TENSE 3

Subject Verb Object

(कर्ता) does (क्रियत) on
(कमा)

Eg:- I teach
English
I wrote
the book
You will help
her
Students make
notes
See the sentences given above. The forms of verbs change and we can
understand the time as well as the action/ state from the forms of verbs.
(उपर क्रिए गये वतक्यों को िेख।ें Verb के forms पररवक्रर्ार् हो रहे हैं और verbs के forms हमें action
(कतया)/ state (ऄवस्थत) एवं समय कत बोध करत रहत है।

Forms of Verbs

Verb Base form V1 V1+s/es V2 V1 +ing V3

Purest form Present Present Past Continuous Perfect

form form (with Form form Form
(with I, he, she, it,
we, they, name,
you, singular
plural)

KD LIVE 59 Class Notes : TENSE

Now check the forms./ (Forms check करें )
We have present form past form of verbs but no future form.
(Verb के Present एवं past form मौजूि है लेक्रकन कोइ future form नहीं)
Hence some Grammarians are of the view that Tense is of two types – Present
and Past.
(ऄर्ः कुछ grammarians कत कहनत है क्रक Tense िो प्रकतर के होर्े हैं- Present एवं Past)
Future Tense requires Modals will/ shall and Vb.f.
(Future Tense के क्रलए Modals will/shall एवं Vb.f. की जरूरर् पड़र्ी है।)
This means we do not have readymade future tense. We rather make it.
(आसकत ऄथा है क्रक हमतरे पतस बनत-बनतयत Future Tense नहीं है। हमें Future Tense बनतनत पड़र्त है।)

TENSE

Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense

Simple Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

To be good at Tense, you need to know all the forms of verbs that are common
in day-to-day life so learn all the forms of those verbs which are used in day-to-
day life. (Tense में ऄच्छत होने के क्रलए अप को forms of verbs अनत चतक्रहए। कम से कम ईन verbs को
ऄच्छे से यति कर ले जो रोजमरता की क्रजन्िगी में प्रयुक्त होर्े है)
Now let us see Tense one-by-one in detail.
(ऄब एक-एक कर के Tense को detail में िेखर्े हैं।)
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
This includes Present state made from verb 'is/ am/ are'. It describes one's
present identity, class or quality.
(आसमें Verb 'is/ am/ are' से की गइ वर्ामतन ऄवस्थत शतक्रमल हैं। यह वर्ामतन पहचतन, वगा यत गुणवत्तत कत
वणान करर्त है।) I am a teacher.
Eg:- She is not my aunt.
Are you in Delhi?
Structure
Positive Sentence (सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + is/am/are + Subject complement

Negative Sentence (नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject+is/am/are+not+Subject complement

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्न सूचक वतक्य) Is/ am/ are + subject + Subject complement?

KD LIVE 60 Class Notes : TENSE

 PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
The name itself suggests that it denotes Present action/ state that is regular/
irregular/ habit/ universal truth/ happens/ does not happen etc but must be a
part of our present life.
(नतम से ही ये पर्त चलर्त है क्रक ये वर्ामतन के कतया/ऄवस्थत िशतार्त है जो क्रनयक्रमर् है/ ऄक्रनयक्रमर् है/ अिर् है/
सतवाभौक्रमक सत्य है/ होर्त है/ नहीं होर्त है, लेक्रकन क्रनक्रिर् ही वर्ामतन कत क्रहस्सत है।)

PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

Regular Irregular Universal Habit Present

Eg:- Routine Routine Truth Action/state

Tsunami He I know
Children The Sun
comes in smokes. you.
go to school rises in
coastal
regions. the east.

Structure
Positive Sentence/ (सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + V1 + Object.
(ऄगर Subject I, We, They, You ऄथवत Plural हो)
Negative Sentence/ (नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + do not (don’t) + V1 + Object.
Do + Subject + V1 + Object?
Interrogative Sentence/ (प्रश्न सूचक वतक्य) Do + Subject + not + V1 + Object?
Don’t + Subject + V1 + Object?

Structure
Positive Sentence/ (सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + V1 + s/es + Object.
(ऄगर Subject he, she, it, name यत Singular हो)
Negative Sentence/ (नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + does not (doesn’t) + V1 + Object.
Does + Subject + V1 + Object?
Interrogative Sentence/ (प्रश्न सूचक वतक्य) Does + Subject + not + V1 + Object?
Doesn’t + Subject + V1 + Object?
Note:- We add 'es' after V1 if the verb ends in s, ss, ch, sh, z, x & o.
(V1 के सतथ 'es' र्ब लगर्त है जब verb s, ss, ch, sh, z, x और o में खत्म हो)
Maximum number of questions are asked from the use given below.
(ऄक्रधकर्र सवतल उपर क्रिए गए use से पूछे जतर्े हैं)
1. The fifth and final act of Macbeth contain the sleepwalking scene. CHSL 2018
2. The Cannes film festival attract some of the world's most famous people
CHSL 2018
3. The price of woolen clothes come down in summer.
4. The two states frequently has differences over the use of the river water
especially during the summer. CHSL 2018

KD LIVE 61 Class Notes : TENSE

5. My teacher told me that honesty was the best policy.
6. I do not know what does she want.
7. Our neighbour switch on his TV early in the morning at full volume.
(Stenographer 2018)
8. Last evening my friend tells me the funny joke that I had never heard.
CGL Mains 2018
9. I will buy a television set when the prices comes down.
10. What you know about her?
11. What kind of bird is the dodo!
12. Who comes daily?
13. He like his parents are introvert.

Answers
1. Change contain into contains as the 'tells' into 'told'.
fifth and final act of Macbeth is the 9. Prices is plural noun and comes in
same one. singular verb. Change 'prices' (P.N)
2. Change 'attract' into 'attracts' as the into 'price' (S.N)
subject is singular. 10. The sentence is interrogative.
3. Change 'come' into 'comes' as the Change 'you know' into 'do you
subject (price) is singular. know'.
4. Two states (P.S.) will take have (P.V.) 11. Change 'is the dodo' into 'the dodo
change 'has' into 'have'. is' as the sentence is exclamatory
5. Change 'was' into 'is'. Universal not interrogative.
truth, idioms and phrases are in 12. The interrogative structure is — 'WH
Present Indefinite Tense. + H.V. + Sub + Verb?' but here the
6. Change 'what does she want' into subject is missing so H.V. is also not
'what she wants'. The sentence is needed.
not interrogative. 13. Here 'like' means ‘के जैसत’। Verb will
7. Change 'switch' (P.V) into switches follow 'he'. Change 'are' into 'is'. The
(S.V) as the subject (neighbout) is sentence with proper punctuation
singular. will look better—
8. Tells (V1+ s/es) cannot come with He, like his parents, is introvert.
last evening (Past time). Change
• Present Indefinite Tense comes when we talk about any book, the contents of
which are still relevant, though the book may have been written in the past.
(Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रयोग र्ब भी होर्त है जब कोइ क्रकर्तब की प्रतसंक्रगकर्त ऄभी भी हो चतहे वो
बहु र् पहले ही क्यों नत क्रलखी गइ हो।)
1. Our Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights.
Eg:- 2. This book reveals the stark reality of the children's homes.
• For formal / officially planned action of future, Present Indefinite Tense is
the 1st choice. (भक्रवष्य के औपचतररक planned कतयों के क्रलए Present Indefinite Tense
पहली पसंि है)
1. The PM leaves for Japan next week.
Eg:- 2. The meeting starts at 5 pm tomorrow.
3. India takes on Pakistan at Mohali tomorrow.
KD LIVE 62 Class Notes : TENSE
• In Informal English, we use Future Indefinite Tense for future actions or
Present Continuous Tense for planned action of near future . (ऄनौपचतररक
English में, भक्रवष्य के कतयों के क्रलए Future Indefinite Tense और क्रनकट भक्रवष्य के planned
कतयों के क्रलए Present Continuous Tense कत प्रयोग होर्त है।)
1. I am going to Mumbai tonight.
Eg:- 2. She will come tomorrow.
• We use Present Indefinite Tense in Newspaper Headlines even though the
action is already over. (भूर्कतल में घक्रटर् घटनत के क्रलए भी Newspaper के Headlines में
Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रयोग होर्त है।)
1. Bus hits 3 cars on NH 48.
Eg:- 2. CBI raids land mafia's premises.
There are certain rules to be followed while designing newspaper
Note:- headlines to make them short and attractive. (समतचतर पत्र के headlines
बनतर्े समय कुछ क्रनयमों कत ध्यतन रखत जतर्त है र्तक्रक headlines छोटत एवं अकषाक हो)
• Leave out auxiliary verbs with Perfect, Progressive and Passive structures.
(Perfect, Progressive एवं Passive structures में auxiliary verb नत लगतये)

Eg:- 1. Temperature soaring as June comes.

