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Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture
from ancient to modern times.

● The mediaeval Indian temple sculptures offer a vivid representation of the social life during that period,
encapsulating various aspects of daily existence, cultural practices, and societal hierarchy
● ____ r some eg of architectural magnificence
● ___ was 1 of the striking feature of ______
● ___ was 1 of the greatest rulers of ____. He rose the empire to great eminence
● ____leave a legacy still visible today
● __ known for their marvellous contributions to indian art & architecture
● Chola architecture 9th - 11th c→ was epitome of dravidian style of temple architecture
● Law determines the direction in which society should move however its a culture which determines
the direction in which society actually moves - Andre Beteille
● Tamil kashi sangam launched by PM modi recently as a part of "Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat"
● Numerous heritage structures in Chandni Chowk will be given a facelift through installation
of QR codes at various points. QR codes will allow visitors to learn more about heritage
structures.
● Our nation is not just a territory... It is an expression of our civilisation, culture and
potential,”Mr. Modi said
● India, that is Bharat, is not just a piece of land but a symbol of historical civilization with
deep socio-cultural roots. From the times of Indus Valley Civilization, it has flourished and
has had links across the world.
● India has a rich heritage of Art & culture,since the old stone age, Harappan civilisation to the
present times.
● Indian culture often described as melting pot phenomenon, is integration, assimilation and
accommodation of several cultures.
● India is land of various cultures and traditions
● From scientific study plan to Artistic figures, HC has left behind a legacy of skill &
craftsmanship.
● Art Architecture and literature plays imp role in studying Indian culture and reconstruction
of past
● Story of Indian art and Architecture is a story of evolution, from ancient Harappa to British
rule, building & sculptures have a narrative of their own

● Sri Ramanujacharya, a prominent 11th-century philosopher and theologian, made significant contributions
to the Bhakti movement in India. His teachings and philosophical ideas had a profound impact on the
cultural and spiritual landscape of his time.
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Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the
present – significant events, personalities, issues.

● India’s share in world economy when british arrived → 23%

● By the time they left, it was → below 4%
● Wellesley converted British empire in India to British empire of India
○ Subsidiary alliance
Quotes
● No one can change history not even god but historian may
● 18th century india witnessed huge political turmoil due to decline of Mughal empire, rise of regional
powers and subsequent rise of British empire.
● Cumulative effect of British expansionist policies, economic exploitation and administrative innovation
over the years - 1857 revolt
● They were socking the goodness of Ganges and squeezing that at the bank of thames.- Dadabhai nauroji
● Indian struggle against imperialism took a decisive turn towards a broad based populer struggle with
the emergence of Gandhi on indian political Scene.
● Acc to historians, _____ possessed qualities of an administrator, a diplomat and a leader besides
having pol Insight with a broad Vision.

Personalities
‘Modi a true follower of Ambedkar’
● https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ethical-values-from-the-life-of-lal-bahadur-shastri

Lal Bahadur Shastri,

● Against Caste System:
● Taking Responsibilities during Adverse Times:
○ served as Railway Minister in JL Nehru’s Cabinet and was so conscientious that he resigned
following a train accident at Ariyalur in TN in 1956.
● Inseparable Public and Private Life
○ Shastri announced to his family one evening that for the next few days they would all give up on
their evening meal.
● Morality
○ he had a Chevrolet Impala car for official use, which his son once used for a drive. When Shastri
learned about it, he asked his driver to check the distance car was used for and later deposited the
money in the govt account.
● Indians should emulate simplicity, humility, humanism, austerity, hard work, dedication, and nationalism
displayed by the unassuming second PM of India today.

PM paid tribute to former President APJ Abdul Kalam on his 90th birth anniversary.
● planned programmes to produce a number of successful missiles, which helped earn him nickname
“Missile Man of India”.
Literary Works:
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● "Wings of Fire", "India 2020 - A Vision for New Millennium", "My journey" and "Ignited Minds - Unleashing
the power within India", "Indomitable Spirit", "Guiding Souls", "Envisioning an Empowered Nation",
"Inspiring Thoughts" etc.
Contribution
● Pioneer in Fiberglass Technology: and led a young team to initiate this effort in ISRO from design,
development leading to production of composites rocket motor cases.
● SLV-3- He made a significant contribution as Project Director to develop India's first indigenous SLV-3
which successfully injected Rohini satellite into Near-Earth Orbit in July 1980 and made India an
exclusive member of Space Club.
● He was responsible for evolution of ISRO's launch vehicle programme, particularly PSLV configuration.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

● first Home Minister and Deputy PM of India.

● recognized as real unifier of India for his colossal contribution to integrate and make India a united (Ek
Bharat) and an independent nation.
● Remembered as ‘Patron saint of India’s civil servants’ as he established modern all-India services system.
● known as “Iron Man of India” for playing an imp role in unification and integration of Indian princely states
into Indian federation and for convincing princely states to align with Indian U

The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions

from different parts of the country.

Post-independence consolidation and reorganisation within the country.

● Celebrations of the 75th year of the merger of Hyderabad State with the Indian Union,

History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as industrial
revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonisation, decolonization,
political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and
effect on the society.
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Salient features of Indian Society,

Indian society
● Notion of accommodation, assimilation & amalgamation of various cultures has been the
key feature of Indian society
● Indian society is museum of races and customs
● Mind Boggling complexity & diversity due to history, geography
● Despite inherent differences indian society celebrates unity in diversity which reflects in
modern india’s founding principles & constitutional ideals
● India's core civilizational values of diversity, tolerance and plurality have kept it united for
centuries and that cannot be wasted
● Indian society is a multicultural society marked by a complex socio-cultural milieu.
● Sarva dharma sambhav
● Progressive, inclusive, prosperous, equitable and humane society
● India has been able to sustain unity in diversity which means ‘Unity without uniformity’ and
‘Diversity without fragmentation’
● Despite the diversity of religion and language there runs through the fabric of the nation the
golden thread of a basic innate unity.
● Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat

Caste system/ untouchability

Definition
● Caste system was originally intended to organise society on the basis of occupation but
gradually rigidifies & became hereditary & symbol of status & pride
● Untouchability → An unfortunate reality
Data
● Acc Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2021 released by the UN, 5 out of 6
multi-dimensionally poor people in India are from lower castes or tribes
● 5,000 in ₹, the gap between the monthly earnings of non-SCs and non-STs and the wages of
persons from the SC/ST communities, acc to ‘India Discrimination Report 2022’,
● Representation of SC and ST officers at rank of joint secretary and secretary in GOI stands at 4%
and 4.9% respectively, department of personnel and training (DoPT) informed RS.

