12/13/2023
Impacts of Behaviour in
Occupational Hygiene
Worker behaviour has an important influence on
exposure to hazardous agents in the workplace.
– Using contaminated tools.
BEHAVIOUR AND CULTURE – Using soiled personal protective equipment (PPE).
– Poor housekeeping, working untidily or not cleaning
up after work.
– Failing to use PPE properly when needed.
– Unhygienic behaviour such as failing to remove
protective clothing and wash hands before a meal
break.
– Failing to switch on a ventilation system.
– Handling a material vigorously instead of carefully.
"Swiss Cheese" model of
Motivation and Behaviour Modification
accident prevention
ABC model
Hazard
– Antecedents create the initial motivation to act.
– Behaviour is the observable act.
Engineering – Consequences are what happens after the
Systems
Accident behaviour.
Behaviour
Behavioural Intervention Health and Safety Culture
• When a pattern of behaviour becomes widespread in an
A behavioural intervention can be planned in three distinct stages as organisation it can be described as the organisational culture.
follows: • Culture can be a nebulous concept – a simple definition is “how
we do things around here”.
1. Motivation: Firstly it is necessary to motivate individuals in • Culture defines the unwritten rules of an organisation
• Once a behaviour becomes embedded in the organisation's
order to get them to want to change their behaviour.
culture it can be hard to change.
2. Instigation: Once people are motivated they need to be • An organisation's culture can be said to be positive for health and
supported to enable them to change behaviour. safety if it encourages behaviours that minimise incidents and
exposure to risk.
3. Maintenance: When a behaviour has been changed efforts • Negative cultures are often characterised by fear and blame,
need to be made to ensure that it doesn’t revert back. which inhibit reporting of dangerous conditions and inhibit
improvement. Employees flout the rules and managers turn a
blind eye.
1
12/13/2023
An Example of a Safety Culture Maturity
Ladder
The maturity ladder is a
Basic accident prevention activities
method that measures and Level 5
continuously improves Excellent • Eliminate hazard from the machine, method,
safety awareness and material or facility structure
conscious safe behavior in Level 4
organizations and provides Embedded Next step…
• Control or contain tha hazard by enclosing or
insight into the degree to •Everyone consistently
demonstrates excellent EHS
guarding it at its source ot attaching an exhaust
which these factors are Level 3 behaviours
pipe to remove airborne hazards from the
present in the workplace Engaging Next step…
•EHS improvement becomes operator
integral part of everyday business
Level 2
•EHS success depends upon each other
• Train operating personel to be aware of the
Directive Next step… hazards and follow safe job procedures
•Managers actively encourage
• Prescribe PPE for personnel to shield them from
•Supervisors involve their team
•Everyone gets involved
Level 1
Negative Next step…
•Managers set standards
hazards
•Supervisors monitor compliance
•Focus on following rules
•Managers are invisible on EHS
•Supervisors emphasise production
•Many people disregard rules
Source: GlaxoSmithKline
Basic accident prevention activities Basic accident prevention activities
• Provide advisory servises on safety and • Develop and apply safety standards both for
production facilities
health problems and other matters
• Work closely with the engineering, industrial
related to accident prevention hygiene, medical, and purchasing dept
• Develop a centralized programme to ensuring only safe tools, equipment and
control accident and fire hazards supplies are purchased
• Develop, plan and implementsafety and
• Keep informed of changes in legslation health inspectionprogramme
and safety code and comminicate such • Collect and analysedata on illnessand
information to management accidents for the corrective action
Basic accident prevention activities Safety education
• Ensure educationand trainingof employees in
• Aims of safety is to do work in a safe way
generalas well as specifichealth and safety
principles and techniques until it becomes a habit
• Maintain supervisory contact for new • Use of audiovisual aids, e.g. Lectures,
instructions, followup and general health and posters, films, videos, slides, radio and
safety motivation television
• Cooperate with industrial hygiene and
environmental quality control personnel on
industrial problems
2
12/13/2023
Training Retraining
• Needed for • Retraining is indicated in the following
– New employees, situations
– New equipment
– High accident or injury rate
– New processes
– High labour turnover
– Procedures revised or updated
– When new information must be made available – Excessive waste and scrap
– When performance of employees need to be – Company expansion (plants or equipment)
improved
Evaluation of safety legislation
• Occupational safety laws, regulations and code
of practices are needed for workers’safety taking
into consideration the responsibility of
management and workers
STRESS MANAGEMENT
• Laws should include measures to be taken to
prevent occupational accidents
• Safety legislation should be ineffective unless
some means could be found to enforce it.
WORK-RELATED STRESS Symptoms of Stress
• Psychosocial aspects of the work environment have Stress produces a range of signs and symptoms, these can include;
been increasingly recognised in recent years.
• In many developed countries cases of “mental ill – Changes in Behaviour: finding it hard to sleep, changed
health” represent the single most common cause of eating habits, increased smoking or drinking, avoidance of
work-related illness. friends and family or sexual problems.
• Well-designed, organised and managed work helps to – Physical symptoms: tiredness, indigestion and nausea,
maintain and promote individual health and well-being. headaches, aching muscles or palpitations.
• Insufficient attention to job design, work organisation – Mental changes: becoming less indecisive, finding it hard to
and management the benefits and benefits associated concentrate, suffering from loss of memory, feelings of
with work can be lost. One common result is work- inadequacy or low self esteem.
related stress. – Emotional changes: getting irritable or angry; feeling anxious
or numb, being hypersensitive, or feeling drained and listless.
3
12/13/2023
Assessment of Stress Management of Stress
Use of Survey Demands – including workload, work patterns and the work environment.
Control – how much say the person has about the way they do their work.
Involve asking all
employees a series of Support – including the encouragement, sponsorship and resources provided
questions where they by the organisation, line management and colleagues .
rank their individual
Relationships – including promoting positive working to avoid conflict and
perceptions of the kinds dealing with unacceptable behaviour.
of factors likely to
contribute to stress or job Role – whether people understand their role within the organisation and
whether the organisation ensures that they do not have conflicting roles.
satisfaction.
Change - how organisational change (large or small) is managed and
communicated in the organisation.
Thermal environment
• Heat in the mine can cause serious health
and safety concerns
THERMAL ENVIRONMENT • The aim is to provide an understanding of
the effects of the thermal environment on
people and the means of assessing and
controlling the risks associated with
thermal stress.
Thermal environment
Thermal environment
(competence needed)
• Thermal spectrum
• Identify sources of thermal stress within the working
• Thermal comfort environment;
• Thermal stress and strain • Understand the nature of thermal strain on the body;
• Make an assessment of the thermal environment
• Physiological Responses to hot/cold
through appropriate measurement and other means;
environments
• Evaluate the likely risk from exposure to thermal
• Heat stress index (e.g. TWL = Thermal stress;
work Limit etc) – Read about others • Suggest appropriate control approaches for the
thermal environment.
4
12/13/2023
Thermal environment RA
scheme
