Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials

1st Semester 2021-2022
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Frictional Properties
of
Agricultural and Biological (AB)
Materials

Lecture 3: Frictional Properties of AB Materials

 Department
Department of
of Agricultural
Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE
ABE 106-
106- Properties
Properties ofof AB
AB Materials
Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester2020-2021
Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr.
Engr. Philip
Philip Donald
Donald C.
C. Sanchez,
Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

OBJECTIVES

 To study the frictional properties of foods and agricultural materials;

 To explore the significance of these properties with respect to the

following applications, and

 Solve problems related to these properties.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. know the different frictional characteristics of agricultural and

biological materials (significant to pre and postharvest);
2. explain and perform the measurement methods related to these
properties, and
3. relate the frictional properties of food and agricultural materials to
process design and quality control.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester2020-2021
Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

RECAP

• The behaviour of biomaterials are dependent on the

cell behaviour.

 The cell wall has elastic behaviour. It is capable of

expanding and contracting in response to pressure.

 This is partly responsible for the elastic behaviour of

biomaterials (agricultural and biological).

 The liquid content of the cytoplasm and the fluid (air

content of vacuoles) exhibit the rheological, electrical,
etc. behaviour of the materials.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Basic Characteristics of Biological Materials

b. Non-isotropic – Properties vary with

a. Non-homogeneous- properties vary
different directions
along a dimension/direction

f
c. Moisture dependent – behaviour is d. Temperature dependent –
dependent on the moisture content properties vary with levels of heat
applied

e. Time dependent – maturity with

time or behaviour differs with time

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester2020-2021
Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Basic Concepts

o During the handling, harvesting, processing o Knowledge of the magnitude of these

and storage of grains, seeds, fruits, frictional forces becomes important in the
vegetables, forage and biomass, the product design of equipment and processes.
exerts frictional forces on machinery
components or storage structures. f

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester2020-2021
Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Basic Concepts

o Friction between a conveyor belt and a

o The magnitude of the friction force affects the
particulate solid affects the maximum angle
amount of power required to convey the
with the horizontal which the conveyor can
material.
assume when transporting the solid.

o The forces which particles

(biological materials) exert
on the walls of bins,
structures or conveyor belts
under both static and quasi-
static conditions, are also
affected by the friction
among particles..
Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester2020-2021
Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr.
Engr. Philip
Philip Donald
Donald C.
C. Sanchez,
Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

Basic Concepts

o Internal friction among materials influences the flow

pattern.

o Friction, as it is applicable in the interaction between

agricultural materials and food products and surfaces,
must be of given technical importance during the system
design and processes.

o Moreover, many granular materials are metered through

orifices during handling.

o Thus, it is necessary to estimate and or measure the

frictional and flow rate of the material.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department
Department of
of Agricultural
Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE
ABE 106-
106- Properties
Properties ofof AB
AB Materials
Materials
2ndst Semester 2020-2021
11st 2020-2021
Semester 2021-2022
Engr.
Engr. Philip
Philip Donald
Donald C.
C. Sanchez,
Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

FRICTION How important? Why need to study?

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Departmentof
Department ofAgricultural
Agriculturaland
andBiosystems
BiosystemsEngineering
Engineering
ABE106-
ABE 106-Properties
PropertiesofofAB
ABMaterials
Materials
11st
2nd Semester2020-2021
st Semester 2021-2022
2020-2021
Engr.Philip
Engr. PhilipDonald
DonaldC.C.Sanchez,
Sanchez,MSc.
MSc.

FRICTION Basic Properties and Definitions

o Friction – is the force that resists motion of objects that are

in contact with each other.

o In other words, the force of friction acts to resist relative

motion between to solid objects in contact.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester
Semester2020-2021
2021-2022
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION Basic Properties and Definitions

o When two solid objects are in contact, the

relationship between the tangential force required to
move the objects relative to each other and the
normal force pressing the objects together is given by
the Coulomb’s Law.

o For example, if a block of wood is resisting on a flat

metal surface, the tangential force (force required to
move the block across the metal surface), is given as:

o Note however, that the frictional force (F) is

proportional to the load N.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of
Department of Agricultural
Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE 106-
ABE 106- Properties
Properties ofof AB
AB Materials
Materials
11st
2nd Semester2020-2021
st Semester 2021-2022
2020-2021
Engr. Philip
Engr. Philip Donald
Donald C.
C. Sanchez,
Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

FRICTION Basic Properties and Definitions

o N (load) = Fn (Normal force) exerted by the block on a normal surface

o µ = is the static or dynamic coefficient of friction
o µs = predicts the force at the point in time when motion is initiated
o µd = predicts the force required to maintain motion once it has been initiated
o Therefore, for a given applied normal force (Fn), the force required to maintain motion is less than
or equal to the force required to initiate the motion (µd < µs).