Constitutional provisions
● Article 15(4) special provisions for their advancement.
● Article 16(4A) “reservation in matters of promotion
● Article 17 abolishes Untouchability.
● Article 46 Promote educational and economic interests of SC/ST
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● Article 335 claims of members of SC/ ST shall be taken into consideration, consistently with
maintenance of efficiency of administration.
● Article 330 and Article 332 provide for reservation of seats in favour of SC and ST in LS and in
SLA
● Under Part IX and Part IXA, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and
provided.

Issues
● SOCIAL:
○ Endogamy: Inter-caste marriages are only 6% of all marriages(Cens us 2011) ○
○ Violence: against SCs has increased by 9.4% in 2020 (NCRB) ●
● ECONOMIC: ○ Deprivation: 73% of rural households are deprived(NFHS 4) ○
● Manual Scavenging: Around 8 lakh people, mostly SCs, are manual scavengers(Cen sus 2011)
● Conviction rate under SC/ST Act is 30%
Example
● 9 Year old Dalit boy of class -3 dies after being assaulted by teacher in Jalore district of
Rajasthan for allegedly touching a pot of drinking water.
● In Arwal, a woman from community was “burnt alive” along with her daughter for daring to complain to
police that she was sexually assaulted,
● TN- Cuddalore district - SC sit on floor in a govt office and upper caste on chair
● Eg → Kovind → SC pre
● Eklavya → talented but still don't get opportunity

Tribals
● Acc to STs in India as revealed in Census 2011, there are said to be 705 ethnic groups listed as
STs under Art 342.
● IMR: 40.7 as compared to all India 35(NFHS 5)
● “40 % of ST population constitute poorest of the poor, But their overall reservation is just
7.5%.
● STs constitute 8.6% of the population and 11.3% of the rural population.
● STs in india due to developmental displacement & in absence of proper rehabilitation
initiatives, have faced cultural discrimination & socio-political & eco exploitation

Issues
● Development has been a major cause of displacement of approx. 50 mn people.
● Tribals are estimated to be more than 40% of the displaced and Dalits constitute about 20%
● Polavaram irrigation project will displace the highest number of people, predominantly tribal
population, in India’s history of such projects
● Life expectancy: 63.9
● IMR: 44.4
● 79% of rural adivasi households are deprived

In 2018:- Expert committee on Tribal health highlighted issues as:-

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● Most powerless
○ No participation in designing, planning or delivering health care to them.
● Health
○ U-5 Mortality: 57.2
○ 50% of adolescent tribal girls are underweight
○ 80% tribal children undernourished
○ 60% of malarial deaths and 30% incidence of malaria
○ child malnutrition amongst them is 42% compared to 28% in others(50% higher ) ..
○ They heavily depend on govt-run public health care institutions, however there is a
deficit in these public health care facilities.
■ 27% to 40% deficit in facilities
■ 33-84% deficit in medical doctors in tribal areas
● Suggestion:-
○ Launch a National Tribal Health Action Plan.
○ Allocation of additional money so that the per capita government health expenditure
on tribal people becomes equal to the stated goal of the National Health Policy (2017).

Constitutional provisions
● Constitution does not define criteria for recognition of Scheduled Tribes
● However, Art 366(25) provides process to define STs
● 342(1): President may wrt any State or UT, and where it is a State, after consultation with
Governor, by a public notification, specify tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups
within tribes or tribal communities as ST in relation to that State or Union Territory.
● 5th Schedule lays out provision for Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and
Scheduled Tribes in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
● 6th Schedule deals with administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and
Mizoram.

Initiatives
● Scheme for Economic Empowerment of Denotified, Nomadic, Semi-nomadic (SEED) Tribes.
● aims to provide free competitive exam coaching to students, health insurance and financial
assistance for housing and uplift clusters of these communities through livelihood
initiatives
● Dalit Bandhu is latest flagship programme of Telangana govt. It is envisioned as a welfare
scheme for empowering Dalit families

Inclusion
● Office of Registrar-General of India (RGI) is following set of criteria set out by Lokur Committee ~ 60 yrs
ago to define any new community as a ST
● Approval of Office of RGI is mandatory for inclusion of any community on ST lists, as per
procedure for scheduling tribes.
● Criteria set out by Lokur Committee for defining a community as a tribe are:
○ indications of primitive traits,
○ distinctive culture,
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○ geographical isolation,
○ shyness of contact with community at large, &
○ backwardness.
● proposed criteria u/ govt’s consideration included
○ “socio-economic, including educational, backwardness, vis-a-vis, rest of population of State;
○ historical geographical isolation which may or may not exist today;
○ distinct language/dialect;
○ presence of a core culture relating to life-cycle, marriage, songs, dance, paintings, folklore;
○ endogamy, or in case of exogamy, marital relationship primarily with other STs (This criterion is for
scheduling of a community as ST and not for determining ST status of an individual)”.