(is soaring (changed into) soaring)
2. Triple Talaq Bill passed in Parliament.
(has been passed (changed into) passed)
3. Bus hits car, 3 killed.
(Three people have been killed (changed into) 3 killed)
• Use Infinitives (to + Vb.f.) for future events. (भक्रवष्य के action के क्रलए to + Vb.f. कत
प्रयोग करें )
1. President to invite the BJP to form government.
Eg:- 2. BJP to elect its President soon.
• Articles are omitted in newspaper headlines and figures are used for
numbers. (Articles कत प्रयोग newspaper headlines में नहीं होर्त और संख्यत figures में होर्े हैं
शब्िों में नहीं)
1. Bus hits car, I killed. (Correct)
Eg:- 2. A bus hit a car, one person was killed. (Grammatically correct
but cannot come in headlines.)
• Present Indefinite Tense is used in Sports Commentary to make the action
seem live. (Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रयोग Sports Commentary में action को
क्रजवंर् रूप में िशताने के क्रलए क्रकयत जतर्त है|)
Eg: (1) Virat hits the ball and off it goes across the boundary line.
• In exclamatory sentences that begin with 'here' and 'there', Present
Indefinite Tense is used to express the position or appearance of the
objects. (जब क्रवस्मयबोधक वतक्य 'here' एवं 'there' से शुरू हो, र्ो Present Indefinite Tense
कत प्रयोग क्रकसी वस्र्ु के वहताँ होने यत ऄचतनक अने कत बोध करतने के क्रलए होर्त है।)
1. Here comes the chief guest!
Eg:- 2. There he goes!
KD LIVE 63 Class Notes : TENSE
 SIMPLE PAST TENSE
This includes Past state made from verb 'was/ were'. It describes one's past
identity, class or quality./ (आसमें Verb 'was/ were' से की गइ भूर्कतल ऄवस्थत शतक्रमल हैं। यह
भूर्कतल पहचतन, वगा यत गुणवत्तत कत वणान करर्त है।)
I was a teacher.
Eg:- She was not my aunt.
Were you in Delhi?
Structure
Positive Sentence (सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + was/ were + Subject Complement.

Negative Sentence (नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject+was/were+not+Subject Complement.

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्न सूचक वतक्य) Was/were + subject + Subject Complement?

1. I meant to repair the radio but hadn’t time to do it today.

(1) No error (2) to do it today. (3) I meant to repair the radio
(4) but hadn’t time (SSC CGL Tier-II Exam, 25.10.2015, TF No. 2148789)
Ans. (4) Replace ‘hadn’t’ with ‘didn’t have’.

PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

• For past action, Past Indefinite Tense is used.
(Past action के क्रलए Past Indefinite Tense कत प्रयोग होर्त है।)

Structure
Positive Sentence (सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + V2 + object

Negative Sentence (नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + did not (didn't) + V1 + object

Interrogative Sentence Did + Subject + V1 + object ?

(प्रश्न सूचक वतक्य) Did + Subject + not + V1 + object ?
Didn't + Subject + V1 + object ?
1. Rohit did not came to the office Answers
because he got held up due to the
heavy rains. CGL Mains 2018 1. Change 'came' into 'come'. 'Did not'
takes 'V1'.
2. Change 'she was' into 'was she' as
2. Why she was angry with her son?
the sentence is in Interrogative
CGL (CPO) Pre, 2018 form.
3. Madhuri did not reply when I 3. Change 'was she' into 'she was'. The
asked her why was she weeping. sentence is not in interrogative
form.
(SSC (CPO) Pre, 2017)
4. Change 'they didn't into 'didn't
4. Why they didn't turn up for the they'. In interrogative sentences
workshop? (CHSL-2012) H.V. comes before the Subject.

KD LIVE 64 Class Notes : TENSE

• With past time, Past Indefinite Tense is used. (भूर्कतल के समय के सतथ Past
Indefinite Tense कत प्रयोग होर्त है)
1. I have come to Delhi yesterday. (×)
Eg:-
2. They have built the camp in 1966.
Answers
1. Change 'have come' into 'came'. With Past time, we use Past Indefinite
Tense.
2. Change ‘they have built’ into ‘they built’.
• If a sentence starts with Past Tense, it should continue in Past Tense unless
it falls in the list of exceptional cases (discussed later). (ऄगर वतक्य की शुरूअर्
Past से हो, र्ो वतक्य अगे भी Past में होगत जबर्क क्रक वह क्रकसी ऄपवति के ऄंर्गार् नत अए।)
Eg:- 1. He said that he will never repeat the mistake.
(SSC-SO (Audit), 2006)
2. The salesman tried to sell me a solar heater but I already have one.
(SSC (CHSL)-2016)
3. I called at his house yesterday and have given him money.
(SSC (CGL), 2016)

4. I shake his hand when he arrived and when he left.

5. No one inform me that you would be absent. (CGL Mains 2018)
6. She stopped singing as soon as the telephone rings across the hall.
(CGL Tier I, Re-exam 2015)
7. Aanya's Class teacher and her friends congratulates her warmly
when she won the inter-school debate and brought the trophy to
the school. (CGL Mains 2018)
8. Very soon I realised that he is at fault.
9. I declined the invitation not because I did not want to go but
because I have no time.
Answers
1. Change 'will' into 'would' as the sentence is in Simple Past (He said).
2. Change 'have' into 'had'. The sentence has V2 in the starting of the sentence
which indicates that the action is in Past.
3. Change 'have given' into 'gave'. 'Called at' means 'to visit some place'.
4. Change 'shake' into 'shook'.
5. 'Would' (V2) indicates that sentence is a past action. Change 'inform' into
'informed'.
6. Change 'rings' into 'rang' as the sentence is an action of past.
7. Change 'congratulates' into 'congratulated' as the action is of past.
8. Change 'is' into 'was'.
9. Change 'have' into 'had'.

KD LIVE 65 Class Notes : TENSE

• If the sentence starts with Past Tense but then the latter part contains an
Idiom, Phrase, Universal Truth, Habitual Action or a Sweeping
generalization, the latter part will be in Present Indefinite Tense. (ऄगर वतक्य
भूर्कतल से शुरू हो लेक्रकन अगे मुहतवरे , लोकोक्रक्तयों, सतवा भौक्रमक सत्य, अिर्न क्रियत यत व्यतपक
सतमतन्यीकरण वतले वतक्य हो, र्ो हम Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रयोग करें ग।े )
A sweeping generalization is a statement that might be true in
Note:-
specific cases but the speaker has tried to apply it to all cases.
Answers
1. Galileo proved that the earth 1. (A) Ans. is 'Revolves' as the sentence is a
______ around the Sun. universal truth though the sentence started
with 'S+V2'
(A) Revolves (B) Revolved
2. Change 'was' into 'is'.
2. Our teacher said that honesty 3. No error. Sentence is of sweeping
was the best policy. generalization.
3. They said that women are 4. Change 'fought' into 'fights'.
more sincere workers than This is an idiom which means that if one is
men. unsuccessful is doing anything, he lays the
4. I knew that a bad carpenter blame on external factors. (नतच न जतने अंगन टेढ़त)
fought with his tools.
• To express Past Routine, we have three options. (भूर्कतल के routine कतया के क्रलए
हमतरे पतस र्ीन क्रवकल्प है) (with some
PAST ROUTINE limitation (कुछ शर्ों के
सतथ) (See Modals)

Sub + Used to + Vb.f. Past Indefinite Tense Subject + Would + Vb.f.

