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The 4th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 483 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/483/1/012034

A review on biogas purification through hydrogen sulphide

removal

D Andriani1*, A Rajani2, Kusnadi2, A Santosa2, A Saepudin2, A Wresta1, T D

Atmaja2
1
Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),
Komplek LIPI Bandung, Jalan Sangkuriang, Gedung 50, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
2
Research Center for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of
Sciences (LIPI), Komplek LIPI Bandung, Jalan Sangkuriang, Gedung 20, Bandung
40135, Indonesia

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Biogas has been recognized as a clean and renewable form of energy that is
produced from biodegradable organic materials via an anaerobic digestion. In fact, biogas has
been well expected to substitute current conventional sources of energy. The main composition
of biogas includes methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which is accompanied by
different contaminants in varied quantities such as ammonia (NH 3 ), water vapour (H 2 O),
hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S), methyl siloxanes, nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), halogenated volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons. Biogas has been
widely utilized as either engine fuel or starting material for chemicals, hydrogen and/or
synthesis gas productions. For certain applications, a certain purity degree of biogas is
required. Technically, the presence of trace components in biogas has been known to
negatively affect engine performance. Therefore, a removal of contaminants, particularly H 2 S
and CO 2 , is expected to significantly improve biogas quality, thus enhancing its performance
in various applications. Besides, the removal is performed to meet standardized gas
specifications for its usage as vehicle fuel or being injected into a natural gas grid. In practices,
different methods for biogas cleaning and upgrading have been recognized, in which differ in
terms of functions, efficiency, and required quality of input gas. This study, therefore, aims at
reviewing various H 2 S removal-based biogas cleaning techniques during and after digestion
process.
Keywords: anaerobic digestion; biogas purification; H 2 S removal; upgrading; cleaning; biogas
quality

1. Introduction
The production of biogas from various biological wastes through an anaerobic digestion or landfilling
has been growing worldwide. Besides, it has been considered as a solution for numerous energy
deficiency scenarios. In general, biogas has been recognized to offer economical and environment
friendly characteristics, by which it is known as the most efficient energy production technology
compared to other biological or thermo-chemical routes of energy conversion processes [1,2]. Through
three major biological processes, biogas being produced consists of mainly methane (CH 4 , 40 to 75 %)
and carbon dioxide (CO 2 , 15 to 60 %). Besides, trace amounts of other components such as water

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The 4th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 483 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/483/1/012034

(H 2 O, 5 to 10 %), hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S, 0.005 to 2 %), siloxanes (0 to 0.02 %), halogenated

hydrocarbons (VOC, < 0.6 %), ammonia (NH 3 , <1 %), oxygen (O 2 , 0-1 %), carbon monoxide
(CO, < 0.6 %) and nitrogen (N 2 , 0 to 2 %) may present and cause unintended consequences [3]; [4];
[5]. Table 1 summarizes typical properties of biogas generated from anaerobic digestion plants and
landfill sites [6,7].
Practically, CO 2 is a recalcitrant gas that reduces the density and decreases the calorific value of
biogas. It is, however, not toxic and corrosive as H 2 S. In fact, H 2 S is known to be harmful to the
environment and corrosive to numerous metal parts of engines, pumps, gas storage tanks,
compressors, valves and reduce the lifespan of process equipment [3,7,8]. Besides, some impurities
may increase emissions and hazardous risks for human health, hence requiring the contaminative
components to be removed before any eventual utilization [6].
Depending on the end uses of biogas, different treatment steps are necessary. For some applications
where it is important to have high energy content in biogas, e.g. vehicle fuel or grid injection, the
biogas needs to be pretreated [9]. It is therefore important to have an optimized process in terms of
low energy consumption and high efficiency, adding high methane content in the upgraded biogas [6].
Basically, two steps involved in biogas treatment to produce a higher fuel standard include cleaning
and upgrading. In the cleaning, harmful and toxic compounds such as H 2 S, N 2 , O 2 , Si, H, VOCs, CO,
and NH 3 are removed from biogas, while upgrading focuses on adjusting CO 2 content to increase the
calorific value of biogas [6,10].
Currently recognized techniques for biogas upgrading include water scrubbing, physical and
chemical adsorptions, cryogenic separation, membrane technology, biological upgrading and in-situ

