DENT 3-I
Heart Disease Morphological Histological Symptoms Treatment
Characteristic Characteristic
Coronary Atherosclerotic Atherosclerosis is a Angina is chest pain Lifestyle Changes:
atherosclerosis plaques, composed of condition characterized or discomfort resulting - Healthy Diet
lipid deposits, by the formation of from insufficient
inflammatory cells, plaques in the artery's oxygen-rich blood - Regular
smooth muscle cells, intima, which are made supply to the heart Exercise
and connective tissue, up of lipids, cholesterol, muscle, causing
can form in various and inflammatory cells. pressure, squeezing, - Weight
stages of fullness, burning, or Management
atherosclerosis. Early lesions, known as tightness. -
fatty streaks, are - Smoking
They can progress characterized by the Shortness of breath Cessation
from fatty streaks to accumulation of (smokers
fibrous plaques, which lipid-laden foam cells. Heart attack only)
are formed by smooth
muscle cells and As the plaque Arrhythmias: These Medications:
connective tissue. progresses, a fibrous are irregular - Cholesterol-lo
cap may form over the heartbeats that can wering Drugs
Advanced plaques lipid core, stabilizing but cause palpitations,
may undergo also becoming dizziness, fainting, or - Antiplatelet
calcification, making vulnerable to rupture. chest discomfort. Medication
them harder and more
brittle. In advanced stages, the Heart failure - Blood
plaque may undergo Pressure
Plaque rupture can calcification, leading to Silent ischemia: the Medications
lead to ulcers, hardened deposits within heart muscle is not
thrombosis, and the artery wall. receiving sufficient - Diabetes
stenosis, causing blood flow without Management
blood flow to the heart Chronic inflammation, causing noticeable
muscle. smooth muscle cell symptoms. Medical
proliferation, and Procedures:
The arterial wall may thrombosis are also - Angioplasty
undergo remodeling, common in and Stenting
either compensatory atherosclerosis.
enlargement or - Coronary
constriction, in These factors contribute Artery Bypass
response to plaque to the progression of Grafting
formation. atherosclerosis. (CABG)
These processes can
lead to acute coronary
syndromes like
myocardial infarction.
Ventricular VSDs, or Variable Defective septal tissue Heart Murmur: Observation:
Septal Defect Spherical Defects, are refers to the absence of A characteristic sound Small VSDs may not
irregularly shaped normal septal tissue, caused by turbulent require immediate
defects that can occur typically composed of blood flow through the treatment but are
in various locations myocardium and defect. monitored regularly
along the ventricular endocardium. by a cardiologist to
septum. Difficulty Feeding: check for any
Adjacent myocardium Infants with VSD may changes or
The most common may show hypertrophy have trouble feeding complications.
location is the due to increased or may get tired easily
membranous septum, workload caused by during feeding due to Medication:
which is a thin blood shunting across increased effort Medications may be
membrane-like part of the defect. needed to pump prescribed to manage
the septum. blood. symptoms such as
Endocardial changes congestive heart
The size of the defect may also occur due to Poor Weight Gain: failure or to prevent
can affect symptoms turbulent blood flow Infants may have infections.
and heart function. across the opening. difficulty gaining
Inflammatory response weight at a normal Surgical Repair:
The shape can range may occur in rate. The most common
from round to surrounding tissues if the surgical procedure is
irregular, affecting defect is linked to Fast Breathing: patch closure, where
blood flow. infections or Rapid breathing a patch is used to
inflammatory processes. (tachypnea) can close the hole in the
VSDs may be occur, especially heart.
associated with other Hemodynamic effects, during feeding or
congenital heart such as increased blood exertion. Catheter-based
defects, such as flow in the right ventricle, Procedures: Some
atrioventricular valve can lead to further Difficulty Breathing VSDs can be closed
abnormalities or changes in the heart's using catheter-based
septal defects. structure and function Fatigue and techniques, where a
over time. Irritability catheter is guided to
The presence of a the heart to place a
VSD can lead to a Frequent device that closes the
left-to-right shunt of Respiratory defect.
blood, leading to Infections
volume overload and Lifestyle and
increased pulmonary Follow-up Care
blood flow.
The clinical
presentation depends
on the size of the
defect, associated
defects, and the
patient's age.
Cardiomyopathy Dilated Dilated Cardiomyopathy Shortness of Breath Medications:
Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized - Beta-blockers
(DCM) is by myocyte hypertrophy, Fatigue
characterized by an disarray, interstitial - Angiotensin-
enlarged heart, fibrosis, and Swelling: Edema, converting
resulting in decreased inflammatory infiltrates. particularly in the legs, enzyme
pumping efficiency ankles, and feet, due (ACE)
and thinning of Hypertrophic to fluid retention. inhibitors or
ventricles. Cardiomyopathy (HCM) angiotensin II
shows hypertrophy Irregular Heartbeat: receptor
Hypertrophic without chamber dilation, Arrhythmias, such as blockers
Cardiomyopathy with prominent myocyte palpitations, skipped (ARBs)
(HCM) thickened disarray and interstitial beats, or a rapid or
heart muscle, fibrosis. fluttering heartbeat. - Diuretics
obstructing blood flow.
Restrictive Restrictive Chest Pain or - Antiarrhythmic
Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy (RCM) Discomfort: This can medications
(RCM) stiffens the stiffens ventricular walls, range from a dull ache
heart, impairing filling restricting blood flow. to sharp pain and may Lifestyle Changes:
during diastole. be felt in the chest, - Dietary
Arrhythmogenic Right back, or neck. changes
Normal or mildly Ventricular
enlarged hearts may Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) Dizziness or Fainting - Exercise
remain normal or replaces myocardium
slightly enlarged. with fibrofatty tissue, Abdominal Swelling: - Smoking
causing myocyte loss Fluid buildup in the cessation
Arrhythmogenic Right and inflammation. abdomen, leading to a
Ventricular swollen or distended - Limiting
Cardiomyopathy Noncompaction belly. alcohol intake
(ARVC) replaces Cardiomyopathy has
normal heart muscle excessive trabeculations Difficulty Sleeping: Implantable
with fat and fibrous of the myocardium, often Insomnia or waking up Devices:
tissue, affecting the accompanied by fibrosis frequently during the - Implantable
right ventricle. and fatty infiltration. night due to breathing cardioverter-d
difficulties or efibrillator
This can lead to These conditions can discomfort. (ICD)
thinning and affect the heart's ability
weakening of the right to fill with blood. - Cardiac
ventricular wall, resynchroniza
predisposing to tion therapy
arrhythmias. (CRT)
Surgery:
- Septal
myectomy
- Heart
transplant
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