Legal Provisions:
● Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 against Untouchability.
● SC and the STs (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
● PESA Act, 1996.
● ST and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
Related Initiatives:
● TRIFED
● Digital Transformation of Tribal Schools
● Development of PVTGs
● Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana
Related Committees:
● Xaxa Committee (2013)
● Bhuria Commission (2002-2004)
● Lokur Committee (1965)

Manual scavengers
● Total of 971 deaths since 1993 because of manual scavenging.
● Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) states that there were around 0.18 million manual
scavenging households in rural areas.
● The NAMASTE scheme is being undertaken jointly by MoHUA and MoSJ&E and aims to
eradicate unsafe sewer and septic tank cleaning practices,
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Diversity of India.

Racial diversity

Religious diversity
● 79 % - Hindu
● 14 % islam
● 2.3% christanity
● 1.9% sikhism
● 0.7% buddhism
● 0.4% jainism

Linguistic diversity
● 8th Schedule and periodic additions to it (now numbering 22) spell out diversity and complexity of
language landscape
● Part XVII (Articles 343-351).
● 2011 census - 121 language
● People’s linguistic survey of india 2010-11- 900 + living languages
● Art 343 declares that Hindi in Devanagari script shall be official language of Union.
● 66 different scripts
● 220 languages died since independence (bo)
● 40 on the verge of extinction
○ Eg - aimol, aka, birhor great Andamanese
● Vulnerable language
○ Bodo, mizo, ao
● India has highest number of endangered languages ( UNESCO)
● 19000 + dialects in different parts of india
● Namath basai- Kerala govt unique program of teaching tribal children in their mother tongue
● Scheme for protection and preservation of endangered languages ( SPPEL)
● Traditional knowledge Digital library scheme
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Pol diversity

Social diversity
● Bimaru states vs kerala

Economic diversity
● 2nd largest poor population
● 3rd highest billionaires in world after US & China

Caste diversity
● Brahmans, kshatriya, vaishya, shudra = 4 varna
● 1000 of castes insides these varnas
● Avarnas = untouchables

Wilson churchill - india will disintegrate soon after british leaves die to immense diversity

Unity in diversity - HOW

- IQBAL

● India has remained uniquely unified despite the infinite multiplicities of its cultures….”
● Constitution of india - All India Services
● Geography - unity - natural boundaries
● History - co-sharing & co-existence
● Culture - 4 dham- 4 corners of country- sacred for all
● Festivals- Din-e-ilahi, langar - unite us, phool walon ki sair
● Religion - 80% Hindus, sufi saints, bhakti mvmt
● Language
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● Caste system - steel frame of traditional india

● Housing one-sixth of humanity, and with its immense diversity of languages, religions, customs
and beliefs, India is a microcosm of the world.- PM MODI
● Nordic model of social democracy offers lessons to developing world, despite myriad complexities of
diversities

Role of women and women’s organisation,

Data
● Only 21% women use mobile/ internet in india
● Rapes often go unreported, and conviction rate is low too (28.6% in 2021, acc to NCRB data).
● 1st tribal woman to be appointed to position and youngest as well.
● Sex ratio → 940/ 1000 → acc to population census of 2011
● NFHS-5 → Sex ratio→ 1,020 women for 1000 men in the country in 2019-2021.
● Sex ration in SC → 945/1000
● Sex ratio in tribals → 990/ 1000
● 1st time in 2022-23 budget a female finance minister giving to a female president
● Recently, Ministry of Urban Development launches “Nai Chetna-Pahal Badlav Ki”- A Community-led
National Campaign Against Gender-Based Discrimination.- Awareness campaign
● Mission Parivartan’ — a joint venture of the Delhi govt and automaker Ashok Leyland to induct
women drivers for promoting women’s safety.
●
● average of 3 rapes reported in CITY every day in 2021, says NCRB report.
● An average of 6 cases of rape & 8 cases of assault on women reported daily, data show
● crimes against women rose by 40% over previous year,
● NFHS-5 (2019-21) reveals that 32% of ever-married women aged 18-49 yrs have ever experienced
emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband, with more rural than urban
women reporting experiences of domestic violence.
● almost a 3rd of women being subject to domestic violence, NFHS-5 (2019-21) reports that only 14% of
women who have experienced DV have ever sought help; and this number is much lower in rural areas.
● So ingrained are social norms about gender inequality that NFHS-5 data reports that women are
more likely than men to justify a scenario in which it is acceptable for a husband to beat or hit his
wife.
● NCRB report, stated that in 2021 crimes against women rose by 40% over the previous year
● Current population of LGBTQ+ are 7% to 8% of population.
● 2018 in Navtej Johar case in which homosexuality was decriminalised

● One in three girls missing due to sex selection.

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● The Pew Research Center report points out that between 2000 - 2019, 9 cr female births went
“missing” because of female-selective abortions.
● Only 1 in 4 women is employed.
● an average of 3 rapes reported in CITY every day in 2021, says NCRB report.
● Around 95% of the crimes against women are carried out by their relatives
● Indian women earned, on an average, 48% less compared to their male counterparts in
1993-94. Since then, the gap declined to 28% in 2018-19 as in the labour force survey data of
the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). The pandemic reversed decades of progress as
preliminary estimates from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2020-21 show an
increase in the gap by 7% between 2018-19 and 2020-21.
● “We don't need a patriarchal society, we don’t need a matriarchal society, we just need a
human society.”