Table 1. Parameter and composition of biogas produced through anaerobic digestion (AD) and
landfilling [6,7,9,37]
Parameters Unit Biogas Landfill Impact on Biogas Utilization
from AD Gas
Lower heating MJ/Nm3 23 16
value KWh/Nm3 6.5 4.4
MJ/kg 20 12.3
3
Density Kg/Nm 1.1 1.3
Methane >135 >130
number
Methane Vol (%) 60 to 70 35 to 65
Heavy Vol (%) 0 0
hydrocarbon
Water vapour Vol (%) 1 to 5 1 to 5 Corrosion in compressors, gas storage
tanks and engines due to reaction with
H2S, NH3, CO2 to form acids
Hydrogen Vol (%) 0 0
Carbon dioxide Vol (%) 30 to 40 15 to 40 Decreasing calorific value, anti-knock
properties of engines and corrosion
Oxygen Vol (%) 0 1 Corrosion, fooling in cavern storage, the
risk of explosion
Hydrogen ppm 0 to 4000 0 to 100 Corrosion, catalytic converter poison,
sulphide emission and health hazards. SO2, SO3 is
formed
Ammonia ppm 100 5 Emission, anti-knock properties of
engines and corrosion when dissolved

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The 4th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 483 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/483/1/012034

upgrading methods. Meanwhile, techniques for biogas cleaning are distinguished into wet
desulphurization (e.g. physical and chemical absorption, wet oxidation) and dry desulphurization (e.g.
membrane separation, molecular sieve, pressure swing adsorption (PSA), fixed-bed adsorption
method, Claus oxidation process) [11].
Recently, biogas cleaning and upgrading have been facing significant challenges due to the site-
specific and case sensitive characteristics of the selected technology. In general, the selected
technology relies on numerous factors, including specific biogas utilization requirements and local
circumstances. The technology should also be efficient in terms of energy consumption and operating
costs [6]. According to [12], investment cost is a critical issue, by which a cheapest technology that
meets required conditions for biogas utilization will be preferred. This study focuses on biogas
cleaning by the removal of H 2 S to optimize biogas production for certain usages.

2. Hydrogen Sulphide on Biogas Production

Hydrogen sulphide is naturally contained in biogas due to biogas-producing protein-rich organic
materials. The concentration of H 2 S in biogas is varied from 100 to 10,000 ppm depending on the
feedstock [13,14]. Technically, H 2 S is formed under anaerobic conditions due to the role of sulphate
(SO 2 4-) as an electron acceptor while organic compounds are biologically degraded [13]. Primary
mechanism for H 2 S production is the reduction of S-containing compounds (mainly proteins) and
anionic species (particularly SO 2 4-) contained in the feedstock under anaerobic conditions by sulphate-
reducing microorganisms [13,14,15,16]. Meanwhile, inorganic sulphur, particularly sulphates, can also
produce H 2 S through a biochemical conversion [14].
Furthermore, hydrogen sulphide has been known to raise environmental concerns due to their
conversion to harmful sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) [7,14,17]. In fact, H 2 S at
1000-3000 ppm concentration may cause an instantaneous death due to a reaction between H 2 S and
enzymes in the bloodstream that inhibits cellular respiration, resulting in pulmonary paralysis, sudden
collapse, and death [13,18,19]. Besides, the combustion of fuels containing H 2 S at a high
concentration has been discovered to increase SO 2 emissions, which is a precursor of acid rains and
brings serious damages to the vegetation and civil constructions. The gas is also known to be highly
corrosive for most equipment, including pipelines, pump, compressors, gas storage tanks and engines,
and act as a strong poison for fuel cells and reformer catalysts [7,13]. Due to the potential problems
that hydrogen sulphide can cause; desulphurization is recommended to be conducted early in a biogas
upgrading process. Practically, various H 2 S removal technologies largely depend on the end uses,
composition, variability and volume of biogas being treated, the concentration of H 2 S present in the
gas, and the absolute quantity of H 2 S to be removed [14].

