 𝜌𝑣 = 0 for 𝜌 < 1 mm and for 𝜌 > 2 mm, 𝜌𝑣 = 4𝜌 𝜇C∕m3
for 1 < 𝜌 < 2 mm.

a) Calculate the total charge in the region 0 < 𝜌 < 𝜌1 , 0 < 𝑧 < 𝐿, where 1 < 𝜌1 < 2 mm: We find,
𝐿 2𝜋 𝜌1

∫0 ∫0 ∫.001
8𝜋𝐿 3
𝑄= 4𝜌 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧 = [𝜌1 − 10−9 ] 𝜇C
3

b) Use Gauss’ law to determine 𝐷𝜌 at 𝜌 = 𝜌1 : Gauss’ law states that 2𝜋𝜌1 𝐿𝐷𝜌 = 𝑄, where 𝑄 is the
result of part 𝑎. So, with 𝜌1 in meters,

4(𝜌31 − 10−9 )
𝐷𝜌 (𝜌1 ) = 𝜇C∕m2
3𝜌1

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3.15 c) Evaluate 𝐷𝜌 at 𝜌 = 0.8 mm, 1.6 mm, and 2.4 mm: At 𝜌 = 0.8 mm, no charge is enclosed by a
cylindrical gaussian surface of that radius, so 𝐷𝜌 (0.8mm) = 0. At 𝜌 = 1.6 mm, we evaluate the
part 𝑏 result at 𝜌1 = 1.6 to obtain:

4[(.0016)3 − (.0010)3 ]
𝐷𝜌 (1.6mm) = = 3.6 × 10−6 𝜇C∕m2
3(.0016)
At 𝜌 = 2.4, we evaluate the charge integral of part 𝑎 from .001 to .002, and Gauss’ law is written
as
8𝜋𝐿
2𝜋𝜌𝐿𝐷𝜌 = [(.002)2 − (.001)2 ] 𝜇C
3
from which 𝐷𝜌 (2.4mm) = 3.9 × 10−6 𝜇C∕m2 .

3.16. An electric flux density is given by 𝐃 = 𝐷0 𝐚𝜌 , where 𝐷0 is a given constant.

a) What charge density generates this field? Charge density is found by taking the divergence: With
radial 𝐃 only, we have
1 𝑑 𝐷
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = (𝜌𝐷0 ) = 0 C∕m3
𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝜌

b) For the specified field, what total charge is contained within a cylinder of radius 𝑎 and height 𝑏,
where the cylinder axis is the 𝑧 axis? We can either integrate the charge density over the specified
volume, or integrate 𝐃 over the surface that contains the specified volume:
𝑏 2𝜋 𝑎 𝑏 2𝜋
𝐷0
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝑄= 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧 = 𝐷0 𝐚𝜌 ⋅ 𝐚𝜌 𝑎 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑎𝑏𝐷0 C
𝜌

3.17. In a region having spherical symmetry, volume charge is distributed according to:

sin(𝜋𝑟∕𝑎)
𝜌𝑣 (𝑟) = 𝜌0 C∕m2
𝑟2
Find the surfaces on which 𝐄 = 0: By Gauss’ Law, these will be spherical surfaces, of radii 𝑟0 say,
within which the total charge is zero. We have
𝑟0 [ ]
sin(𝜋𝑟∕𝑎) 2
∫ ∫ ∫𝑣 ∫0
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 4𝜋 𝜌0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 4𝑎𝜌0 1 − cos(𝜋𝑟 0 ∕𝑎) C
𝑟2
This will be zero when cos(𝜋𝑟0 ∕𝑎) = +1 or when 𝑟0 = 2𝑚𝑎 where 𝑚 = 1, 2, 3....

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3.18. State whether the divergence of the following vector fields is positive, negative, or zero:

a) the thermal energy flow in J∕(m2 − s) at any point in a freezing ice cube: One way to visualize
this is to consider that heat is escaping through the surface of the ice cube as it freezes. Therefore
the net outward flux of thermal energy through the surface is positive. Calling the thermal flux
density 𝐅, the divergence theorem says

∮𝑠 ∫𝑣
𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐅 𝑑𝑣

and so if we identify the left integral as positive, the right integral (and its integrand) must also
be positive. Answer: positive.
b) the current density in A∕m2 in a bus bar carrying direct current: In this case, we have no accu-
mulation or dissipation of charge within any small volume, since current is dc; this also means
that the net outward current flux through the surface that surrounds any small volume is zero.
Therefore the divergence must be zero.
c) the mass flow rate in kg∕(m2 − s) below the surface of water in a basin, in which the water is
circulating clockwise as viewed from above: Here again, taking any small volume in the water,
the net outward flow through the surface that surrounds the small volume is zero; i.e., there is
no accumulation or dissipation of mass that would result in a change in density at any point.
Divergence is therefore zero.

