J. Phys. Ther. Sci.

Original Article 27: 1875–1881, 2015

Effects of different types of exercise on muscle

activity and balance control

Mi-Kyoung K im, MS, PT1), Jung-Hyun Choi, PT, PhD1), Min-A Gim, MS, PT1),
Young-Hwan K im, PhD2), Kyung-Tae Yoo, PT, PhD1)*
1) Department of Physical Therapy, Namseoul University: 21 Maeju-ri, Sungwan-eup, Seobuk-Gu,
Chonan-Si 331-707, Republic of Korea
2) Graduate School Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea

Abstract. [Purpose] This study analyzed the effects of isotonic, isokinetic, and isometric exercises of ankle
joint muscles on lower extremity muscle activity and balance control. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were
30 healthy adults (15 males) in their 20s who were randomly assigned to three different exercise method groups of
10 people each. The isokinetic exercise group performed three sets at an angular velocity of 60°/sec, including a
single rest period after every set of 10 repetitions. The isometric exercise group performed three sets consisting of
three 15 repetitions of a 15-second exercise followed by a 5-second rest. [Results] Multivariate analysis of variance
revealed that depending on the exercise method, the non-dominant tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius muscle, and
peroneus longus showed significant differences in muscle activity for weight-bearing non-dominant sides; when
the dominant side was weight-bearing, the dominant gastrocnemius and peroneus longus showed significant differ-
ences in muscle activity; and the non-dominant and dominant sides showed significant differences in balance con-
trol depending on the duration of support in the area. [Conclusion] Muscle fatigue from the three exercise methods
produced a decline in muscle activity and balance control; due to the fatigue before exercise, the side that did not
perform the exercises was affected.
Key words: Isotonic, Isokinetic, Isometric
(This article was submitted Jan. 26, 2015, and was accepted Mar. 7, 2015)

INTRODUCTION neus longus, and tibialis anterior muscles7). Small changes

to adjustments in balance are accomplished by the action of
Human posture is determined and maintained by muscle the muscles associated with the ankle joints; the body move-
coordination, proprioception, equilibrioception, and the ment around the ankle, acting like an inverted pendulum,
position and function of the joints1). The ankle strategy that corrects the position of the center of gravity2).
is applied to the ankle joints is an important2) component Isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic exercises are used
of maintaining postural adjustment and includes the proper in resistance training for increasing muscle strength. Iso-
use of hip joint muscles attached to the ankle joints and tonic exercises are auxotonic contractions in which, despite
appropriate stepping strategies3). In terms of mechanics, changes in muscle length, tension in the muscles remains
the ankle joint is important in gait and functional activity4). constant and improves muscle strength8). Isokinetic exercises
The maintenance of a sufficient range of motion, strength, allow muscles to exert maximum strength within the range
and proprioception is crucial in providing shock absorption of all joint movements at a constant speed; various exercise
and balance control of movements in the lower extremities methods can be used to improve muscle strength9). Isometric
while walking, which are the primary functions of the ankle exercises are popular and have been performed successfully
joints5). Functional balance is the ability to maintain a po- by physiotherapists for rehabilitation. In particular, they can
sition and adjust posture while moving from one postural be adjusted for patients whose range of joint movements is
position to a different position or a functional motion, such limited, and they are useful when performed in a safe train-
as movement from a certain position to another position6). ing environment10). Muscle fatigue, which is a hindrance
The ankle joints are adjusted by the ground reaction force factor during exercise, is defined as a condition that brings
generated by the contractions of the gastrocnemius, pero- about a reduction in maximum voluntary force or power
generated by a muscle or muscle group; the muscle fatigue
mechanism is a complex phenomenon in which the central
*Corresponding author. Kyung-Tae Yoo (E-mail: taeyoo88@ and peripheral nervous systems generally work together11).
nsu.ac.kr) In order to evaluate the mechanisms of muscular strength
©2015 The Society of Physical Therapy Science. Published by IPEC Inc. production, muscle activities were studied using a direct
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Cre- measurement technique. Muscle movement begins with an
ative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc- electrical activity, and this signal is recorded by electromy-
nd) License <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/>. ography (EMG)8). Determining the level of muscle activ-
1876 J. Phys. Ther. Sci. Vol. 27, No. 6, 2015