Table 2. Bond distances for alkene molecules (atomic units).

Technology H2S tolerance (ppm)
Heating and Stirling engines <1,000
Kitchen stoves <10
Internal combustion engine <500 (depends on the type of the engine, it can be <50)
Turbines <10,000
Micro-turbines <70,000
Fuel cells
PEM <1
PAFC <20
MCFC <10
SOFC <1
Natural gas upgrade <4

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The 4th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 483 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/483/1/012034

The recommended level of H 2 S in biogas being produced is between 0.02-0.05 % (w/w) (200-500
ppm), while H 2 S-free biogas is more desirable [13,20]. The H 2 S requirement varies based on
application, equipment and vendor. Table 2 outlines the typical tolerance of H 2 S levels for different
biogas utilization equipment [14].

3. Biogas Purification with H 2 S Removal

In general, H 2 S removal methods are distinguished into physical-chemicals and biotechnological ones.
In fact, hydrogen sulphide can be removed either in a digester, from crude biogas, or during an
upgrading process [14]. In the past two decades, biotechnological methods have been attracting more
attention due to its considerably higher efficiency (> 99 %) and lower operating cost than physical-
chemical methods, while they do not generally produce secondary streams that require specific
treatments [14].
Technically speaking, the cleaning of biogas is required since the energy content of biogas is in a
direct proportion to the methane concentration. Hence, H 2 S removal in the cleaning process is
expected to increase energy content of the gas [9]. Various techniques have been developed to purify
biogas from H 2 S contamination. This review on existing desulphurization techniques is conducted to
identify the most promising option(s) for biogas application. Existing biogas cleaning techniques,
especially those based on H 2 S removal, are summarized in the following sections.

4. H 2 S Removal During Digestion

H 2 S can be treated directly in a digester vessel. Existing methods to remove H 2 S in the digester
include air/oxygen dosing to the digester and adding iron chloride into the digester. In practices,
sulphides either react with metal ions to form insoluble metal sulphides or are oxidized into
elementary sulphur [3]. In fact, H 2 S removal during digestion has been considered to have a low
investment cost since the only required equipment is a dosing system. Since its operational costs
strongly depend on the amount of hydrogen sulphide formed by the digestion processes, however, the
use of protein-rich substrates and other sulphur-containing molecules will eventually increase the total
costs significantly [21]. By adding 5 to 10 % air/oxygen to the digester, H 2 S content of biogas can be
reduced from 2000 to 3000 ppm to 50 to 100 ppm. In other experiments, the H 2 S content can be
reduced from 800 ppm to 10 ppm [21]. The air/oxygen dosing technique is based on biological aerobic
oxidation of H 2 S into elemental sulphur by a group of sulphide-oxidizing microorganisms
(Thiobacillus), which are autotrophic and use CO 2 from the biogas to cover their needs of carbon [3].
The following reaction occurs in the biogas:
2H 2 S + O 2  2S + 2H 2 O (1)
Furthermore, the limitation of this method includes requirement of an additional treatment to
maintain the quality of gas pipeline, while the addition of air/oxygen may also reduce the effectiveness
of following upgrading and cleaning processes [21]. Other than air/oxygen, iron chloride in the form
of liquid FeCl 2 or FeCl 3 in solid form can also be dosed directly into the digester or through an
influent-mixing tank. They react with H 2 S present in the biogas to form FeS (Equation 2 and 3). The
method is very efficient in reducing high concentrations of H 2 S and causes no air content in biogas.
The addition of iron chloride, however, can cause a change in pH/temperature in the digester, which is
not beneficial for anaerobic digestions [3].
2Fe3+ + 3S2-  2FeS + S (2)
Fe + S  FeS
2+ 2-
(3)
The addition FeCl 2 or FeCl 3 into a digester is related to the hydrogen sulphide equilibrium between
liquid and gas, while the requirement for iron can be determined by following Equation 4 ([14]; [22]).
𝑀 𝑆𝑎𝑞 𝐻2 𝑆𝑔 ∆𝐻2
Fe = 𝛽. 𝑀𝐹𝑒 . �𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝐻2𝑆
+ 1000
� . 𝜌𝐻2𝑆 . 𝑉𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑠 (4)
𝑠

