INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 6336-2

Third edition
2019-11

Corrected version
2020-11

Calculation of load capacity of spur

and helical gears —
Part 2:
Calculation of surface durability
(pitting)
Calcul de la capacitéPREVIEW
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dentures droite et hélicoïdale —
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Partie 2: Calcul de la tenue en fatigue à la pression de contact
(écaillage)
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Reference number
ISO 6336-2:2019(E)

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ISO 6336-2:2019(E)


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Contents Page

Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms........................................................................................................ 2
3.1 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Pitting damage and safety factors....................................................................................................................................................... 6
5 Basic formulae......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
5.2 Safety factor for surface durability (against pitting), SH ..................................................................................... 8
5.3 Contact stress, σH .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
5.4 Permissible contact stress, σHP ................................................................................................................................................. 9
5.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
5.4.2 Determination of permissible contact stress, σHP — Principles,
assumptions and application.............................................................................................................................. 10
5.4.3 Permissible contact stress, σHP: Method B.............................................................................................. 10
5.4.4 Permissible contact stress for limited and long life: Method B............................................. 11
6 Zone factor, ZH, and contact factors, ZB and ZD ....................................................................................................................13
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6.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
6.2 (standards.iteh.ai)
Zone factor, ZH ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
6.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
6.2.2 Graphical valuesSIST .............................................................................................................................................................
ISO 6336-2:2020 14
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Determination by calculation............................................................................................................................. 14
6.3 Contact factors, ZB and ZD, for εα ≤ 2.................................................................................................................................. 14
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6.4 Contact factors, ZB and ZD, for εα > 2.................................................................................................................................. 17
7 Elasticity factor, ZE ...........................................................................................................................................................................................17
8 Contact ratio factor, Zε ..................................................................................................................................................................................18
8.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
8.2 Determination of contact ratio factor, Zε ....................................................................................................................... 18
8.2.1 Graphical values............................................................................................................................................................. 18
8.2.2 Determination by calculation............................................................................................................................. 19
8.3 Calculation of transverse contact ratio, εα, and overlap ratio, εβ .............................................................. 20
8.3.1 Transverse contact ratio, εα ................................................................................................................................. 20
8.3.2 Overlap ratio, εβ ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
9 Helix angle factor, Zβ ......................................................................................................................................................................................21
10 Strength for contact stress.......................................................................................................................................................................21
10.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
10.2 Allowable stress numbers (contact), σH lim: Method B....................................................................................... 21
10.3 Allowable stress number values: Method BR ............................................................................................................. 22
11 Life factor, ZNT (for flanks)........................................................................................................................................................................22
11.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
11.2 Life factor, ZNT: Method A............................................................................................................................................................. 22
11.3 Life factor, ZNT: Method B............................................................................................................................................................. 22
12 Influence of lubricant film, factors ZL, Zv and ZR ...............................................................................................................24
12.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
12.2 Influence of lubricant film: Method A............................................................................................................................... 24
12.3 Influence of lubricant film, factors ZL, Zv and ZR: Method B........................................................................... 24
12.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

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12.3.2 Factors ZL, Zv and ZR for reference stress.................................................................................................. 25

12.3.3 Factors ZL, Zv and ZR for static stress............................................................................................................ 30
13 Work hardening factor, ZW ......................................................................................................................................................................30
13.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
13.2 Work hardening factor, ZW: Method A............................................................................................................................... 30
13.3 Work hardening factor, ZW: Method B............................................................................................................................... 31
13.3.1 Surface-hardened steel pinion with through-hardened steel gear.................................... 31
13.3.2 Through-hardened steel pinion with through-hardened steel gear................................. 33
13.3.3 Surface-hardened steel pinion with ductile iron gear................................................................... 34
14 Size factor, ZX ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................36
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www​.iso​.org/​directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www​.iso​.org/​patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
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World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www​.iso​.org/​
iso/​foreword​.html. (standards.iteh.ai)
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60, Gears, Subcommittee SC 2, Gear
capacity calculation. SIST ISO 6336-2:2020
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This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 6336-2:2006), which has been technically
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revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 6336-2:2006/Cor.1:2008.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— modification of the helix angle factor Zβ;
— integration of 13.3.3 "Surface-hardened steel pinion with ductile iron gear".
A list of all parts in the ISO 6336 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www​.iso​.org/​members​.html.
This corrected version of ISO 6336-2:2019 incorporates the following corrections:
— the decimal sign in Formula (43) has been removed;
— the equals signs have been added in Formulae (54) and (55).