(1st Choice) (2nd Choice) (3rd Choice)

1. I ____ (go) to school daily.
(A) went (B) used to go Answers
2. She _____ a plate daily when she 1. 1st choice used to go. 2nd choice
worked here. (went)
(A) break (B) broke 2. (B) Ans. is 'broke' as there is no
3. I ____ very thick hair. option 'used to break' here'.
3. Used to have. 'Used to' denote past
(A) use to have (B) used to have
and is followed by Vb.f.
(C) Use to had
4. For Present Indefinite routine use
(SSC CISF ASI Exam. 29.08.2010) Simple Present Tense. Change 'uses
4. She uses to study till 10 pm and to study' into 'studies'.
then goes to bed.
• 'V2' is used generally for Past action/ State but there is a strange use of V2.
All V2 (except 'was') is used to express unreal or hypothetical situations. ('V2'
कत प्रयोग सतमतन्यर्ः Past Action/ State के क्रलए होर्त है लेक्रकन 'was' को छोड़ क्रियत जतये र्ो
कतल्पक्रनक हतलतर् भी व्यक्त कर सकर्त है)
1. It is time you decide on your next course of action. (SSC (CGL)- Tier I, 2010)
2. It is high time that we leave this place. (CHSL-2012)

KD LIVE 66 Class Notes : TENSE

 Answers
3. It is high time we renovate our
1. 1, 2, 3 'It is time' 'it is high time' or 'it's
old house. about time' means that the action should
(SSC Mains-2014)
have been done a long time ago. Hence we
use V2. Change 'decide' into 'decided' in 1.
4. I wish I ________ a lot of money.
Change 'leave' into 'left' in 2. Change
(A) have (B) has (C) had
'renovate' into 'renovated' in 3.
5. Would that I was a billionaire. 4. Ans. is (C) 'had' is used for imaginary
possession.
6. Would that life was a bed of 5. Change 'was' into 'were'. In imaginary
roses! sentence, we use 'were' with all the
subjects.
6. 'Would that' is used for saying that
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE something were true especially when you
This includes future state made know that it is impossible. Change 'was'
from verb 'will be/ shall be'. It into 'were' as the sentence is of
imagination.
describes one's future identity,
class or quality.
(आसमें Verb 'will be/ shall be' से की गइ I shall be a teacher.
Eg:- She will not be my wife.
भक्रवष्य की ऄवस्थत शतक्रमल हैं। यह भक्रवष्य की
पहचतन, वगा यत गुणवत्तत कत वणान करर्त है।) Will you be in Delhi?

Structure
Positive Sentence (सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Sub + shall/ will + be + Subject Complement.

Negative Sentence (नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Sub + shall/will + not+be + Subject Complement.

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्न सूचक वतक्य) Shall/ will + sub + be + Subject Complement?

FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE

• Future Indefinite Tense represents action/ state of future.
(Future Indefinite Tense भक्रवष्य के कतया/ऄवस्थत िशतार्त है।)
जैसःे 1. I shall come tomorrow and he will accompany me.
2. People will remember this pandemic for years.

STRUCTURE

Positive Sentence Sub + shall/ will + Vb.f + object. I/we

(सकतरतत्मक वतक्य)
shall
Negative Sentence Sub + shall/ will + not + Vb.f + object.
(नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Sub + shan't/ won't + Vb.f + object. Other
Subject
Shall/will + sub + Vb.f + object ?
Interrogative Sentence will
(प्रश्न सूचक वतक्य) Shall/ will + sub + not + Vb.f + object ?
Shan't/ won't + sub + Vb.f + object ?

KD LIVE 67 Class Notes : TENSE

• In modern English Language we have started using 'will' with all persons i.e
even with 'I' and 'we'. (Modern English Language में हम 'will' कत प्रयोग सभी
persons के सतथ करने लगे हैं।)
Eg:- 1. I will meet you next week.

• We should refrain from using 'will' with 'I'/ 'we' in Interrogative

sentences even in Modern English. (Modern English में प्रश्नतत्मक वतक्यों में
'I'/'we' के सतथ 'will' कत प्रयोग नहीं होर्त।)

Eg:- 1. Will we ever know the truth? (×)

Shall we ever know the truth? ()

Note: In normal sentences of future we use 'shall' with 'I' and 'we'. (सतमतन्य
वतक्यों में 'I' और 'we' के सतथ 'shall' कत प्रयोग होर्त है।)
Now let us see how questions come from the structures.
(Structure से सवतल कै से पू छे जतर्े हैं, िेखें ) :-
Examples Answers
1. I am really bored of this movie! 1. Change 'was' into 'will'. The speaker
when was it end? (CGL Mains 2018) wants the movie to end as he is
getting bored.
2. Agent Chitrangada will telegraphed 2. Will cannot take 'V '. Change 'will
2
a secret code word to her boss as telegraphed' into 'has telegraphed'/
part of a dubious mission. 'telegraphed' or 'will telegraph'.
(SSC Steno 2017) 3. Change 'will be enable' into 'will
3. Fuji's invention of Super computer enable' (will + Vb.f.)
will be enable to make Japan 4. Change 'Is she go' into 'will she go'
supersede America in Computer or 'Is she going'. For future action
technology. we use Future Indefinite Tense. For
4. Is she go to visit her parents in the planned action of near future, we
evening? can use Present Continuous Tense
(SSC (CGL) Tier I 2013)
too.

However in sentence of— • Determination (दृढ़ क्रनिय)

• Promise (वतित)
I/we will
• Threat (धमकी)
Other shall
• Advice (सलतह)
Subjects
• Command (अिेश)

KD LIVE 68 Class Notes : TENSE

• 'Shall' comes with 2nd & 3rd person— (You, he, she, it, name, singular and
'will' with 'I' and 'we'). (दृढ़ क्रनिये, वतिे, धमकी व सलतह वतले वतक्यों में 2nd और 3rd Person–
(You, he, she, it, name एवं singular) के सतथ 'shall' कत प्रयोग होगत और 'I' एवं 'we' के सतथ
'will' कत।)

Examples
1. Trespassers ______ be prosecuted.
2. I will help you come what may.
3. You shall take rest for a week.
4. You shall be rewarded.
5. Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.
6. We shall overcome some day.
Answers
1. Ans. - shall.
The sentence is of threat. Meaning– क्रबनत ऄनुमक्रर् के प्रवेश करने वतलो को िंड क्रियत जतएगत।
Trespasser – One who enters, someone’s land without permission (घुसपैक्रियत)
2. 'Come what may' means ‘चतहे कुछ हो जतए’।
The sentence is of 'determination'.
3. The sentence is of advice, so 'shall' has come with 'you'.

4. Here 'shall' has come with 'you' because the sentence is of advice.

5. This is a famous statement given by 'Bal Gangadhar Tilak' and we cannot

apply Grammatical rules to famous sayings and quotations.

6. This is a famous song hence no rule can be applied on this song.

Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

• Action going on at • Action going on • Action going on in

Present (जो कतया in the Past (जो कतया the Future (जो कतया
वर्ामतन में जतरी है।) भूर्कतल में हो रहत थत।) भक्रवष्य में हो रहत होगत।)

जैसःे जैसःे
जैसःे
1. She will be going
1. She was waiting home at this time
1. She is sleeping
for me. tomorrow.
now.
2. We were having 2. I shall be taking
2. They are studying
lunch. the exam at this
now.
time next week.

KD LIVE 69 Class Notes : TENSE

 Present Continuous Tense

Is/am/are कत प्रयोग
Is he/she/it/name/singular के सतथ
STRUCTURE Am I के सतथ
Are you/we/they/all/plural के सतथ

Positive Sentence
(सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + is/ am/ are + v1 + ing+ object

Negative Sentence Subject + is/ are/ am/ + not + v1 + ing+ object

(नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + isn't/ aren't/ am not + v1 + ing+ object

Interrogative Sentence Is/ am/ are + Subject + v1 + ing+ object?

(प्रश्नसू च क वतक्य) Is/ am/ are + Subject + not + v1 + ing+ object?
Isn't/ aren't + Subject + v1 + ing+ object?

Past Continuous Tense

Was/were कत प्रयोग
STRUCTURE Was He/she/it/name/singular/I के सतथ
Were You/we/they/plural/all के सतथ

Positive Sentence
(सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + was/were + V1 + ing + object

Negative Sentence Subject + was/were + not + V1 + ing + object

(नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + wasn't/weren't + V1 + ing + object

Interrogative Sentence Was/were + Subject + V1 + ing + object?