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The 4th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 483 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/483/1/012034

Where Fe is iron ions (g/d), H 2 Saq is total dissolved hydrogen sulphide (g/m3), f H2S is portion of the
total sulphur dissolved as H 2 Saq, ∆H 2 S g is amount of H 2 S removed from biogas (ppmv), V substrate is
flow of substrate (m3/d), V biogas is biogas flow (m3/d), Ρ H2S is H 2 S density (g/l), M Fe is iron molecular
mass (g/mol), M s is sulphur molecular mass (g/mol), and β is factor of over dosing which is 1.7–2.3
[22] or 3–5 [23].

5. H 2 S Removal After Digestion

On the other hand, conventional post-digestion H 2 S removal methods include adsorption
desulphurization (e.g. metal oxides and zeolite), biological desulphurization, and chemical scrubbing.
In practices, each method offers both advantages and disadvantages for the process of H 2 S removal
from biogas.

5.1. Adsorption

5.1.1. Adsorption using iron oxide.

As one of the oldest methods still in practice, iron oxides technically remove hydrogen sulphide by
forming insoluble iron sulphides. In a process so-called “iron sponge” [3,14], hydrogen sulphide reacts
with iron oxide to form iron sulphide. Either rust steel wool, impregnated wood chips, or pellet can be
used in the process to form reaction beds. In fact, this iron oxide removal technique has been
recognized as being simple and may reach up to 99.98 % effectiveness in achieving less than 1 ppm of
H 2 S concentrations (related to 1,000 ppm H 2 S in the raw gas stream). However, this process is largely
chemical intensive, limiting its usages due to high operating costs and continuous streams of
accumulated waste materials. Chemically speaking, iron oxide reacts with H 2 S in biogas according to
the following reaction:
Fe 2 O 3 + 3H 2 S  Fe 2 S 3 + 3H 2 O (5)
In practices, the reaction is slightly endothermic and optimal to occur between 25-50°C [3].
Besides, the regeneration of iron oxide by using oxygen is possible for a limited time and occurs based
on the following reaction:
2Fe 2 S 3 + 3O 2  2Fe 2 O 3 + 6S (6)

5.1.2. Adsorption using a molecular sieve and activated carbon.

Applying molecular sieves (a.k.a. zeolites), which are highly porous, has been known as being
effective to separate various compounds in gas streams. Technically, the selective adsorption is
achieved by using molecular sieves with different mesh sizes and/or by adjusting gas pressures [14].
The zeolites have a large surface area with a high degree of localized charges, which allows a strongly
adsorbing polar or polarizable compounds such as H 2 S and other sulphur compounds [24]. In general,
the adsorption is dependent on hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and hydrogen groups in the
sulphur and zeolitic molecular sieve, which is reversible in certain conditions, forming varied
structures with different strengths [11]. Currently, 194 unique zeolite frameworks and over 40
naturally occurring zeolites have been recognized to function in the removal of H 2 S [24].
Besides zeolites, activated carbon (AC) has been widely applied for H 2 S removals if low
concentrations are required. Technically, AC provides a catalytic surface for oxidation processes to
elemental sulphur and sulphate, which significantly enhances the removal capacity of H 2 S. In
practices, the AC must have 20–30% of moisture content and a certain volume of oxygen. In the
presence of oxygen, the following reaction takes place:
2H 2 S + O 2  ¼ S 8 + 2H 2 O (7)
In short, the adsorption of hydrogen sulphide on AC is catalytic, in which carbon acts as the
catalyst. The carbon is often impregnated with alkaline or oxide coatings to increase reaction rate.
Besides potassium iodine, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and metal

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The 4th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 483 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/483/1/012034

oxides are the most commonly employed coatings. In general, impregnated product is expected to
enhance the capacity for H 2 S removals from a normal value at 10–20 kg H 2 S/m3 carbon for untreated
carbon to 120–140 kg H 2 S/m3 for impregnated carbon [14].

