TRIANGLE CENTERS OF TRIANGLES SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY CIRCLES LINES PARABOLA

1 CENTROID Right Spherical Triangle (Napier’s Law) Area: General Equation of Line: The locus of a point that moves such that its distance from a fixed point called the
𝐴= 𝑏ℎ focus is always equal to its distance from a fixed line called the directrix.
2 - intersection of medians Sin-Ta-Ad Rule: sinA = tan of adjacent parts 2
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑑 /4 2
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
1 - median – line from one vertex to Sin-Co-Op Rule: sinA= cos of opposite parts General Equation of Parabola:
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 Slope-intercept form:
Circumference: 2
𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
2 midpoint of its opposite side Oblique Spherical Triangle 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑎2 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 Sine Law:
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑑 Standard Equation:
𝐴= Point-slope form: 2
2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝑎 sin 𝑏 sin 𝑐 Arc Length:
(𝑥 − ℎ) = ±4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)
= = 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ±4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 Two-point form:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 Elements:
𝑠= Cosine Law for SIDES: Area of Sector: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Eccentricity, e: Latus Rectum, LR:
2 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
cos 𝑎 = cos 𝑏 cos 𝑐 + sin 𝑏 sin 𝑐 cos 𝐴 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜃 1 2 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑓
OBLIQUE TRIANGLE ORTHOCENTER 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 𝑟 𝜃𝑟 ; [ = ] Intercept form: 𝑒= =1 𝐿𝑅 = 4𝑎
Cosine Law for ANGLES(-): 360° 2 𝜃 360° 𝑑
- intersection of altitudes 𝑥 𝑦
Sine Law: cos 𝐴 = −cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 + sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 cos 𝑎 + =1
- altitude – line from one vertex Area of Segment: Inscribed Angle: 𝑎 𝑏 ELLIPSE
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 The locus of a point that moves such that the sum of its distances from two fixed points
= = perpendicular to its opposite side Area of Spherical Polygon 1 1 Distance Formula (P to P):
called the foci is constant.
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑟 2(𝜃𝑟 − sin 𝜃) ∠𝐴 = 𝐵𝐶 ̂
𝜋𝑅 2 𝐸 Spherical Excess, E (angles) 2 2 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 General Equation of Ellipse:
Cosine Law 𝐴= 2 2
180° 𝐸 = (𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 … ) − (𝑛 − 2)180° Distance Formula (P to L or Plane): 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 CIRCLE PROPERTIES |𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶𝑧1 + 𝐷 |
Spherical Defect, D (sides)
Two Chords Rule: 𝑑= Standard Equation:
𝐷 = 360° − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) √𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 𝐶 2 (𝑥 − ℎ) 2
− 𝑘)2
(𝑦
tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐𝑑
Volume of Spherical Pyramid Distance bet. Parallel Lines: 2
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏2
If c is longest side, c < a + b INCENTER 𝜋𝑅 3 𝐸 1 Two Secants Rule: |𝐶1 + 𝐶2 | (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
→ shortcut: c = a + b – 1 𝑉= = 𝐴 𝐻 𝑑= + =1
- the center of an inscribed circle 540° 3 𝐵 𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 ∙ 𝐴𝐸 √𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 𝑏2 𝑎2
b=c–a+1 (in-circle)
1 minute of arc = 1 nautical mile Secant-Tangent Rule: Angle between 2 lines: Elements:
- intersection of angle bisectors 𝜃 = tan−1(𝑚2 ) − tan−1(𝑚1) Location of Foci, c: Latus Rectum, LR: Area, A:
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES 1 nautical mile = 6080 ft 𝐴𝐵 2 = 𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝐴𝐷 2
- angle bisector – line from one 2 2 2
2𝑏
Squared Identities: vertex to its opposite side 1 statute mile = 5280 ft Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines 𝑎 =𝑏 +𝑐 𝐿𝑅 = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏
GENERAL QUADRILATERAL −1 𝑎
sin2 𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴 = 1 bisecting the included angle 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour Cyclic Quadrilateral: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑚1 = Eccentricity, e: Location of directrix, d: Perimeter, P:
1 + cot 2 𝐴 = csc 2 𝐴 Angle Bisector Theorem: 𝑚2
- circle circumscribed about the quad
tan2 𝐴 + 1 = sec 2 𝐴 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 n-SIDED REGULAR POLYGONS - vertices lie on the circumference of circle
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
= Sum of Interior Angles: Central Angle, β: CIRCLE 𝑒= < 1 𝑒′ = 𝑑= 𝑃 = 2𝜋√
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐷 - sum of opposite angles = 180˚ A locus of a point which moves at a 𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 2
Sum and Difference of Angles Identities: 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = 180°(𝑛 − 2) 𝛽 = 360°/𝑛 constant distance from a fixed point
sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) called center and the constant Ellipse HYPERBOLA
𝑫
Deflection Angle, δ: Area, A: distance of any point from the center EARTH The locus of a point that moves such that the difference of its distance
cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 is called the radius. Perigee-near between two fixed points called the foci is constant.
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 √(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)
tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = Apogee-far
𝛿 = 180° − General Equation of Circle: General Equation of Hyperbola:
tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑛 1 4𝑅 SUN
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 𝐴 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑅 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 Perihelion-
2 2
𝐴𝑥 − 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
Number of Diagonals, d: 2 Ptolemy’s Theorem near
Double Angle Identities: 1 revolution CIRCUMCENTER 𝑠2𝑛 Standard Equation:
Aphelion-far
Standard Equation:
2 2 2 2
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = 2π rad - the center of a circumscribing 𝑛 𝐴= 𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 (𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 𝑟 (𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑘)2
(𝑦
𝑑 = (𝑛 − 3) 180 − =1
= 360˚ circle (circumcircle) 2 4 tan ( ) 𝑎2 𝑏2
cos 2𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 𝑛 Circle Inscribed in a Quadrilateral: CONIC SECTIONS
= 400 grads - intersection of perpendicular General Equation:
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
2 tan 𝐴 Perimeter, P: − =1
tan 2𝐴 = = 6400 mils bisectors 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = 𝑟𝑠 = √𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑
1 − tan2 𝐴 𝑃 = 𝑠𝑛 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
2 𝑎2 𝑏2
- perpendicular bisector – 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 Elements:
perpendicular line that bisects 𝑠= Based on Eccentricity,
Versed Sine: Exsecant: Area of a Polygon Area of a Polygon 2 Location of Foci, c: Latus Rectum, LR:
the origin line e=f/d:
vers 𝐴 = 1 − cos 𝐴 exsec 𝐴 = sec 𝐴 − 1 INSCRIBED in a circle: CIRCUMSCRIBING Non-cyclic Quadrilateral (Trapezium): Based on Discriminant: 2 2 2
2𝑏2
𝑒 = 0 → 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑎 +𝑏 𝐿𝑅 =
Versed Cosine: a circle: 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos2 𝜃 𝑒 = 1 → 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 → 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑎
covers 𝐴 = 1 − sin 𝐴 1 360 180 𝑒 < 1 → 𝐸𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0 → 𝐸𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 Eccentricity, e: Location of directrix, d:
𝐴 = 𝑛𝑟 2 sin ( ) 2
𝐴 = 𝑛𝑟 tan ( ) 𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷 𝑐 𝑎
Half Versed Sine: 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = = 𝑒 > 1 → 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0 → 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎
2 𝑛 𝑛 2 2 𝑒= >1 𝑑=
1 𝑎 𝑒
Similar Polygons: SPHERE
hav 𝐴 = (1 − cos 𝐴) POINTED SOLIDS PRISM OR CYLINDER 4 3
Equation of Asymptote: m=b/a for horizontal transverse axis
2 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒1 3 𝑦 − 𝑘 = ±𝑚(𝑥 − ℎ) m=a/ab for vertical transverse axis
EULER LINE - line that passes 𝐴1
=( ) ;
𝑉1
=( )
1 𝑇𝐴 = 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝑃𝑏 ℎ 𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑅 2 𝑉= 𝜋𝑅
through circumcenter, centroid, 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒2 𝑉2 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒2 𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ 3
PERIOD, AMPLITUDE, & FREQUENCY 3 𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 ℎ = 𝑃𝑥 𝐿 Spherical Zone(area bounded by plane/s): LINES TANGENT TO CONIC POLAR COORDINATE
and orthocenter (CiCen2Or) Right Circular Regular Pyramid
Period (T) – interval over which the graph of 𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ = 𝐴𝑥 𝐿 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑅ℎ SECTIONS SYSTEM
𝐶𝑖𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑒𝑛 = 2(𝐶𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑂𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜) COMMON QUADRILATERALS Cone 1 To find the equation of a line tangent
a function repeats 𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 𝐿 PX/ AX – perimeter/area
Square: Rectangle: 𝐿𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝐿 2 perpendicular to slant height Spherical Sector (spherical cone): to a conic section at point P(x1, y1)
Amplitude (A) – greatest distance of any TRIANGLE-CIRCLE RELATIONSHIPS 1 2
𝑃 = 4𝑠 𝑃 = 2𝑏 + 2ℎ FRUSTUM OF CONE OR
h – height; L – slant height
In the equation of the conic sections,
point on the graph from a horizontal line 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑅 = 𝜋𝑅 2ℎ
Circumscribing Circle: 𝐴 = 𝑠2 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ PYRAMID TRUNCATED PRISM OR 3 3 replace:
which passes halfway between the 𝑥 + 𝑥1
𝑎𝑏𝑐 ℎ CYLINDER Spherical Segment:
maximum and minimum values of the 𝑑 = 𝑠√2 𝑑 = √𝑏2 + ℎ2 𝑉= ൫𝐴 + 𝐴2 + √𝐴1 𝐴2 ൯ 𝑥= 𝑥 2 → 𝑥𝑥1
𝐴𝑇 = 3 1 𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 For ONE Base: 2
function 4𝑅 PRISMATOID 𝑦 + 𝑦1 𝑦 2 → 𝑦𝑦1
Frequency (ω) – number of repetitions / Parallelogram: Rhombus: 𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝜋ℎ 2
𝑦=
Inscribed Circle: ℎ 𝑉= (3𝑅 − ℎ) 2