3.19. A spherical surface of radius 3 mm is centered at 𝑃 (4, 1, 5) in free space. Let 𝐃 = 𝑥𝐚𝑥 C∕m2 . Use the
.
results of Sec. 3.4 to estimate the net electric flux leaving the spherical surface: We use Φ = ∇ ⋅ 𝐃Δ𝑣,
where in this case ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = (𝜕∕𝜕𝑥)𝑥 = 1 C∕m3 . Thus
. 4
Φ = 𝜋(.003)3 (1) = 1.13 × 10−7 C = 113 nC
3

3.20. A radial electric field distribution in free space is given in spherical coordinates as:

(𝑟 ≤ 𝑎)
𝑟𝜌0
𝐄1 = 𝐚
3𝜖0 𝑟

(𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏)
(2𝑎3 − 𝑟3 )𝜌0
𝐄2 = 𝐚𝑟
3𝜖0 𝑟2

(𝑟 ≥ 𝑏)
(2𝑎3 − 𝑏3 )𝜌0
𝐄3 = 𝐚𝑟
3𝜖0 𝑟2
where 𝜌0 , 𝑎, and 𝑏 are constants.

a) Determine the volume charge density in the entire region (0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ ∞) by appropriate use of
∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = 𝜌𝑣 . We find 𝜌𝑣 by taking the divergence of 𝐃 in all three regions, where 𝐃 = 𝜖0 𝐄. As 𝐃
has only a radial component, the divergences become:
( 3 )
(𝑟 ≤ 𝑎)
1 𝑑 ( 2 ) 1 𝑑 𝑟 𝜌0
𝜌𝑣1 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐃1 = 2 𝑟 𝐷1 = 2 = 𝜌0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 3

(𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏)
( )
1 𝑑 ( 2 ) 1 𝑑 1 3
𝜌𝑣2 = 2 𝑟 𝐷2 = 2 (2𝑎 − 𝑟3 )𝜌0 = −𝜌0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 3
(𝑟 ≥ 𝑏)
( )
1 𝑑 ( 2 ) 1 𝑑 1 3
𝜌𝑣3 = 2 𝑟 𝐷3 = 2 (2𝑎 − 𝑏3 )𝜌0 = 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 3

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3.20 b) Find, in terms of given parameters, the total charge, 𝑄, within a sphere of radius 𝑟 where 𝑟 > 𝑏.
We integrate the charge densities (piecewise) over the spherical volume of radius 𝑏:
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑎 2𝜋 𝜋 𝑏
4 ( )
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫𝑎
𝑄= 𝜌0 𝑟2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 − 𝜌0 𝑟2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 = 𝜋 2𝑎3 − 𝑏3 𝜌0
3

3.21. In a region exhibiting spherical symmetry, electric flux density is found to be

𝐃1 = 𝜌0 𝑟∕3 𝐚𝑟 (0 < 𝑟 < 𝑎), 𝐃2 = 0 (𝑎 < 𝑟 < 𝑏), and 𝐃3 = (𝑎3 𝜌0 )∕(3𝑟2 ) 𝐚𝑟 (𝑟 > 𝑏).

a) Find the charge configuration that would produce the given field: We use Gauss’ Law in point
form to find: ( 𝑟𝜌 )
1 𝑑
𝜌𝑣1 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐃1 = 2 𝑟2 0 = 𝜌0 C∕m3
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 3
𝜌𝑣2 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐃2 = 0
𝜌𝑣3 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐃3 = 0
To produce zero field in region 2, the enclosed charge within a Gaussian sphere of radius 𝑎 <
𝑟 < 𝑏 must be zero. This is accomplished by a surface charge layer at 𝑟 = 𝑎 whose net charge is
equal and opposite to the total volume charge in the region 𝑟 < 𝑎. The required surface charge
density is
(4∕3)𝜋𝑎3 𝜌0 𝑎𝜌
𝜌𝑠1 (𝑟 = 𝑎) = − 2
= − 0 C∕m2
4𝜋𝑎 3
Then an additional spherical surface charge layer at 𝑟 = 𝑏 is needed to produce 𝐃3 . Applying
Gauss’ Law to a spherical surface at 𝑟 > 𝑏, we find

