Carbon storage potential of native vegetation in Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga

del Sur

An undergraduate Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of

College of Forestry

J.H. CERILLES STATE COLLEGE

Mati, San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the requirements for the Decree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY

Bulay- Bulay, June Marklee Y.

Bugao, Kerin S.

Bulaybulay, Marjelyn Y.

Gomorod, Mary Joy H.

DEC 06 2023

Table of Contents
 Chapter I ………………………………………………………………………..1

 Introduction …………………………………………………………………....2

 Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………....3

 Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………....4

 Hypothesis …………………………………………………………………….5

 Significance of the Study ,…………………………………………………...6

 Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………………....7

 Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………...8

 Chapter II ………………………………………………………………………9

 Review of Related Literature ………………………………………………..10

 Chapter III ……………………………………………………………………..11

 Research Methodology ……………………………………………………...12

 Research Design ……………………………………………………………13

 Research Environment ………………………………………………………14

 Sampling Design ……………………………………………………………….15

 Research instrument ………………………………………………………...16

 Data Gathering Procedures …………………………………………………..17

 Chapter IV ……………………………………………………………………...18

 Chapter V ………………………………………………………………………..19

 References ………………………………………………………………………20
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introductions

In 2021, the global average carbon dioxide (CO2) was at a new record high of

414.72 ppm (NOAA 2021). Atmospheric CO2 concentration has continually been on

an upward trend and the annual increases in recent years were also the largest.

This is because emissions from various sources are higher than the rate of

sequestration and storage. In natural systems. Terrestrial ecosystems have the

highest atmospheric carbon rate sequestration and storage. Carbon accumulates in

vegetation and soil and, thus, can be taken advantage of to reduce atmospheric

CO2.

Lake Maragang is a heart-shaped crater lake located at the Mt. Timolan

Rainforest Park, it was a protected landscape in the town of Tigbao, Zamboanga del

Sur. This protected area proclaimed in 2000 and one of the legislated PAs included

in RA, 11038 or the Amended NIPAS Act of 1992, has a total area of 2,689,542

hectares covering portions of the municipalities of Tigbao, Guipos, San Miguel, and

Lapuyan of the 2nd District of Zamboanga del Sur. (Department of environment and

natural resources 2020).

 According to Kaul M., 2010, a dynamic growth model (CO2FIX) was used for

estimating the carbon sequestration potential of Sal. The results indicate that long-

term total carbon storage ranges from 101 to 156 Mg C ha−1, with the largest

carbon stock in the living biomass of long-rotation Sal forests (82 Mg C ha−1). In

addition to carbon storage rapidly produce biomass for energy and contributes to

reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

The above-mentioned carbon storage that is existing and is obtainable in

Lake Maragang Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur. Moreover, the native vegetation is

most abundant in Lake Maragang.

The researchers want to exert effort on Random sampling/Purposive

sampling research design because we wanted to explore and enhance our ability

and scientific skills.

The researchers want to know the carbon stored in the native vegetation in

Lake Maragang and also to know what is the presence of native vegetation,

animals, and plants in the area of the protected landscape of Lake Maragang.

Moreover, the researchers have been inspired by their parents to choose this kind

of experimental research to recognize the real value of nature in how to adapt the

proper way of getting the data of the carbon storage potential of the native

vegetation in Lake Maragang, Tigbao Zamboanga del Sur.

Conceptual Framework

Carbon storage Native Vegetation in Lake

potential Maragang

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study.

The conceptual framework of the study is reflected in Figure 1. As seen in the

figure, the study will determine the carbon storage potential of native vegetation in

Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur. The dependent variable is the carbon

storage potential here to determine the carbon stored in the vegetation, the

independent variable is the native vegetation in Lake Maragang.

Statement of the problem

The study will determine the positive and negative effects of carbon

sequestration on the native vegetation in Lake Maragang Tigbao Zamboanga del

Sur.

Specifically, it should answer the following queries;

 1. What is the amount of carbon stored in native vegetation in Lake Maragang,

Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur?

2. What is the carbon storage potential among different native species in Lake

Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur?

3. Is there any relationship between the species density and carbon storage

potential of native vegetation in Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del

Sur?

4. Is to determine the species density of native vegetation in Lake Maragang,

Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur?

Hypothesis

The hypothesis of the study will be tested for the validity of significance:

There is no significant relationship between the species density and the carbon

storage potential of native vegetation in Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zambaonga del

Sur.