Quotes
● There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless the conditions of women are improved. It is
not possible for the bird to fly on 1 wing - swami vivekananda
● Barometer of any nation’s progress is treatment given to its women
● Law determines the direction in which society should move however its a culture which determines
the direction in which society actually moves - Andre Beteille
● Inferiority of women is man-made paternal policies
● Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality
● Country can never be developed without the contribution of the other half. – Mahatma Gandhi
● Educate one man, you educate one person, but educate a woman you educate a whole Civilization
Mahatma Gandhi
● Women alone can emancipate themselves not men - gandhi
● I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved- B
R Ambedkar
● There is no tool of development more effective than empowerment of women - kofi annan

Issues
Issues related to Girl Child
● Female Infanticide and Foeticide
● Child Marriage
● Devoid of Education:

SDG 5 GENDER EQUALITY

● WEF GLOBAL GENDER GAP INDEX 2022 → 135/146
○ time it will take to close the global gender gap is 99.5 years.
○ In India, the economic gender gap is larger than the political gender gap.
○ In 2021- 140/156
● GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX= 122 RANK
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○ India faces 2 problems-

■ problem of ‘missing women’ and
■ problem of ‘unwanted women’ (son meta preference)
● Type of gender inequality
○ Gender-based discriminatory practices include:
■ lower wages paid to women for work of equal value;
■ undervaluation of women’s work in highly feminised occupations and
enterprises, and
■ motherhood pay gap — lower wages for mothers compared to non-mothers.
○ Mortality inequality → Suicide low in female
○ Natal inequality → Dudhpiti, No medical care, No nutrition
○ Basic facility inequality → milk, fruits
○ Special opportunity inequality → higher ed, skill dev
○ Professional inequality → pay gap, promotion , abuse , glass ceiling
○ Ownership inequality → rt to property
○ Household inequality → mummy tu papa aap
● Steps taken by India
○ legislative sphere
■ Minimum Wages Act in 1948
■ Equal Remuneration Act in 1976.
■ Code on Wages.
■ Maternity Benefit Act of 1961
● increased the ‘maternity leave with pay protection’ from 12 weeks to 26
weeks for all women working in establishments employing 10 or more
workers
○ Developmental sphere
■ Skill India Mission
● to equip women with market-relevant skills to bridge the
learning-to-livelihood gap and the gender pay gap.
● CONCLUSION -
○ A commitment to ameliorate the conditions for women is a non-negotiable duty of
any state.
○ Closing the gender pay gap is key to achieving social justice for working women, as
well as economic growth for the nation as a whole.
○ Principle of gender equality is enshrined in indian constitution in its preamble, FR,
FD, DPSP
○ UN SDG 8 is “achieving full and productive employment and decent work for all
women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities and equal
pay for work of equal value” by 2030
○ Equal Pay International Coalition (EPIC), was launched in 2017 as a multi-stakeholder
initiative led by the
■ ILO, UN Women and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) that seeks to achieve equal pay for women and men
everywhere.
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Sexual offences & domestic violence

● Goddess of strength durga however women in indian society are considered as weaker sex
● Dowry is a social evil in society that has caused unimaginable tortues & crimes towards
women & polluted indian marital system
● Acc to NFHS 4 → every 3rd women since the age of 15 has faced domestic violence of various
forms
● Sec - 148 A of IPC → immediate arrest provision for husband and relatives that are cruel to
women
● Acc to NCRB, 1 in every 3 indian women is a victim of abuse or some form of violence
● National Crime Records Bureau report, stated that in 2021 crimes against women rose by
40% over the previous year
● Devi - dasi dichotomy
● In india IPV = 37.7% (Intimate partner violence) is highest in WHO south asia region
● Govt initiatives
○ Online complaint system
○ 181 women helplines
○ One stop centres & Panic buttons
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Women economics - female participation & gender bias

● Goddess of wealth is laxmi however women in indian society does not have financial
autonomy
● Female labour force participation rate → 23.7%
● More than 95% of female workforce in india is in unorganised sector
● India’s GDP participation increased by $0.7 trillion if women LFP increased by 10% by 2035 -
Mckinsey Global Institute
● IMF → india’s GDP can grow by 27% if women’s participation in the economy is raised to
same level as that of men
● WEF Report- Gender parity can boost India's GDP by 27%
● INEQUALITY has 'female face' in india , women's unpaid work with 3.1% of GDP : Oxfam
● 90% of women are caregiver at home
● Economic survey : 60% of women in India in the productive age bracket of 15-59 years are
engaged in full- time housework
In the corporate world

● The number of women in senior mgt positions in the corporate sector in India is 39%, which
is higher than the global average.
● 18 %, the representation of women on boards of companies in India in 2022 from 6% in
2013, acc to a report by Ernst & Young.
● Nykaa founder Falguni Nayar becomes India’s wealthiest self-made woman billionaire
● Entrepreneurship development programmes
● Schemes
○ PM mudra yojana
○ Stand up india
○ Startup india
○ SHGs
○ PM jan dhan yojana → financial inclusion

Women health
● In Hailakandi ( Assam) - innovative practice of gifting 5 saplings to the parents of a new
born girl child. The rationale being that the fruit from the trees can be used to feed the child,
which would help in immunity building and warding off malnutrition
● According to NFHS-5, 23.3% women surveyed got married before attaining the legal age of
18 years

Women in politics
● Indian parliament → 11.8% women representation & 9% in state assemblies
● In rwanda → 61% women in lower house
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● 25.5.2% parliamentary seats in lower house

● As per the data compiled by the IPU, of which India is a member, women represent 14.44% of
the total members of the Lok Sabha.
● As per the latest Election Commission of India (ECI) data:
○ As of Oct 2021, Women represent 10.5% of total members of Parliament.
● India ranks 153 out of 190 nation's in the % of women in lower house of world Parliaments
● India has the largest number of women in the United Nations peacekeeping forces, thus
showcasing the equal role that women can play in conflict-emerging countries and
territories.
● Acc to govt data presented in LS on Dec 9, women representation in Parliament and most States
legislatures is below 15% with 19 Assemblies having less than 10% women lawmakers.
● Female members make up only ~10% of total ministerial strength. underrepresentation of female
Ministers in India is also reflected in fact that Ms. Banerjee is currently only female Chief Minister.
● 31% women lawmakers in 275-member Nepal Parliament. This is lower than 33% reservation
mandated for women by constitution,
●

Women Education
Women and STEM
● Acc to UNESCO data India having only 14% female researchers working in STEM areas.
● Goddess of education is saraswati but in indian society women does not have access to education

Women in judiciary
● Justice Indira Banerjee, the senior-most woman judge in the SC, highlighted that the top
court (since its inception in 1950) has only 11 women judges.
● Justice M. Fathima Beevi → a girl born in a small town in Kerala broke many a glass ceiling to
be appointed as First Supreme Court judge.
● There have been only 11 women judges on SC since its inception, and no women Chief Justices.
● Only 30% of subordinate judges are female.