cycles per unit time or 1/T 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴 = 𝑎ℎ 𝑉 = (𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑀 + 𝐴2 ) 3
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑟𝑠 6 ARCHIMEDEAN SOLIDS 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑥1 𝑟 2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Function Period Amplitude 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝐴 = 𝑎2 sin 𝜃 𝐹𝑛 𝐹𝑛 For TWO Bases: 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
PAPPUS’ THEOREM 𝐸= 𝑉= 𝜋ℎ 2
y = A sin (Bx + C) + D 2π/B A Escribed Circle: 1 1 2 𝑣 (3𝑎2 + 3𝑏2 + ℎ2 ) 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝐴 = 𝑑1𝑑2 sin 𝜃 𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑅 ∙ 𝑃 𝑉= SUBNORMAL (SN) &
y = A cos (Bx + C) + D 2π/B A 𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑅𝑎 (𝑠 − 𝑎) 𝐴 = 𝑑1𝑑2 Where: 6 𝑦
2 2 SUBTANGENT (ST) tan 𝜃 = = 𝑚
𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑅 ∙ 𝐴 E →# of Edges
y = A tan (Bx + C) + D π/B - a → side tangent to circle Spherical Lune: Spherical Wedge: Subnormal, SN – horizontal distance
𝑥
Trapezoid: F →# of Faces cos 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
2
Phase Shift (x) along horizontal: V →# of Vertices 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑒 4𝜋𝑅 2 4 3 between x-intercept of normal line to
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 ℎ
𝑑𝑖𝑎. = = 𝐴 = (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ) n →# of sides of each = 𝑉𝑤𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 3 𝜋𝑅 point of normalcy on the curve EQUILATERAL HYPERBOLA EQ:
𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0 If x (-), shift RIGHT 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 sin 𝐴 2 𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 2𝜋 =
face 𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 2𝜋 Subtangent, ST – horizontal distance 2𝑥𝑦 = ±𝑎 2
𝐶 If x (+), shift LEFT 2
𝒙=− 𝑚𝑏12 + 𝑛𝑏22 v →# of faces meeting at 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑒 = 2𝑅 𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 3
between x-intercept of tangent line to
𝐵 𝐿=√ m:n →ratio of areas a vertex 𝑉𝑤𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 𝑅 𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 point of tangency on the curve
𝑚+𝑛 3

DJR DIAMANTE
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS ENGINEERING ECONOMY: INTEREST ENGINEERING ECONOMY: DEPRECIATION ALGEBRA: PROBABILITY
Curvature, k Radius of Curvature, k Simple Interest Where: 𝐵𝑉𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶 − 𝐷𝑚 FC → first cost
Probability an event will occur, P
′′ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑦 1 𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖𝑛) F → future worth SV → salvage value
𝑘= 3 𝜌=| | P → present worth n → economic life in years
𝑃=
𝑘 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 i → interest rate per interest period
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
[1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 m → any year before n
Slope of a Line
Compound Interest n → no. of interest periods 𝑃 =1−𝑄
d → depreciation charge per year
𝑑𝑦 𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 𝑃 = 𝐹(1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 r → nominal interest rate dm → depreciation charge at year m
Multiplication Rule (AND): Conditional Probability
= 𝑦′ = 𝑚 𝑟 𝑚𝑡 m → no. of interest period per year (Baye’s Theorem)
Dm → total depreciation for m years
𝑑𝑥 𝐹 = 𝑃 (1 + ) t → no. of years BVm → book value at year m 𝑃(𝐴) x 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵) x 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵)
Parallel Perpendicular 𝑚 ER → effective rate Addition Rule (OR)
1 𝐹 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡 → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 Straight Line Depreciation Mode Stat Linear
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑚1 = − Effective Rate of Interest, ER 𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 x (t) y (BVm) 𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵)
𝑚2 𝑑= 0 FC 𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) ←mutually exclusive
Maxima & Minima (Critical Pts.) 𝐼 𝑟 𝑚 𝑛
𝐸𝑅 = = (1 + ) − 1 n SV Binomial Probability Distribution
𝑦′ = 0 𝑃 𝑚 𝐷𝑚 = 𝑑 ∙ 𝑚
→x successes in n trials
Point of Inflection 𝐸𝑅 = 𝑒 𝑟 − 1 → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 Sinking Fund →q = probability of failure = 1-p
𝑑2 𝑦 Annuity Where: (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑝 𝑥 ∙ 𝑞𝑛−𝑥 ∙ 𝑛𝐶𝑥
= 𝑦 ′′ = 0 (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1
′
F → future worth (𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉) = 𝑑 ቈ ቉→𝑑 Geometric Distribution
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑖
Solving Maxima/Minima Probs 𝐹 = 𝐴ቈ ቉ P → present worth →the probability that the first success will occur on trial x
𝑖 𝑚
(1 + 𝑖) − 1
[Step 1] Identify variable to be maximized/minimized A → periodic payment 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑞 𝑥−1 ∙ 𝑝
𝑛 ′
i → interest rate per payment 𝐷𝑚 = 𝑑 ቈ ቉
[Step 2] Express this variable in terms of one variable (1 + 𝑖) − 1 𝑖 Negative Binomial Distribution
[Step 3] Differentiate then equate to zero 𝑃 = 𝐴ቈ ቉ n → no. of interest periods →a trial is repeated until a fixed number of successes occurs
𝑖(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 Mode Stat Quad
Order of Derivative: highest derivative n’ → no. of payments Sum of the Years Digit (SOYD) →k successes in n trials
𝐴 x (t) y (BVm)
Degree of Derivative: exponent of highest order 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑝𝑘−1 ∙ 𝑞 𝑥−𝑘 ∙ 𝑝 ∙ (𝑥 − 1)𝐶(𝑘 − 1)
𝑃 = → 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑛−𝑚+1 0 FC
𝑖 𝑑𝑚 = (𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉) ቎ 𝑛 ቏ n SV Poisson Probability Distribution
Uniform Arithmetic Gradient Where: (1 + 𝑛) n+1 SV →number of outcomes during a given time interval or region
𝑛 2 →μ = mean number of occurrences in that interval
𝐹 = ෍ 𝐴 + 𝐺(𝑛 − 1) F → future worth or accumulated amount 𝑚
A → amount at end of first period ሼ(𝑛 − 𝑚 + 1) + 𝑛ሽ 𝜇 𝑥 𝑒 −𝜇
− 𝑆𝑉) ቎ 2 𝑃(𝑥) =
1
Geometric Gradient G → constant change in periodic amount 𝐷𝑚 = (𝐹𝐶 𝑛 ቏ 𝑥!
𝑛 g → constant increase/decrease in payment (1 + 𝑛) Standard Normal Distribution
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 2
Area (Rectangular Coordinates) 𝐹 = ෍ 𝐴(1 + 𝑔)𝑛−1 n → no. of interest periods →x = number of occurrences
𝑦2 𝑦2 1 Declining Balance (Matheson) Mode Stat ab EXP →μ = mean number of occurrences
(constant/fixed percentage method) x (t) y (BVm) →σ = standard deviation
𝐴 = ∫ ℎ𝑏 = ∫ ℎ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 ENGINEERING ECONOMY: ANALYSIS
𝑦1 𝑦1 𝐵𝑉𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶(1 − 𝑘)𝑚 0 FC →P(z) = area to the left of z
Inflation if → market or inflation-adjusted rate; takes n SV →Q(z) = area from center of bell curve to z
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑆𝑉 = 𝐹𝐶(1 − 𝑘)𝑛 → 𝑘
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑏ℎ ∫ 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑖𝑓 = 𝑖𝑟 + 𝑓 + 𝑖𝑟 𝑓 inflation into account →R(z) = area to the right of z
ir → real interest rate
𝐷𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶 − 𝐵𝑉𝑚 𝑥−𝜇
𝑥1 𝑥1 1 + 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑧=
Length of Arc (Rectangular Coordinates) 𝐹 = 𝑃[ ] f → inflation rate; rate of change in the value of Double Declining Balance 𝜎
𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 = 𝑑𝑆 2 ] 1/𝑑𝑥 2 1+𝑓 currency 2
Capitalized Cost 𝑘= 𝐵𝑉𝑚 ≥ 𝑆𝑉 ALGEBRA: PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING
𝑥2 2 𝑦2 2 𝑂𝑀 𝑅𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 C → capitalized cost 𝑛 Permutation →arrangement of objects in definite order
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑚
𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 + + FC → first cost →number of permutations on n different objects taken r at a
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑖 (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1 OM → annual operational and 𝐵𝑉𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶 (1 − ) time
𝑥1 𝑦 𝑛
Area (Polar Coordinates) 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝑝 ∙ 𝑖 maintenance cost
𝐷𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶 − 𝐵𝑉𝑚 𝑛!
𝜃2 (𝑅𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉)𝑖 RC → replacement cost 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
1 1 2 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶𝑖 + 𝑂𝑀 + SV → salvage value Service Output Method d → depreciation charge per unit (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑟2𝜃 = ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1 AC → annual cost Qn → quantity produced during →number of permutations on n different objects taken all at a
2 𝜃1 2 𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 time in which n1, n2, n3, and so on objects are alike
Breakeven Analysis 𝑑= economic life
Length of Curves (Polar Coordinates) 𝑄𝑛 𝑛!
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 Qm → quantity produced during m
𝑑𝑆𝑟2 + 𝑑𝑟 2 = 𝑑𝑆 2 ] 1/𝑑𝜃 2 ; 𝑑𝑆𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝐷𝑚 = 𝑑 ∙ 𝑄𝑚 years
𝑁=
Benefit-Cost Ratio, BCR (Present-worth index)
𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! 𝑛3 !
Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) →Cyclic Permutation (first position is definite)
𝜃2
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 BCR → aka present-worth index
𝑆 = ∫ √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃 𝐵𝐶𝑅 = benefit → net profit or income 1 𝑛𝑃𝑛
𝜃1 𝑑𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑1 = 𝐹𝐶 ( ) 𝑁= = (𝑛 − 1)!
𝑛 𝑛
Volume of Revolution (Pappus Theorem) 2 →Bracelet Problems: Divide N by two to consider bottom and
Rate of Return, ROR
𝑑𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶 ( ) (1 − Σ൫𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 ൯) top views
𝑉 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑅𝐴 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑅𝑏ℎ 𝐴𝑁𝑃 (𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤) − (𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤) 𝑛 Combination →does not involve arrangement of objects nor
𝑅𝑂𝑅 = = 𝑚
the order of selection
𝑥2 𝐶𝐴𝑃𝑇 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶 (෍ 𝑑𝑚 ) →number of combinations of n taken r at a time
𝑉 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑥(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 Recovery Period, RP 1
𝑛! 𝑛𝑃𝑟
𝑥1 ANP/AP → annual net profit
𝑦2 𝐶𝐴𝑃𝑇 1 CAPT → total capital ALGEBRA: PROGRESSION 𝑁 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = =
𝑅𝑃 = = Arithmetic Progression (AP) Harmonic Progression (HP) 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟!