Significance of the study

This study holds its potential to combat climate change by leveraging the carbon

storage capacity of freshwater lakes. These bodies of water serve as substantial carbon

sinks, aiding in the reduction of CO2 levels in the atmosphere.

 By identifying the conditions that maximize carbon storage potential of native

vegetation in lake maragang, this research could provide valuable insights for

conservation strategies.

JHCSC of the SCHOOL of AGRICULTURES FORESTRY and ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCES (SAFES) Department, will help the student to learn about the carbon

storage potential of native vegetation in Lake Maragang Tigbao Zamboanga del Sur.

Moreover. This research will help the student to guide them in their research study.

Researcher, the result of this study would help the student to develop their skill in

measuring the carbon storage potential of native vegetation in Lake Maragang

Tigbao Zamboanga del Sur and how to formulate the data of the carbon stored of

the native vegetation in Lake Maragang.

Scope and limitation

The scope and limitations of the study involve the following areas:

Subject Matter: This study will focus on carbon storage and the native vegetation in

Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur.

The study will mainly focus on finding the carbon storage potential in native

vegetation in Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur, either positive or

negative. This study will also focus on using one factor, the native species that will
be present in the area upon getting the carbon storage potential. Moreover. The

study will only be carried out in Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur, not

including its adjacent barangays.

Definition of terms

The following will be used extensively in this study and are taken according to

the definition below:

Carbon storage – Carbon storage is a complex method of capturing carbon dioxide

emissions and storing them in coal seams, aquifers, depleted oil and gas reservoirs,

and other spaces deep under the surface of the Earth. Theoretically, this would

prevent those gases from affecting the climate.

Lake Maragang – is a heart-shaped crater lake, it has a total land area of 2,689.542

hectares with Lowland Forest covering 80% of the landscape and the remaining

areas consisting of secondary grassland.

Lake Maragang in the center of Mt. Timolan Protected Landscape.

Lakes, including Lake Maragang, are unique in their carbon storage potential. Despite

covering less than 3% of the landscape globally, freshwater lakes bury more carbon

than all the world’s oceans combined (Martialay, 2015)

Freshwater lakes can store a quarter of global carbon, and this could potentially double

due to climate change.

Native Vegetation – An assemblage of plants in a specific place or region that has

adapted to environmental and biological conditions.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The chapter reviews the related literature to the study which provides the

basis for the interpretation of the data gathered. It included the important contents

and ideas for the development of the study. Moreover, the sub-variables are the

main focus of this study getting the carbon sequestration on the native species in

Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur.

Forests are among the most valuable natural resources in the Philippines.

They provide a range of ecosystem services, ranging from the provision of food

crops, livestock, and fish to providing recreational experience. Moreover. Forests

also serve as a significant carbon sink and are vital for biological conservation and

environmental protection, locations for education and research, habitat for

indigenous flora and fauna, and resettlement areas. (Philippine Forests At A

Glance 2015) They hold great stores of carbon and are the most persistent carbon

sink compared to other forest biomes. (Pan et al. 2011)

Carbon is a very abundant element. It exists in pure forms – such as

diamonds and graphite- but also combines with other elements to form molecules.

These carbon-based molecules are the basic building blocks of humans, animals,

plants, trees, and soils. Some greenhouse gases, such as CO2 and methane, also

consist of carbon-based molecules, as do fossil fuels, which are largely made up of

hydrocarbons (molecules consisting of hydrogen and carbon). (The Guardians,

2011)
 According to the (National Energy Technology Laboratory) carbon capture

and storage (CCS) is the separation and capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the

emissions of industrial processes before release into the storage of the CO2 in deep

underground geologic formations.

The cumulative release of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) into the

atmosphere has been estimated at 2,035 ± 205 GtCO2 from 1870 to 2015 (Le

Quéré et al., 2015). Today, emissions are about 40 GtCO2/yr (IPCC Special Report,

2018). Each year, roughly half of these emissions are removed naturally by uptake

in the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere, while the remainder accumulates in the

atmosphere and contributes to global warming. To avoid the worst impacts of global

warming and subsequent climate change, the Paris agreement recommended

limiting the average warming of the atmosphere to <2°C, and preferably <1.5°C

(UNFCCC, 2015).