Way forward/ Conclusion

● True gender parity will happen only when there is change in mindset & institutions consider
women as assets rather than simply a diversity rectification issue
● There is a Need to think beyond women development & move towards “women led
development ‘’
● The progress of humanity is incomplete without the empowerment of women”.- MODI
● “India is fifth largest economy in world and now moving towards becoming a five trillion dollar
economy. A more active role of women would be helpful in achieving this goal,”
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

● President said that women’s empowerment was not just an issue of social justice but also crucial
for eco development.
●
● Women empowerment needs Gender sensitisation programmes (SABLA) and fulfil the goals
enshrined in SDG5.
● Road to development cannot be travelled without the empowerment of women who form almost
50% of the Indian population.
● Niti aayog suggested 30% should be women in police
● There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of women
● Barometer of a nation's progress is determined by treatment given to women. Hence if india
aims to emerge as a global power, gender parity is the most imp condition
● Role of media
○ Agle janam mohe bitiya na keejo
○ Balika vadhu
○ Afsar bitiya
● Role of Civil society
○ Selfie with Daughter Foundation launches innovative campaign(Gaali Band- Stop
abusing) in U.P. to keep a check on profane language
● Women's rights demonstrations
○ # Me too
○ # NiUnaMenos
○ # TimesUp
● ZEBRA approach
○ Z-> ZERO TOLERANCE
○ E-> EMPOWERMENT
○ B-> BRINGING AWARENESS
○ R-> ROLE MODELLING
○ A-> ATTITUDINAL CHANGE
● Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. it is a precondition for meeting the challenge of
reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance - Kofi
Annan
● Eradicating child marriage requires multi-pronged, context-specific and collaborative
action.
● Yatra naryastu pujyante, ramante tatra devatah ( wherever ladies are Worshipped, there
dances goddesses)
● Way forward structure eg
○ Role of govt→ implementation of laws/ policy making / strict punishment
○ Role of judiciary → fast track courts
○ Role of media & civil society → spread awareness
○ Role of police → sensitivity training
● Scheme
○ PM Matru Vandana yojana → give financial protection to women during their pregnancy
& lactation period
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○ Modification of maternity benefit act → allowing women 26 weeks of paid maternity

leave
○ Beti bachao beti padhao programme , Sukanya samriddhi yojana take care of the girl
child from protecting her from female foeticide to ensuring her education & financial
security
○ UDAAN is a project launched by the CBSE to address the low enrolment of girl students
in prestigious engineering institutions and the teaching gap between school education
and engineering entrance examinations.

Population and associated issues,

Data
● Acc to an estimate by UN dept of eco & social affairs, India is set to become most populous
nation surpassing china by 2027
● 16 % of world’s population is housed in only 2.4% land
● Sex ratio = 940/ 1000 (2011 census)
○ Kerala = 1084
○ Haryana = 887
● NFHS-5 → Sex ratio→ 1,020 women for 1000 men in the country in 2019-2021.
● Development is the best contraceptive.
● NFHS-5→ 66.3% women who are employed use a modern contraceptive method
● Economic survey in its chapter “Demography at 2040” mentions that india has already
passed through demographic transition with many developed states having fertility rate
lower than replacement rate of 2.1%
● ✓Lancet
○ 90% population in 10% area
○ 90% in Northern Hemisphere
○ Ten most populous countries contribute 60% of the population, 6 of them in Asia
○ Global population will peak at 9.73 bn. In 2064
○ India will be the most populous by 2027 and stay till 2100
○ India’s population will peak by 2048(1.61 bn)
○ TFR= 1.29(by 2100)
○ Largest working population(20-64) by 2100 in India
○ 2nd largest immigration in 2100 after USA
● Population differential factors(Fertility factors):
○ Female literacy:
■ Bihar female literacy is 52% and TFR is 3.1 while
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

■ Kerala female literacy is 95% and TFR is 1.8

○ Poverty:
■ Jharkhand and Chattisgarh with poverty levels of 40% and 37% of BPL have
fertility levels of more than 2.1
○ Use of contraceptives:
■ More than 76% of married women in Bihar were not using contraceptives as
compared to 36% in Kerala(NFHS)

Fertility
● World Population Prospects 2022 → Average number of children per woman in the
reproductive age group has declined by 50%, from an average of 5 children per woman in
1951 to 2.4 children in 2020
● World Population Prospects notes that the global fertility rate fell from 3 in 1990 to 2.3 in
2021
● 1947 → India’s fertility rate was 6 per woman, and it had taken 25 years to reach 5, with the
govt launching the first ever family planning programme in the world in 1952.

Migration
Internal migration
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

● That internal migration in India is huge is evident from the 2011 Census data. It indicates
that 45.36 crore people or 37 % of the total population of India are migrants.
● Main reasons for internal migration- marriage and employment. Education is an emerging
region
○ Push factors → poverty, unemployment, infra, resources
○ Pull factors → better employment, higher wages, conditions
Chain migration-
● migration of kinship chains one after another eg. It was seen that in certain hotels of Jaipur,
almost all workers belonged to one particular sub region of Kumaon.

