Unit-1 Linux
Uploaded by
Dhanisha SharmaUnit-1 Linux
Uploaded by
Dhanisha Sharma Kali dunux y vbunctic
Thy Caldera Linx
fu) Slackware Hine
yy) Mandalee sre ete.
* HP Thin pre Le a Ughtuight
Steps to crecle account at HP Thin pee ©
Unie tased opecatiing dystern
[si youre Jake
(———_aanin fe Conta antec
Connections
cenreak] faye} Ge_ +0 ada (ster +)
oe
colect SSH (Step 2)
SH
[Telnet
ion ae +e thin
ta Add psovides some options So we select SSH option 4°
Haccount:
@ i=— Fill name usexname (step 3)
}— Insect Ip Address: (step 4 )
1— Seleet-Hre ‘x Il’ option (step 5)
Click om Finish (slepé)
| Loge & Loge
fq diaux Terminal -
Login + Proeias of, Entescin °
fron Laux Texeninall
Logout 2 Frocess ef, autling [eng
+ wohen you stock youre Aeseminal, it displays :-
Lager
‘ an ress Entese . 7
Type youre Logo are Jhexe § P' ae iiplere onl
THO wesd shas been used by you | ”
te Gor password by flashing Jyollorerg renege
assed reas Enter. Ki
As ea ua Gs [scen) on tne touninal-
You can Change passwesd toy using passwd? commrand .
x Clete d & Used for Legging out: Ox you can type ‘Seqeut
pe Fendt) tn_command prompt:
* UNDx/tineRnehitechive | Shuuetane »
a ee =n User
Re skuctune Unix QS Conaiat of fowt padalic Hardware,
Kesenel, Shell Tools 9 Applications)
> Houdwase ue Sel. anak
collect erm oO _mociine’ | ‘
ae! conatsts of alt posiphescal devices
+ Input-Output Devices for Input ¥ output
© CRU Centval Processing wit) fer poocessing dale
sMemesy fer AnD. OR EE
s Networking conrponernts such as LAN, CadDEta , Sto
1 of Hareetssanee = + Poudre, ow
oh
ree Abo pruel bh
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Kerenet as athe
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of CPUTme , Memnnray Space ,c-
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yee
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boy eodinliy Snelnd.e
' * proces.% rranagentor,
mm
TUS andi paueyee as
cee. pociormed poperey
‘eaate seheduling 's s yeosm tee
and “file management” sete:
ak weheducling 7 see clulln
Management > Allotment
attocat” ef FOR OUILCL® »
allocation of "4: inp ¥
. nage
+ File Management + eee ig fe p anese
Kermel ia the core Com voemct fo} erating yet»
Intenacls divect ty, cee weoviden Tew Devel
sercuices ko Upper aye compen . rerponsl le,
fo cach ef, prtenesey ction of
A Keunel 2s foundational Lagre of
Te furctions at a beuic fevel, communicaling, with
renouseces a Keene
hardware and Mane a
handles me spcdamnenctal processes
sd of beet wequence when computer
at the begiinng
Satecact with user directly , St wuts
Manage ‘nent 7
sstaxts up:
Keen docsnet
chetl wnat will aot as mediatere 0/0? ute P Kennel
hace ate SOME types of Kernel :
Zt) Monolithic 7 all ols aarevices operate 19 Kerenel space 29° dinux
‘ly Micug 9 Bhs nivvinnalist appreach rtual memory 2 threes
“iy Go 2 Folens entte end preset 9 ha fo pier ee
iy) Hybsie 9 Combinat” of woth Monalithic 3 Micro Kexnel pe apencs |
eq Windows NT, Netware,ekc
aS
Well, Treeface bly Usec P Kened-
As Kexnel cocnt undescstand Human language , hence
shell accepts commauds fxr wuaee 2 convects them
a a language that Kernel can undestand
ree sce od majore poucls fo hell » Pick Sa inkexpreter
e Brak
whic read out rei words iS ee
exeeut! “the second post of, helt ‘a proguan aah
Capekitity that enable UL +0 ee Shell prepor
© Proce we vasdous ty af Shells !