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ISO 6336-2:2019(E)


Introduction
ISO 6336 (all parts) consists of International Standards, Technical Specifications (TS) and Technical
Reports (TR) under the general title Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears (see Table 1).
— International Standards contain calculation methods that are based on widely accepted practices
and have been validated.
— Technical Specifications (TS) contain calculation methods that are still subject to further
development.
— Technical Reports (TR) contain data that is informative, such as example calculations.
The procedures specified in parts 1 to 19 of the ISO 6336 series cover fatigue analyses for gear rating.
The procedures described in parts 20 to 29 of the ISO 6336 series are predominantly related to the
tribological behavior of the lubricated flank surface contact. Parts 30 to 39 of the ISO 6336 series
include example calculations. The ISO 6336 series allows the addition of new parts under appropriate
numbers to reflect knowledge gained in the future.
Requesting calculation according to the ISO 6336 series without referring to specific parts requires
the use of only those parts that are designated as International Standards (see Table 1 for listing).
If Technical Specifications (TS) are requested as part of the load capacity calculation they need to
be specified. Use of a Technical Specification as acceptance criteria for a specific design is subject to
commercial agreement.
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Table 1 — Parts of the ISO 6336 series (status as of DATE OF PUBLICATION)
(standards.iteh.ai) Technical
International Technical
Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears Specifica-
Standard Report
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Part 1: Basic principles, introduction and general influence factors X
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Part 2: Calculation of surface durability (pitting) X
Part 3: Calculation of tooth bending strength X
Part 4: Calculation of tooth flank fracture load capacity X
Part 5: Strength and quality of materials X
Part 6: Calculation of service life under variable load X
Part 20: Calculation of scuffing load capacity (also applicable to bevel
and hypoid gears) — Flash temperature method X
(replaces: ISO/TR 13989-1)
Part 21: Calculation of scuffing load capacity (also applicable to bevel
and hypoid gears) — Integral temperature method X
(replaces: ISO/TR 13989-2)
Part 22: Calculation of micropitting load capacity
X
(replaces: ISO/TR 15144-1)
Part 30: Calculation examples for the application of ISO 6336 parts 1,2,3,5 X
Part 31: Calculation examples of micropitting load capacity
X
(replaces: ISO/TR 15144-2)

Hertzian pressure, which serves as a basis for the calculation of the contact stress, is the basic principle
used in this document for the assessment of the surface durability of cylindrical gears. It is a significant
indicator of the stress generated during tooth flank engagement. However, it is not the sole cause
of pitting, and nor are the corresponding subsurface shear stresses. There are other contributory
influences, for example, coefficient of friction, direction and magnitude of sliding and the influence of
lubricant on the distribution of pressure. Development has not yet advanced to the stage of directly

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including these in calculations of load‑bearing capacity; however, allowance is made for them to some
degree in the derating factors and the choice of material property values.
Despite the shortcomings, Hertzian pressure is useful as a working hypothesis. This is attributable
to the fact that, for a given material, limiting values of Hertzian pressure are preferably derived
from fatigue tests on gear specimens; thus, additional relevant influences are included in the values.
Therefore, if the reference datum is located in the application range, Hertzian pressure is acceptable
as a design basis for extrapolating from experimental data to values for gears of different dimensions.
Several methods have been approved for the calculation of the permissible contact stress and the
determination of a number of factors (see ISO 6336-1).