𝑉 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑦(𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑁𝑃 𝑅𝑂𝑅 FC → fixed cost
→number of combinations of 1 at a time, 2 at a time, 3 at a
ADep → total depreciation 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 →sequence of AP reciprocals time, and so on until n at a time6
𝑦1 Payout Period, PP
Surface Area of Revolution 𝐹𝐶 𝑑 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥−1 𝑁 = 2𝑛 − 1
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑛 𝑛
𝐴 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑅 𝑑𝑆 𝐴𝑃 + 𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 ) = [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] ALGEBRA: BINOMIAL THEOREM
2 2
Geometric Progression (GP) Infinite Geometric Progression (IGP) Form: Sum of Coefficients:
Centroid by Integration ALGEBRA 𝑎1 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦) →set variables to 1
Angle Between Vectors Volume of Parallelepiped Horizontal Asymptote of 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑆𝑛 = rth Term: →subtract constant term (if applicable)
𝐴𝑥𝐺 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝐴𝑦𝐺 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝐴∙𝐵 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 + ⋯ 1−𝑟
𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 /𝑑𝑥−1 GM, AM, & HM Relationship →m = r – 1
cos 𝜃 = 𝑉 = 𝐴 ∙ (𝐵x𝐶) 𝑦=
Moment of Inertia by Integration |𝐴|x|𝐵| 𝑏𝑥 𝑚 + ⋯ 𝑟𝑛 − 1 𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑦 𝑚
𝑏ℎ3 𝑏ℎ3 Exponential Change →n<m; y=0 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝐺𝑀2 = 𝐴𝑀 ∙ 𝐻𝑀 Constant Term:
𝐼𝑥 = ∫ 𝐼𝑦 = ∫ →n=m; y=a/b 𝑟−1 →exponent of variable/s should be zero
3 3 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑃 = 𝑎1𝑛 ∙ 𝑟 (𝑛/2)(𝑛−1)
→n>m; no hor. asymptote

DJR DIAMANTE
 TRE: HIGHWAY SAFETY AND TRE: PAVEMENT DESIGN SURVEY: MEASUREMENT CORRECTIONS SURVEY: SIMPLE, COMPOUND, REVERSE CURVES
ACCIDENT ANALYSIS RIGID Pavement RIGID Pavement with Dowels Tape Correction
Degree of Curve
Accident rate for 100 million vehicles per miles without Dowels -at edge -at center
too Short Layout-Add, Measure-Subtract (arc basis) (chord basis)
of travel in a segment of a highway:
3𝑊 3𝑊 3𝑊 SLAMS Layout Measure 20 2𝜋𝑹 𝜃𝐷 10
𝐴(100,000,000) 1𝑚𝑖 𝑡=√ 𝑡𝑒 = √ 𝑡𝑐 = √ = sin =
𝑅= 𝑓 2𝑓 4𝑓 too Short Add Subtract 𝜃𝐷 360° 2 𝑹
𝐴𝐷𝑇 ∙ 𝑁 ∙ 365 ∙ 𝐿𝑚𝑖 1.609𝑘𝑚
too Long Subtract Add
Accident rates per million t = thickness of pavement (mm) Reverse Curve Relationship
entering vehicles in an W = wheel load (N) 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃 =𝑎+𝑏
intersection Severity Ratio f = allowable tensile stress of concrete 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 ± 𝑒 ( ) 𝑃
𝐴(1,000,000) 𝑓∙𝑖 𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒
FLEXIBLE Pavement Stiffness Factor, SF 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 =
𝑅= 𝑆𝑅 = 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = |𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 − 𝐴𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 | 1 − cos 𝐼
𝐴𝐷𝑇 ∙ 𝑁 ∙ 365 𝑓∙𝑖∙𝑝
1𝑊 3 𝐸𝑠 Temperature (add algebraically)
TRE: SPEED, FLOW, AND CAPACITY 𝑡=√ −𝑟 𝑆𝐹 = √ 𝐶𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) 4 SURVEY: VERTICAL CURVES SURVEY: SPIRAL CURVE
𝜋𝑓 𝐸𝑝
Time Mean Speed, Ut Σd=sum of distances
travelled by all vehicles f = allowable bearing pressure of subgrade Pull/Tension (add algebraically) Grade Diagram
𝑑 →location of highest/lowest point
Σ ( ) Σ𝑈1 Σt=sum of time travelled by r = radius of circular area of contact between wheel load (𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜 )𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒
𝑈𝑡 = 𝑡 = all vehicles and pavement 𝐶𝑃 = →elevation of points on curve (area of
𝑛 𝑛 ΣU1=sum of all spot speeds Es = subgrade modulus of elasticity
𝐴𝐸 diagram)
Space Mean Speed, Us n=number of vehicles Ep = pavement modulus of elasticity
𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 Symmetrical Curves
→ 𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 ( )
Σ𝑑 𝑛 q=flowrate (vph)
Thickness in terms of Expansion Pressure 𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐿 𝑥 2 (𝐿/2)2
𝑈𝑠 = = d=density (veh/km)
𝐻 = (𝑔1 + 𝑔2 ) =
Σ𝑡 Σ ( 1 ) Us=space mean speed (kph) 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 Sag (always subtract)
8 𝑦 𝐻
𝑈1 𝑡= 𝑤 2
Rate of Flow Peak Hour Factor, PHF 𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 ) 𝐿3
2 3 →don’t consider sign
𝑤 𝐿 𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒
𝑞 = 𝑑𝑈𝑠 𝑃𝐻𝐹 = 𝑞/𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 TRE: FROG TURNOUT 𝐶𝑃 = = Unsymmetrical Curves
24𝑃 2 24𝑃2
Minimum Time Spacing of Vehicles Turnout – simplest combination of points and w = linear mass of tape 𝐿1 𝐿2
Headway (hr/veh) (km/veh) crossing which enables a train to take off from 𝐻= (𝑔 + 𝑔2 )
L = distance between supports
2(𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) 1 𝐿2 180 𝜃 LT = long tangent P = length of throw
1 1 the main track; special arrangements used to P = applied pull/tension 𝜽= ∙ 𝒊= ST = short tangent X = offset distance from tangent to
ℎ= 𝑠= move trains from one track to another Similar Error for Similar Quantities →don’t consider sign 2𝑅𝐿𝑠 𝜋 3 R = radius of simple curve any point on spiral
𝑞 𝑑
Frog – permit wheel flanges to cross opposing 𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝒈𝟑 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) = 𝑔1 𝐿1 + 𝑔2 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿2𝑆 L = length of spiral from TS Xc = offset distance of simple curve
Bus Headway Capacity 𝐸𝐹 = √𝑛𝐸12 → 𝑛= 𝒙= 𝑷= to any point on spiral θ = spiral angle from tangent to any
rails in turnout and crossings 𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒
𝑀𝐿 M=bus seating capacity →consider sign 6𝑅𝐿𝑠 24𝑅 Ls = length of spiral point on spiral
ℎ= L=max. load factor (pass/seats) Sea Level Distance I = angle of intersection θs = spiral angle from tangent to SC
𝑃𝑅 𝑆𝐴𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐿 SAB = distance bet. pts. A & B SURVEY: AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSE 0.036𝑘 3 𝐷 𝐿 i = deflection angle from TS to any
P=total patronage (pass/hr) Is = angle of intersection
= R = radius of earth
Double Meridian Distance Method (DMD)
𝑳𝒔 = = point on spiral
R=ratio of max. load to passenger 𝑅+ℎ 𝑅 h = elevation of A & B 𝑅 𝐷𝐶 𝐿𝑆 of simple curve
boarding is = deflection angle from TS to SC
SSL = sea level distance 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 0.0079𝑘 2 𝐿𝑠 𝐼 Y = distance from TS along tangent
TRE: HORIZONTAL CURVE DESIGN 𝑒= 𝑇𝑠 = + (𝑅 + 𝑃) tan
SURVEY: TRAVERSE CORRECTIONS 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑛 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑛−1 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑛−1 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑛 𝑅 2 2 to any point on spiral
General Combined Formula Total Turnout Length Frog Number, FN Yc = distance from TS along tangent
[Step 1] Obtain Dep (x) and Lat (y) of lines 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 = −𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐿5 𝐼
𝐶𝐹 𝑣 2 𝐻𝐿 1 𝜃 𝑦=𝐿− 𝐸𝑠 = (𝑅 + 𝑃) sec − 𝑅
to SC
𝐶𝑅 = = = 𝑒 + 𝑓 = tan(𝜃 + 𝛼) 𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑇𝐿 + 𝐻𝐿 𝐹𝑁 = = cot [Step 2] Solve for errors by adding Deps (x) 𝟐𝑨 = 𝚺(𝑫𝑴𝑫 ∙ 𝑳𝒂𝒕) 40𝑅 2 𝐿2𝑠 2
𝑊 𝑔𝑅 𝐻𝑆 2 2 and Lats (y) algebraically
Double Parallel Distance Method (DPD)
CR = Centrifugal ratio or Impact Factor (IF) Linear Error of Closure (LEC) SURVEY: EARTHWORKS SURVEY: EARTHWORKS
TRE: QUAYWALLS 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡
CF = force that tends to pull the car away from Volume: End Area Method Earth Moving
the center of the curve Quaywall or Bulkhead – protection walls for
quay or wharves for retaining and protecting
2
𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝐷𝐸𝑃 2
+ 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝐿𝐴𝑇 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝑛 = 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝑛−1 + 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑛 𝐿 𝜌𝐿𝑂𝑂𝑆𝐸 𝑉𝐵𝐴𝑁𝐾
W = weight of vehicle 𝑉𝑒 = (𝐴 + 𝐴2 ) 𝐿𝐹 = =
v = design speed (m/s) embankments or retaining fill 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 = −𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 2 1 𝜌𝐵𝐴𝑁𝐾 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝑂𝑆𝐸
HWL: High Water Level Relative Error
g = 9.81 m/s2 𝟐𝑨 = 𝚺(𝑫𝑷𝑫 ∙ 𝑫𝒆𝒑) Volume: Prismoidal Method 1
R = minimum radius of curvature (m) MLLW: Mean Lower Low Water 𝐿𝐸𝐶 1 𝐿 𝐿𝐹 =
e = superelevation (m/m) LWL: Low Water Level 𝑅𝐸 = = Coordinate Method 𝑉𝑝 = (𝐴 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 ) 1 + 𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙%
f = skid resistance RWL: Residual Water Level 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑁
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛 𝑥1 1 6 1 𝜌𝐵𝐴𝑁𝐾 𝑉𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝐴𝐶𝑇
Power to Move a Vehicle (Watts)
RWL for GRAVITY Type RWL for SHEET PILE Type Compass Rule 𝐴 = [𝑦
2 1 𝑦2 … 𝑦𝑛 ] 𝑦1 = 2 [↘ −↙] Prismoidal Correction 𝑆𝐹 = =
Quaywall Quaywall 𝐿 𝜌𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝐴𝐶𝑇 𝑉𝐵𝐴𝑁𝐾
𝑃 = 𝑣𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 Trapezoidal Rule 𝐶𝑝 = Δ𝑐Δ𝑑 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝
P = power needed to move a vehicle (Watts) 𝐻 2𝐻 = 12 𝑆𝐹 = 1 − 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒%
𝑅𝑊𝐿𝐺 = 𝑅𝑊𝐿𝑆𝑃 = 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝐷𝐸𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑
v = velocity of vehicle(m/s) 𝐴 = (ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛 + 2Σℎ𝑚 ) Cut & Fill Volumes: Centerline Basis Limit of Economic Haul, LEH
3 3 Transit Rule 2
R = sum of different resistances in N 𝐶𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤
→ 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑊𝐿 − 𝐿𝑊𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 |𝐷𝐸𝑃| Simpson’s 1/3 Rule (n=odd) 𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 𝐹𝐻𝐷
TRE: SIGHT DISTANCE = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙
𝑑
Stopping Sight Distance (SSD=LPERCEP+LBREAK ) 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝐷𝐸𝑃 Σ|𝐷𝐸𝑃| 𝐴= (ℎ + ℎ𝑛 + 2Σℎ𝑜𝑑𝑑 + 4Σ𝐻𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 ) LEH = limit of economic haul
2 3 1
𝑣 → 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑𝐷𝐸𝑃 = 𝐷𝐸𝑃 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Cburrow = cost of burrow
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑡 + ← 𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑎𝑠 Add if error is (–), Subtract if error is (+) Differential Leveling Error Chaul = cost of haul per meter station (div by 20)