ity is a non-invasive method of studying the electrical and kick the ball was identified as the dominant side20) in order
mechanical events of a single muscle excitation-contraction to apply the exercise to the non-dominant side; surface elec-
combination; recording the electrical activity of muscles has trodes were then attached to the tibialis anterior, peroneus
been widely used in studies on muscle coordination, muscle longus, and gastrocnemius muscles.
contraction characteristics, motor unit recruitment, and the The subjects were positioned in the physical rehabilita-
muscle firing rate12). tion equipment with their knees fully extended21), and both
In previous studies of patients with knee osteoarthritis that sides of the hip joints and the knee joints were fixed into a
compared isometric and isokinetic exercises, it was found neutral position using a strap. The exercises were performed
that isokinetic exercises were much more effective than iso- after fitting the rotational axis of the equipment along the
metric exercises for improving muscle strength13). Yang and inner elongation of the anklebone with the foot secured in
Hwang14) reported that a six-week treatment of neurological the isokinetic equipment22). The equipment was calibrated
physical therapy with afferent knee joint isokinetic exercises before every exercise was performed23). The isometric ex-
in patients with acute stroke and hemiplegia improved bal- ercises were performed three times to induce muscle fatigue
ance control and muscle strength in the lower extremities. in the subjects for maximal voluntary isometric contraction
In addition, an analysis of the muscle activities of volleyball (MVIC)24). There was a one-minute rest period between each
players who received isometric training for six weeks found attempt25). Of the three MVICs, the one with the highest
that there were significant differences in the improvement of peak torque was selected as the MVIC15). Then the subjects
muscle strength8). After isokinetic exercises were performed were given verbal reinforcement to encourage them to exert
for four weeks on the ankle joints of adults in their 20s, the maximum force during the isometric contractions24). To fa-
subjects were asked to complete a one-leg stance on the miliarize the subjects with the experiment before performing
same leg, and it was reported that the ankle muscle training the isotonic, isometric, or isokinetic exercises, submaximal
helped to improve balance control6). contractions were performed five times as a pre-exercise that
The plantar flexor of the ankle joint is considered to be involved isokinetic exercises26). There was a five-minute
the key regulator in standing15), and it plays an important rest period after the pre-exercise to prevent the fatigue ef-
role16) in walking efficiency17). In the current study, isotonic, fect27). The isotonic exercise group performed self-paced
isokinetic, and isometric exercises were performed on ankle exercises28) at 50% resistance of MVIC29). Ten repetitions
joints to assess their effects on the muscle activity and bal- were performed per set, followed by a rest; three sets were
ance control of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and performed, with a one-minute rest period between the sets to
gastrocnemius muscles. prevent fatigue30). In the isokinetic exercise group, changes
in the increase of muscle strength occurred according to
SUBJECTS AND METHODS isokinetic strength exercise implementation, which depends
on the dynamic form of exercise, speed, and muscle contrac-
The 30 participants in this study were students at a univer- tion. In particular, low-velocity exercises generally increase
sity in Cheonan, Republic of Korea. The procedures of the muscle strength, while high-velocity exercises are mainly
experiment were explained to the students, who did not have used for the recovery of muscle endurance. Among the most
any problems with the experiment and voluntarily agreed to frequently implemented angular velocities of 60, 180, and
participate. Exclusion criteria included musculoskeletal or 300 degrees/sec in isokinetic exercises, the angular velocity
neurological diseases; muscle strength training during the of 60 degrees/sec was selected; this velocity is mainly used
past six months18); joint or bone disorders or ankle sprains; for improving muscle strength in adults or athletes31). The
and tendon, fascia, or ligament inflammation19). The exer- ankle was put in a neutral position32), and the exercise in-
cises were divided into isotonic, isokinetic, and isometric tensity was set within the range of pain tolerance. Three sets
exercises, and 10 students were randomly assigned to each of ten repetitions of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion were
of the three types of exercise groups. performed, followed by a rest33). There was a one-minute
A body composition analyzer (InBody720, Biospace O. rest period between sets to prevent the fatigue effect32). The
Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea) was used to determine the isometric strength training group used MVIC resistance to
general characteristics of the subjects. A Functional Rehab perform plantar flexion; dorsiflexion was performed at 70%
System (PRIMUS RS, BTE Tech., Hanover, MD, USA) was of MVIC resistance21). Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of
employed to carry out the isotonic, isokinetic, and isometric the ankle were sustained for 15 seconds33) per repetition
exercises. A Free EMG system (Free EMG, BTS Inc., Milan, for a total of three repetitions per set, and each set was fol-
Italy) measure the muscle activity of the subjects, and a com- lowed by a five-second rest period30); three total sets were
puterized balance platform (BT4, HUR Labs Oy., Tampere, performed. There was a one-minute rest period between
Finland) was used to determine balance control. each set to prevent fatigue32). In order to enable maximum
After being informed about the study and understanding performance, strong verbal reinforcement was provided dur-
the purpose and content of the experiment, each of the 30 ing all tests, along with auditory and visual feedback15).
participants signed a consent form. After measuring their To generate the EMG data, electrodes were attached to
physical characteristics, ten students were randomly assigned the surface at the state of standard maximum contraction
to each of the three exercise groups: isotonic, isokinetic, and to avoid technical errors that might affect the tests. To
isometric. Before conducting the experiment, the dominant minimize errors caused by skin impedance and to keep the
limb was identified by having the subjects kick a ball that impedance below 5 kΩ, the skin was prepared first by exfo-
had been placed in front of them. The limb that was used to liation with sandpaper to remove dead skin cells and debris
 1877