Recently the IPCC published a report stating that, to reach the 1.5°C goal,

negative emission technologies have to remove tens of Gt CO2 per year (IPCC

Special Report, 2018), in addition to reducing emissions and capturing CO2 from

point sources. Options for CO2 removal from the air (CDR) include an increase of

carbon storage in soils and biomass, but also Direct Air Capture using synthetic

sorbents (DACSS) and carbon mineralization via enhanced weathering (DACEW).

The likely scenario is that most of these options, operating in parallel, will be

necessary to achieve the required level of global CDR, approximately 10 Gt/yr by

2050, and 20 Gt/yr by 2100 (United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),

2017; National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine, 2019). While

utilization of some captured CO2 may be attractive, to produce fuels with net-zero

emissions for example, most of the captured CO2, from point sources and air, must

be permanently stored. Starting now, carbon capture and storage (CCS) methods

must sequester about 125 Gt of CO2 by 2100 (National Academies of Sciences

Engineering Medicine, 2019). Two possible methods for long-term CO2 storage are

underground sequestration in sedimentary formations and carbon mineralization

(National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine, 2019).

Underground CO2 sequestration in sedimentary formations is the most

mature technique for storage of CO2 captured from point sources, and perhaps by

DAC, as commercial-size CO2 injection projects are already operating today. This

approach has been carried out over two decades globally, currently storing roughly

3.7–4.2 MtCO2/year, for a cumulative total of 30.4 MtCO2 at the end of 2017

(Global CCS Institute, 2019; National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine,

2019). Additionally, roughly 28 MtCO2/year of captured CO2 is injected into the

ground for CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) (Global CCS Institute, 2019).

Approximately 85% of CO2-EOR projects use CO2 sourced from natural CO2 gas

fields (DiPietro et al., 2012). The less common use of CO2 captured from

smokestacks or removed from the air leads to a lower carbon footprint of produced

oil. More specifically, in the U.S., about 64 MtCO2/yr are used for CO2-EOR, from

which 21 MtCO2/yr is from anthropogenic sources (U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA), 2016). Conventional CO2-EOR today is optimized to produce as

much oil as possible with the least amount of CO2 injection. In practice, about 0.3–

0.6 tons of CO2 is injected for every barrel of oil produced—which compares to the
0.4 tons of CO2 emitted when the oil is burned (McGlade, 2019). During oil

production, some of the CO2 is produced along with the oil. In many such cases, it

is separated from the oil and reinjected underground. Larger amounts of CO2 could

be sequestered in depleted oil reservoirs if advanced EOR+ or maximum storage

EOR+, both of which optimize the amount of CO2 sequestered, were used in place

of conventional CO2-EOR. The combined underground storage capacity in saline

aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs is estimated to range between 5,000 and

25,000 Gt CO2 (de Coninck and Benson, 2014), which is larger than necessary to

limit warming to <1.5°C through 2100 (Rogelj et al., 2018).

Another storage option is the carbon mineralization of mafic and ultramafic

rocks. This has been implemented in the Carbfix Project in Iceland. There, more

than 10,000 tons of CO2 captured from geothermal steam is injected into

subsurface pore space in basaltic lavas, where it is mineralized within a year

(Gislason et al., 2010; Aradóttir et al., 2011; Matter et al., 2011, 2016;

Snæbjörnsdóttir et al., 2017; Gunnarsson et al., 2018). This approach is at a lower

stage of technological readiness and is under continued investigation on the lab-

and pilot scales. Globally, carbon mineralization in these rock types has the

potential of sequestering up to 60,000,000 GtCO2 if the resource is economically-

accessible and ultimately fully carbonated.

Carbon Mineralization

Processes and Methods of Carbon Mineralization

 Mineralization was proposed 30 years ago as a strategy for CO2 removal

from the atmosphere (Seifritz, 1990; Lackner et al., 1995). It is a long-term and non-

toxic method of storing CO2 in solid form, that can also help in mitigating health and

environmental hazards in specific contexts (National Academies of Sciences

Engineering Medicine, 2019). This strategy of underground sequestration increases

the uptake of CO2 in the reservoir through the interaction with rocks bearing

magnesium or calcium ions (Gunter et al., 1993). Additionally, since it is converted

to a stable carbonate form, this represents the safest storage mechanism

concerning minimizing leakage (Zhang and DePaolo, 2017).

Carbon Mineralization in Peridotites

Peridotite is the major constituent of Earth’s upper mantle and is primarily

composed of olivine, which reacts spontaneously with air or fluids containing CO2.