(प्रश्नसू च क वतक्य) Was/were + Subject + not+ V1 + ing + object?
Wasn't/weren't + Subject + V1 + ing + object?

Future Continuous Tense

STRUCTURE Other
I/we shall will
Subject
Positive Sentence
(सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + shall/ will + be + V1 + ing + object

Negative Sentence Subject + shall/ will + not + be + V1 + ing + object

(नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + shan't/ won't + be + V1 + ing + object

Interrogative Sentence Will/shall + Subject + be+V1 + ing + object?

(प्रश्नसू च क वतक्य) Will/shall + Subject + not+ be+ V1 + ing + object?
Won't/shan't + Subject +be+ V1 + ing + object?

KD LIVE 70 Class Notes : TENSE

 Examples Answers
1. Why you copying your homework 1. Change 'you copying' into 'are you
from someone else? copying'. The sentence is Interrogative
(SSC (CGL) 2016) hence the helping verb will come
before the subject.
2. Some of us are plan to go for a
2. Change 'are plan' into 'are planning'.
movie tonight. (CGL Mains 2018) 3. Change 'aren't' into 'am not'.
3. I aren't fine. 4. 'am not' takes shortened form 'aren't'
4. I am fine, aren't I? only in Inversion i.e. when the helping
5. I am going to Mumbai tonight. verb comes before the subject.
6. Five years ago today, I am 5. The sentence is correct as we can use
sitting in a small Japanese car, present continuous tense for future
driving across Poland towards planned action of near future.
Berlin. (SSC (CGL) Tier I - 2013) 6. Change 'am sitting' into 'was sitting'.
The sentence is of past.
• The Present Continuous with words such as 'always' or 'constantly' expresses
the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Note that the
meaning is like Present Indefinite Tense but with Negative emotions.
(ऄगर Present Continuous वतले वतक्यों में 'always' यत 'constantly' शब्िों कत प्रयोग हो, र्ो
ईसकत ऄथा Present Indefinite Tense में ही क्रनकलर्त है हतलतंक्रक नकतरतत्मक भतवनत के सतथ।)
1. You are always sleeping in class.
2. You are constantly pestering me.
• Many times we get confused between Continuous Tense and Indefinite
Tense. (कइ बतर हम Continuous एवं Indefinite Tense के बीच में Confuse कर जतर्े हैं|)
Eg:- 1. I am studying in a good school. (×)
2. I study in a good school. ()
Routine Action of Present takes Present Indefinite Tense.
(वर्ामतन कत Routine Action Present Indefinite Tense में होर्त है।)
• Certain sentences are based on literal translation and common usage. (कुछ
वतक्य सीधे-सीधे translation एवं अम भतषत पर अधतररर् होर्े हैं।)
1. We are leaving for Kerala today.
(CHSL-2012)

2. The light went out while I read.

(CHSL-2011)

3. One of my friends are going to Mumbai tomorrow.

(CHSL-2014)

4. When I went there Charles is playing a game of Chess.

(SSC (CGL) Tier I – 2011)

5. We did a test when the lights went out.

(CHSL –2011)

KD LIVE 71 Class Notes : TENSE

 Answers
1. This sentence is of Present Continuous Tense as we can use Present
Continuous for Future planned action.
2. Change 'I read' into 'I was reading'.
3. Change 'are' into 'is'. 'One' takes S.V. (is).
4. Change 'is' into 'was'. The sentence is of past.
5. Change 'did' into 'were doing'.
2, 4, 5 In these sentences one action took place while the other was going
on. Hence we have used Past Continuous and Past Indefinite combinations.

• Many times 'V1 + ing' form of verb can be replaced by an Adjective. (कइ बतर
verb के 'V1 + ing' form को Adjective से हम replace कर सकर्े हैं।)

Examples
1. (i) I was sleeping.
3. (i) The house was burning.
(V1 + ing)
(ii) I was asleep. (V1 + ing)
(ii) The house was ablaze.
(Adj.)
2. (i) The body was floating. (Adj.)

(V1 + ing)
(ii) The body was afloat.
(Adj.)
• There are certain non-continuous verbs. They do not come in 'V1 + ing' form
because normally you cannot see someone doing that. (कुछ Non-continuous
Verbs होर्े हैं। ये 'V1 + ing' में नहीं अर्े क्योंक्रक सतमतन्यर्ः अप क्रकसी को ये करर्े नहीं िेखर्े।)
The verbs given below are non-continuous verb. (नीचे क्रिए गए Verbs Non-
continuous verbs है।)
• Verbs of Perception – (ऄनुभूक्रर् से संबंक्रधर् verbs)
See, taste, hear, smell, seem, appear, sound, feel, look.
• Verbs of possession – (अक्रधपत्य संबंक्रधर् verbs)
Own, have, possess, comprise, consist, contain, belong
• Verbs of feelings – (भतवनतओ ं से संबंक्रधर् verbs)
Love, like, hate, adore (पसंि करनत), dislike, want, wish, please, trust, hope,
desire (आच्छत करनत), believe
• Verbs of thoughts – (मक्रस्र्क की क्रियतओ ं से संबंक्रधर् verbs)
Think, know, mean, mind, remember, suppose, notice, recognize (पहचतननत),
imagine, understand, comprehend (समझनत), prefer.
• Some other verbs – (कुछ ऄन्य verbs)
Agree, afford, resemble, cost, require, refuse, consider, become, exist.
Examples Trust me. I am believing you word for word. (×)
Here believe cannot take 'ing' form. Change 'I am believing you'
into 'I believe you'.
KD LIVE 72 Class Notes : TENSE
1. I am having a car. (×)
If 'have' means 'own' or 'possess', it becomes non-continuous verb.
I have a car. ()
2. It is smelling good. (×) It smells good. ()
Here I am not smelling a particular thing. Let's say when I entered my
room, I felt a good smell. Here I am not doing any action. The smell is
automatically affecting my sense organ 'nose'. So here we should say.
If we want to smell some food to know its ingredient, we are performing
some action. Here we can use 'smelling' as it is an action.
यहताँ हम कुछ सूंघ नहीं रहे हैं | जैसे ही मैं ऄंिर अयत, वैसे ही मुझे गंध अयत | मैंने सूंघने कत कोइ action नहीं
क्रकयत| गंध मेरे sense organ 'नतक' पर खुि व खुि ऄसर कर रहत है | आसीक्रलए यहताँ 'smell' non -
continuous verb है |
ऄगर हम खुि सूंघ कर सतमग्री कत पर्त लगतनत चतह रहे हो र्ो हम action कर रहे हैं|
Eg: He is smelling the soup to check its ingredients.
Examples
1. I now (1)/ am knowing (2)/ all the facts about him.(3)/ No error (4).
(SSC Section Officer (Commercial Audit) Exam. 26.11.2006 (Second Sitting)

2. Ramesh smiled when he was remembering (1)/ his hard early years (2)/ and
his long road to success. (3)/ No error (4).
(SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & Central Excise) Exam. 29.03.2009)

3. Madhuri Dixit is having (1)/ a large (2)/ fan following. (3)/ No error (4).
(SSC Higher Secondary Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 28.11.2010 (IInd Sitting)

4. He is having (1)/ many (2)/ friends here. (3)/ No error. (4)

(SSC CPO (SI, ASI & Intelligence Officer Exam. Paper-II 28.08.2011)

5. I (1)/ am having (2)/ three children. (3)/ No error (4)

(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 28.10.2012 (1st Sitting)

6. You are a very lovable person (1)/ but I (2)/ am not loving you. (3)/ No error.
(4) (SSC Constable (GD) Exam. 12.05.2013)

7. My mother (1)/ is having (2)/ grey hairs (3)/ No Error (4)

SSC (steno.) 2017, 14 Sept., Evening

8. I was not able to solve the questions as I was not knowing the answers.
(1) the answers (2) I was not SSC (CPO) Pre- 2018 14 March,
(3) able to solve (4) was not knowing 2019 Evening
9. Most children are liking ice-cream.
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator
(1) likes (2) like
& LDC Exam. 21.10.2012 (Ist Sitting)
(3) were liking (4) No improvement
10. I am having two sisters.
(1) have had (2) have (SSC Data Entry Operator & LDC
(3) had (4) No improvement Exam. 28.11.2010)
11. She is loving chocolate ice cream
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry
(1) has loving (2) has been loved
Operator & LDC Exam. 28.10.2012
(3) loves (4) No improvement (Ist Sitting)