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6336-2:2019(E)

Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears —

Part 2:
Calculation of surface durability (pitting)
IMPORTANT — The user of this document is cautioned that when the method specified is used
for large helix angles (β > 30°) and large normal pressure angles (αn > 25°), the calculated
results should be confirmed by experience as by Method A. In addition, it is important to note
that the best correlation has been obtained for helical gears when high accuracy and optimum
modifications are employed.

1 Scope
This document specifies the fundamental formulae for use in the determination of the surface load
capacity of cylindrical gears with involute external or internal teeth. It includes formulae for all
influences on surface durability for which quantitative assessments can be made. It applies primarily
to oil‑lubricated transmissions, but can also be used to obtain approximate values for (slow‑running)
grease‑lubricated transmissions, as long as sufficient lubricant is present in the mesh at all times.
The given formulae are valid for cylindrical gears with tooth profiles in accordance with the basic rack
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standardized in ISO 53. They can also be used for teeth conjugate to other basic racks where the actual
(standards.iteh.ai)
transverse contact ratio is less than εαn = 2,5. The results are in good agreement with other methods
(see References [5], [7], [10], [12]).
SIST ISO 6336-2:2020
These formulae cannot be directly applied for the assessment of types of gear tooth surface damage
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such as plastic yielding, scratching, scuffing and so on, other than that described in Clause 4.
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The load capacity determined by way of the permissible contact stress is called the “surface load
capacity” or “surface durability”.
If this scope does not apply, refer to ISO 6336-1:2019, Clause 4.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 53:1998, Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering — Standard basic rack tooth profile
ISO 1122-1:1998, Vocabulary of gear terms — Part 1: Definitions related to geometry
ISO 4287:1997, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms,
definitions and surface texture parameters
ISO 4287:1997/Cor 1:1998, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method —
Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters — TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1
ISO 4287:1997/Cor 2:2005, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method —
Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters — TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 2
ISO 4287:1997/Amd 1:2009, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile
method — Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters — AMENDMENT 1: Peak count number

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ISO 4288:1996, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Rules and
procedures for the assessment of surface texture
ISO 6336-1, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears — Part 1: Basic principles, introduction
and general influence factors
ISO 6336-5, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears — Part 5: Strength and quality of
materials

3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms

3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1122-1:1998, and
ISO 6336-1 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://​electropedia​.org/​

3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms

For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviated terms given in ISO 1122-1:1998,
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ISO 6336-1 and Table 2 apply.
(standards.iteh.ai)
Table 2 — Abbreviated terms and symbols used in this document
SIST ISO 6336-2:2020
Abbreviated terms
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Term Description
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A, B, C, points on path of contact (pinion root to pinion tip, regardless of whether pinion or wheel drives, only
D, E for geometrical considerations)
AA arithmetic average roughness (alternative name for Ra)
CLA center line average roughness (alternative name for Ra)
Eh material designation for case‑hardened wrought steel
GG material designation for grey cast iron
GGG material designation for nodular cast iron (perlitic, bainitic, ferritic structure)
GTS material designation for black malleable cast iron (perlitic structure)
HB Brinell hardness
a For external gears a, d, da, z1 and z2 are positive; for internal gearing, a, d, da and z2 have a negative sign, z1 has a
positive sign. All calculated diameters have a negative sign for internal gearing.

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 ISO 6336-2:2019(E)