pe ell alae a
) eS 2 fe coramand ‘Mlerprete: Tr was Whe
first mojo shell: Developed by Steve Bowere So ITF
ania shell & dolla (g)- Tr ts alse called
Ly Korn Shell 9 Developed David ken, Most Stable
version eh Anis shell “a >Ksh developed wo 188:
We can shit fake ken shell by using kath ‘uy command
prompt: The promet fos vas ahbili aod:
*y alto Known a4
“iy C Shell 4 Crealed by BAL Try: Ze
progecaramerct sshell P extats as Seale mae pompt
ads Shall L. poccertoge (h)-
Brain Fox and
Z\) Bourne- Again shell (BASH) > pevelloped by
chet R oy TH %& an enhanced veuLon 96 Bowwe
AnelL > ua Known os ~ bash’:
Shelf
Bo
oo Rens pure
J Tools} Ppieations =
These ose built in
by operating agadern to pockore
ed Uses
Components ef, olfnux system 2
a oe Oka
modules -Hhot ate used
ane tasks aasigned * Files fp fil iso container of text, umages , codes ond ee
* Oudinary Files Files + “These files contain only data wo
yc
tes ast as a container $000 Cony
+ Direclony file> There ft
Vice le along wth direetony
ay,
predlinasey fils & de
* Dewioe files? these piles eprom’
ect all haxedusasee, pile
> Linay file System, é
iow file syste? ge a dala steucluse Hee that
seekides O1 pot of o disk:
the file dystem ds ox arsed oF deee wilh 0 aif
nest node called ‘Rest? (writers ine ver a
a. directory Giles,
mode ¢| of file aqulem seu hLHe epee pane dieotovies,
cmd files ot ahe Leaf
cial Wah device file:
sequen fle indicated 4
te a dil ge ten os
a
Abin war 2 dew. $he ete home ee
ros sana
') we, Te ds central Lecattten prot point
dpeurnents , manpages, CC”
sn, mim a sik esl in PPD
cabin, Cyrtans off roucalle: ish ase a mene
+ de, Contains configuration ipl (cdrriketive Ci
+ homey Contains awodirectoxiies of Linur user”
+ ib» Contains gil shu shaseed Uibuasuy Riles:
* won centains all syste Bogs:
> dese Contains apelal, device fie fer Keyboard reuse , te
+atmps Ze & ernpoxavery file focalion. Tr 's & directo
used py ams thot need cobra, bubfee asco
‘n pastes be executed ccesaing, File system >
i pick)
To wceeets CD ov floppy - fils we use mourling
p> 40 ceatch at we use unmounting-
3 Mourling File systern,
we make pile > directowies arrersible
By mow
Rou Pile syste”
yMeough the existing :
| devrcaname directory
syntax Mount filesystem
eq smownt dev) fd00 J met
Befert shutting, down Binnx Aggie ,
amounted -
al) mounted fle
Ayslery necd te be
3 Unmounting File system,
TH meams detacl
ane directesy of Mnvx Sysiern oD
smnunted + . ql
Dace le eastern “is unmounted , we vill not be able to
eters us Blas 2 directordien «
Auyntors 2 syteourt febergelenn some J mount pout
qourtted fle susie from
whiek st wot
i a 5
3 Skurtture of Mle stor, . ae
pte aplem Sa qeoup + fi amd divectostes
a ah Fe ei with Us sect
in form of Reet Directory :
four sections - that axa blocks:
bata _|
[Boot [Super Tnede
') Bect_Black
TR contdins a arcall ‘boctidrap progean *
TH checks p initializes ane T/o devices @ ale
the pragecaun«
4 ek This Bleck Contains global fide inposwad”
oboe ask usoge owaillaleilitiy of
Anodes» alse contain, o pointy, +0 head op free
rt
Rone 68 dota dlecks: We i!i!]!]!]iit(( tee. - ane
d ae Ane tonsint of following °°
tr File system : se
ii) No.
wy ea aes dacta blocks available
‘ ree data block ‘ x
W)Tadex of yet {ree Ke toca“ [ree dale Hock ak ¥
Y) Sine of Trode Uist
a No> of free tnodes auditable vr File systern’
W) Uist op Gree Tnodes « :
vil) Tradex of next Anode (gree) in 41¥¢ taods List:
3) Todt Block
Every Pile oF cBirectotay ror 0” nba) eG
soes ne fe TE ober
® unt
Rigue numtoor tat e604
tow file seyetenn -
§ . Tete on tn trode blocks «
inedas ase device + inode number
om
AU
Fachke inode us referenced a a
pow
erode ros- 0,), 2
thor ant 3 rerenved
o- Aeteted files 2 directories:
ad bleck count oon.
| p= Fle oysters creat” Hone, c
| 2- Root olirectory *
The fnode block contans infecmation pom eatehs
file in data block the inpormat” Comprists
sees file pole type, permuisions , addwess of
: - Each bhoce usually. contains following entries |
|i) omer — inalteates owner of inode: ie i:
4) Group ~ indicctes group 4° ushich fnode Freup”
Way Pile type - tna ‘Dee
Hyp sndtcates 4ype of lt
_tadicates read, urte, executed
peuminicons «
V) Access Time - Last acters jams
vw Moditteat® Time
vii) Size of fle
vid!) Physicad Address
le -t abe.