The biggest massif of exposed peridotite is the Samail ophiolite in Oman and the

United Arab Emirates. There are almost equally large massifs in New Caledonia and

Papua New Guinea. The contiguous 48 US States contain relatively small bodies of

peridotite that cumulatively have about the same mass as the Samail ophiolite

(Krevor et al., 2009). The primary minerals in tectonically exposed mantle peridotite

(mainly olivine, pyroxenes, and spinel) transform partially or completely into

mixtures of serpentine, brucite, Fe-oxides, and -oxyhydroxides. Extensive carbon

mineralization in the Samail ophiolite has been observed, forming carbonate veins

in fractures, and travertine terraces around alkaline springs. The rate of natural

carbon mineralization in the Samail ophiolite is on the order of 1,000 tCO2/km3/yr

(Figure 2) (Kelemen and Matter, 2008; Kelemen et al., 2011; Streit et al., 2012;
Mervine et al., 2014). The presence of listvenites—fully carbonated peridotites

composed entirely of magnesite and dolomite (MgCO3, CaMg(CO3)2) + quartz

(SiO2) + hematite and goethite (Fe2O3, FeO(OH)) + relict spinel and/or chromian

mica—show that full carbonation of peridotites is possible at natural conditions

(about 100°C) (e.g., Falk and Kelemen, 2015; Kelemen et al., 2018).

A field experiment was conducted to assess the carbon sequestration

potential of native vegetation in trees, shrubs, and herbs at Nattarasankottai Village,

Sivaganga district in Tamil Nadu which lies between N 9°52'13.37'' and E

78°33'06.80''. The native vegetation was assessed for its carbon accumulation

potential in five trees, nine shrubs, and six herbs. Among the five tree species,

Acacia leucophloea exhibited maximum biomass carbon content of 532.32 kg ha-1

and a minimum in Acacia mellifera (77.99 kg ha-1). Whereas in shrub species,

Dodonaea viscosa recorded the highest biomass carbon content of 1391.42 kg ha-1

and the lowest in Opuntia dellenii (29.36 kg ha-1). Whereas in shrub species,

Dodonaea viscosa recorded the highest biomass carbon content of 1391.42 kg ha-1

and the lowest in Opuntia dellenii (29.36 kg ha-1). In herbs, Sida cordifolia exhibited

the highest biomass carbon content (262.09 kg ha-1) and the lowest in Ocimum

basilicum (41.24 kg ha-1). The field study inferred that Acacia leucophloea (Trees),

Dodonaea viscosa (Shrubs) and Sida cordifolia (Herbs) contributed maximum

biomass carbon content to the native vegetation under dryland conditions. ( A.

Balasubramanian, C.N. Hari Prasath* and S. Radhakrishnan, 2017)

According to the (National Energy Technology Laboratory) carbon capture

and storage (CCS) is the separation and capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
emissions of industrial processes before release into the storage of the CO2 in deep

underground geologic formations.

Vegetation biomass and carbon storage analysis.

Before sampling, the approximate location of the various 50-m transect lines

to be established in each of the 10 land uses have been plotted on Google earth.

The location served as a reference point establishing the transect line. A 50-m

transect line was then laid out inside each ecosystem type except for the agro

ecosystem. For the sampling, three 10x10-m plots were set up along the center and

at two opposite ends of the 50-m transect line. A total of 30 sampling plots were

used to sample the natural forest, forest plantations, and grass-shrub land

ecosystem. There are land uses that have substantially smaller areas and steep

terrain. Setting up smaller three 10x10-m plots, similar to Ponce-Hernandez and

Koohafkan, 2004, was found more manageable and practical.

 Chapter III

RESEACH METHODOLOGY

The chapter presents the research methodology of the study. It includes a

discussion on the research design and research methods covering the research

environment, research subjects, instrumentation, data gathering techniques, and

statistical treatment.

Research Design

The research will use the purposive sampling research design to determine

the carbon storage potential of native vegetation in Lake Maragang, Tigbao,

Zambaonga del Sur

Research Environment

The study will be conducted at Lake Maragang, Tigbao Zamboanga del

Sur. Lake Maragang covered by a 20-hectare, heart-shaped crater lake, cupped by

green banks and wild trees, is on top of Mt. Timolan (1,177 meters above sea level)

and inside the Mt. Timolan Rainforest Park.