Table 1. Subject characteristics

Age (years) Height (cm) Weight (kg) BMI (kg/m 2)

Group N
M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD
Isotonic 10 20.3±1.7 170.2±9.9 70.0±14.6 23.9±2.6
Isokinetic 10 20.2±1.8 165.5±9.9 65.8±20.2 23.6±4.8
Isometric 10 20.1±1.4 166.9±11.5 68.5±18.2 24.1±3.9
M±SD: means ± standard deviation; BMI: body mass index

and then disinfection with sterile alcohol23). All active elec- Table 2. Comparison of pre- and post-test muscle electromyog-
trodes (Carbon electrode; 3M,) were attached parallel to the raphy (mV)
direction of the muscle fiber at 2-cm intervals34). A 1-kHz Pre-test Post-test
sampling rate, 500-Hz low-pass filter, and 20-Hz high-pass Variable Group
M±SD M±SD
filter were used to measure EMG. The EMG signals of each
muscle measured were treated with the value of root mean Non-TA* Isotonicb 0.35±0.30 0.33±0.14
square. Data for the EMG measurements were obtained by (support by Isokineticac 1.47±1.52 1.18±0.83
eliminating the beginning and end of the EMG interval. non-) Isometricb 0.52±0.53 0.42±0.18
To test the subjects’ balance ability, a one-leg stance with Non-GCM* Isotonic 1.21±1.37 1.86±2.17
eyes open was performed using a computerized balance (support by Isokineticc 2.13±2.31 2.81±2.40
platform. While standing barefoot with both arms comfort- non-) Isometricb 0.76±0.54 0.73±2.17
ably at their sides35), the subjects were asked to bend one Isotonic 0.83±1.01 0.94±0.86
Non-PL*
leg along the anterior-posterior axis of the balance platform (support by Isokineticc 1.59±1.26 1.78±1.76
at 30° and stand on the opposite leg, to maintain as stable a non-) Isometricb 0.76±0.54 0.73±0.52
stance as possible36) with their eyes open for 30 seconds37),
dom-GCM* Isotonic b 0.57±0.59 1.37±2.14
and to gaze at a point on a monitor 65 cm away35). An oral
countdown from 4 seconds to 1 second was given to start, (support by Isokineticac 2.35±1.62 2.42±2.25
and the word “stop” was presented after the measurement dom-) Isometricb 0.61±0.37 0.76±0.50
was complete. These tests took place in a quiet environ- dom-PL Isotonic b 0.62±0.58 1.01±0.83
ment38). Data were obtained by taking the mean value of the (support by Isokineticac 1.40±0.90 1.87±1.23
measurements, which were repeated twice. dom-) Isometricb 0.82±0.75 1.04±0.69
The data measured in this study were analyzed using *p<0.05; aisotonic; bisokinetic; cisometric; non-: non-dominant
SPSS ver. 18.0. General characteristics were expressed as side; dom-: dominant side; TA: tibialis anterior; GCM: gastroc-
mean and standard deviation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov nemius; PL: peroneus longus
test was used to demonstrate a normal distribution, and the
Levene F-test was used to verify the homogeneity of the
subjects. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was
used to compare the difference in muscle activity and bal- observed in the non-dominant tibialis anterior, gastrocne-
ance control in the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, mius, and peroneus longus muscles when the non-dominant
and peroneus longus, depending on the group (isotonic, limb was weight bearing, and in the peroneus longus and
isokinetic, or isometric exercise group) and time (pre- or gastrocnemius muscles when the dominant limb was weight
post-exercise). When there was a significant difference, the bearing. A multiple comparison analysis showed that there
Scheffé test was used for post-hoc analysis. The statisti- were significant differences among the isokinetic, isotonic,
cal significance level was set at α = 0.05. This study was and isometric exercise groups in the non-dominant tibialis
approved by the Institutional Review Board of Namseoul anterior and between the isokinetic and isometric exercise
University (Cheonan, Korea, NSU-140528-1). groups in the non-dominant gastrocnemius and peroneus
longus. In addition, there were significant differences among
RESULTS the isokinetic, isotonic, and isometric exercise groups in the
dominant gastrocnemius and peroneus longus.
Thirty healthy adult subjects participated in this study. The changes in balance control according to group both
Fifteen of the subjects were male, and 15 were female; 28 of before and after the tests are shown in Table 3. Statistical
the subjects were right-side dominant, and two were left-side analysis revealed no interaction between group and time.
dominant. Information regarding the subjects, such as age, No main effect according to group was observed, and the
height, weight, and body mass index, is provided in Table 1. main effect of time on surface area was present only when
The changes in muscle activity before and after the tests the non-dominant and dominant sides were weight bearing.
are shown in Table 2. The statistical analysis indicated that Multiple comparison analysis of the significant differences
no interaction between group and time could be observed in surface area showed that when the non-dominant side was
in any of the subjects. The main effects of time were also weight bearing, there were significant differences in all three
not observed. The main effects according to group could be exercise groups; when the dominant side was weight bear-
1878 J. Phys. Ther. Sci. Vol. 27, No. 6, 2015