✓Government measures:
● National family planning programme, 1952
● National population policy, 2000
● Scheme for home delivery of contraceptives to ensure spacing of births by ASHAs
● National population Stabilisation fund
● Mission parivar vikas, 2017

Conclusion
● Going forward, the population policy needs to shift expenditure and efforts away from a narrow focus on
family planning to core health priorities such as communicable diseases, drug availability, human
development and overall family welfare.
● Need to move from planning the population to planning for the population(Educatio n, Health etc)
●

Children
● ‘Paalan 1000’ app focuses on cognitive development of children in the first two years of their
life. The app will provide practical advice to caregivers on what they can do in their everyday
routine and will help clear doubts.
● 80% of brain development takes place in the first 1,000 days of life.

Youth
● youth- constitute 27.5% of population acc to census 2011
● Young people shouldbe at the forefront of global change and innovation. Empowered, they can be
key agents for development and peace"— KOFI ANNAN
● Youth are the pillars of nation building , it is in their hands lies the power to change destiny.
● Active participation of youngsters in building the country’s democratic processes would help
develop stronger policies, laws and institutions and a corruption-free society- Om Birla
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

Old age
● Maintenance & Welfare of Parents & Senior Citizens Act, 2007, provides for children to
provide maintenance for their parents, & the govt to provide old-age homes for senior
citizens
● The share of the elderly in India’s population is growing fast and may reach 18% by 2036 acc
to the National Commission on Population.
● Social security pensions are just the first step towards a dignified life for the elderly.
● They also need other support and facilities such as health care, disability aids, assistance
with daily tasks, recreation opportunities and a good social life
● empty nest syndrome
● WHO declared 2020 to 2030 as “ Decade of healthy ageing”
● DPSP Article -41 → assistance to old age, sickness
● The “World Population Prospects 2022” report estimates that by 2050, the global
population will be 9.7 billion people. By then, those older than 65 years will be twice as many
as children under five.
● The report projects India’s population to be 1.7 billion by 2050, having overtaken China to be
the world’s most populous country. Eight countries — India is among them — will account
for more than half of the world’s increasing population by 2050.
Conclusion
● Older people must be recognised as the active agent of societal development in order to
achieve truly transformative, inclusive & sustainable development outcomes

Demographic dividend
● More than 63% of population in india is in the age group of 15- 59 years, broadly termed as
demographic dividend
●

●
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

Conclusion
● It is often said that “ development is the best contraceptive”
● India is going to stabilise its population as India is in the third stage of demographic
transition and experiencing slow growth rate due to low mortality and declining fertility.
We need to frame our policy being population control because:-
● share of the working age population is growing, there are obstacles in harnessing the
benefits of demographic dividend, because of declining women labour force participation.
Only 1 in 4 women is employed.
● One in three girls missing due to sex selection.
● Disease patterns are changing, with a larger share of Non-communicable disease.
● Share of elderly population is rising:- expected to be 12% by 2050

Poverty and developmental issues,

● Refer social justice file

Pyq
1. COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. 2020 10
2. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the educational system in the country? Elaborate your answer. 2020 18
3. ‘Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still existing.’ Explain by giving reasons. 2018 42
4. “An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from deprivation.” Substantiate this statement with suitable examples 2016 67
5. Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the main cause of population increase in India. 2015 81

● SDG-1 ⇒ to end poverty in all its forms

● “Poverty is the worst form of violence.” Mahatma Gandhi
● Poverty creates deprivation, deprivation perpetuates poverty
Feminization of poverty
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

● Despite lifting 271 million people out of poverty b/w 2000-15, india still remains home to
28% of the world’s poor, the new human development index (HDI) 2019 , has said
● Inequality is a concept that underpins most interventions focused on social justice &
development. It resembles the mythological serpent hydra in greek mythology – as the state
attempts to deal with one aspect of inequality , many new aspects keep coming up
● Poverty is the worst form of violence - gandhi
● Poverty is the parent of crime - ARISTOTLE
● Goddess of food annapurna → women don't have access to food → anaemia

Skill development
● Demographic dividend of 29 years
● In india, about 12 million people enter the labour market every year
● Census 2011- India has potential 55 million workers b/w 15-35 years in rural areas
● Need for skill development
○ DEMOGRAPHIC DEMAND - demographic window span of only a few years needs to be
reaped
○ SECTORAL MOBILISATION - of workforce from agriculture to secondary & tertiary
sector
○ For success of recently launched missions like digital india, make in india etc, making
india the skill capital of the world ( NITI Aayog Vision)
● Challenges & issues
○ Rapidly changing technology
○ Infrastructure
○ No placements
○ No trainers
○ Lack of standardisation of courses
○ Gender disparities
● Schemes
○ National skill development mission
○ National apprenticeship promotion scheme
○ HIMAYAT - skill dev for rural youth in J&K,
○ ROSHNI- skill dev for youth in NE & LWE districts
○ For minorities - Seekho aur kamao, Usttad, Nai Manzil , MANAS (maulana azad
national academy for skills )
○ INDIA SKILL DEVELOPMENT SERVICE
○ PM kaushal vikas yojana
● NITI aayog 3 year action agenda recommends
○ According to the skill dev achievement report, the placement rate under the govt
scheme is less than 50%. It should be enhanced to 80%
○ National level overseas employment promotion agency set up under MEA
○ Recognition of prior learning and identification of transferable skills
● Sharda prasad committee-
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

○ National vocational education & training system, more synergy b/w skill dev & edu
ministry
● Way forward
○ Online learning
○ Standard curriculum
○ “Skill on wheel” in brazil where skill trucks take skill classes to rural & backward
areas
○ Target intervention in difficult areas
○ Capacity building of trainers
○ Vocationalisation of current education system in line with NEP ‘ Bagless week’
○ Placement tracking

Urbanisation, their problems and their remedies.