Sampling Design

This research will use a purposive sampling design since everyone has an

equal chance of getting selected to be part of the sample to know the carbon

storage potential of the native vegetation and the problem encountered.

Research instrument

The study will determine the carbon storage potential of native vegetation in

Lake Maragang Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur, the researchers will be using a

measuring tape, clinometer, scientific calculator, and geo cam or GPS.

Data Gathering Procedures

This study will use a quadrat-transect sampling method consisting of a

20x20 plot of an area to quantify the carbon storage potential in the native vegetation in

Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur.

The study also adapted the following allometric equation used by Paquit et. al.

2023 to estimate the carbon storage potential:

Aboveground biomass (kg) = Exp(-2.289 + 2.649 x In(DBH) -0.021 x (In(DBH)))2

Belowground biomass (kg) =Exp(-1.0587 + 0.8836 x In(ABD))

Carbon content = biomass in kg x 0.45

 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter aims to presents a comprehensive analysis and

interpretation of the collected data, methods. This provides a foundation

for the subsequent analysis and interpretation. The said data were

presented in Graph

Parameter 1: Species Density of Native Vegetation

 Figure 1. Shows the species density of trees among plots.

Parameter 2: Amount of carbon stored in native vegetation

Figure 2. Shows the estimated carbon storage of trees among plots (Red Nato has

the highest carbon storage)

Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)

Species 17 2134460 125556 8.921 5.14e-05 ***

Residuals 15 211120 14075

 ---

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Table 1. the ANOVA results indicate that there is statistically significant difference of

estimated carbon storage among native species.

Table 2. relationship between the species density and carbon storage potential of

native vegetation in Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur

Pearsons
Relationship p-value
Cor test

relationship between the species density and -0.1935 0.2804

carbon storage potential of native vegetation

*Significant at α =0.05

The results showed that there is no relationship between the species density and

carbon storage potential of native vegetation.

 CHAPTER V

Summary of findings, conclusion, and recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of findings of the carbon stored in native

vegetation in Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga Del Sur. This chapter also

includes the conclusion and recommendations which are formulated based on the

findings of the study.]

Summary of Findings

The following are the findings of the carbon storage potential on the native

vegetation by identifying each species of carbon stock in 4 plot on an area:

1. To determine the species density of native vegetation in Lake Maragang, Tigbao,

Zamboanga del Sur?
here are the species that are present in the area of lake maragang and their maximum
numbers namely:
African Tulip - 1 Betanghol -2 Hambabalod -10 Malig-Ang - 1

Antipolo -2 Catmon -1 Jack Fruit -1 Patikan -2

Balasyang -7 Gmelina - 23 Malapapaya - 8 Rain Tree - 1

Binunga -2 Hagdag Uwak - 3 Malatungaw - 25 Red Natu - 1

Santol -1

Tamanian fern - 5

2. To Estimate the amount of carbon stored in native vegetation in Lake Maragang,

Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur?

 - the estimated carbon storage of trees among plots Red Nato has the

highest carbon storage.

3. To compare the carbon storage potential among different native species in Lake

Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur?

- the ANOVA results indicate that there is statistically significant difference

of estimated carbon storage among native species.

4. To determine the relationship between the species density and carbon storage

potential of native vegetation in Lake Maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga del Sur?

-The results showed that there is no relationship between the species density

and carbon storage potential of native vegetation.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that the Red nato was the

large amount of carbon stock in the vegetation, whereas the other species are didn’t

have a maximum amount of carbon stock to compare the Red nato. As far as we

know that there has been a considerable interest in quantifying the capacity of

natural ecosystems to trap and to store carbon to offset anthropogenic carbon

emissions to the atmosphere, So that the best on the area and the highest of
consumable amount of carbon stored was the Red Nato tree that on present in the

lake maragang, Tigbao, Zamboanga Del Sur.

Recommendations

The following recommendations were formulated based on the findings and

conclusions of the study.

1.

References

Balasubramanian Arunachalam, C. N. Hari Prasath, Sethuraman Radha Krishna

2017

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

317636266_Carbon_Sequestration_Potential_of_Native_Vegetation_in_Sivag

angai_District_of_Southern_Tamil_Nadu_India .

Carbon storage and sequestration potential of Selected tree species in India

https://link,springer.com/article110.1007/51102}7-010-9230-5

LASCO R, PULHIN F. 2000.