𝑟2 𝑎3 𝜌0
4𝜋𝑟2 𝐷3 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 4𝜋𝑏2 𝜌𝑠2 ⇒ 𝜌𝑠2 = 𝐷3 =
𝑏2 3𝑏2
or just 𝐷3 evaluated at 𝑟 = 𝑏. Note that the enclosed charge is just that of the outer layer because
the volume charge at 𝑟 < 𝑎 and the surface charge at 𝑟 = 𝑎 combine to give zero.
b) What total charge is present? Again, because the volume and first layer surface charges add to
zero, we are left only with the second layer charge, which is

4𝜋𝑎3 𝜌0
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 4𝜋𝑏2 𝜌𝑠2 = C
3

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3.22. a) A flux density field is given as 𝐅1 = 5𝐚𝑧 . Evaluate the outward flux of 𝐅1 through the hemispher-
ical surface, 𝑟 = 𝑎, 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋∕2, 0 < 𝜙 < 2𝜋.
The flux integral is
2𝜋 𝜋∕2
cos2 𝜃 |𝜋∕2
∫ℎ𝑒𝑚. ∫0 ∫0
Φ1 = 𝐅1 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 5 𝐚𝑧 ⋅ 𝐚𝑟 𝑎2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 = −2𝜋(5)𝑎2 | = 5𝜋𝑎2
⏟⏟⏟ 2 |0
cos 𝜃

b) What simple observation would have saved a lot of work in part 𝑎? The field is constant, and so
the inward flux through the base of the hemisphere (of area 𝜋𝑎2 ) would be equal in magnitude to
the outward flux through the upper surface (the flux through the base is a much easier calculation).
c) Now suppose the field is given by 𝐅2 = 5𝑧𝐚𝑧 . Using the appropriate surface integrals, evaluate
the net outward flux of 𝐅2 through the closed surface consisting of the hemisphere of part 𝑎 and
its circular base in the 𝑥𝑦 plane:
Note that the integral over the base is zero, since 𝐅2 = 0 there. The remaining flux integral is
that over the hemisphere:
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 2𝜋 𝜋∕2

∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
Φ2 = 5𝑧 𝐚𝑧 ⋅ 𝐚𝑟 𝑎2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 = 5(𝑎 cos 𝜃) cos 𝜃 𝑎2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
𝜋∕2

∫0
10 3 |𝜋∕2 10 3
= 10𝜋𝑎3 cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 = − 𝜋𝑎 cos3 𝜃 | = 𝜋𝑎
3 |0 3

d) Repeat part 𝑐 by using the divergence theorem and an appropriate volume integral:
The divergence of 𝐅2 is just 𝑑𝐹2 ∕𝑑𝑧 = 5. We then integrate this over the hemisphere volume,
which in this case involves just multiplying 5 by (2∕3)𝜋𝑎3 , giving the same answer as in part 𝑐.

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3.23. a) A point charge 𝑄 lies at the origin. Show that div 𝐃 is zero everywhere except at the origin. For
a point charge at the origin we know that 𝐃 = 𝑄∕(4𝜋𝑟2 ) 𝐚𝑟 . Using the formula for divergence in
spherical coordinates (see problem 3.21 solution), we find in this case that
( )
1 𝑑 2 𝑄
∇⋅𝐃= 2 𝑟 =0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 4𝜋𝑟2
The above is true provided 𝑟 > 0. When 𝑟 = 0, we have a singularity in 𝐃, so its divergence is
not defined.

b) Replace the point charge with a uniform volume charge density 𝜌𝑣0 for 0 < 𝑟 < 𝑎. Relate 𝜌𝑣0 to
𝑄 and 𝑎 so that the total charge is the same. Find div 𝐃 everywhere: To achieve the same net
charge, we require that (4∕3)𝜋𝑎3 𝜌𝑣0 = 𝑄, so 𝜌𝑣0 = 3𝑄∕(4𝜋𝑎3 ) C∕m3 . Gauss’ law tells us that
inside the charged sphere
4 𝑄𝑟3
4𝜋𝑟2 𝐷𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟3 𝜌𝑣0 = 3
3 𝑎
Thus ( )
𝑄𝑟 2 1 𝑑 𝑄𝑟3 3𝑄
𝐷𝑟 = 3
C∕m and ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = 2 3
=
4𝜋𝑎 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 4𝜋𝑎 4𝜋𝑎3
as expected. Outside the charged sphere, 𝐃 = 𝑄∕(4𝜋𝑟2 ) 𝐚𝑟 as before, and the divergence is zero.