Table 3. Comparison of pre- and post-test balance that this decline was related to resistance to stretching of
Pre-test Post-test
the fatigued muscles, as fatigued muscle activity is usually
Variable Group associated with increased passive tension39). Onambele et
M±SD M±SD
al. 38) analyzed the muscular activity of the plantar flexor and
Isotonic 435.0±139.1 615.1±244.1+
Area (mm 2) dorsiflexor muscles in elderly and young adult patients by
Isokinetic 389.3±215.6 515.6±277.7+ having them perform a one-leg stance with their eyes closed,
(support by non-)
Isometric 292.6±138.1 491.5±280.5+ and they found that the EMG of the tibialis anterior was
Isotonic 399.1±151.5 495.0±229.2 higher than that of the gastrocnemius in both groups. When
Area (mm 2)
Isokinetic 353.5±119.8 453.4±161.6+ a one-leg stance with eyes open was performed, EMG was
(support by dom-)
Isometric 349.2±149.4 470.2±295.8 higher in the tibialis anterior of the elderly group and higher
Isotonic 11.5±4.0 12.2±3.0 in the gastrocnemius of the young adult group. The findings
Velocity (mm/s) were similar in the current study, in which adults in their 20s
Isokinetic 12.3±3.7 13.4±3.6
(support by non-) were the subjects; in addition, the EMG of the non-dominant
Isometric 11.4±2.8 16.3±13.8
gastrocnemius was higher than the non-dominant EMG of
Isotonic 11.7±3.2 11.1±2.6
Velocity (mm/s) the tibialis anterior when the non-dominant limb was weight
Isokinetic 12.3±2.8 14.4±6.2 bearing. These results indicate that due to the muscle fatigue
(support by dom-)
Isometric 12.0±3.5 14.7±8.5 induced by the three exercises, the EMG activity of the tibi-
*p < 0.05; +< 0.05: compared with post-test; non-: non-dominant alis anterior declined in relation to the resistance to muscle
side; dom-: dominant side activity by the muscle that had been fatigued by the one-leg
stance with eyes open.
In a study regarding the effects of fatigue during isomet-
ric contractions of both the dominant and non-dominant
ing, there were only significant differences in the isokinetic quadriceps muscles, it was found that initial recovery from
exercise group. the combined effect of the fatigue mechanisms that con-
tribute to the maximum decline in power due to sustained
DISCUSSION isometric contraction was in the dominant leg. This result
occurred even though the combined effect of the peripheral
The ankle strategy requires a normal operating range and and central fatigue mechanisms that induce the development
muscle strength, and it is used to maintain balance. If the of muscle fatigue during continuous isometric contraction of
range of movement of the ankle joints becomes constrained, one side was not related to the dominant leg40). In addition,
the postural adjustment provided by the ankle joints be- in a study on postural adjustment disturbance of the oppo-
comes constrained as well5). Postural adjustments require site leg in a one-leg stance brought on by fatigue induced
integration of body segment movement navigation and the by stimulation and voluntary contraction of the same limb
information sent through the central nervous system through (the exercised lower extremities), it was reported that the
the proprioception, tactile, visual, and afferent systems; cross-over fatigue effect after stimulation and voluntary
muscle fatigue influences one or more regulatory systems, contraction could interfere with postural adjustment. The
such as postural adjustment, and it is typically associated training of one weight-bearing side could also be transferred
with changes in movement and sensory systems39). to the untrained side due to the cross-education effect41).
In this study, the subjects were young, healthy adults who Thus, in this study, the unexercised, dominant side showed
performed isotonic, isokinetic, and isometric exercises of the significant differences in the gastrocnemius and peroneus
ankle joints; this study analyzed the effects these exercise longus when the dominant leg was weight-bearing due to
methods have on the muscle activity and balance control this effect, while the unexercised dominant gastrocnemius
of the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and peroneus longus and peroneus longus developed tiredness before muscle
muscles. In the case of muscular activity, there were signifi- fatigue. Moreover, the lack of significant differences in the
cant differences in the non-dominant tibialis anterior, gas- dominant tibialis anterior muscle when the dominant side
trocnemius, and peroneus muscles when the non-dominant was weight-bearing might be due to the morphological
side was weight bearing; when the dominant-side was weight characteristics of the muscles: the plantar flexor, which is
bearing, there were significant differences in the dominant composed of cooperative muscles, has a high compensation
gastrocnemius and peroneus longus muscles. In the case of potential, but the muscle fatigue recovery rate is slow, while
balance, there were significant differences in surface area, the dorsiflexor has relatively low compensation potential but
depending on time when both the non-dominant side and the a fast fatigue recovery rate.
dominant side were weight bearing; however, no significant In this study, the results of balance ability both before and
difference in velocity was observed. after exercise in the respective exercise groups showed that
Significant differences were noted in the EMG of the there were significant differences in the dominant and non-
non-dominant tibialis anterior when the non-dominant dominant weight-bearing sides in terms of area. In a previous
limb was weight bearing. These results are consistent with study, in which young adults performed a 30-second one-leg
previous research on the bilateral effects of muscle fatigue stance on their dominant leg after inducing isokinetic fatigue
of one leg and muscle EMG, where it was found that the tibi- in the ankle and hip joints, there was no significant difference
alis anterior muscle of the limb on which the exercise was in the area of the ankle joint, even though the area tended to
performed experienced a decline in EMG. It was reported increase after the fatigue rather than before the fatigue42). In
 1879