423 de inode 10+
4) Date Block - Actual olata stored in data ofeck
ivy Permissions fh dita Lhock 58 & beake writ dodo gies Sn 2
oh anmallest urik eR ne “that ae ie apple
a su wuotion- Each data Glonler'y”
Aired, sive, ol 512 ¥ 4096 bytes
Doka blocks 07 optin divided incto Fragments 6 disks
A pragreot ‘woo mall, Ried size piece of a. date
rie alley ple @F 52 bytes A Chast es
prock, “Af
piece of date elec , typically PIP 512 F 40.96 bytes:
Fer fixed format Bs , 0 date eleck contains olay
a Boe dealin
rs
usien un
3 Commands - dinwx,
Commands fe lo atlen end
es he ae upped opexanch 0 pexferm
action:
Stouctusce of Commands ,
Linux Command E option) ..
ese option Ss dignocent cnouces Ber Conmmmand
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SSeeramend has do applied
D “Types oh Comerancs,
a 5)
Trtecnal Exleernl i
yc, Germs)
aq tater, “8 “cat ete re
Ey changing, fosewosd in olfnure
asses Ue § passwd’:
fer changing Pi
Syockor to & passwd
Ce eae
otek password 2 —
Hew passed S
Reenter new passweeed 2
foreword updated successfullles -
Lien cae a Oe ppiceedd vont uecd
a oR are sytem:
@ 9 ds (Wet) 3 shows fll 9 directories en OO”
by def ott, fides dfrectosies VO Ww alphabetical
Syntax Ve $b t options]
fptions
oh
-4
aly
-e
4 ahow dite an long fowmet
Maye
‘ghowy all hidden files 9 directories %
uridden fle taxed UthOD)
poenissions :
detail about filetype, file
(retail about gibehyre, FET ipcat” feral in,
onmeas of ile, gi. size,
> Shows only, directory Non jnstead of
Listing, is content
5 Mawes executable filer with” 4
directories uit /-
4 shows inede eurnaase of files -
a rows {lis tn coro abphobelical onli:
») Ahows secmelve Liting,, piles of directories
as well os subdir, ove alee displayed
, Atalay Yee nummer of Stomge Clee
used by &
5 shows ide oy tate + modipicat®
4 Ahows Qilr ee yo Doak access time
> Puts slosh apex each directory
3 shows Gites an erubiple columns (default)
ist Contes
DWild Cased Matchin : : :
SU- A ching cal coved pabkoen*
2 matches single character
de matches any
mmbore Of, crnvactec | multiple:
[oe 23 rrekenss Tonge em o te 2°
eqs Bs pgmt
eq.
4
a ts Linu?
» Bs 2alo ey TI) (enediise)
Airecloseies —
disenamel> & iy nevene 2.>
{vest used fos creak cog, 0d
Weak ase smonticoned Jn posh
asin.
vA K Hireetor}y
To create
gynte 3 medde 7? a
waacds be poweat
re et .
on cee poet cela es
eg" venedtine Ube
creates a director cube:
YY
ag: 5 mwa -P Dinu | eo] dose
credias Oo deme Bia, vsttn fiero 0s Se aire
sa crooked qn, nak & equbdin, d£8e su. created -
3 neasons fos Rpited yo make dir io
i) Die wih game “TAME qhready ot
XS) Ordinwey ge tay Sot none exerts *
Wi y User pest wate pounisstors tor
creaking, Kes 2 Adtreckeres w current direckowy °
= To change asvrectory to ile agstormn”
saykorS & cd pasha
rene ale 2 abe dtvreckorty
grermnoves
Sq
@ Nupt s o °
| P' option ia used for defeling the parte divecton, W
J Re semdde command cant semove A directony lati
uu :
comply
ip be & exnele i,
“v ‘ semeie abe 9) JLovet abe fh
othucnnse ot pnows GOCOr
eq: & scondive -P dera/nea /sinux
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Dinuz , Men
wren chencr civers
Diu dese] mea dese
Ca Srenctin dean | men
ict, then neo. Fone
Ta abie stemover dinux fir
| desa divectowy’
|? di (sk Usage)
i “this Commarnd sepords 2 isk spaces
| Lepr tre disk
} ase consumed by files tn a specified dltrectotuy
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