Table 2 (continued)
Abbreviated terms
Term Description
IF material designation for flame or induction hardened wrought special steel
M module
ME
symbols identifying quality classes for material and heat‑treatment requirements, ISO 6336-5
ML
shall apply
MQ
NT material designation for nitrided wrought steel, nitriding steel
NV material designation for through‑hardened wrought steel, nitrided, nitrocarburized
St material designation for normalized base steel (σB < 800 N/mm2)
V material designation for through‑hardened wrought special steel, alloy or carbon (σB ≥ 800 N/mm2)
VI kinematic viscosity index
Symbols
Symbol Description Unit
b face width mm
bB face width of one helix on a double helical gear mm
bvir virtual face width mm
constant, coefficient —
C
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relief of tooth flank µm
CZL, ZR, Zv factors for determining lubricant film factors —
d
(standards.iteh.ai)
diameter (without subscript, reference diameter ) a mm
db base diameter SIST ISO 6336-2:2020 mm
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diameter mm
dNf active root diameter 7bf368b5a1fc/sist-iso-6336-2-2020 mm
E modulus of elasticity N/mm2
Ft (nominal) transverse tangential load at reference cylinder per mesh N
f deviation, tooth deformation µm
f ZCa auxiliary factor —
a For external gears a, d, da, z1 and z2 are positive; for internal gearing, a, d, da and z2 have a negative sign, z1 has a
positive sign. All calculated diameters have a negative sign for internal gearing.

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ISO 6336-2:2019(E)


Table 2 (continued)
Symbols
Symbol Description Unit
h tooth depth (without subscript, root circle to tip circle) mm
hfP dedendum of basic rack of cylindrical gears (ISO 53:1998 shall apply) mm
K constant, factors concerning tooth load —
KA application factor —
KHα transverse load factor (contact stress) —
KHβ face load factor (contact stress) —
Kv dynamic factor —
mesh load factor (takes into account the uneven distribution of the load between meshes
Kγ —
for multiple transmission paths)
M moment of a force Nm
mn normal module mm
NL number of load cycles —
pbt transverse base pitch mm
Ra arithmetic mean roughness value, Ra ≅ 1/6 Rz µm
mean peak‑to‑valley roughness (ISO 4287:1997 including ISO 4287:1997/Cor 1:1998,
Rz µm
ISO 4287:1997/Cor 2:2005, ISO 4287:1997/Amd 1:2009 and ISO 4288:1996 shall apply)
RzH equivalent roughness µm
r
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radius (without subscript, reference radius) mm
SH safety factor for pitting (standards.iteh.ai) —
SH min minimum required safety factor for pitting —
SH1 safety factor for pitting of pinion SIST ISO 6336-2:2020 —
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SH2 safety factor for pitting of wheel —
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u gear ratio (z2/z1) ≥ 1a —
v circumferential velocity (without subscript at the reference circle) m/s
vw circumferential velocity at the pitch line m/s
x profile shift coefficient —
Z factor related to contact stress —
a For external gears a, d, da, z1 and z2 are positive; for internal gearing, a, d, da and z2 have a negative sign, z1 has a
positive sign. All calculated diameters have a negative sign for internal gearing.

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Table 2 (continued)
Symbols
Symbol Description Unit
ZB single pair tooth contact factors for the pinion —
ZD single pair tooth contact factors for the wheel —
ZE elasticity factor (N/mm2)0,5
ZH zone factor —
ZL lubricant factor —
ZN life factor for contact stress —
ZNT life factor for contact stress for reference test conditions —
ZR roughness factor affecting surface durability —
Zv velocity factor (circumferential velocity at the pitch line) —
ZW work hardening factor —
ZX size factor (pitting) —
Zβ helix angle factor (pitting) —
Zε contact ratio factor (pitting) —
z number of teeth a —
z1,2 number of teeth of pinion (or wheel)a —
α pressure angle (without subscript, at reference cylinder) °
αn iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
normal pressure angle °
αt transverse pressure angle °
αwt
(standards.iteh.ai)
working transverse pressure angle at the pitch cylinder °
β helix angle (without subscript,SIST
at reference cylinder)
ISO 6336-2:2020 °
βb base helix angle
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ε 7bf368b5a1fc/sist-iso-6336-2-2020
contact ratio, overlap ratio, relative eccentricity (see Clause 7) —
εα transverse contact ratio —
εαn virtual contact ratio, transverse contact ratio of a virtual spur gear —
εβ overlap ratio —
εγ total contact ratio, εγ = εα + εβ —
a For external gears a, d, da, z1 and z2 are positive; for internal gearing, a, d, da and z2 have a negative sign, z1 has a
positive sign. All calculated diameters have a negative sign for internal gearing.

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