KD LIVE 73 Class Notes : TENSE

12. He is wanting in a little common sense. (SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 09.08.2015 (Ist
Sitting) TF No. 1443088)
(1) No improvement (2) lacks
(3) is lacking in (4) needs some
(SSC (CGL) Tier I, 2013 Re-exam)
13. This telephone number is not existing.
Answers
1. (2) Replace 'am knowing' with 'know'. 8. (4) Replace 'was not knowing' with 'didn't
'Know' is not used in Progressive know'. 'Know' does not come in 'ing'
Tense. form'
2. (1) Replace 'was remembering' with 9. (2) Replace ‘are liking’ with ‘like’ because
'remembered'. for habitual action Simple Present
3. (1) Replace ‘is having’ with ‘has’ because Tense is used.
verb of possession does not come in 10. (2) Replace ‘am having’ with ‘have’ when
the 'Ving' form. ‘have’ shows possession it does not
4. (1) Replace ‘is having’ with ‘has’ as come in ‘-ing’ form.
‘having’ (have in ‘ing’ form) cannot 11. (3) Replace ‘is loving’ with ‘loves’ because
come in 'V1+ing' it means to possess. ‘love’ is a static verb, we do not use it
5. (2) Replace ‘am having’ with ‘have’. in ‘-ing’ form.
6. (3) Replace ‘am not loving you’ with ‘do 12. (2) Replace 'is wanting in a little' with
not love you’ because verbs that show 'lacks'. General facts comes in Simple
emotion do not come in ‘Ving’ form. Present Tense.
7. (2) Replace is having' with 'has'. Having 13. Change 'is not existing' into 'does not
something means enjoying or eating exist'. You know this line. You have
which is not suitable here according to heard it many times on phone.
the meaning of the sentence.

• Now let us see where we can use 'v1 + ing' forms of verbs that are usually
non-continuous. (ऄब िेखर्े हैं हम non-continuous verbs कत प्रयोग 'v1 + ing' form में
कहताँ-कहताँ कर सकर्े हैं।)
Have
1. I am having lunch. ()
means

2. We are having fun. ()

3. I am having a car. (×)
Own, possess Eat have fun = Enjoy
I have a car. () (Non-action verb) (action verb) (Action verb)

V1+ing (×) V1+ing () V1+ing ()

1. I am feeling, you are right. (×) 2. It is feeling soft.
I feel you are right. () It feels soft.
3. She is feeling the quilt to check the 4. I am feeling unwell. ()
quality of the fabric used. ()
Feel

Opine (रतय होनत) To experience something Verb of Sensation

Non-action verb physically or emotionally (Non-action verb)

V1+ing (×) V1+ing () V1+ing (×)

KD LIVE 74 Class Notes : TENSE
 Smell
1. It is smelling foul. (×)
It smells foul. ()
2. She is smelling the soup
to identify the spices Sniff (सूंघनत)
गंध अनत
used in it. ()
Non-action verb Action verb

Taste V1+ing (×) V1+ing ()

1. It is tasting delicious.
स्वति महसूस करनत चखनत (×)
Non-action verb Action verb It tastes delicious. ()
2. She is tasting the cake
to check its flavour. ()
V1+ing (×) V1+ing ()
Think
1. I am thinking you

means
are right. (×)
2. I think, you are
right. () Feel, opine one's state of mind for to plan
3. I am thinking of non-action verb some particular time. action verb
you. () action verb
4. I am thinking of a
new plan. ()
V1+ing (×) V1+ing () V1+ing ()
• Lo! She is smelling the artificial roses. ()
We use Lo/ See/ behold/ to attract the attention of the listener towards the
action going on.
(Lo/ See/ behold कत प्रयोग श्रोर्त के ध्यतन को अकक्रषार् करर्त है। यतक्रन ध्यतन ईस action के र्रफ
अकक्रषार् क्रकयत जतर्त है जो जतरी ऄवस्थत में हो।)
We used 'Lo!' to tell people to pay attention and look at
Lo! definition something interesting.
1. Seeing is believing.
sub. obj.
2. Mosquitoes are capable of seeing in the night.
Prep.
'V1+ing' is used as Gerund. Gerund is Noun. Noun comes in place of Subject and
object and after a Preposition.
'V1+ing' Gerund एवं है और Subject object के स्थतन पर और Preposition के बति होर्त है|
In the examples given above 'See' and 'believe' have come in 'V1+ing' form. Here
they are Gerund.
KD LIVE 75 Class Notes : TENSE
 Has/have के प्रयोग
Present Perfect Tense
He/ She/ It/
has
Name/Singular
Present Perfect is used for various types of actions.
(Present Perfect कत प्रयोग क्रवक्रभन्न प्रकतर के actions के क्रलए होर्त है|) I/ We/ They/
have
You/ Plural/ All
STRUCTURE
Positive Sentence
(सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + has/ have + V3 + object.

Negative Sentence Subject + has/ have + not + V3 + object

(नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + hasn't/ haven't + V3 + object

Interrogative Sentence Has/ have + Subject + V3 + object ?

(प्रश्नसू च क वतक्य) Has/ have + Subject + not + V3 + object ?
Hasn't/ haven't + Subject + V3 + object ?

Examples
1. The teacher (1)/ has took (2)/ the responsibility. (3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC CISF ASI Exam. 29.08.2010 (Paper-I)

2. I have sign over (1)/ the cheque, you can (2)/ collect it tomorrow. (3)/ No
error (4) SSC CHSL-2016 (2nd February, Morning)

3. Everything has became very expensive these days.

(1) No error (2) Everything has became
(3) very expensive (4) these days
CGL MAINS 2018, 12 September, 2019

4. Now that I am back at work, (1) / I have beginning (2) / to feel much better.
(3) / No error (4) SSC CGL-2016 (2nd September, Morning)
5. It has becoming clear (1)/ that attempts to impress the (2)/ people have
failed. (3)/ No Error (4) SSC (steno.) 2017, 11 Sept., Morning

6. I have went through the write–ups guideline (1)/ too but still want to clear
on mail (2)/ communication for topic confirmation. (3)/ No Error (4)
SSC (steno.) 2017, 11 Sept., Evening

7. The Public Works Department has propose to construct an elevated corridor

which will run parallel to the National highway.
CHSL-2018, 2 July, 2019, Morning
(1) to the National highway (2) The Public works Department has propose
(3) which will run parallel (4) to construct an elevated corridor

8. The advancements in medical science has proved to be a boon for all of us.
(1) has proven (2) had proven (SSC Stenographer (Grade 'C'
(3) have proved (4) No improvement & 'D' Exam. 09.01.2011)

KD LIVE 76 Class Notes : TENSE

 Answers
1. (2) Replace 'has took' with 'has taken'. After ‘has/ have’ ‘V3’ is used.
2. (1) After 'has/have' V3 comes hence replace ‘sign’ with ‘signed’. Also
remove ‘over’.
3. (2) Replace 'became' with 'become'. Has takes V3.
4. (2) After 'have' ‘V3’ form of verb is used. Thus replace 'beginning' with
'begun'.
5. (1) Change 'becoming' into 'become' because the sentence is in present
perfect tense where the structure is-
Sub + have/has + V3
6. (1) Replace 'went' with 'gone' become 'go through' means to examine
carefully.
7. (2) ‘Has’ is always followed by ‘third form of verb’. Use ‘proposed’ in place
of ‘propose’.
8. (3) Replace ‘has proved’ with ‘have proved’ because here the main subject
is plural, it will agree with plural verb (have).

• The action that has taken place just now or recently takes Present Perfect
Tense but if an action is of past, we should use Past Indefinite Tense. (जो कतया
ऄभी-ऄभी यत हतल-क्रफलहतल हु अ हो, ईसे Present Perfect Tense में रखत जतर्त है। लेक्रकन ऄगर
Action भूर्कतल कत हो र्ो Past Indefinite Tense कत प्रयोग होर्त है।)

1. I have come to Delhi recently.

Eg:-
2. She has arrived just now.
3. I have had lunch just now.

• If Past time is given, the sentence is in Past Indefinite Tense.