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION Basic Properties and Definitions

Frictional Contact

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester2020-2021
Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION Basic Properties and Definitions

Sliding Friction

o In the case of sliding friction, it is dependent

on the nature of the materials in contact.

o For example, the coefficient of friction for two

pieces of apple in contact differs from the
coefficient of two bananas in contact.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester2020-2021
Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION Basic Properties and Definitions

Sliding Friction

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st
2nd Semester 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION Basic Properties and Definitions

Types of Friction

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION Basic Properties and Definitions Types of Angle of

Internal Friction

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Static and Dynamic Coefficient of Frictions of Various Agricultural

FRICTION Constant Coefficient of
and Food Materials
Static Dynamic
Surface Coefficient Coefficient
Material Reference
Friction Characteristics
(µs) (µs)
Alfalfa Pellets Wood 0.39 0.28 Kososki (1976)
Steel 0.22 0.17
Barley Concrete 0.31 0.40-0.50 Brubaker and Pos
Wood 0.17 (1965)
Galvanized Sheet 0.17
Corn (Shelled) Concrete 0.54 0.66-0.70 Brubaker and Pos

o Coefficients can be affected by the properties Wood

Galvanized Sheet
0.37
0.37
(1965)

of the material such as moisture content as Polyethylene

Teflon
0.38
0.12
Rubber 0.44
well as the type of the material used where Oyster Shell Wood
Steel
0.38
0.60
0.35

the product is moving. Rice (Rough) Wood

Galvanized Sheet
0.44
0.45
0.50-0.55 Kososki (1976)

Soybeans Concrete 0.52 0.60-0.65 Brubaker and Pos

Wood 0.35 (1965)
Galvanized Sheet 0.20
Wheat Concrete 0.51 0.40-0.50 Brubaker and Pos
Wood 0.31 (1965)
Galvanized Sheet 0.10
Fish meal Steel 0.38 0.35 Kososki (1976)
Meat Steel 0.32 Brubaker and Pos
(1965)
Straw Steel 0.20 0.30 Richter (1954)

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION
Angle of Repose

o When granular material is removed from

opening in the bottom of the bin or when it is
dropped into bins or allowed to form a pile,
the coefficient of friction between individual
particles will affect the angle which the
surface of material assumes with the
horizontal.
o This angle is called the angle of repose.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of
Department of Agricultural
Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE 106-
ABE 106- Properties
Properties ofof AB
AB Materials
Materials
11st
2nd Semester2020-2021
st Semester 2021-2022
2020-2021
Engr. Philip
Engr. Philip Donald
Donald C.
C. Sanchez,
Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

FRICTION
Angle of Repose 1

o It is the angle between the base and slope of the

cone formed on a free vertical fall of the angular
material to a horizontal plane.
2
o In general, the angle of repose in situations where
the material is being emptied from a bin called the
angle of repose for emptying or funnelling (1)
will be greater than the angle of repose for piling
or filing (2) which is the angle formed when
material is allowed to flow from a spout or elevator
outlet. Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department
Department of
of Agricultural
Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE
ABE 106-
106- Properties
Properties ofof AB
AB Materials
Materials
2ndst Semester
11st Semester2020-2021
2021-2022
2020-2021
Engr.
Engr. Philip
Philip Donald
Donald C.
C. Sanchez,
Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

FRICTION
Angle of Repose

o For deeper understanding, the angle between the

horizontal and inclination of heap is called angle of
repose. H

o Thus, angle of repose is given as B

Angle of Repose (α) = Tan-1 (2H/B)

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester2020-2021
Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION
Angle of Repose
Methods of
Measurement

 Tilting Box Method- appropriate for fine grains, non-

cohesive materials with individual particle size of less than
20 mm.

 Fixed Funnel Method- the material is poured through a

funnel to form a cone. The tip of the funnel should be held
close to the growing cone and slowly raised as the pile
grows.

 Revolving Cylinder Method- The material is placed within a

cylinder with at least one transparent face. The cylinder is
rotated at a fixed speed.
Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department
Department of
of Agricultural
Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE
ABE 106-
106- Properties
Properties ofof AB
AB Materials
Materials
1st
1st Semester
2nd Semester2021-2022
Semester 2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr.
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez,
Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

FRICTION
Angle of Repose
Factor-
Indicators
o Factors affecting angle of repose:
Size, Shape, Moisture Content and
Placement Orientation.
o Lower Angle of Repose = Easy flow ability
o Cohesive materials have larger angle of
repose
o Each product has its own angle of repose
with respect to moisture content
e.g. Barley (13% MC) = 31º
(20% MC) = 34º
Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION
Angle of Repose
Sample
Problem

o Engr. Kenneth Boyles is working in the National Food Authority and is

designated as the Grain Officer in the warehouse department. During the
regular assessment (weekly) of the stored rice grains in the Warehouse, Engr.
Boyles obtained the following data upon measurement:

o Height of Pile from the ground surface to the peak = 2 meters

o Circumference of the pile = 10 meters (perfectly round)
o Average Moisture Content (MC) wet basis of the grain = 14%

o (a) Compute for the angle of repose of the said rice grain pile.
o (b) Calculate the corresponding MC in dry basis.
Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester2020-2021
Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION
Angle of Repose
Factor-
Indicators

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

FRICTION Flow of Granular

Materials
Characteristics

o Many agricultural materials and food products are

granular in nature and relatively dry. They are termed
as easy-flowing materials.

o Examples: grains, seeds, soybeans, cotton seeds, wheat

and corn flour, barley, etc.

o These materials are stored in bulk bins or containers.