2𝑔(𝑓 ± 𝐺) 𝑎 𝑎 FHD = free haul distance
TRE: WAVES
Breaking Time, tb Focal Length Image Scale
𝑒𝐵𝑆 = 𝐿𝐵𝑆 ∙ 𝑒𝐹𝑆 = 𝐿𝐹𝑆 ∙ Shallow Water Wavelength, L
𝑣 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑎 2
𝑡= ← 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑓 𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑇 2𝜋𝑑 𝐿
𝑔(𝑓 ± 𝐺) 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑁 ∙ Δ𝑒 = ∙ Δ𝑒 𝐿𝑠 = tanh ( ) 𝑑<
𝑏 𝐻−ℎ 𝐿𝐵𝑆 + 𝐿𝐹𝑆 2𝜋 𝐿𝑆 2
Breaking Efficiency, breff Error in Horizontal Angle when axis of →a = adjustment, upward (+), downward (–) Deep Water Wavelength, L
𝑓 telescope is not horizontal →Add if error is (–), Subtract if error is (+)
𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑥100 f=skid resistance 𝑔𝑇 2 𝐿
𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 G=Grade/slope of 𝐸 = 𝑒°(tan 𝜃1 − tan 𝜃2 ) 𝐿𝐷 = 𝑑≥
road (m/m) →e = angle of inclination (DMS) 2𝜋 2
→ 𝑎 = 𝑔(𝑓 ± 𝐺) →θ = obscured vertical angle

DJR DIAMANTE
 SOIL CLASSIFICATION TRIAXIAL TEST LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
AASHTO USCS → θ = angle of failure in shear Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure, k Lateral Pressures
→ from left to right Course Fraction: Retained on No. 200 → ∅ = angle of internal friction (Rankine’s Theory)
Soil Pressure, Ps (triangular)
Group Index, GI Gravel: Retained on No. 4 → c = cohesion
Sand: Passed No. 4 but retained on No. Active Pressure 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑘𝛾 ′ ℎ
σ1 → maximum principal stress
𝐺𝐼 = (𝐹200 − 35)(0.005𝐿𝐿) + 0.01(𝐹200 − 15)(𝑃𝐼 − 10) 200
→ axial stress
Inclined Backfill β:
→ If negative, take as zero; round off to nearest whole no. Fine Fraction: Passed on No. 200 Pore Warer Pressure, Pw (triangular)
Δσ → additional pressure 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − √cos 2 𝛽 − cos2 ∅
VOLUME 100 − 𝐹4 𝑘𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑃𝑠 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤
→ deviator stress
ATTERBERG LIMITS USDA (W/ GRAVEL) 𝑋𝐺 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + √cos 2 𝛽 − cos2 ∅
Void Ratio (0 < e < ∞) 100 − 𝐹200 → plunger pressure Cohesion, Pc (rectangular)
Shrinkage Limit, SL → distribute gravel, then triangulate
𝑉𝑣 𝑛 σ3 → minimum principal stress Horizontal Backfill, β=0: → directed against wall movement
𝑒= = 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )𝜌𝑤 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑉𝑠 1 − 𝑛 𝑆𝐿 = 𝑤 − Δ𝑤 = − 𝑺𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒎𝒐𝒅 = → confining/ lateral/ cell/ chamber pressure 1 − sin ∅ 𝑃𝑐 = 2𝑐√𝑘
𝑚2 𝑚2 100 − 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 → radial stress 𝑘𝑎 =
Porosity (0 < n < 1) 𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑡 Gravel 100% - 2mm 1 + sin ∅
𝑒 𝑺𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒎𝒐𝒅 = → drained test – subtract pore water pressure Surcharge, Pq (rectangular)
𝑉𝑣 𝑒 𝑆𝐿 = Sand 2mm - 0.05mm
𝐺𝑠 100 − 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 from σ3 Passive Pressure 𝑃𝑞 = 𝑘𝑞
𝑛= = 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 Silt 0.05mm - 0.002mm
𝑉 1+𝑒 Inclined Backfill, β:
Shrinkage Ratio, SR 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒎𝒐𝒅 = Clay 0.002mm – 0%
Degree of Saturation 100 − 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 Normally Consolidated: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + √cos2 𝛽 − cos 2 ∅
𝑚2 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑤 𝑆𝑅 = = 𝑘𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑆= 𝑉2 𝜌𝑤 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 PERMEABILITY PUMPING TEST (Q→k) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − √cos2 𝛽 − cos 2 ∅
𝑉𝑣 Δℎ 𝑉
Specific Gravity of Solids from SL & SR Unconfined Aquifer Horizontal Backfill, β=0:
Air Content 1
𝑉 = 𝑘𝑖; 𝑖 = ; 𝑉𝑠 = 1 + sin ∅
𝑉𝑎 𝐿 𝑛 𝜋𝑘(ℎ12 − ℎ22 )
𝑎𝑐 = = 𝑛(1 − 𝑆)
𝐺𝑠 =
1 𝑆𝐿 𝑄 = 𝑘𝑖𝐴 𝑘𝑝 =
𝑉 − 𝑄= Unconsolidated Unconfined 1 − sin ∅
𝑆𝑅 100 Transmissivity (T) ln(𝑟1 /𝑟2 ) Undrained, UU: Compression Test: At Rest
Air Void Ratio Plastic Limit, PL: water content when soil sample
𝑉𝑎 𝑇 = 𝑘𝑡 Confined Aquifer 𝑘𝑟 = 1 − sin ∅
𝑎𝑣 = = (1 − 𝑆) starts to crumble when rolled into 1/8 Ø thread → t = thickness of permeable
𝑉𝑣 Liquid Limit, LL: water content corresponding to: layer 2𝜋𝑘𝑡(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑄= TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY (SHALLOW FOUNDATION)
→Casagrande cup apparatus - 25 blows to close Seepage Force (j) ln(𝑟1 /𝑟2 )
WEIGHT QULT due to = COHESION + OVERBURDEN PRESSURE + FOOTING SIZE
12.5mm →σ3 = 0
Water/Moisture Content Δℎ General Shear Failure Ult. Bearing Capacity Allowable Pressure, qallow
𝑊𝑤 𝑀𝑤 →Fall cone method – 20mm penetration 𝑗 = 𝑖𝛾𝑤 = γ EQ. HYDRAULIC Circular footing
𝑤= = 𝐿 w CONDUCTIVITY (Keq) DIRECT SHEAR TEST 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑊𝑠 𝑀𝑠 Plasticity Index, PI PI Description 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.3𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = =
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑃𝐿 0 Non-plastic Coefficient of Permeability σ → normal/ axial stress 𝐹𝑆 𝐴𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
1-5 Slightly Plastic Parallel Flow τ → shear stress
Square footing
UNIT WEIGHT or Hydraulic Conductivity (k) 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 − 𝑞
Consistency Index, CI 5-10 Low Plasticity 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤,𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
𝑊 (firmness)
𝐻𝑇 𝐾𝑒𝑞 = Σℎ𝑛 𝐾𝑛 𝐹𝑆
𝛾= 10-20 Medium Plasticity Constant Head Test Strip footing
𝑉 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑤 20-40 High Plasticity Perpendicular Flow 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 C → Cohesion
𝐶𝐼 = >40 Very High plastic 𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐿
Dry Unit Weight 𝑃𝐼
𝑘= 𝐻𝑇 ℎ𝑛 𝑞𝑢 2
LI State Local Shear Failure Ult. Bearing Capacity 𝑐= 𝑐′ = 𝑐
𝑊𝑠 Liquidity Index, LI ℎ𝐴𝑡 =Σ
𝛾𝑑 = (liquidity) LI < 0 Semisolid 𝐾𝑒𝑞 𝐾𝑛
Circular footing 2 3
𝑉
𝑤 − 𝑃𝐿 0 < LI < 1 Plastic Falling/Variable Head Test 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐 ′ 𝑁𝑐′ + 𝑞𝑁𝑞′ + 0.3𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾′ → qu = unconfined compressive stress
Specific Gravity of Solids 𝐿𝐼 = LI > 1 Liquid
𝑎𝐿 ℎ1 Ratio of Keq Square footing q → effective stress at footing base
𝑃𝐼
𝛾𝑠 Ac Class 𝑘= ln ( ) FLOW NET/ ADDITIONAL PRESSURE: 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐 ′
𝑁𝑐′ + 𝑞𝑁𝑞′ + 0.4𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾′ γB → effective stress at B-depth from
𝐺𝑠 = Activity Classification, A 𝐾𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
𝛾𝑤 Ac < 0.7 Inactive 𝐴𝑡 ℎ2 SEEPAGE BOSSINESQ Strip footing footing base; referenced from
𝑃𝐼 0.7 < Ac < 1.2 Normal → A = area of soil
𝑅= Seepage, Q Due to Concentrated Load, P
𝐴= 𝐾𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐 ′ 𝑁𝑐′ + 𝑞𝑁𝑞′ + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾′ footing base
Bulk Specific Gravity %𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 Ac > 1.2 Liquid
𝛾 → a = area of tube 𝑁𝑓 3 𝑃𝑧 3
𝐺= = 𝐺𝑠 (1 − 𝑛) Q = kH Δ𝑃 = CAPACITY OF DRIVEN PILES BRACE CUT
𝛾𝑤 SIEVE ANALYSIS VERTICAL STRESS IN SOIL DEGREE OF 𝑁𝑑 2𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 )5/2
Effective Grain Size (D10) → H=head loss (DEEP FOUNDATION) Sand Layer
Submerged/Buoyant Effective Stress, PE CONSOLIDATION Due to Uniform Load, q
→ particle diameter at 10%
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤 → Nf=flow channels Pile in Sand Layer 𝑃 = (0.65𝑘𝑎 )𝛾ℎ
Unit Weight Water rises IMMEDIATELY after 2 𝑞𝑧 3
passing → Nd=drops 𝑤 = 𝑃𝑠
𝛾 ′ = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 Average Grain Size (D50) Total Stress, PT Capillary Rise, hc application of surcharge Δ𝑃 = 𝑄𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘𝐴𝑝 𝑃 tan α
𝑐 Δ𝑃 = 𝛾𝑤 𝚫𝑯𝒘 𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 )2 → s = strut spacing
→ particle diameter at 50% 𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑝
WEIGHT-VOLUME 𝑃𝑇 = Σ𝛾ℎ ℎ𝑐 =
passing
𝑒𝐷10 → degree of conso.: 0 Clay Layer
𝐺𝑠 𝑤 = 𝑆𝑒 Pore Water Pressure, PW ADDITIONAL PRESSURE UNDER FOOTING Critical depth, dc
Relative/Percent → interpolation: use LOG of INTERPOLATE:
→ at depth Z, 2V:1H slope 𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ − 4𝑐
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒 opening sizes 𝑃𝑤 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤 Loose: 10 (pile size)
Compaction (R) Degree of Conso. hw
Square Footing → c = cohesion
𝛾𝑚 = 𝛾 Circular Footing Dense: 20 (pile size)
1+𝑒 𝑤 𝛾𝑑 Coefficient of Uniformity, Capillary Zone Water Pressure, PW
0 ΔH
𝑅= 100 0
𝐹 𝐹 → k = coeff. of lateral earth pressure SOIL STABILITY
𝛾𝑚 = 𝛾𝑑 (1 + 𝑤) 𝛾𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 Cu Δ𝑃 = Δ𝑃 =
𝐺𝑠 − 1 𝐷60 𝑃𝑤,𝑐 = −𝑆𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑍)2 𝜋(𝐷 + 𝑍)2 → Ap = area of pressure diagram Finite Slope Analysis
𝛾′ = 𝛾 Relative Density or 𝐶𝑢 = PILE SETTLEMENT IN → P = perimeter of pile
1+𝑒 𝑤 𝐷10 Pore Water Pressure considering Rectangular Footing 4 𝐹𝑓 + 𝐹𝑐
Density Index (Dr) SOFT CLAY → α = angle of friction 𝐹𝑆 =
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 SEEPAGE, PW 𝐹
Crit. Hydraulic Gradient
𝐷𝑟 = Coefficient of → starts at 2/3 pile depth to → q = effective pressure at tip 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝛾 ′ 𝐺𝑠 − 1 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 Gyration/Curvature, Cc
𝑃𝑤,𝑠 = 𝛾𝑤 Δℎ𝑤 solid layer under clay Δ𝑃 = → Nq = soil bearing factor → Ff = μN
𝑖𝑐𝑟 = = 𝛾 (𝐿 + 𝑍)(𝑊 + 𝑍) → Fc = c (Area of slope)
→ Atip = area of tip
𝛾𝑤 1+𝑒 𝑤 1 1
2
𝐷30 COMPRESSIBILITYOF SOIL Stability Number, m
− 𝐶𝑐 = Compression Index, Cc Swell Index, Cs Pile in Clay Layer
𝛾𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑑 𝐷10 𝐷60 Clay Settlement
𝑐
Wt. of water added 𝐷𝑟 = → Skempton: 1 PRIMARY SETTLEMENT OF SOIL, Sc 𝑄𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶𝐿𝛼𝑃 𝑚=
1 1 Sorting Coefficient, So Undisturbed: 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐶𝑐 starts from 2L/3 𝛾𝐻
𝛥𝑊𝑤 = 𝑊𝑓 − 𝑊𝑖 − Normally Consolidated Soil:
𝛾𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) 5 𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑝 of pile to bottom Stability Factor, SF
Varying S 𝐷75 Over Consolidation Ratio 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + Δ𝑃 of clay layer
1
Dr Description
𝑆𝑜 = √ Remolded: 𝑆𝑐 = log ( ) → C = cohesion
𝛥𝑊𝑤 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉𝑓 −𝛾𝑖 𝑉𝑖 0-20 Very Loose 𝐷25 𝑃𝑐 1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 → L = length of pile 𝑆𝐹 =
20-40 Loose
𝐶𝑐 = 0.007(𝐿𝐿 − 10) 𝑂𝐶𝑅 = 𝑚