3.24. In a region in free space, electric flux density is found to be:

(−2𝑑 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)
{
𝜌0 (𝑧 + 2𝑑) 𝐚𝑧 C∕m2
(0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2𝑑)
𝐃=
−𝜌0 (𝑧 − 2𝑑) 𝐚𝑧 C∕m 2

Everywhere else, 𝐃 = 0.

a) Using ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = 𝜌𝑣 , find the volume charge density as a function of position everywhere: Use

𝜌0 (−2𝑑 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)
{
𝑑𝐷𝑧
−𝜌0 (0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2𝑑)
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = =
𝑑𝑧

b) determine the electric flux that passes through the surface defined by 𝑧 = 0, −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎,
−𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏: In the 𝑥-𝑦 plane, 𝐃 evaluates as the constant 𝐃(0) = 2𝑑𝜌0 𝐚𝑧 . Therefore the flux
passing through the given area will be
𝑎 𝑏

∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑏
Φ= 2𝑑𝜌0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 8𝑎𝑏𝑑 𝜌0 C

c) determine the total charge contained within the region −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, −𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, −𝑑 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑑:

From part 𝑎, we have equal and opposite charge densities above and below the 𝑥-𝑦 plane. This
means that within a region having equal volumes above and below the plane, the net charge is
zero.
d) determine the total charge contained within the region −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, −𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2𝑑.
In this case,
𝑄 = −𝜌0 (2𝑎) (2𝑏) (2𝑑) = −8𝑎𝑏𝑑 𝜌0 C
This is equivalent to the net inward flux of 𝐃 into the volume, as was found in part 𝑏.

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3.25. Within the spherical shell, 3 < 𝑟 < 4 m, the electric flux density is given as
𝐃 = 5(𝑟 − 3)3 𝐚𝑟 C∕m2 .
a) What is the volume charge density at 𝑟 = 4? In this case we have
1 𝑑 5
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = 2 (𝑟2 𝐷𝑟 ) = (𝑟 − 3)2 (5𝑟 − 6) C∕m3
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟
which we evaluate at 𝑟 = 4 to find 𝜌𝑣 (𝑟 = 4) = 17.50 C∕m3 .
b) What is the electric flux density at 𝑟 = 4? Substitute 𝑟 = 4 into the given expression to
find 𝐃(4) = 5 𝐚𝑟 C∕m2

c) How much electric flux leaves the sphere 𝑟 = 4? Using the result of part 𝑏, this will be Φ =
4𝜋(4)2 (5) = 320𝜋 C
d) How much charge is contained within the sphere, 𝑟 = 4? From Gauss’ law, this will be the same
as the outward flux, or again, 𝑄 = 320𝜋 C.

3.26. If we have a perfect gas of mass density 𝜌𝑚 kg∕m3 , and assign a velocity 𝐔 m/s to each differential
element, then the mass flow rate is 𝜌𝑚 𝐔 kg∕(m2 − s). Physical reasoning then leads to the continuity
equation, ∇ ⋅ (𝜌𝑚 𝐔) = −𝜕𝜌𝑚 ∕𝜕𝑡.

a) Explain in words the physical interpretation of this equation: The quantity 𝜌𝑚 𝐔 is the flow (or
flux) density of mass. Then the divergence of 𝜌𝑚 𝐔 is the outward mass flux per unit volume at a
point. This must be equivalent to the rate of depletion of mass per unit volume at the same point,
as the continuity equation states.
b) Show that ∮𝑠 𝜌𝑚 𝐔 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = −𝑑𝑀∕𝑑𝑡, where 𝑀 is the total mass of the gas within the constant
closed surface, 𝑆, and explain the physical significance of the equation.
Applying the divergence theorem, we have
𝜕𝜌𝑚
∮𝑠 ∫𝑣 ∫𝑣 𝑑𝑡 ∫𝑣 𝑚
𝑑 𝑑𝑀
𝜌𝑚 𝐔 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = ∇ ⋅ (𝜌𝑚 𝐔) 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝜌 𝑑𝑣 = −
𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡
This states in large-scale form what was already stated in part 𝑎. That is – the net outward mass
flow (in kg/s) through a closed surface is equal to the negative time rate of change in total mass
within the enclosed volume.