Note that: Angle of repose is greater o However, bulk products with less advantageous flow
than angle of internal friction. pattern are called non-easy flowing or cohesive
materials. Examples include soymeal and tapioca.
Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Flow of Granular
Materials Types of Flow

o Funnel Flow – occurs in bins with flat bottoms or bins

with sloping bottoms. A large ring of the material is
supported by the floor and remains stagnant.
o This is the type of design that is used for most grain
bins. Very simple and easy to build.

o Mass flow – all of the material flows toward the exit at

the same time and ideally at the same rate.
o This type of flow is well suited for processing facilities
and for storage of animal feeds at livestock facilities.
o The flow is uniform rather than erratic.
Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of
Department of Agricultural
Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE 106-
ABE 106- Properties
Properties ofof AB
AB Materials
Materials
11st
2nd Semester2020-2021
st Semester 2021-2022
2020-2021
Engr. Philip
Engr. Philip Donald
Donald C.
C. Sanchez,
Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

Flow of Granular
Materials Types of Flow

o Expanded Flow – is the alternative of funnel and mass

flow types.

o The bottom of the bin is constructed with two regions of

different slopes so the mass flow is achieved in a larger
portion of the bin and the size of the stagnant region is
increased.

o It is sometimes possible to achieve this type of flow by

modifying existing bins in which funnel flow has been
occurring. However, the design is relatively expensive and
the construction costs are greater than the funnel flow.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Flow of Granular
Materials Types of Flow
Problems

o Piping: also called as ratholing. It occurs when bulk

solid above the outlet is flowing out, remaining bulk
solids stays in place.
-the remaining bulk solids are termed as dead regions.

o Arching: it is a stable obstruction that forms over the

point of narrowest cross section of the storage vessel.
o It usually occurs in the discharge outlet.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Flow of Granular
Materials Flow Rates

o Equations have been developed which described the flow

of granular materials through horizontal and vertical
orifices.
o Horizontal Orifice- circular or square hole in the flat
surface of the bottom of the bin.
o Vertical Orifice- a hole in the side of a bin.

o As expected, orifice characteristics affect the flow of

granular materials (flow rate).

o One of this characteristics is the hydraulic diameter.

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester
Semester2020-2021
2021-2022
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Flow of Granular
Materials Flow Rates

o Hydraulic diameter is defined as 4 times the orifice area

divided by the orifice perimeter.

o In the case of a circular hole or square hole, the hydraulic

diameter is equal to the diameter.

o The flow rate of grains and seeds through horizontal and

vertical orifices have been summarized in ASAE Data D274
(ASAE, 1992). The equation is given as:

o Q = Co x A x D
Q- volumetric flow rate (m3/hr); A- Area (m2) and D- hydraulic
diameter (m)
Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester
Semester2020-2021
2021-2022
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Flow of Granular Pressure in the

Materials Bins Types of Pressure

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department
Department of
of Agricultural
Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE
ABE 106-
106- Properties
Properties ofof AB
AB Materials
Materials
2ndst Semester
11st Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Semester 2021-2022
Engr.
Engr. Philip
Philip Donald
Donald C.
C. Sanchez,
Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

Flow of Granular Pressure in the

Materials Bins Pressure
Calculations

1 2

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department
Department of
of Agricultural
Agricultural and
and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE
ABE 106-
106- Properties
Properties ofof AB
AB Materials
Materials
2ndst Semester 2020-2021
11st 2020-2021
Semester 2021-2022
Engr.
Engr. Philip
Philip Donald
Donald C.
C. Sanchez,
Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

Flow of Granular Pressure in the

Materials Bins Pressure
Calculations

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
1st Semester
2nd 2021-2022
Semester2020-2021
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Flow of Granular Pressure in the

Materials Bins Sample Problem

Assumptions:

o Angle of Internal Friction (Wheat) = 24.50 °

o Coefficient of Friction of Wheat for Concrete = 0.51
o Wheat Bulk Density = 70 kg/m3

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester2020-2021
Semester 2020-2021
2021-2022
Engr. Philip
Engr. Philip Donald
Donald C.
C. Sanchez,
Sanchez, MSc.
MSc.

Flow of Granular Pressure in the

Materials Bins Sample Problem

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials
 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems
Biosystems Engineering
Engineering
ABE 106- Properties of AB Materials
1st Semester
2nd
1st Semester
Semester2020-2021
2021-2022
2020-2021
Engr. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, MSc.

Frictional Properties Problem Set

Lecture 3:
4: Frictional Properties of AB Materials