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑓 𝑒 − 𝑒′ 𝑃𝑜 → α = frictional factor
40-70 Medium Dense When (Po+ΔP) < Pc: Infinite Slope Analysis
Suitability Number, Sn 𝐶𝑐 = Coeff. of Volume → P = perimeter of pile
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙: 𝛾𝑖 = 𝛾𝑚 70-85 Dense 𝑃 + Δ𝑃 𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + Δ𝑃 Factor of Safety vs Sliding (w/o seepage)
85-100 Very Dense log ( 𝑜 ) Compressibility, mV → Nc = soil bearing factor
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒 3 1 1 𝑃 𝑎𝑣 𝑆𝑐 = log ( ) 𝑐 tan ∅
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙: 𝛾𝑓 = 𝛾 𝑜
𝑆𝑛 = 1.7√ 2 + 2 + 2 Coeff. of Compressibility, 1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 → Atip = area of tip
1+𝑒 𝑤 Burrow Pit Problems 𝐷50 𝐷20 𝐷10 aV 𝑚𝑣 = 𝐹𝑆 = +
1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 Design Capacity 𝛾𝐻 sin β cos 𝛽 tan 𝛽
𝑉𝑠1 = 𝑉𝑠2 Δ𝑒 𝑒1 − 𝑒2 When (Po+ΔP) > Pc: Efficiency
Varying Moisture Sn Rating 𝑎𝑣 = = Coeff. of Consolidation, CV
Content 𝑉𝑇1 𝑉𝑇2 0-10 Excellent Δ𝑃 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 2 𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝐶 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + Δ𝑃 𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 + 𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑄𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 Factor of Safety vs Sliding (with seepage)
𝐻𝑑𝑟 𝑇𝑛 𝑆𝑐 = log ( ) + log ( ) 𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝛥𝑊𝑤 = 𝑊𝑠 𝑤𝑓 − 𝑊𝑠 𝑤𝑖
=
1 + 𝑒1 1 + 𝑒2 10-20 Good Hydraulic Conductivity, k 𝐶𝑣 = 1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 1+𝑒 𝑃𝑐 𝑄𝑢 𝑄𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑐 𝛾 ′ tan ∅
20-30 Fair
𝑘 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑚𝑣 𝛾𝑤 𝑡 𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐹𝑆 = +
𝛾𝑑1 𝑉𝑇1 = 𝛾𝑑2 𝑉𝑇2 30-50 Poor 𝐹𝑆 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻 sin β cos 𝛽 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 tan 𝛽
DJR DIAMANTE
 PROPERTIES FLUID FLOW BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION OPEN CHANNELS: UNIFORM FLOW (S=SO) WEIRS
𝑊 𝑚 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2 Discharge, Q Velocity Velocity
𝛾= 𝜌= Volume flowrate → m3/s + + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿 + 𝐻𝐸 (Chezy-Manning) (Chezy)
𝑉 𝑉
Weight flowrate γQ → N/s
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 1 2/3 1/2
𝛾 1 → HL = head loss between pts. 1 and 2 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑣= 𝑅 𝑆 𝑣 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆
𝑠𝑔 = 𝑠𝑣 = Mass flowrate ρQ → kg/s 𝑛
→ HA = head added by PUMP
𝛾𝑤 𝜌 Chezy Coefficient, C
SERIES-PARALLEL PIPES → HE = head extracted by TURBINE
Pressure → Note: NO head loss if two points considered are (theoretical) (Manning) (Bazin)
Series Pipes just before and just after pump/turbine
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝛾ℎ 8𝑔 1 87
𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑓2 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑓𝑛
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 ± 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 Efficiency Power 𝐶=√ 𝐶 = 𝑅1/6 𝐶= 𝑚
→1 atm = 101.325 kPa
𝑄 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄𝑛
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝛾𝐸 𝑓 𝑛 1+ Rectangular Triangular (symmetrical only)
Parallel Pipes 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸 ℎ𝑝 = √𝑅 Considering velocity of approach: 8 𝜃
Equivalent Height (P1=P2) 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 746 Uniform Flow Shear Stress, τ
𝑠𝑔𝐴 𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑓1 = ℎ𝑓2 = ℎ𝑓𝑛 2 𝑣 2 3/2 2 3/2
𝑣 𝑄= 𝐶 √2𝑔 tan 𝐻 5/2
ℎ𝐵 = ℎ → POWER (POTI): Pump Output, Turbine Input 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + 𝐻𝐿; 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 𝜏 = 𝛾𝑅𝑆 𝑄 = 𝐶 √2𝑔𝐿 [(𝐻 + ) −( ) ] 15 2
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + ⋯ + 𝑄𝑛 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐻 5/2
𝑠𝑔𝐵 𝐴 → RATING (PITO): Pump Input, Turbine Output 3 2𝑔 2𝑔
MOST EFFICIENT SECTIONS When θ = 90°:
True Static Height, TSH MAJOR LOSSES IN PIPES Neglecting velocity of approach:
Rectangle Semi-circle Triangle 𝑄 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝐻 5/2
𝑇𝑆𝐻 = 𝑀𝐻 − ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑝 DAMS 2
[Step 1] Identify dam heel Darcy-Weisbach (f) Hazen-Williams (C) 𝑄 = 𝐶 √2𝑔𝐿𝐻 3/2
4𝜎 cos 𝜃 3 Cipolletti Weir
ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑝 = (upstream) and toe (downstream) 𝐿 𝑣2 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85 (symmetrical; slope 4V:1H; θ=75°57'50")
𝛾𝐷 [Step 2] Solve for all forces acting ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 ℎ𝑓 = 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝐻 3/2
→MH = measured height (horizontal and vertical). Neglect
𝐷 2𝑔 𝐶 1.85 𝐷4.87 Weir factor: 𝑄 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝐿𝐻 3/2
→h = capillary rise uplift if not stated in problem. 𝑄2 2 Dams
→σ = surface tension (N/m)
[Step 3] Solve for Resultant Forces
ℎ𝑓 = 0.0826𝑓𝐿 5 Trapezoid 𝑚 = 𝐶 √2𝑔
→θ= angle of contact with water 𝐷 3 𝑄 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝐿𝐻 3/2
𝑅𝑦 = Σ𝐹𝑦 𝑅𝑥 = Σ𝐹𝑥 Minimum Seepage
→γ = unit weight of fluid Manning Formula (n) Minor Loss, hm Francis Formula (C and m not given)
(trapezoid)
→D= diameter of tube [Step 4] Solve Righting Moment
𝑄2 𝑣2 𝜃 𝑄 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝐿𝐻 3/2
Gas Relationships (RM) and Overturning Moment ℎ𝑓 = 10.29𝑛2 𝐿 ℎ𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚 𝑏 = 4𝑑 tan
(OM) about the toe 𝐷16/3 2𝑔 2 Note:
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 𝑝 = 𝛾𝑅𝑇 Time Required to Discharge
[Step 5] Solve for Factors of Safety EGL Slope Hydraulic Radius, R Hydraulic Depth, D Circular 𝐻1 L’ = L suppressed
→p = abs. pressure (Pa)
FS against FS against
𝑑𝑉 𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ L’ = L – 0.1H singly contracted
→ρ = mass density (kg/m3) 𝐻𝐿 𝐴 𝐴 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑑 = 0.94𝐷 𝑑𝑡 = →𝑡=∫
→γ = unit weight (N/m3) Overturning Sliding 𝑆= 𝑅= 𝐷= 𝑄 𝑚𝐿𝐻 3/2 L’ = L – 0.2H doubly contracted
→T = abs. temp (K=°C+273) 𝜇𝑅𝑦 𝐿 𝑃 𝐵 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑑 = 0.81𝐷 𝐻2
𝑅𝑀
→R= gas constant (for air if not 𝐹𝑆𝑜 = 𝐹𝑆𝑠 = 2𝐴𝑠 1 1 C → coefficient of discharge
given ↓) 𝑂𝑀 𝑅𝑥 REYNOLD’S NUMBER → f ORIFICE: C.H. FROUDE NUMBER, NF CRITICAL DEPTH, dc 𝑡= ቈ − ቉
[Step 6] Locate Ry (𝑥̅ ) and e 𝑣 𝑚𝐿 √𝐻2 √𝐻1 v → velocity of approach
𝑁∙𝑚 𝑚 𝐷𝑣𝜌 𝐷𝑣 Constant Head: For all sections:
𝑅 = 287.4
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
= 29.3
𝑘 𝑂𝑀 − 𝑅𝑀 𝐵 𝑁𝑅 = = 𝑁𝐹 =
𝑥̅ = 𝑒 = | − 𝑥̅ | 𝜇 𝜗 𝑣 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔ℎ √𝑔𝑑𝑚 𝑄2 𝐴3 Percentage Error in Flow or Height W → channel width
𝑅𝑦 2 = → 𝑑𝑐
HYDROSTATIC FORCES → NR = Reynold’s number
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ NF = 1 Critical Flow 𝑔 𝐵 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝐻 3/2 Z → weir height
[Step 7] Foundation Pressure → D = pipe diameter (m) L → weir length
On Plane Surfaces If e ≤ B/6 → v = velocity of flow (m/s) NF < 1 Subcritical Flow 3 1
→ 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 For rectangular sections: 𝒅𝑸 = 𝑚𝐿 ( ) 𝐻 2 𝒅𝒉 H → weir head
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅ 𝐴 𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐 𝑅𝑦 6𝑒 → ρ = mass density (kg/m3) NF > 1 Supercritical Flow 2
𝑞= ± = (1 ± ) → μ = viscosity (Pa. s) → 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑎/𝐴𝑜 → NF = Froude number
On Curved Surfaces 𝐴 𝐼 𝐵 𝐵 → ϑ = kinematic viscosity (m2/s) → v = velocity of flow (m/s)
3 𝑞2 2
If e > B/6
→ 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑣/𝑣𝑡 𝑑𝑐 = √ = 𝐸𝑐
𝐹ℎ = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴 If NR < 2000, Laminar Flow → g = gravitational acc. (m/s2) 𝑔 3 HYDRODYNAMICS
2𝑅𝑦 𝑣2 1 → dm = hydraulic depth (A/B)
𝐹𝑣 = 𝛾𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 64 𝐻𝐿 = ( − 1) Force on the Jet (at right angle) Force of Pipe’s Bend and Reducer
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 𝑓= 2𝑔 𝐶𝑣2
3𝑥̅ 𝑁𝑅 → Constant discharge, Q: E is minimum at critical depth, dc; 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄𝑣 Σ𝐹𝑥 = Σ(𝑝𝑥 𝐴) + 𝑅𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑣𝑥2 − 𝑣𝑥1 )
𝐹= √𝐹ℎ2 + 𝐹𝑣2 → if there is pressure For other values of E, two possible depths (alternate depths)
If NR > 2000, Turbulent Flow For moving plane Σ𝐹𝑦 = Σ൫𝑝𝑦 𝐴൯ + 𝑅𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑣𝑦2 − 𝑣𝑦1 )
Circumferential Hoop Stress on the surface: → Constant specific energy, E: Q is maximum at critical depth, dc;
′ ′
𝐼 ℎ̅ Stress 1 𝜀 2.51 𝑝 For other values of Q, two possible depths (alternate depths) 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣
𝑒= 𝑦̅ = = −2 log ( + ) ℎ′ = ℎ + → A = area of flow → B = channel width
𝐴𝑦̅ cos 𝜃 𝑝𝐷 2𝑇 √𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑁𝑅 √𝑓 𝛾 → q = flowrate per meter width (m3/m∙s)
𝑣 ′ = 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦) Force on Curved Vane/Blade (V1=V2; P1=P2=0)
𝜎𝑡 = 𝑆= → Ec = critical specific energy Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝑅𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑣𝑥2 − 𝑣𝑥1 )
2𝑡(𝑒𝑓𝑓) 𝑝𝐷
BUOYANCY → 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0 ORIFICE: FALLING HEAD Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝑅𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑣𝑦2 − 𝑣𝑦1 )
Falling Head (General Formula): OPEN CHANNELS: NON-UNIFORM FLOW (S≠SO)
→σ = tensile stress →t = wall thickness
𝑊 = 𝐵𝐹 ℎ1 Accelerated Flow
→p = unit pressure →S =hoop spacing 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ GEOTECH
𝛾𝑤 𝑠𝑔𝑜 𝑉𝑜 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑠𝑔𝑓 𝑉𝑏𝑒𝑙 →D = inside diameter →T = tensile force 𝑄= → 𝑑𝑡 = →𝑡=∫ 𝑑1 > 𝑑2
𝑑𝑡 𝑄 Primary Consolidation
ℎ2 𝐶𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ 𝑣1 < 𝑣2
STABILITY OF MOVING VESSELS Time when water surfaces of two tanks will reach the same level Retarded Flow 𝑈12 𝑈22
FLOATING BODIES Horizontal Motion Inclined Motion 2𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠2 𝑑1 < 𝑑2 =
𝑎 𝑎𝐻 𝑡= ൫√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 ൯ 𝑡1 𝑡2
𝐵2 1 𝐶𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = [1 + tan2 𝜃] tan 𝜃 = 𝑔 tan 𝜃 =
𝑔 ± 𝑎𝑉
𝑣1 > 𝑣2 Absolute Permeability
12𝐷 2 Velocity
𝐼 Vertical Motion WATER HAMMER 1 2/3 1/2 𝜗𝑘
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = (𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙) 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑜 𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠 =
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ (1 ± ) Celerity, c 𝑛 𝜌𝑤