● India’s urban population is 34%(census 2011) & contributing 64% to the GDP of the
country. Thus, as they are engines of the prosperity, it is imperative for govt to promote
sustainable urban development
● Acc to the United Nations, 7 of every 10 people in the world will live in cities by 2050.
● Successful models of urban development:
○ Solid waste management in Okhla
○ Land pooling of Amravati
● In India, urbanisation is haphazard, messy and unplanned (WB)
● Geo-spatial approach in planning
● Transit oriented development; Vertical development
● Set up Urban boundaries
● Disaster resilient infrastructure
● Sponge cities
● Urban wildland interface: People moving into areas near forests
● Uttarakhand merged peri-urban areas with ULBs to ensure basic civic amenities and regulate
commercial establishments.
● Steps taken by government:
○ HOUSING: PMAY(Urban): 18 lakh houses of the original 1.8 crore housing shortage
have been constructed.
○ SANITATION: ○ SBM(Urban): Restriction to building of toilets; lack of access to
services like water and sewers still a problem
○ INFRASTRUCTURE: ○ Smart Cities Mission: Settled for retrofitting existing cities
themselves; reports of forced removal of slums and workers; Less than 50% projects
are completed ○ AMRUT
○

● SDG 11- SUSTAINABLE CITIES

ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

● Census 2011-
○ 17.4% of urban households lived in the slum in 2011.
○ 68.8 % of countries population & 72.4% of workforce resided in rural areas
○ World Urbanisation Prospects, 2018 → urban population component in India will cross
the 40% mark by 2030 and the 50% mark by 2050
● Between census 2001 and 2011- India’s urban population grew by 33%
● Urban poverty report of UNDP identifies that poverty in India has become urbanised and is
more widespread in large cities.
● UN Habitat report calls cities “the highest pinnacles of human creation”
● As per a report by the United Nation, Delhi is slated to become the world’s largest metropolis
overtaking Tokyo by 2028.

●
● Urbanisation has resulted into decrease in wetland. Eg - bengaluru has seen 79% decline in
its wetland due to urbanisation

India’s Initiatives for Urbanisation:

● Schemes/Programmes Related to Urban Development:
○ Smart Cities
○ AMRUT Mission
○ Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban
○ HRIDAY
○ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban
● Government Initiatives for Slum Dwellers/Urban Poor:
○ Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana
○ Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (self-reliant India
● Model tenancy act 2021
○ To fulfil vision of housing for all by 2022 ( 1.1 cr houses lying vacant- census 2011)
MIHIR SHAH COMMITTEE:
● Nature-based solutions: Use of blue green water conservation friendly infrastructure such as rain gardens
etc
●
Way forward
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

● Community policing, municipal bonds, counter magnet , prigs like swatch a bharat program,
sustainable use of energy
● 6th ARC → ppp projects for collection & disposal of garbage
● Niti aayog - USB’s should raise finance via municipal bonds
● National urban policy calls for harnessing rural - urban continuum
● Scheme
○ SMART CITIES MISSION, AMRUT , HRIDAY , PM AWAS YOJANA URBAN - HOUSING
FOR ALL BY 2022
● Niti ayog 3 year action agenda recommendations
○ Urban housing → relax permitted floor space index & do VERTICAL expansion
○ Rentals - rent voucher scheme for urban poor in 100 smart cities, implementation of
model tenancy act, dormitory housing for migrant workers
● Urban sanitation - incineration, thermal pyrolysis, plasma gasification, setting up waste to
energy authority of india
● Urban transport - NATIONAL METRO RAIL POLICY

CONCLUSION:
● A healthy city would be an intersection between urban planning, infrastructure
management, public services like healthcare and environmental management.
● Indian cities must be rebuilt around clusters of human capital instead of considering them
simply as an agglomeration of land use
● In this regard, WHO’s guidelines for Healthy City and UNDP’s Urban Strategy should be
followed to fulfil SDG 11 and the goals of Smart City Mission

Niti aayog annual report 2021-22

ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

ASPIRATIONAL DISTRICTS PROGRAMME

● complete 5 yrs in Jan 2023
● Programme has been devising strategies to work with Districts based on its three ‘Cs’
approach:
○ studying ways to enable convergence of District, State and Central-level initiatives;
○ facilitating collaborations between civil society organisations, communities and District
Administrations towards a common goal; and
○ fostering a healthy spirit of competition by releasing monthly ranks on the Districts’
performances.

Effects of globalisation on Indian society.

PYQ
1. 2013 →Critically examine the effects of globalisation on the aged population in India. P-127
2. 2015 → Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalisation on women in India. 83
3. 2016 → To what extent globalisation has influenced the core of cultural diversity in India? Explain. 67
4. 2018 → ‘Globalisation is generally said to promote cultural homogenization but due to this cultural specificities appear to be strengthened in the Indian Society. Elucidate. 49
5. 2019 → Are we losing our local identity for the global identity? Discuss 36
6. 2020 → Is diversity & pluralism in India under threat due to globalisation? Justify your answer 17

● Currently old age people comprise about 8% of population

● By 2050,senior citizens world consists about 20% of total population

Eg
● Russian Ram Leela treat for PM in Ayodhya
● https://epaper.theh

● Global wealth report- 10% people own 82% of the wealth

● Battle of Seattle 1999- against WTO. Anti globalisation movement
● Occupy wall street movement 2011- against economic inequality, increasing consumerism.
Slogan- "we are the 99%" referring to oxfam inequality report
● Globalising societies witnessing an information explosion today
● Cultural diversity / plurality is a unique feature of india which seems to have being
influenced by globalisation
● We can borrow best practices & technology to change local problems
○ Flood mgt techniques of netherland studied by india
● Thus, process of globalisation must be reoriented to achieve SDG 17 of sustainable
productive partnership
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