5.2. Absorption/Scrubbing
During an absorption process, H 2 S is removed in water or other organic solvents such as methanol and
ethers of polyethylene glycol (physical absorption), while in a chemical absorption the water solubility
of H 2 S is enhanced by utilizing alkaline water or an oxidation to more water-soluble compounds [14].
The absorption process has been acknowledged to deliver a high removal efficiency (up to 99 %),
small footprints and an ability to handle a wide concentration range of pollutants. Technically,
absorption processes are suitable for approximately 100–10,000 m³/h flow rate and 8–30 g/m³
concentration of pollutants [14].
However, these processes require considerably high investment costs and high consumptions of
water and/or chemicals. In general, absorption-based processes are not feasible for low-flow and low-
pressure applications in small biogas plants due to expectedly increasing costs of operation at high
pressure, higher energy required for recirculation pumps and regeneration vessels, and higher media
costs. Nevertheless, some of them, e.g. iron-chelated process, are feasible for small biogas systems
[14,25]. For large-scale biogas plants, on the contrary, these methods are economically more feasible.
Furthermore, the most widely applied absorption process is water scrubbing that consists of two
types of processes, i.e. single pass absorption (Figure 1) and regenerative absorption (Figure 2)
[1,3,26]. In single pass absorption, an approximately 150 l/Nm3 of water consumption are required,
which is considerably high. Due to the high consumption of water and a considerably large power
consumption associated with pumping and circulating flows, however, the water scrubbing does not
offer competitive advantages to other methods.
Next, adding chemicals into absorption column has been acknowledged to improve absorption
process, resulting in lower water and energy consumptions due to a reduced pumping [3]. Besides,
physical absorption by applying organic solvents instead of water has been stated as being comparable
to water scrubber technique. Figure 3 exhibits a basic scheme of the chemical/physical absorption. In
general, commonly applied liquids for chemical absorption include NaOH solution and several
chelated iron salt solutions, e.g. FeCl 2 , and Fe(OH) 3 . Technically speaking, the oxidation of hydrogen
sulphide into elemental sulphur is attained by the reduction of soluble ferric chelated iron [Fe3+] into
ferrous chelated iron [Fe2+] according to the following reaction:
Absorption: H 2 S + 2Fe3+  S + 2Fe2+ + 2H+ (8)
Regeneration: 2Fe + 0.5O 2 + 2H  2Fe + H 2 O
2+ + 3+
(9)
Despite the high efficiency of chemical absorption at up to 99.9 %, challenges in using the system
may include foaming and plugging problems [14].

5.3. Biological purification

5.3.1. Biofilter and biotrickling filters.

Biofilters and biotrickling filters are technically a set of fixed-bed reactors where microorganisms are
immobilized (Figure 4). In the process, contaminated gases flow through a porous material, in which
biological oxidation occurs after the gases have diffused into the microorganisms-synthesized biofilm
[27]. Therefore, H 2 S in biogas is transferred from the gas phase into biofilm, where it is used as an
energy source by the microorganisms to produce sulphur or sulphate [14,27].
Parameters influencing the process include bed medium, moisture content, temperature, pH,
contact time, nutrient and oxygen levels. Bacteria used for the H 2 S removal are normally aerobic,
hence requiring a continuous oxygen supply. The conventional way of supplying oxygen into a
biofilter/biotrickling filter is taken by a direct air injection (4 to 10 %) into the gas stream [14].