(ऄगर भूर्कतल कत समय क्रियत हो र्ो वतक्य Past Indefinite Tense में होगत।)

Examples

1. I have passed (1)/ the examination (2)/ two years ago. (3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 10.12.2006)
2. I (1)/ have seen him (2)/ yesterday. (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 28.10.2012 (1st Sitting)

3. They have (1)/ played a game (2)/ last week. (3)/ No error (4).
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 21.04.2013, IInd Sitting)

4. I have got your letter yesterday (1)/ and felt happy to learn (2)/ of your
recovery. (3)/ No error. (4) (SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 19.05.2013)

KD LIVE 77 Class Notes : TENSE

5. I have seen (1)/ that film last year (2)/ but I do not remember its story.(3)/
No error. (4) (SSC Multi-Tasking (Non-Tech.) Staff Exam. 16.02.2014)
6. I have visited Mumbai two years ago (1)/ and I am planning to visit again
(2)/ in the near future. (3)/ No error (4).
(SSC CAPFs SI, CISF ASI & Delhi Police SI Exam. 28.09.2014 (TF No. 482 RN 5)
7. We have finished our work three hours ago and have been waiting for you
since then. (SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 16.08.2015 (Iind Sitting) TF No. 2176783)
(1) three hours ago and have been waiting (3) for you since then
(2) We have finished our work (4) No error
8. I called (1)/ at his house yesterday (2)/ and have given him money (3)/ No
Error (4) SSC CGL-2016 (8th September, Evening)
9. She has slept for eight hours last night.
(1) slept (2) had slept
(3) has been sleeping (4) No improvement
(SSC Tax Assistant (IncomeTax & Central Excise) Exam. 12.11.2006)
10. Rani has completed her graduation from a reputed university last year.
(1) completed (2) was completed
(3) No improvement (4) had been completed
(SSC CHSL (10+2) LDC, DEO & PA/SA Exam, 06.12.2015 (IInd Sitting) TF No. 3441135)
11. I have returned library books yesterday.
(1) had returned (2) have had returned
(3) returned (4) No improvement
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 06.01.2008)
Answers
1. (1) Replace ‘ have passed’ with ‘passed’ because the given sentence is in
Past Tense.
2. (2) Replace ‘have seen’ with ‘saw’ because the given sentence is in Past
Tense.
3. (1) Change ‘have played’ into ‘played’ because the sentence is in Past
Tense.
4. (1) Replace ‘have got’ with ‘got’ because the given sentence is in Past
Tense.
5. (1) Replace ‘have seen’ with ‘saw’ since the given sentence talks about past
events.
6. (1) Replace ‘have visited’ with ‘visited’ because the event is of past time.
7. (2) Replace ‘have finished’ with ‘finished’ because the event took place in
past.
8. (3) Given sentence is an past tense, thus replace 'have given' with 'gave'.
9. (1) Replace ‘has slept’ with ‘slept’ because the action denotes a past act.
10. (1) Replace 'has completed' with 'completed' because the given sentence is
in Past Tense.
11. (3) Replace 'have returned' with 'returned'. 'Yesterday' denotes that action
took place in past.
KD LIVE 78 Class Notes : TENSE
• Sentences with yet/ so far / till now (ऄभी र्क) come in Present Perfect Tense.
(क्रजन वतक्य में yet/ so far (ऄभी र्क) कत प्रयोग हो ईनमें Present Perfect Tense कत प्रयोग होर्त
है।) Answers
1. Didn’t Mr. Sharma come to the office yet ? 1. (2) Replace ‘didn’t’ with
(1) Hadn’t (2) Hasn’t ‘hasn’t’ because ‘yet’
(3) Isn’t (4) No improvement used in the end of the
(SSC Section Officer (Commercial Audit) Exam. sentence shows that it is
30.09.2007 a present action.
2. He didn't eat anything till now. 2. Change 'didn't eat' into
'hasn't eaten'.
• When the action is important, not the time of action and the action is over,
however the time of action is not given, we use Present Perfect Tense. (जब
कतया महत्त्वपूणा हो नत क्रक कतया होने कत समय और कतया खत्म होने के समय कत कोइ ईल्लेख भी नहीं हो।)
1. The housing problem in Mumbai becomes more serious.
(1) is become (2) has become
Answers
(3) become (4) No improvement
(SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam. 16.11.2014 , 1. (2) Replace ‘becomes’
Ist Sitting TF No. 333 LO 2) with ‘has become’
because effect of past
2. Science has made our life better.
in the Present is still
3. Man has reached the moon.
evident.
4. I have already had a slice of bread.
• See the structure given below. (नीचे क्रिए गये structure को िेख)ें )
This is the nth time + Present Perfect Tense
1. This is the first time, I have met him.
2. This is the fourth time, you have interrupted.
But this is a structure which we can use only when the action is over, however
the time of action is not given.
(लेक्रकन आस structure कत प्रयोग क्रसफा र्भी करें जब कतया हो चुकत हो)
1. This is the sixth time, he is calling me up.
Eg:- 2. This is the 4th time, you are watching this movie.
• See the structure given below. (नीचे क्रिए गये structure को िेख)ें )
Preceded by Followed by
के पहले के बति
Present Perfect since Past Indefinite
Eg:-
1. My sister has been (1)/ interested in medicine (2)/ ever since she was a child
(3)/ No Error (4) SSC CGL-2016 (11th September, Evening)
2. I have never been hearing from him since he left for America.
(1) have never heard (2) have never been hearing (SSC CGL Tier-I Re-Exam.
(3) was never heard (4) No improvement (2013) 20.07.2014, IInd Sitting)

KD LIVE 79 Class Notes : TENSE

 Answers
1. (4) No error
2. (1) Replace ‘have never been hearing’ with ‘have never heard’. When ‘hear’
means ‘listen something’ it is not used in Continuous Tense.

Past Perfect Tense

has
• If two actions took place one after the other, the 1st action is in Past Perfect
Tense and the 2nd action is in Past Indefinite Tense. (जब िो कतया भूर्कतल में हो, र्ो जो
पहले हु अ हो वह Past Perfect में होगत और जो ईसके बति हु अ हो वह Past Indefinite Tense में
होगत।)
STRUCTURE
Positive Sentence
(सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Sub + had + V3 + obj

Negative Sentence
(नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Sub + had + not (hadn't) + V3 + obj

Interrogative Sentence Had + sub + V3 + obj ?

(प्रश्नसू च क वतक्य) Had + sub +not + V3 + obj ?
Hadn't + sub + V3 + obj ?

1. I had called you up before he arrived.

Eg:-
2. Before he understood anything, the robbers had fled.
3. He boarded the bus after he had texted him.
4. By the time we reached the station, the train had left.

1. Although we reached his house in time (1)/ he was left (2)/ for the airport.
(3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC Multi-Tasking (Non-Tech.) Staff Exam. 16.02.2014)

2. The train had left (1)/ when he had reached (2)/ the station. (3)/ No error (4).
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 10.12.2006)

3. By the time (1)/ we got our tickets and entered the cinema theatre, (2)/ the
show was already begun. (3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & Central Excise) Exam. 14.12.2008)
4. When Anand reached the village (1)/ he found that (2)/ reports about him
preceded him. (3)/ No error (4)
5. When at last (1)/ we got to the theatre, (2)/the much publicized programme
by the Bollywood stars was begun. (3)/No error (4)
SSC CHSL-2016, 21th Jan, Evening

6. We had to return because (1)/ when we reached the railway (2)/ station the
train left. (3)/ No error (4) (SSC Graduate Level Tier-II Exam. 16.09.2012)

KD LIVE 80 Class Notes : TENSE

7. I finished my assignment before we (1)/ reached his wedding with great (2)/
difficulty because of heavy traffic. (3)/ No Error (4)
SSC (CPO) Pre- 2017, 4 July, 2018 Morning
8. He said that he saw him last year, to discuss the documents.
(1) met (2) had seen
(3) seen (4) No improvement
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 11.12.2011 (IInd Sitting) Delhi Zone)
9. Hoping not to be disturbed, I sat down in my easy chair to read the book,
I won as a prize.
(1) I had won as a prize (2) I have won as prize
(3) I had to win as a prize (4) No improvement
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 21.04.2013, IInd Sitting)
10. She had realized that she had seen him before.
(1) had been realized (2) realized
(3) has realized (4) No improvement
(SSC CHSL (10+2) LDC, DEO & PA/SA Exam, 15.11.2015 (IInd Sitting) TF No. 7203752)