a study on changes in balance orientation of healthy elderly That finding indicates that damage has occurred to muscle
women after knee and ankle fatigue, it was found that acute activation patterns and reflex activity; in the state of fatigue,
muscle fatigue reduced balance adjustment43) and localized postural adjustment is affected by complex mechanisms of
dorsiflexor fatigue from the midsagittal plane was a leading the sensory, neural-muscular, and central nervous systems;
factor in precipitating postural adjustment disturbance; this the central nervous system receives more disturbances than
was found to produce a higher average disturbance threshold the peripheral mechanisms of proprioception48).
during posture correction than the plantar flexor in a non- Moreover, in a study on posture sway and the effects of
fatigued state44). The analysis of the effects of ankle muscle incremental difficulties in a standing balance task with visual
fatigue on one-leg stance posture control and recovery in feedback, as the difficulty of the task increased, the ampli-
adult male and female subjects showed that there were no tude of the postural sway increased, and the fuzzy entropy
gender differences; the fatigue effect appeared in the right of postural sway also increased from the anteroposterior
and left factors both before and after fatigue in both the axis in the most unstable condition49). According to a study
male and female groups45). In a study in which young adults on visual compensation in accordance with muscle fatigue
performed a one-leg stance with their eyes open after iso- and postural adjustment, different sensory systems exist in
kinetic fatigue had been induced in the ankle, knee, and hip a complex relationship related to postural control. Under
joints, it was found that from the coronal plane, knee and hip the condition of muscle fatigue, vision can compensate for
joint fatigue brought about disturbances to posture adjust- the muscle fatigue generated by the triceps surae muscle by
ment; however, midsagittally, the fatigue of the three joints increasing the contributions of the various sensory systems
produced posture adjustment disturbances46). Similarly, as in for adjusting posture. Concurrently, in the state of muscle
previous studies, the lower extremity fatigue induced by the fatigue, the effectiveness of the visual presentation is impor-
three exercise methods implemented in this study affected tant for proper adjustment of support47). Therefore, the rea-
the posture adjusting mechanisms. The sway area also in- son there was no significant difference in velocity/speed was
creased significantly before and after the exercises. Even because the balance was measured in a one-leg stance with
the non-dominant side, which did not perform the exercises, eyes open without constraining the subject’s vision. Due to
was affected before the fatigue; thus, the transferred fatigue the muscle fatigue, compensation from visual information
caused postural sway to increase significantly. This outcome regarding postural adjustment and dependence on the hip
shows the direct effect of plantar flexor and dorsiflexor fa- strategy were amplified; the impairment of the sensorimotor
tigue of the ankle joints. system and proprioception of the ankle joints for maintain-
In this study, there were no significant differences in ve- ing balance were not sufficient to make a significant impact
locity before or after the exercises depending upon the group. on velocity.
According to a study on the effects of ankle and hip joint This study analyzed the effects of muscle fatigue on