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The 4th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 483 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/483/1/012034

Figure 1. Scheme of water scrubbing system without water regeneration [1]

Figure 2. Scheme of water scrubbing system with water regeneration [1]

The primary difference between biofilters and biotrickling filters is their carrier material, i.e.
organics in biofilters and inert in biotrickling filters. The most commonly used bed materials in
biofilters are peat, compost and wood bark., while inorganic inert carriers such as ceramic, pozzolan,
marble are also used, which may present some advantages compared to organic carriers [27]. On the
other hand, the packed bed in biotrickling filters is usually made up of an inert material, e.g. a
randomly dumped plastic packing, structured plastic packing, open-pore synthetic foam, lava rock,
glass or rock wool, Tire derived rubber particles (TDRP), glass beads or ceramics.
Furthermore, the use of biofilms generated by single bacterial cultures in biofilters or biotrickling
filters has been suggested to improve filtration efficiency and removal capacities. It also leads to the
shortening or a complete elimination of bacterial lag phase, as well as to increase efficiency in the
removals of H 2 S and other organosulphur compounds. In general, various types of
chemoheterotrophic microorganisms, e.g. Pseudomonas acidovorans DMR-11 and Pseudomonas
putida, have been recognized to deliver degrading activities on H 2 S and organic sulphur compounds.

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The 4th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 483 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/483/1/012034

Figure 3. Scheme of physical or chemical absorption [1]

Figure 4. Scheme of biotrickling filters for H2S removal

In particular, bacteria from genus Acidithiobacillus, including A. thiooxidans that uses H 2 S as an

energy source, offer an advantage due to their low nutritional requirements ([28][29][30]). Other
bacterial species that have been investigated for the removal of sulphur reduced compounds are
Thiobacillus denitrificans [31], A. ferrooxidans [32], and T. novellus [33].

5.3.2. Bioscrubber.
Then, bioscrubber is technically stated as a three-phase, fluidized-bed bioreactor consisting of two
sub-systems, i.e. an absorption tower where pollutants are absorbed into a liquid phase, and a
bioreactor, which is a kind of activated sludge unit [27][34]. In a bioscrubber, gas contaminations are
removed by both physical and biochemical processes. Heterotrophic or autotrophic microorganisms
living in a bioreactor are responsible for the significant conversion of odorous compounds contained in
the aqueous phase [35], while microorganisms growing in suspended flocks in the water degrade the

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The 4th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 483 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/483/1/012034

pollutants. Then, effluents produced in the unit are re-circulated over the absorption tower. Nutrient
additions, oxygen and pH are continually monitored and controlled to maintain active microbial
growths and high biological activity. Excess biomass and by-products are continually purged from the
system. An advantage offered by this technique compared to biofilters includes no injection of oxygen
or nitrogen into biogas stream. Meanwhile, its disadvantage includes a higher specific cost. In general,
H 2 S content in biogas is reduced to about 10-100 ppmv, while in some cases low ppmv levels may
also be achieved. Then, gas flows normally range from 200 to 2,500 m3/h [36].

6. Conclusion
Cleaning and upgrading biogas quality is important in order to meet the requirement of biogas as an
alternative energy source substituting the conventional fossil fuels. These processes are needed so that
biogas can be used such as to produce heat and stream, electricity, vehicle fuel, and feedstock for the
production of bio-based chemicals and substrate in fuel cells. The enhancement in technology for
cleaning and upgrading biogas in the future is expected. Although the production of biogas is a mature
technology that is established worldwide, the commercial utilization is still limited as the gas need to
be purified before on-site use. Although various cleaning and upgrading technologies have been
developed, technology can be chosen according to the highest achievable methane content and the
type of technique that is implemented depends on desire product, economical and possibly ecological
issues. The presence or the absence of supplier for the technology in a particular country could also
determine the possibility of chosen technique.

Acknowledgement
This paper is written as part of INSINAS research activity funded by the Ministry of Research
Technology and Higher Education (RISTEK-DIKTI). The author would also like to Research Centre
for Electrical Power and Mechatronics for all facilities provided to support this project.

Author Contribution
D. Andriani is contributed as the main contributor of this work. All authors read and approved the
final paper.

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The 4th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2019 IOP Publishing
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