11. He lost the bicycle that his father gifted him.

12. Every one had slept till that time.

Answers
1. (2) Of the two past actions the action that happens earlier is expressed in
Past Perfect Tense.
Hence replace ‘was left’ with ‘had left’.
2. (2) Replace ‘had reached’ with ‘reached’ because If two actions take place
in Past, one after the other, the 1st action will be in Past Perfect Tense
and 2nd in Past Indefinite Tense.
3. (3) Replace ‘was’ with ‘had’. The structure we follow in this type of
question is
By the time + Simple Past + Past Perfect.
Here two actions took place one after the other in the past.
4. (3) Replace ‘Preceded’ with ‘had Preceded’.
If two actions take place in the past, one after the other, the first
action will be in Past Perfect Tense and 2nd is Past Indefinite Tense.
5. (3) Replace ‘was begun’ with ‘had begun’
If two actions take place in past one after the other, the first action is
expressed in Past Perfect Tense.
6. (3) If two actions take place in past, one after the other, the first action is
in Past Perfect Tense and the second action is in 'Past Indefinite Tense'.
Hence replace 'left' with 'had left'
7. (1) Correct formation –
Past Perfect ----- before ---- Past Indefinite. Use 'had' before 'finished'.
8. (2) Replace ‘saw’ with ‘had seen’. Since the given sentence is in Indirect
Speech.

KD LIVE 81 Class Notes : TENSE

9. (1) Replace ‘I wan as a prize’ with ‘I had won as a prize’. Of two actions
of past, the earliest one comes in Past Perfect Tense.
10. (2) Replace 'had realized' with 'realized'. If two actions take place in Past
one after the other, the 1st action comes in Past Perfect Tense and
the 2nd one is Simple Past Tense.
11. 'gifted' changes into 'had gifted‘.
12. Preceded by
के पहले
Past Perfect that time
past
Future Perfect Tense
• Action, which the speaker assumes will have been completed has or occured in
the future, is expressed in Future Perfect Tense. (जो कतया, वक्तत मतन के चलर्त है क्रक
भक्रवष्य में हो चुकत होगत, वह Future Perfect Tense में अर्त है।)

STRUCTURE
Positive Sentence
(सकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + will/shall + have + V3 + object

Negative Sentence Subject + will/shall + not + have + V3 + object

(नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Subject + won't/shan't + have + V3 + object

Interrogative Sentence Will/shall + Subject + have+ V3 + object ?

(प्रश्नसू च क वतक्य) Will/shall + Subject + not + have + V3 + object ?
Won't/shan't + Subject +have + V3 + object ?
1. By the time we will reach the theatre, the show will have begun. (×)
Here we cannot use double will/ shall. (यहताँ double will/shall कत प्रयोग
Note:- नहीं हो सकर्त।)
Future Perfect part will have 'will/shall'. The other part will be in Simple
Present Indefinite Tense. ('will/shall' कत प्रयोग Future Perfect वतले भतग में होर्त है| िूसरे
भतग में Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रयोग होगत|)
Correct Sentence By the time we reach the theatre, the show will have
begun.
2. By this time tomorrow, I will reach my home. Answers
(1) will be reaching (2) shall have reached
2. (2) कल आस समय र्क मैं घर पहुाँच
(3) can reach (4) No improvement
चुकत हुाँगत।
(SSC Section Officer (Commercial 3. Change 'I will reach' into
Audit) Exam. 25.09.2005)
'I reach' and 'would have
3. I am late for sure. By the time I will reach the left' into 'will have left'.
station, the train would have left. 4. 'Shall have read' is the
4. I ___ (read) four novels by the end of the correct answer as 'by'
vacation. suggests that the end of
the vacation is yet to
come.
KD LIVE 82 Class Notes : TENSE
 Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

Continuous Continuous Continuous

Action started in the Action to continue up to

Action started in the
past, continued and a certain future point of
past and still going time. (जो कतया भक्रवष्य के क्रकसी
on. (जो कतया भूर्कतल में शुरू finished in the past. (जो
हु अ और ऄभी भी चल रहत हो) कतया भूर्कतल में शुरू हु अ, चलत और समय र्क जतरी रहेगत)
भूर्कतल में खत्म हो गयत)
जैसःे By the end of this
जैसःे I have been living in जैसःे He had been waiting year, I shall have been
Delhi since childhood. for three hours before living here for ten
you came. years.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense STRUCTURE

Positive Sentence
Sub + has/ have + been + V1 + ing + obj+ for/ since + time.
(सकतरतत्मक वतक्य)
Negative Sentence Sub + has/ have + not + been+V1 + ing + obj+ for/ since + time.
(नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Sub + hasn't/ haven't + been + V1+ ing + obj+ for/ since + time.
Interrogative Has/ have + Sub + + been + V1+ing + obj + for/ since + time?
Sentence Has/have + Sub +not+ been + V1+ing + obj + for/since +time?
(प्रश्नसू च क वतक्य) Hasn't/ haven't + Sub + been + V1+ing + obj + for/since+time?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense STRUCTURE

Positive Sentence
Sub + had + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ since + time.
(सकतरतत्मक वतक्य)
Negative Sentence
Sub + had + not (hadn't)+ been + V1+ing + obj + for/since+time.
(नकतरतत्मक वतक्य)
Interrogative Had + sub + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ since + time ?
Sentence Had + sub + not+ been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ since + time ?
(प्रश्नसू च क वतक्य) Hadn't + sub + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ since + time ?

Future Perfect Continuous Tense STRUCTURE

Positive Sentence
Sub + shall/will + have + been + V1 + ing + obj+for/from + time.
(सकतरतत्मक वतक्य)
Negative Sentence Sub+shall/will+not+have+been+V1+ing + obj + for/from + time.
(नकतरतत्मक वतक्य) Sub+shan't/won't+have+been+V1 + ing + obj + for/ from + time.
Interrogative Will/shall+sub + have + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/from +time?
Sentence Will/shall+sub+not+have+been+V1+ing+obj+for/from + time ?
(प्रश्नसू च क वतक्य) Won't/shan't+sub+have+been+V1+ing+obj+for/ from+time ?

KD LIVE 83 Class Notes : TENSE

 Verb Based Questions
The verbs which are not used in 'V1 + ing' form cannot come in 'Perfect
Continuous Tense'. They come in 'Perfect Tense'. (क्रजन verbs कत प्रयोग 'v1 + ing'
form में नहीं होर्त ईनकत प्रयोग Perfect Continuous Tense में नहीं कर सकर्े। ईनकत प्रयोग Perfect
Tense में करें ।)
1. I have been liking chocolate since childhood.
Eg. 2. She has been preferring tea to coffee for years.
3. We have been knowing (1)/ each other (2)/ since we were children.
(3)/ No error.(4) (SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 19.05.2013)

4. She was ill for five days (1)/ when the doctor (2)/ was sent for. (3)/ No error
(4) (SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam. 16.11.2014, Patna Region : Ist Sitting)
5. Since July 2008, our customers will be able to use the ATM network of BBY
Bank, the bank that was acquired by us during that year.
(1) have been able to use (2) were using
(3) will have been able to use (4) No improvement
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 21.04.2013)
6. I have never been hearing from him since he left for America.
(1) have never heard (2) have never been hearing
(3) was never heard (4) No improvement
(SSC CGL Tier-I Re-Exam. (2013) 20.07.2014, Iind Sitting)

Answers
1. Change 'have been liking' into 'have liked'.
2. Change 'has been preferring' into 'has preferred'.
3. (1) Replace ‘have been knowing’ with ‘have known. ‘Know’ is not used in
continuous form.
4. (1) Replace ‘was ill’ with ‘had been ill’ because the work continued in past for a
period of time.
5. (1) The action started in July 2008 and is still going on. Present Perfect
Continuous is the most appropriate tense needed here.
6. (1) Replace ‘have never been hearing’ with ‘have never heard’. ‘Hear’ is a 'non-
continuous verb’ and it is not used in Continuous Tense.