Social empowerment,
● Social empowerment means all sections of the society having equal control over their lives & opportunities
to take imp decisions
● For a nation to grow its is a first & foremost requirement that all sections of the society are equally
empowered

Communalism

Pyq
1. ‘Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Argue by giving suitable illustrations. 2018 50
2. Distinguish between religiousness/religiosity and communalism giving one example of how the former has transformed into the latter in independent India. 2017 61

● Refers to an extreme allegiance to community over other identities

● Is a situation when a particular community tries to promote its own interest at the cost of
other communities
● Sachar committee
● Thus, there is a need to strengthen secular credentials of india as it is a basic feature of our
constitution as per SR Bommai case 1994

Regionalism

Pyq
1. Growing feeling of regionalism is imp factor in generation of demand for separate states. Discuss P- 128 → 2013
2. What is the basis of regionalism? Is it that unequal distribution of benefits of development on a regional basis eventually promotes regionalism? Substantiate your answer. P- 69→ 2016
3. Discuss whether formation of new states in recent times is beneficial or not for the economy of India. 2018
4. Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue. P-11→ 2020
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

Introduction
● People's Love for a particular region in preference to the country, Thus the phenomenon of
regionalism is centred around the concept of region
● Regionalism is conditioned by economic, social, political and cultural disparities

Body

Conclusions
● In a country as diverse as India, regionalism is inevitable. However through regionally
balanced policy making, it can be accommodated as an enabler in the larger goals of national
integration

● Underdevelopment → base for every social problem

ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

Secularism

Pyq
How do the Indian debates on secularism differ from the debates in the West? 2014 –. 99
● Absence of inter & intra religious domination
● The term secularism includes a separation between the state and religion
● Secularism= religious freedom + religious tolerance
● No official religion

Basis Indian secularism Western secularism

Principle of Non compartmentalisation Complete separation of

separation religion from state

Involvement State act as protector & regulator Prevent

of state in of various religious communities
religion

No domination of any particular Church domination

religion

Freedom to Article -25 allows right to freely French govt → imposed

profess & profess, practice & propagate ban on hijab
practice religion

Restriction Rights Restrictions

vs rights

Accommodative & positive Negative → emanated

secularism derived from 1000 from dispute b/w state &
years of cultural amalgamation church

How Indian concept of secularism different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (2018) → 43
What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism? (2019) → 26
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

Constitutional Provisions Regarding Secularism in India

●
● Article 25: guarantees freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation
of religion
● Article 26: every religious denomination has the freedom to manage its religious affairs.
● Article 27: Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
● Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain
educational institutions

Other Constitutional safeguards regarding religion include the following: •

● Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of
birth.
● Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and no citizens shall be
ineligible for employment on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of
birth.
● Article 29: Protection of distinct language, script or culture of minorities
● Article 30: Rights of all minorities, whether based on religion or language, to establish and
administer educational institutions of their choice.

The Preamble of India states that India is a secular country (added after 42nd Amendment Act,
1976).

In the Shirur Mutt case, 1954, the ‘Doctrine of essentiality’ was coined by the Supreme Court. Here
the court opined that only the religious practices which were essential and integral to the religion
shall be protected.

● INDIAN VALUES - SARVA DHARMA SAMBHAV, DHARM NIRPEKSHA & PANTH NIRPEKSHA
● JUSTICE TO ALL, APPEASEMENT TO NONE- MODI JI
● Secularism= religious freedom + religious tolerance
●
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

Impacts of communalism
● Stress /conflict / doubt in communities
● Lack of tolerance
● Loss of property & life in riots
● Political instability
● Mass developemnt
● Social cultural disintegration
● Challenges unity & harmony in society
● Hinders modernity & development
●

CONCLUSION-
○ Secularisation of India has been a process of socio-political change to transform a
“religion-dominated ethos’ towards “enlightened humanism'' enshrining the model of
sarva dharma sambhav. As Dr. S. Radhakrishnanhad stated “Secularism does not
mean irreligion or atheism but rather lays stress on universality of spiritual values ”.

Pluralism
● Is the ‘’doctrine of multiplicity ‘’ - multiple regions, religions, languages, ethnicity as well as
multiple opinions
● It is a POLYCENTRIC BY DEFINITION
● Our democratic polity is pluralist because it recognizes & endorses this plurality in
○ Its federal structure
○ Linguistic & religious rights to minorities
○ A set of individual rights
● UNITY IN DIVERSITY
● EK BHARAT SHRESHTHA BHARAT
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

Mob lynching
● Acc to india spend, 52% of attacks in last 8 yrs is based on rumours
● MASUKA = MANAV SURAKSHA KANOON
● Former CJI termed mob lynching as ‘’ horrendous acts of mobocracy’’

Salient features of the world's physical geography.

● Human life is largely influenced by the physiography of the region

Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the
Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and
tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).

Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity,

cyclones. etc.,

● Volcano- architecture of the earth

● Earthquake- sudden shaking of earth crust
○ Turkey & Syria
●
ASHA SHARMA AIR 378

geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features

(including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such
changes.

Water
● The Global Drought Risk and Water Stress map (2019) shows that major parts of India,
particularly west, central and parts of peninsular India are highly water stressed and
experience water scarcity.
● A NITI Aayog report, ‘Composite Water Management Index’ (2018) more than 600 million
people facing acute water shortages.
● 75% of women across India undertake such time-consuming efforts every day to ensure
their families have water (NFHS-5) → essay malti
● The Union govt launched a mobile application — Jaldoot — jointly developed by the Rural Development
and Panchayati Raj Ministries to monitor groundwater levels across the country.
● water depletion and scarcity remains a huge challenge staring at people’s faces in the near
future.
● Integrated urban water mgt system is a process, which ensures water supply, used water
management, sanitation and stormwater management can be planned in line with economic
development and land use.
● https://www.drishtiias.com