→MBo = dist. from metacenter to 𝑔 -Rigid Pipes -Non-rigid Pipes → ϑ = viscosity
center of buoyancy HYDRAULIC JUMP → k = coeff. of permeability
→B = width of vessel perpendicular Open Vessel Height of Jump → ρw = water density
𝐸𝐵 𝐸𝐶 1 1 𝑑
to rotating axis 𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟(𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟) − 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟(𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒) 𝑐=√ 𝑐=√ → = + Δ𝑑 = 𝑑2 − 𝑑1 Effective Particle Size
→D = draft → Tip: use volume of air to analyze volume 𝜌 𝜌 𝐸𝐶 𝐸𝐵 𝐸𝑡 Head Loss, HL 2
→θ = angle of tilt spilled 𝑘 = 𝑐𝐷10
→ c = celerity (m/s) 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + 𝐻𝐿 → k = coeff. of permeability
Metacentric Height, MG Closed Vessel → EB = bulk modulus of elasticity of fluid (Pa) → D10 = effective particle
→ EC = composite modulus of elasticity of fluid (Pa) Power Lost by Jump
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵𝑜 − 𝐺𝐵𝑜 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟(𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒) = 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟(𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟) size
(+), M above G, stable equilibrium → ρ = fluid density (kg/m3) 𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾(𝐻𝐿)
(–), M below G, unstable Rotating Vessel → d = internal diameter of pipe Solving for Flowrate, Q
2 2 2 2 → t = pipe wall thickness
(zero), M coincide with G, neutral
equilibrium
𝜔 𝑥 𝑥 𝑟 Time for pressure Pressure at Valve 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑣1 − 𝑣2 ) → 𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴
𝑦= = Q for Rectangular Sections Only
2𝑔 𝑦 ℎ wave for t (closure): rapid < 2L/c < slow
Righting/Overturning Moment
1 2𝐿 2𝐿 𝑞2 1
𝑀 = 𝐵𝐹 ∙ 𝑀𝐺 sin 𝜃 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑇= 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑐𝑣 = 𝜌𝑣 = (𝑑1 𝑑2 )(𝑑1 + 𝑑2 )
→BF = buoyant force or weight 2 𝑐 𝑡𝑐 𝑔 2

DJR DIAMANTE
2 CONCRETE:ULTIMATE STRENGTH SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM (SRB) DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM (DRB) CONCRETE: WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD) T-BEAM DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
DESIGN (USD) DESIGN DESIGN • Allowable Stresses (if not given) [Step 1] Assume 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡𝑓
• Based on Strain Diagram • No Loads Given • Given Loads Horizontal Members Vertical Members 𝒂
𝑓𝑐 = 0.45𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑠 = 0.5𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐 = 0.25𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑠 = 0.4𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝒂𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − )
ɛ𝑠 0.003 [Step 1] Solve for 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 [Step 1] Check if SRB or DRB using 𝜌 2
= 𝑇𝐶
𝑀𝑢 → 𝑅𝑛 → 𝜌 • Modular Ratio, n • No Load Factors 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑡𝑓 ; 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑅𝐵
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝑐 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 3 𝑑𝑡
𝝆𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝛽1 ( ) → n must be taken as nearest whole number & n ≥ 6 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑡𝑓 ; 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑎
` 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝑻𝑪 𝑓𝑦 8 𝑑
𝑰𝒇 𝝆 > 𝝆 𝒎𝒂𝒙 ;
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟒
𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑫𝑹𝑩
→ for DRB, use n for Tension and 2n for Compression
ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) [Step 2] Solve for 𝑎
𝑐 [Step 2] Solve for 𝑀𝑛1
[Step 2] Solve for no. of bars, 𝐴𝑆 → 𝑁 WSD: SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM (CRACKED) 𝑡𝑓 𝒂
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 𝑀𝑛 = (0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴1 ) (𝑑 − ) + (0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝒂𝑏𝑤 ) (𝑑 − )
𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( ) 𝐴𝑠 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 𝑇𝐶 [Step 1] Solve for modular ratio, 𝑛 2 2
𝑐 𝑵= = 𝑇𝐶 2 3 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 [Step 3] Solve for no. of bars, 𝐴𝑆 → 𝑁
𝐴𝑏 𝜋𝑑𝑏 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 𝒏= =
𝑇𝐶 8 𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶=𝑇
ɛ𝑠 + 0.003 0.003 4 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥
= • Given Loads 𝑇𝐶 [Step 2] Locate PNA, 𝑥 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴1 + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑤 = 𝑨𝒔 𝑓𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑐 𝑴𝒏𝟏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑆
[Step 1] Solve for 𝑴𝒖 2 𝐴𝑦̅𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝐴𝑦̅𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
0.003𝑑𝑡 𝑵= =
𝑐= [Step 2] Solve for coefficient of [Step 3] Solve for additional steel 𝑏𝒙2 𝐴𝑏 𝜋𝑑𝑏2
0.003 + ɛ𝑠 Resistance, 𝑅𝑛 area 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝒙) 4
600𝑑𝑡 2
𝑐= 𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢 /𝜙 = 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2 [Step 3] Solve for Moment of Inertia, 𝐼𝑁𝐴
600 + 𝑓𝑠 𝑹𝒏 = T-BEAM INVESTIGATION
𝜙𝑏𝑑 2 𝑀𝑢 /𝜙 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 𝑏𝑥 3
𝑰𝑵𝑨 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑥)2 [Step 1] Solve for 𝑎. Assume 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡𝑓
[Step 3] Solve for steel ratio, 𝜌 [Step 4] Solve no. of tension bars, 𝑁 3
ɛ′𝑠 0.003 𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝐶=𝑇
[Step 4] Solve for Stress or Moment Capacity
= 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛 𝑵= = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝒂𝑏𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝑐 𝝆= ቎1 − √1 − ቏ 𝐴𝑏 𝜋𝑑𝑏2 Concrete Tension Steel
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑀𝑐 𝑥 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑡𝑓 ; 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑅𝐵
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 4 𝑓𝑠 𝑀𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑥)
ɛ′𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) [Step 5] Solve for 𝑓𝑠′ 𝑓𝑐 = = 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑡𝑓 ; 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑎
𝑐 Check: 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑛 𝐼𝑁𝐴 [Step 1.1] Recompute for 𝑎
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝐼𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌 𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓𝑠′ = 600 ( ) 𝑇𝐶 𝑓𝑠′ = 600 ( ) WSD: DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM (CRACKED) 𝐶=𝑇
𝑐 𝐼𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌; 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑐 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴1 + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝒂𝑏𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
[Step 1] Solve for modular ratio, 𝑛
𝐼𝑓 𝜌 > 𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐷𝑅𝐵 Check:
• 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 0.004
𝐼𝑓 𝑓𝑠′ ≥ 𝑓𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 [Step 2] Verify if tension steel yields
[Step 4] Solve for no. of bars, 𝐴𝑆 → 𝑁
𝒏= = 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
• Provisions for 𝜷𝟏 : 𝐼𝑓 𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓𝑦 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠′ 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴′𝑠 𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( )
0.65 ≤ 𝛽1 ≤ 0.85 𝐴𝑠 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
[Step 6] Solve for compression steel area, 𝐴′𝑠 [Step 2] Locate PNA, 𝑥 𝑐
*2010 NSCP
𝑵= = 𝑇𝐶 2 𝐴𝑦̅𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝐴𝑦̅𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑓 ɛ𝑠 ≥ 0.005; 𝑇𝐶; 𝜙 = 0.90
𝐴𝑏 𝜋𝑑𝑏 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝑁𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠1
0.05 ′ 𝑏𝒙2 [Step 3] Solve for Design Flexural Strength, 𝜙𝑀𝑛
(𝑓𝑐 − 28) 4 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇2 + (2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑆′ (𝒙 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝒙)
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
7 *Considering displaced concrete 2
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM (SRB) [Step 3] Solve for Moment of Inertia, 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑀𝑢
• Steel Ratio 𝑨′𝒔 (𝑓𝑠′ − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ) = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
INVESTIGATION
[Step 7] Solve no. of comp. bars, 𝑁 ′
𝑏𝑥 3 𝜙
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 600 𝑑𝑡 𝑰𝑵𝑨 = + (2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑆′ (𝒙 − 𝑑 ′ )2 + 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑥)2
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝛽1 ( ) • Given Reinforcement 𝐴′𝑠 𝐴′𝑠 3 𝑴𝒖 𝑡𝑓 𝑎
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 [Step 1] Solve for steel stress, 𝑓𝑠 𝑵′ = = 𝑴𝒏 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴1 (𝑑 − ) + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑤 (𝑑 − )
= [Step 4] Solve for Stress or Moment Capacity 𝝓 2 2
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 3 𝑑𝑡 𝐶=𝑇 𝐴𝑏 𝜋𝑑𝑏2 Concrete Tension Steel Compression Steel 𝑴𝒖 𝑎
𝜌 max = 𝛽1 ( ) 600𝑑𝑡 4 𝑀𝑐 𝑥 𝑓𝑠 𝑀𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑥) 𝑓𝑠′ 𝑀𝑠′ (𝑥 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑴𝒏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
0.004 𝑓𝑦 7 𝑑 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝒇𝒔 ; 𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐 = = = 𝝓 2
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 3 𝑑𝑡 600 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑛 𝐼𝑁𝐴 2𝑛 𝐼𝑁𝐴
𝜌max = 𝛽1 ( ) 600𝑑𝑡 0 BEAM DESIGN FOR SHEAR AND FLEXURE
𝑇𝐶 𝑓𝑦 8 𝑑 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 [ ] 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝒇𝒔 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM (DRB) T-BEAM EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH
[Step 1] Solve for 𝑉𝑢 NSCP Provisions for max. stirrups
600 + 𝒇𝒔 INVESTIGATION
1.4 √𝑓𝑐′ 2010 NSCP, 𝒃𝒇 ∑𝐹 = 0; 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 spacing
Check: [Step 1] Solve for 𝑐
𝜌min = 𝜌min = I. INTERIOR BEAM II. EXTERIOR BEAM 𝑽𝒖 = 𝑅 − 𝑤𝑢 𝑑 𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 < 0.5𝜙𝑉𝑐 → 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 4𝑓𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠
𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 𝑠1 𝑠2 𝑠1 [Step 2] Solve for 𝑉𝑐 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
0.35𝑏𝑤 𝒔
• Design Conditions *Considering displaced concrete 𝑏𝑤 + + 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑓𝑦𝑡
[Step 2] Solve for 𝑎 𝒄 − 𝑑′ 2 2 2 𝑽𝒄 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 𝑻𝑪, 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟗 𝐼𝑓 0.5𝜙𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝐶=𝑇 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽1 𝒄)𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 [600 ( ) − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ] = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑤 + 16ℎ𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑤 + 6ℎ𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 *For circular sections
0.35𝑏𝑤 𝒔
𝑎 < 𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑎 < 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝒄
𝑇𝐶 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝒂𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 [Step 2] Verify if tension steel yields 𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑽𝒄 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ (0.8𝐷2 ) 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦𝑡
ɛ𝑡 > ɛ𝑏𝑎𝑙 ɛ𝑡 > 0.005 [Step 3] Solve for nominal strength, 𝑀𝑛 𝑏𝑤 + [Step 3] Solve for 𝑉𝑠
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 4 12
𝑑
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 600𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎 ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) 𝑉𝑢 2
𝑇𝐶 𝑴𝒏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) 𝑐 2015 NSCP, 𝒃𝒇 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑽𝒔
2 𝜙 𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.33√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑎 𝑖𝑓 ɛ𝑠 ≥ 0.005; 𝑇𝐶; 𝜙 = 0.90 I. INTERIOR BEAM II. EXTERIOR BEAM
0.35𝑏𝑤 𝒔
𝑴𝒏 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) [Step 3] Solve for Design Flexural Strength, 𝜙𝑀𝑛 𝑠1 𝑠2 𝑠1 [Step 4] Solve for theoretical 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
SRB / DRB INVESTIGATION 2 𝑏𝑤 + + 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 stirrups spacing/
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 /𝑏𝑑 [Step 4] Solve for reduction factor, 𝜙 2 2 2 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝑛𝑑
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 3 𝑑𝑡 𝑐 − 𝑑′ strength requirement, 𝑠 𝑉𝑠 =
𝜌 max = 𝛽1 ( ) Interpolate: 𝑓𝑠′ = 600 ( ) 𝑏𝑤 + 16ℎ𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑤 + 6ℎ𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝑛𝑑 𝒔
𝑓𝑦 7 𝑑 𝑑
0.004 Steel Strain, ɛ𝒔 𝝓 𝑐 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠 = 𝑜𝑟 600𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑛,𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑙𝑛,𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝒔 2
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 3 𝑑𝑡 ɛ𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦 /𝐸 0.65 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑏𝑤 +
𝜌max = 𝛽1 ( ) = 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2 4 12 𝐼𝑓 0.33√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 < 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.67√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑇𝐶 𝑓𝑦 8 𝑑 𝜙 𝑓𝑦𝑡 → steel strength of steel 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝑀𝑢 𝑎 𝑉𝑠 =
SRB ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) 𝝓
= 𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑠 ) (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER reinforcement 𝒔
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 ; 𝑇𝐶 𝑐 𝜙 2 𝐴𝑣 → area of stirrup 𝑑
𝑇𝐶
𝑠 = 𝑜𝑟 300𝑚𝑚
0.005 0.90 𝑴𝒖 𝑎 20 mm → slab 𝑛 → no. of shear legs 4
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑴𝒏 = (0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏) (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
′
𝜙 → 0.75 for shear
0.004 [Step 5] Solve for Design Flexural 40 mm → beam 𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑠 > 0.66√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 → 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
DRB
𝝓 2 → column NOTE: s takes least value
Strength, 𝜙𝑀𝑛 𝑴𝒖 𝑎
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 75 mm → footings
0.004 𝝓𝑴𝒏 = 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑴𝒏 = ൫𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ൯ (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) → exposed to earth
𝝓 2
DJR DIAMANTE
 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS, 𝝓 SHALLOW FOOTING AXIAL DESIGN SHALLOW FOOTING BENDING DESIGN FLOOR LOAD DISTRIBUTION PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN (PSC)
NSCP 2010/2015 Footing Area (use unfactored loads) Critical Section: • One-way Slab, S/L ≤ 0.5; HOMOGENOUS BEAM CONCEPT
a) Flexure w/o axial load (TC)………0.90 𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑡 1) RC Column, Pedestal, Wall: at face 𝑤𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑠
b) Moment, axial force, or combined 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 2) Masonry Wall: halfway between center and edge of [Step 1] Transform beam into homogenous section
moment and axial force…...0.65-0.90 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐴 wall
With moment/eccentricity • Two-way Slab, S/L > 0.5 (for one side) If n is given, 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑔 + 𝐴𝑝𝑠 (𝑛 − 1)
c) Shear and Torsion………………….0.75 3) Steel Column with Base Plate: halfway between face
→ solution similar to dams
d) Compression w/ flexure of column and edge of base plate
𝑞𝑠 If n is not given, 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑔
1) Tie………………………………….0.65 4) Circular/Regular Polygon: convert to square member 𝑤𝑢,𝑆 =
2) Spiral………………………………0.75 Wide-beam Shear (One Way) of equal area 3 [Step 2] Locate Neutral Axis
e) Bearing on concrete……………...0.65 → d from column face, along bwd [Step 3] Analyze using Combined Stress Formula
f) Post-tensioned anchorage………0.85 𝑉𝑢,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑞𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑏𝑤 𝑥 Bending Moment, Mu 𝑞𝑠 3 − 𝑚2 𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐 𝑀𝑐
𝑥2 𝑤𝑢,𝐿 = ( ) 𝜎=− ± ±
𝑉𝑢,𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝜙𝑉𝑛 = 𝜙0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑏𝑤 3 2 𝐴 𝐼 𝐼
SHORT COLUMN DESIGN 𝑉𝑢,𝑎𝑐𝑡 2 (+) 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Nominal Axial Strength at e=0, 𝑃𝑜 𝜏𝑣,𝑛 = → design of main and temp. bars similar to beam/slab (−) 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑠 𝜙𝑏𝑤 𝑑 design ONE-WAY SLAB MINIMUM THICKNESS (NSCP)
𝑀𝑢 → 𝑅𝑛 → 𝜌 → 𝑁
𝑃𝑜 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ൫𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ൯ + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 Punching Shear (Two Way) Cantilever Simple One End Both Ends
Limits for Reinforcement → d/2 from column face, along bodave Minimum Steel Reinforcement: support
𝑉𝑢,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑞𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑢 − 𝑞𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑖𝑛 √𝑓𝑐′ Slab L/10 L/20 L/24 L/28
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝑨𝒈 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝑨𝒈
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓𝑐′ > 31.36
NSCP Provision for min. no of bars 𝑉𝑢,𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝜙𝒗𝒄 𝑏𝑜 𝑑 4𝑓𝑦 𝑤 Factor for fy other than 415/420:
3 bars → triangular column 1 2 𝐿 1.4 𝑓𝑦
4 bars → TIED rec. or circular column (1 + ) 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽=[ ] 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑑 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 31.36 [0.4 + ]
6 𝛽 𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑦 𝑤 700
6 bars → SPIRAL column
1 𝛼𝑠 𝑑
𝑰𝒄𝒐𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝑰𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑣𝑐 = ( + 2) 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝛼𝑠 = 40,30,20 0.0020 @275/280 ONE-WAY SLAB DESIGN
12 𝑏𝑜 𝜌 𝑏 ℎ
{ 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑤 0.0018 @415/420 [Step 1] Solve for Ultimate Moment, Mu
TIED SHORT COLUMN DESIGN 1 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝑊𝐷 + 1.6𝑊𝐿
𝑃𝑛 = 0.8𝑃𝑜 { 𝑐 Reinforcement along Short Direction, within B: INDETERMINACY
3 𝑊𝑢 𝐿2
𝑃𝑢 = 𝜙0.8𝑃𝑜 ; 𝑉𝑢,𝑎𝑐𝑡 2 𝐿 𝑀𝑢 =
𝜙 = 0.65 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙. 𝜏𝑣,𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠,𝐵 = 𝛾𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = ( ); 𝛽 = 8 Instability Mechanisms:
𝜙𝑏𝑜 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑒 1 + 𝛽 𝐵 *Or using Moment Coefficient Method
𝑃𝑢 = 𝜙0.8[0.85𝑓𝑐′ ൫𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ൯ + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 ] 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = (1 − 𝛾𝑠 )𝐴𝑠 1) Rigid-body motion
[Step 2] Solve for Slab thickness, h
2) Members do not resist instantaneously (racking)
*Using NSCP Provisions
Eccentricity Requirement 3) Reactions are concurrent
DEEP FOUNDATION/PILE DESIGN [Step 3] Solve for effective depth, d
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝑯 → for TIED columns SHORT COLUMN PNA 4) Reactions are parallel
𝑃 𝑀𝑥 𝑦 𝑀𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑏
𝑅𝑥̅𝑝 = ∑𝑀 𝑅= ± ± 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 −
𝑛 ∑𝑦 2 ∑𝑥 2 2 Planar Case (2D)
NSCP Provision for ties spacing Concrete: Steel: [Step 4] Solve for steel ratio, ρ
𝑠 ≤ 16𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 Shear Design: Beams DI = R – 3 – C
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 ൫𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ൯ • Pile outside crit. section, produce shear
𝑀𝑢 → 𝑅𝑛 → 𝜌
𝑠 ≤ 48𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
• Pile inside crit. section, produce no shear [Step 5] Check minimum steel ratio, ρmin Frames DI = R + 3M – 3J – C DI = 3 ∙ (no of loops)
𝑠 ≤ 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 SHORT COLUMN under • Pile with intermediate position, interpolate 1.4 √𝐹𝑐′ Trusses DI = R + M – 2J Set aside a pair of PIN
SPIRAL SHORT COLUMN DESIGN AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and ROLLER
1) Strain Compatibility Solution FRAME ANALYSIS: 𝑓𝑦 4𝑓𝑦 → count additional
𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑃𝑜
Design Axial Strength, ϕPn SHEAR AND MOMENT COEFF. METHOD 0.0020 @275/280 reactions