Tense Based Questions

1. He is (1)/ residing here (2)/ since 1983. (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC Stenographer (Grade 'C' & 'D' Exam. 09.01.2011)
2. Nalini says that (1)/ she is living in Chennai (2)/ since 1991. (3)/ No error
(4) (SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 21.10.2012 (2nd Sitting))
3. They are residing (1)/ in this city (2)/ for the last two decades. (3)/ No
error (4) (SSC FCI Assistant Grade-III Main Exam. 07.04.2013)

KD LIVE 84 Class Notes : TENSE

4. Sam is working (1)/ in a bank in Chennai (2)/ for the past five years. (3)/ No
error. (4) (SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 19.05.2013)
5. By May next year I have been working in this college for twenty years.
(SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 09.08.2015 (Ist Sitting) TF No. 1443088)
(1) No error (2) By May next year
(3) I have been working in this college (4) For twenty years.
6. My grandmother has been lives in Shimla since her childhood days.
(1) has been lives (2) her childhood days CHSL-2018, 10 July,
(3) My grandmother (4) in Shimla since 2019, Evening

7. How long are you working here ? (SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 06.01.2008)
(1) have you been working here ? (2) you are working here ?
(3) were you working ? (4) No improvement
8. Mayank was working overtime for the last two weeks.
(SSC Data Entry
(1) is working (2) is being working Operator & LDC
(3) has been working (4) No improvement Exam. 28.11.2010)

9. The fishermen are fishing in the sea from sunrise and will continue to do so
until sunset. (SSC Stenographer Grade 'C‘ & 'D' Exam. 16.10.2011)
(1) have fished (2) have been fishing
(3) were fishing (4) No improvement
10. The clients are waiting outside since morning and will continue to wait
until you meet them. (SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 21.04.2013)
(1) have waited (2) have been waiting
(3) were waiting (4) No improvement
Answers
1. (1) Replace ‘is’ with ‘has been’.
2. (2) Replace ‘is living’ with ‘has been living’.
An action that started in the Past and still going on comes under Present
Perfect Continuous Tense.
3. (1) Replace ‘are residing’ with ‘have been residing’.
4. (1) Replace ‘is working’ with ‘has been working’ because the action that started
in the Past and is still continuing comes under Present Perfect Continuous
Tense.
5. (3) Since the sentence talks about future time so it should be ‘shall have been’ in
the place of ‘have been’.
6. (1) use ‘living’ in place of ‘lives’. Has been is followed by V1 + ing.
7. (1) Replace ‘are you working here’ with ‘have you been working here’. Since the
given sentence is in Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
8. (3) Replace ‘was working’ with ‘has been working’ because the given sentence is
in Continuous Tense
9. (2) Replace ‘are fishing’ with ‘have been fishing’.
10. (2) Replace ‘are waiting’ with ‘have been waiting’ because ‘the action of ‘waiting’
is still continuing hence Present Perfect Continuous Tense will come’.

KD LIVE 85 Class Notes : TENSE

 MISCELLANEOUS

1. This custom (1)/ has come down (2)/since times immemorial.(3)/No error.(4)
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 11.12.2011 (Ist Sitting (Delhi Zone)
2. I have been writing ten letters since morning.
3. She has been reading four novels since the vacation started.
4. He has been visiting historical monuments since he came to India.
Answers
1. (3) ‘time immemorial’ will replace ‘times immemorial’ because ‘time
immemorial ’ means ‘for longer than any one can remember’.
‘Times’ (बतर) is countable
2. Change 'have been writing' into 'have written'. We cannot write ten letters
at one time. We can write one letter after the other.
3. Change 'has been reading' into 'has read'. We cannot read all the four novels
together.
4. No error Preceded by Followed by
के पहले के बति
since

Present Perfect Past Indefinite

OR

Present Perfect
Continuous (If action
is still going on)

Use of 'For' & 'Since'

When period/ duration is given, use for.

For जब समय की ऄवक्रध कत ईल्लेख हो र्ब 'for' कत प्रयोग करें ।

All Indefinite Tense

For used in All Perfect Tenses

All Perfect Continuous Tenses

KD LIVE 86 Class Notes : TENSE

 1. I lived in Delhi for ten years.
Eg. 2. I teach you for two hours every day.
3. She will study for three hours every day.
4. I haven't eaten anything for ten hours.
5. He had been ill for ten months before he passed away.
6. I have been living in Delhi for ten years.

Use of 'For' & 'Since'

Since When starting point of time is given, use since.

जब शुरूअर्ी समय कत ईल्लेख हो र्ब Since कत प्रयोग करें ।

Perfect Tense
Since used in
Perfect Continuous Tense (Except Future
Perfect Continuous where we use 'from'.)

1 Calendar

2 Clock

Since used
with 3 Stages of life
Eg.
4 Parts of a day
1. Since 2009 (years), Since May
(months), Since Holi (Occasions), 5 Synonyms of Starting
Since 7th July (date), since Monday
(Days).
2. Since 7 O'clock, Since 8:30 pm. 4. Since morning, Since last night.
3. Since Childhood, Since adolescence. 5. Since beginning, Since inception.

Long since Comes after the Helping Verb and

(Adv) before the Main Verb

Long ago (past) for a long time

(बहुर् पहले) (कतफी समय से)
Promises were long We have long since been bosom
Eg. Eg. friends.
since forgotten.

KD LIVE 87 Class Notes : TENSE

1. Our new neighbours (1)/ had been living in Arizona (2)/ since ten years
before moving to their present house. (3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 09.09.2001)
2. I (1)/ have been studying (2)/since four hours. (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam. 04.11.2012 (2nd Sitting)
3. I have (1)/ known him (2)/ since two years. (3)/ No error (4)
(SSC Delhi Police Sub-Inspector (SI) Exam. 19.08.2012)
4. I have been (1)/ working in this organization (2)/ since three years. (3)/ No
error (4) (SSC FCI Assistant Grade-III Main Exam. 07.04.2013)
5. I have been waiting for you since two hours.
(1) for you (2) No error
(3) I have been waiting (4) since two hours
(SSC Constable (GD) Exam, 04.10.2015, IInd Sitting)
6. Vipul has been (1)/suffering from fever (2)/since seven days. (3)/No error(4)
SSC CHSL-2016, 17th Jan, Evening
7. She has been (1)/ complaining about headache (2)/ from morning. (3) No
error (4) (SSC (10+2) Stenographer Grade ‘C’ & ‘D’ Exam. 31.01.2016 TF No. 3513283)
8. Neeta served as President (1)/ of the oshinara club (2)/ since ten years (3)/
No error (4) SSC (steno.) 2017, 12 Sept., Morning
9. I have been living in Delhi since many years.
(1) since (2) have been living
(3) in Delhi (4) many years
Stenographer – 2018, (5 Feb., 2019 Evening)
10. My nephew has been in hospital since four weeks because of Mumps.
(1) because of (2) in
(3) since (4) has been
Stenographer – 2018 (6 Feb., 2019 Morning)
11. Mr. Sharma has been living in this city since five years.
(1) for (2) only
(3) from (4) No improvement
(SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam. 16.11.2014, Patna Region : Ist Sitting)

Answers
1. (3) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’. ‘For’ is used for duration of time.
2. (3) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’
For is used for ‘duration of time’
Since is used for ‘point of time’.
3. (3) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’.
‘for’ is used for ‘duration of time’
‘since’ is used for ‘point of time’.

KD LIVE 88 Class Notes : TENSE

4. (3) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’.
‘for’ is used for ‘duration of time’.
‘Since’ is used for ‘Point of time’.
5. (4) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’.
For is used for ‘duration of time’.
Since is used for ‘point of time’.
6. (3) 'For' is used for ‘duration of time’.
'Since' is used for ‘point of time’.
Hence replace 'since' with 'for'.
7. (3) Replace ‘from’ with ‘since’.
8. (3) Change 'since' into 'for' because the time period is given.
9. (1) Use 'for' in place of 'since'.
for + period of time
since + point of time
10. (3) Replace 'since' with 'for'.
11. (1) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’.
‘Since’ is used for ‘point of time’.
‘For’ is used for ‘duration of time’.

From

I will reach home tomorrow in the evening but my mother

Eg.
will have been waiting for me from morning.

Note:- 'Since' comes for only past not for future. For future point
of time use 'from'.

KD LIVE 89 Class Notes : TENSE