muscle fatigue on postural sway in a one-leg stance, muscle muscle activity and balance control in the lower extremi-
fatigue of the plantar flexor and dorsiflexor of the ankle joints ties using three exercise methods. The ankle joint in which
did not increase the sway velocity compared with the muscle this was implemented was limited; balance was measured
fatigue in the flexion and extensor muscles of the hip joints; with visual information, and the subjects were confined to
muscles that are proximal (hip and knee) exert a greater healthy students. For further research, studies regarding the
influence on posture adjustment than muscles that are distal relationship and compensation potential of various joints,
(ankle). The use of the hip joint strategy increases according such as hip, knee, and ankle joints; studies on postural and
to the difficulty of the tasks—however, the ankle strategy is balance control both with and without visual information, as
primarily used when standing. Thus, the one-leg stance is vision and proprioception are closely related50); and research
adjusted by a combination of hip and ankle joints. When the focusing on specialized groups, such as patients and athletes
ankle joints are fatigued, decreased ankle joint control (due with pain or disease in the ankle joint, are needed to expand
to a damaged ankle proprioceptive sense) can be compen- the scope and variety of the research.
sated for by increased dependency on the hip strategy42). A In conclusion, in this study, isotonic, isokinetic, and
study analyzing the effects of vision on postural control and isometric exercises were applied to the ankle joints of
muscle fatigue in triceps surae muscles47) reported that vision healthy adults in their 20s to investigate the effects of these
can bring about postural deficiency related to fatigue in the exercise methods on the muscle activity and balance control
plantar flexor. In addition, in a study of postural sway during of the tibialis anterior, inner gastrocnemius, and peroneus
one-leg stance, lower body angle and postural strategy, and longus muscles. Our results indicated that 1) there were no
the effects of plantar flexor and dorsiflexor fatigue, it was significant differences due to the changes of muscle activity
found that visual senses compensated for compromised pos- before, during, or after the exercise between the interac-
tural adjustment. A proprioceptive sensory deficit strength- tion of group and time; however, there were significant
ened the role of vision and subsequently reduced the amount differences according to group in the non-dominant tibialis
of proprioceptive sensory information necessary to stand on anterior, gastrocnemius, and peroneus longus muscles when
one leg, particularly when the support surface decreased37). the non-dominant side was weight-bearing, as well as in
In a study of healthy athletes and athletes with functional the dominant gastrocnemius and peroneus longus when the
ankle instability that investigated the effects of fatigue due dominant side was supported; 2) there were no significant
to treadmill running and sensorimotor control, it was found differences before or after exercise in the interaction of
that fatigue due to treadmill running had negative effects on group and time due to the change in balance control; depend-
static and dynamic posture control assessment in all groups. ing on time, there were significant differences in the surface
1880 J. Phys. Ther. Sci. Vol. 27, No. 6, 2015

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