3.27. Consider a slab of material containing a volume charge distribution throughout. The slab is of length
𝑑 in the 𝑧 direction, and its dimensions in 𝑥 and 𝑦 represent a cross-sectional area of 𝐴. Free space
permittivity exists throughout. The electric field in the slab is given by
𝜌
𝐄 = 0 exp(−𝛼𝑧) 𝐚𝑧 V∕m
𝜖0 𝛼
where 𝜌0 is a positive constant (as is 𝛼). Note that the implication here is that the charge density
extends essentially to infinity in the 𝑥 and 𝑦 directions, which would then lead to a field having only a
𝑧 component, We are considering a sub-volume of this charge of cross-section 𝐴.

a) Find the volume charge density 𝜌𝑣 in the slab:

( )
𝑑 𝜌0 −𝛼𝑧
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = 𝑒 = −𝜌0 𝑒−𝛼𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝛼
so we have negative charge of decreasing magnitude with 𝑧.

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3.27 b) Find the total charge in the slab: This is found by integrating the charge density over the slab
volume, given as
𝑑
−𝐴𝜌0
∫0
𝑄=𝐴 −𝜌0 𝑒−𝛼𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = (1 − 𝑒−𝛼𝑑 )
𝛼
c) Verify your result of part 𝑏 by evaluating the net outward flux of 𝐃 through the slab surfaces: We
need to evaluate

∮𝑠
𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒

where in this case only two surfaces contribute to the integral: those at 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 𝑑, each
of which is of area 𝐴, and which have outward normal vectors −𝐚𝑧 and +𝐚𝑧 , respectively. We
write:
−𝐴𝜌0
∮𝑠 ∫ ∫𝐴 ∫ ∫𝐴
𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 𝐃(0) ⋅ (−𝐚𝑧 )𝑑𝑎 + 𝐃(𝑑) ⋅ (+𝐚𝑧 )𝑑𝑎 = (1 − 𝑒−𝛼𝑑 )
𝛼
as before.

3.28. Repeat Problem 3.8, but use ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = 𝜌𝑣 and take an appropriate volume integral.
We begin by finding the charge density directly through
( )
1 𝑑 𝐴 𝐴
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = 2 𝑟2 = 2
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Then, within each spherical shell of unit thickness, the contained charge is
𝑟+1

∫𝑟
𝐴 ′2 ′
𝑄(1) = 4𝜋 (𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑟 = 4𝜋𝐴(𝑟 + 1 − 𝑟) = 4𝜋𝐴
(𝑟′ )2

3.29. In the region of free space that includes the volume 2 < 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 < 3,
2
2
(𝑦𝑧 𝐚𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧 𝐚𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝐚𝑧 ) C∕m2
𝐃=
𝑧
a) Evaluate the volume integral side of the divergence theorem for the volume defined above: In
cartesian, we find ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = 8𝑥𝑦∕𝑧3 . The volume integral side is now
3 3 3 ( )
∫𝑣𝑜𝑙 ∫2 ∫2 ∫2 𝑧3
8𝑥𝑦 1 1
∇ ⋅ 𝐃 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = (9 − 4)(9 − 4) − = 3.47 C
4 9

b) Evaluate the surface integral side for the corresponding closed surface: We call the surfaces at
𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 2 the front and back surfaces respectively, those at 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 = 2 the right and
left surfaces, and those at 𝑧 = 3 and 𝑧 = 2 the top and bottom surfaces. To evaluate the surface
integral side, we integrate 𝐃 ⋅ 𝐧 over all six surfaces and sum the results. Note that since the 𝑥
component of 𝐃 does not vary with 𝑥, the outward fluxes from the front and back surfaces will
cancel each other. The same is true for the left and right surfaces, since 𝐷𝑦 does not vary with 𝑦.
This leaves only the top and bottom surfaces, where the fluxes are:
3 3 3 3 ( )
∮ ∫2 ∫2 ∫2 ∫2
−4𝑥𝑦 −4𝑥𝑦 1 1
𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (9 − 4)(9 − 4) − = 3.47 C
32 22 4 9
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟ ⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
top bottom