 Forest land use change in the Philippines and climate change mitigation.

Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change Journal 5: 81-97

LASCO R, PULHIN F VISCO R, RACELIS D, GUILLERMO I, SALES R. 2000.

Carbon stocks assessment of Philippines forest ecosystems.Paper presented at the

Science-policy Workshop on Terrestrial Carbon Assessment for Possible Carbon

Trading; Bogor, Indonesia; 28-20 Feb 2000.

Lake maragang :wetland ecotorism site for for ZDS

https://19.dent.gov.ph/index.Php/news-events/features/1305-lake-maragang-

wetland-ecotourism-site-for-Zds#:~:text=%20is%.20also%20a%habitat,water

%.20monitor%2C%5nakes%20geckos .

Native planeta Law insider

https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/native-vegetation

National Energy Technology Laboratory 2012

https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/publications/SEPO/AAG%20on%20Philippine

%20Forest_Final.pdf

PANY, BIRDSEY R, FANG J, HOUGHTON R, KAUPPI P. 2011.

A Large and persistent Carbon Sink in the World's Forest. Science 333 (6045):

988-993. https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2F2.zoppoz.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fscf.rncan.gc.ca

%2Fauthors%2Fread%2F21255%3Fformat%3Dcitation%26fbclid

%3DIwAR1fnsqeCjwlv7nwL0boXF7uFNhYKqqkzxcgaky5mibr_VITF1UKv6p4-

BM&h=AT2jWpAryny4Jiwr-i4QguzCvBwH-
p4KUXnFruKIS2SOaLMPEpQOMCPJO6M5kTjjG0Yvi2zhf64yq6lFXen3P55bNGEo_

qrf2XCOtgUADg_Z_TETWVGfxD0eZmXWPaiyinRZhg

PEARSON T, WALKER S, BROWN S. 2005.

Sourcebook for land use, land use, land-use change, and forestry projects.

BioCarbon Fund and Winrock International. https://l.facebook.com/l.php?

u=https%3A%2F%2F2.zoppoz.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com.ph%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPbUeVbY-

pAC%26pg%3DPA59%26lpg%3DPA59%26dq%3DPEARSON%2520T%252C

%2520WALKER%2520S%252C%2520BROWN%2520S .

PONCE-HERNANDEZ R, KOOHAFKAN P. 2004.

Assessing Carbon stocks and modeling win-win scenarios of carbon

sequestation through land use changes. Food and Agriculture Organization of

the United Nations, Rome. https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F

%2Fwww.scirp.org%2F%2528S%2528351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje

%2529%2529%2Freference%2Freferencespapers.aspx%3Freferenceid

%3D2806168%26fbclid

%3DIwAR2VgP20tnfgknlPf_8PXoQVPCxKLvA_qnGnCdFlI36IaiytVr1gN57k6uk&

h=AT2jWpAryny4Jiwr-i4QguzCvBwH-

p4KUXnFruKIS2SOaLMPEpQOMCPJO6M5kTjjG0Yvi2zhf64yq6lFXen3P55bNG

Eo_qrf2XCOtgUADg_Z_TETWVGfxD0eZmXWPaiyinRZhg

The national wildlife federation

https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Sustainability/Exotic-Species
Kelemen P, Benson Sm, Pilorge H, Psarras P and Wilcox J (2019)

https://books.google.com.ph/books?

id=vAjeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=The+cumulative+release+of+ant

hropogenic+carbon+dioxide+

(CO2)+into+the+atmosphere+has+been+estimated+at+2,035+

%C2%B1+205+GtCO2+from+1870+to+2015+(Le+Qu%C3%A9r

%C3%A9+et+al.,+2015
 FAMILY BEGONIACEAE FAMILY FABACEAE
LOCAL NAME: Begonia LOCAL NAME: Mani-Manian
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Begonia fracisabuidii SCIENTIFIC NAME: Arachis pintol Krapov

FAMILY CYPERACEAE FAMILY POACEAE

LOCAL NAME: Daat LOCAL NAME: Carabao grass
SCIENTIFIC NAME: SCIENTIFIC NAME: Paspalum conjugatum

FAMILY ATHYRIACEAE FAMILY ZINGIBERACEAE

LOCAL NAME: Pako LOCAL NAME: Tagbak
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diplazium esculentum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Alpinia elegans k.