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3.30. a) Use Maxwell’s first equation, ∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = 𝜌𝑣 , to describe the variation of the electric field intensity
with 𝑥 in a region in which no charge density exists and in which a non-homogeneous dielectric
has a permittivity that increases exponentially with 𝑥. The field has an 𝑥 component only: The
permittivity can be written as 𝜖(𝑥) = 𝜖1 exp(𝛼1 𝑥), where 𝜖1 and 𝛼1 are constants. Then
[ ]
𝑑 [ 𝛼1 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝐸𝑥
∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = ∇ ⋅ [𝜖(𝑥)𝐄(𝑥)] = 𝜖1 𝑒 𝐸𝑥 (𝑥) = 𝜖1 𝛼1 𝑒𝛼1 𝑥 𝐸𝑥 + 𝑒𝛼1 𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

This reduces to
𝑑𝐸𝑥
+ 𝛼1 𝐸𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝐸𝑥 (𝑥) = 𝐸0 𝑒−𝛼1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
where 𝐸0 is a constant.
b) Repeat part 𝑎, but with a radially-directed electric field (spherical coordinates), in which again
𝜌𝑣 = 0, but in which the permittivity decreases exponentially with 𝑟. In this case, the permittivity
can be written as 𝜖(𝑟) = 𝜖2 exp(−𝛼2 𝑟), where 𝜖2 and 𝛼2 are constants. Then
[ ]
1 𝑑 [ 2 −𝛼2 𝑟 ] 𝜖2 2 2 𝑑𝐸𝑟
∇ ⋅ 𝐃 = ∇ ⋅ [𝜖(𝑟)𝐄(𝑟)] = 2 𝑟 𝜖2 𝑒 𝐸𝑟 = 2 2𝑟𝐸𝑟 − 𝛼2 𝑟 𝐸𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑒−𝛼2 𝑟 = 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

This reduces to
𝑑𝐸𝑟 ( 2 )
+ − 𝛼2 𝐸𝑟 = 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
whose solution is
[ ( ) ] [ ] 𝐸
∫
2
𝐸𝑟 (𝑟) = 𝐸0 exp − − 𝛼2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐸0 exp −2 ln 𝑟 + 𝛼2 𝑟 = 20 𝑒𝛼2 𝑟
𝑟 𝑟

where 𝐸0 is a constant.

3.31. Given the flux density

16
cos(2𝜃) 𝐚𝜃 C∕m2 ,
𝐃=
𝑟
use two different methods to find the total charge within the region 1 < 𝑟 < 2 m, 1 < 𝜃 < 2 rad,
1 < 𝜙 < 2 rad: We use the divergence theorem and first evaluate the surface integral side. We are
evaluating the net outward flux through a curvilinear “cube”, whose boundaries are defined by the
specified ranges. The flux contributions will be only through the surfaces of constant 𝜃, however,
since 𝐃 has only a 𝜃 component. On a constant-theta surface, the differential area is 𝑑𝑎 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙,
where 𝜃 is fixed at the surface location. Our flux integral becomes
2 2 2 2

∮ ∫1 ∫1 𝑟 ∫1 ∫1 𝑟
16 16
𝐃 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = − cos(2) 𝑟 sin(1) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙 + cos(4) 𝑟 sin(2) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟ ⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
𝜃=1 𝜃=2
= −16 [cos(2) sin(1) − cos(4) sin(2)] = −3.91 C

We next evaluate the volume integral side of the divergence theorem, where in this case,
[ ] [ ]
1 𝑑 1 𝑑 16 16 cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃
∇⋅𝐃= (sin 𝜃 𝐷𝜃 ) = cos 2𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 2 − 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃

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3.31 (continued) We now evaluate:

2 2 2 [ ]
∫𝑣𝑜𝑙 ∫1 ∫1 ∫1
16 cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃
∇ ⋅ 𝐃 𝑑𝑣 = − 2 sin 2𝜃 𝑟2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
𝑟2 sin 𝜃

The integral simplifies to

2 2 2 2

∫1 ∫1 ∫1 ∫1
16[cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 2 sin 2𝜃 sin 𝜃] 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙 = 8 [3 cos 3𝜃 − cos 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃 = −3.91 C

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