𝑃𝑢 = 𝜙0.85𝑃𝑜 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑏ℎ
𝑃𝑛 = ∑𝐹 0.0018 @415/420 → count redundant
𝜙 = 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙. members (one in
𝑃𝑢 = 𝜙0.85[0.85𝑓𝑐′ ൫𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ൯ + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 ] Design Flexural Strength, ϕMn 𝐼𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌
cross-bracing)
∑𝑀𝑃𝑁𝐴 = 0; 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑃𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐼𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
Eccentricity Requirement Eccentricity, e [Step 6] Solve for number of main bars, N 3D Case
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝑯 → for SPIRAL columns 𝑒 = 𝑀𝑛 /𝑃𝑛 𝐴𝑆 Beams DI = R – 6 – C
𝑁=
2) Load-Interaction Diagram 𝐴𝑏 Frames DI = R + 6M – 6J – C DI = 6 ∙ (no of
Minimum spiral steel ratio 3) Bresler’s Reciprocal Equation for [Step 7] Solve for spacing of main bars, S VERTICAL loops)
0.45𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending 𝑏
𝝆𝒔 = ( − 1) Trusses DI = R + M – 3J
1 1 1 1 𝑆=
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑐𝐻 𝑁
= + −
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑛 𝑃𝑛𝑥 𝑃𝑛𝑦 𝑃𝑜 Check vs Smax R = no. of reactions
𝜌𝑠 = = 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3ℎ 𝑜𝑟 450𝑚𝑚 M = no. of members
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑐𝐻 𝒔 J = no. of joints (pts. Where at least 2 members meet)
2 LONG or SLENDER COLUMN under [Step 8] Solve for number of temp. bars, Nt
𝜋𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑖 C = total no. of equations of condition
(𝜋𝐷𝑐𝐻 ) 2
𝜋𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑖 AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING NSCP Provision for ρtemp DI = 0 → Statically Determinate
𝜌𝑠 = 4 2 = Based on NSCP 410.11 i. Fy=275/280 ρtemp=0.0020 DI = negative → Unstable
𝜋𝐷𝑐𝐻 𝐷𝑐𝐻 ∙ 𝑠 𝒌𝒍𝒖 ii. Fy=415/420 ρtemp=0.0018
∙𝑠
4
→ 𝐷𝑐𝐻 = 𝐷 − 2𝑐𝑐
𝒓
→ 𝑙𝑢 unsupported length of col
iii. Fy>415/420 ρtemp=0.0018(400/fy) External Support Equations of Condition
𝜌𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑏ℎ No. of
Spiral pitch, s (center to center) → 𝑟 = √𝐼/𝐴 = 0.3H (rec) = 0.25D (circ) Support
Unknowns
Connection Known
2 𝑁=
𝜋𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑖 → k, from ψ at joints 𝐴𝑏 Cable/Link 1 Internal Fixed 0
𝜌𝑠 = ∑[𝐸𝐼/𝑙𝑢]𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 [Step 9] Solve for spacing of temp bars, St Roller/Rocker 1 Internal Hinge 1
𝐷𝑐𝐻 ∙ 𝒔 𝜓= Smooth Pin-
∑[𝐸𝐼/𝑙𝑢]𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑏 1 Internal Slider 1
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25 + 𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑖 connected collar
Euler’s Buckling Load/Crit. Load, Pc 𝑆= Pin/Hinge 2 Internal Roller 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑠 < 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑖 𝑁 Slider/Guide 2
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 Check vs Smax Fixed 3
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75 + 𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑖 𝑃𝑐 =
(𝑘𝑙𝑢 )2 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5ℎ 𝑜𝑟 450𝑚𝑚 Ball and socket 3
𝑖𝑓 𝑠 > 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥

DJR DIAMANTE
 AXIAL SHEAR TORSION STEEL BEAMS: ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS, Fb STEEL: PLASTIC SECTION ANALYSIS STEEL BOLT STRESS DUE TO LOAD, MOMENT, AND FLEXURE STEEL: LRFD
Axial Stress Shear Stress Shear Stress [Step 1] Check if Laterally Supported (L ≤ Lc) [Step 1] Locate Plastic Neutral Axis, PNA • STRESS DUE TO LOAD ONLY →Analysis uses Load Factors
𝑃 𝑉 𝑇𝑟 L – unsupported length Flexure:
𝜎= 𝜏= 𝜏= 𝐴𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆𝐼𝑂𝑁 = 𝐴𝑇𝐸𝑁𝑆𝐼𝑂𝑁 or 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝑂𝑉𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐿𝑂𝑊 Direct Load per Bolt, Pd Shear Stress Due to Load, fv
𝐴 𝐴 𝐽 Lc - unbraced Length smaller of: 𝑃 𝑃𝑑 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥
[Step 2] Sove for Plastic Modulus, Zx 𝑃𝑑 = 𝑓𝑣 =
Axial Strain Shear Strain Shear Strain
200𝑏𝑓 137900 Shear:
𝑜𝑟 𝑍𝑥 = Σ|𝐴𝑦̅𝑃𝑁𝐴 | 𝑛𝑏 𝐴𝑏
𝛿 𝛿𝑠 𝛿𝑠 𝑟𝜃 𝑑 Plastic Shape Factor, 𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑛 𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑡𝑤
𝜀= 𝛾= 𝛾= = √𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦 ( ) [Step 3] Sove for Plastic • STRESS DUE TO MOMENT ONLY
𝐿𝑜 𝐿𝑜 𝐿𝑜 𝐿 𝐴𝑓 PSF →Shear Yield Stress for Welds
Moment Strength, Mp →with in-plane lateral eccentricity
Angle of Twist →If laterally supported (L ≤ Lc), proceed with code (check if
Modulus of Modulus of 𝑀𝑃 𝑍𝑥 Load at SPECIFIC BOLT (rx,ry), Pmx Pmy
𝐹𝑣 = 0.6𝐹𝑢
Elasticity Rigidity 𝑇𝐿 compact, partially compact, or non-compact section); 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑃𝑆𝐹 = 𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑇𝑟𝑥 Axial Tension (gross area):
𝜎 𝜏 𝜃= otherwise, proceed to Step 2 𝑍𝑥 𝑆𝑥
𝐸= 𝐺= 𝐽𝐺 𝑃𝑚𝑥 = 𝑃𝑚𝑦 = 𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅൫𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 ൯
𝜀 𝛾 [Step 2] If Laterally Unsupported (L > Lc) Σ(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) Σ(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
Axial
Polar Moment →If laterally unsupported (L > Lc), proceed with code (check if STEEL CONNECTIONS: BOLTS Axial Tension (net area):
Shear of Inertia
2 + 𝑃2
𝑃𝑚 = √𝑃𝑚𝑥
Deformation Deformation intermediate, long, or short beam) →standard hole size = (bolt diameter) + 3mm 𝑚𝑦 𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅(𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 )
4
𝑃𝐿 𝜋𝑟 Tens. on Gross Area of Plate Tens. on Net Area of Plate
𝑉𝐿 𝐽 = (2) →T = net moment about centroid of bolts Axial Compression:
𝛿= 𝛿𝑠 = 4 STEEL COLUMNS: ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE STRESS, Fa 𝑃 𝑇 𝑃 𝑇
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐺 𝑓𝑡 = = 0.6𝐹𝑦 = 𝑓𝑡 = = 0.5𝐹𝑢 = →rx ry = absolute hor. & ver. distance of specific bolt from
[Step 1] Check if Short or Long Column (KL/r vs Cc) 𝐴𝑔 𝑡𝑝 𝑏𝑝 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑝 (𝑏𝑝 − Σ∅ℎ ) centroid of bolts; usually farthest; has maximum
𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅൫𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 ൯
HELICAL SPRING Shear Connectors Compression Slenderness Ratio Critical Buckling Stress/ reaction vs load and moment →Fcr solved using NSCP
Index, Cc →LARGER is CRITICAL Euler Buckling, Fcr Bolt Shear Stress Bolt Bearing Stress
Maximum Shear Stress 𝑅𝐼 →∑(x +y ) = sum of bolt distances from centroid of bolts
2 2
Deflection: (simply supported)
Inner Part of Spring 𝑠= 2
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 Shear Stress on SPECIFIC BOLT Due to Moment, fv
𝑉𝑄 2𝜋 2 𝐸 𝐾𝐿 𝜋 𝐸 𝑓𝑣 = = 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑓𝑝 = = 1.5𝐹𝑢 = 5𝑤𝑜 𝐿4
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑 s = pitch of
𝑐𝑐 = √ 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑏 𝑛𝑏 𝑛𝑣 𝐴𝑝 𝑡𝑝 ∅𝑏 𝑛𝑏 𝑃𝑚 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜏= (1 + ) 𝐹𝑦 𝑟 (𝐾𝐿/𝑟)2 𝑓𝑣 = 384𝐸𝐼
connectors
𝜋𝑑 3 4𝑅 R = connector shear
Block Shear 𝐴𝑏
→ If (KL/r) ≤ Cc, Short Column → If (KL/r) > Cc, Long Column 𝑃 = 𝑓𝑡 𝐴𝑡 + 𝑓𝑣 𝐴𝑣 A36 STEEL PROPERTIES
Outer Part of Spring resistance
2 • STRESS DUE TO LOAD and MOMENT
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑 I = INA of section (𝑘𝐿/𝑟) 12 𝜋 𝐸 𝑃 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑡 + 0.3𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 Yield Strength, Fy (MPa)
V = shear force 𝛼= 𝐹𝑎 = Load at SPECIFIC BOLT (rx,ry) Bolt Stress, fv
𝜏= (1 − ) Fy=248
𝜋𝑑 3 4𝑅 Q = first moment of 𝐶𝑐 23 (𝑘𝐿/𝑟)2 Staggard Bolts 2 𝑃𝑇
area about the 5 3 1 𝑃𝑇 = √(𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑚𝑥 )2 + ൫𝑃𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑚𝑦 ൯ 𝑓𝑣 = Tensile Strength, Fu (MPa)
Spring Deformation/ NA of elements 𝐹𝑆 = + 𝛼 − 𝛼 3 𝑃 ℎ2 𝐴𝑏 Fy=400
Deflection whose sliding is 3 8 8 𝑓𝑡 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 = ; 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑡𝑝 ቈ𝑏𝑝 − Σ∅ℎ + Σ ( )቉ →(+) if bolt reaction to load and torsion is upward or to right →IF Fy not given, use 248 or 345
resisted by 1 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 4𝑣
64𝑃𝑅 3 𝑛 →(–) if bolt reaction to load and torsion is downward or to left
𝛿= connectors 𝐹𝑎 = [1 − 𝛼 2 ]
𝐺𝑑 4 Shear Flow
2 𝐹𝑆 STEEL: BEARING PLATE BENDING • TENSILE STRESS DUE TO FLEXURE STEEL: EFFECTIVE NET AREA
P = load on spring Assuming plate is LARGE →Fp = allowable bearing stress →with off-plane eccentricity FOR ELEMENTS > 1
R = mean radius 𝑉𝑄 STEEL: COMBINED STRESSES IN BEAMS & COLUMNS Allowable Bearing Pressure →fp = actual bearing stress
d = diameter 𝑞= Tensile Stress on Bolt due Moment, ft 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛
𝐼 Axial Tension and Bending on Concrete, Fp: →A1 = area of bearing plate 𝑀𝑐 (𝑃𝑒)𝑐
n = no. of turns Where:
G = shear modulus 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦 →A2 = maximum area of 𝑓𝑡 = = →Ae = effective net area
+ + ≤ 1.0 𝐴2 concrete support that is Σ(𝐼𝑁𝐴 + 𝐴𝑦 2 ) 𝐴Σ𝑦 2
Euler-Bernoulli Flexural/Horizontal 𝐹𝑡 𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦 𝐹𝑝 = 0.35𝑓𝑐′ √ ≤ 0.7𝑓𝑐′ →An = net area
geometrically similar to →c = vertical distance of farthest bolt from centroid of bolts
Bending Equation Shear Stress 𝐴1 →U = reduction factor; specified
Axial Compression and Bending the base plate 𝑥̅
𝑓𝑏 𝑀 𝐸 𝑉𝑄 𝑓𝑎 Actual Bearing Pressure WELD STRESS DUE TO LOAD, MOMENT, AND FLEXURE =1 −
= = 𝑓𝑣 = A) When ≤ 0.15 on Concrete, fp • STRESS DUE TO LOAD ONLY 𝐿
𝑦 𝐼 𝜌 𝐼𝐵 𝐹𝑎 →Fb = allowable bending stress
𝑃 = 0.75Fy Force per unit length, Pd Shear Stress Due to Load, fv ALLOWABLE WELD SHEAR
For built-up members: Max fv for tri. and rec.:
𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑏 =
3𝑉 + + ≤ 1.0 →fp = actual bearing stress 𝑃 𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑 STRENGTH
1 1 𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦 𝐴1 𝑃𝑑 = 𝑓𝑣 = =
𝑓𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = →tp = thickness of plate 𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒 0.707𝑡 𝐹
= 2𝐴 𝑓𝑎 Thickness of Plate, tp →Lb = length of bending
𝜌1 𝜌2 B) When > 0.15 𝐹𝑣 = 0.3𝐹𝑢 =
Max fv for circle: 𝐹𝑎 3𝑓𝑝 𝐿2𝑏 beyond contact (larger • STRESS DUE TO MOMENT ONLY 𝑡𝑒𝐿
𝑀1 𝑀2 4𝑉 𝑓𝑎 𝐶𝑚𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝑓𝑏𝑦 𝐹𝑏 = value) [0.8b or 0.95d] →with in-plane lateral eccentricity WELD ELECTRODE STRENGTH, Fu
= 𝑓𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + + ≤ 1.0 𝒕𝟐𝒑 Force per unit length, Pd (rx,ry), Pmx Pmy 𝐹𝑢 = (E)(𝟔. 𝟗) → 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐸2 𝐼2 3𝐴 𝐹𝑎 𝑓 𝐹 𝑓 𝐹
(1 − ′𝑎 ) 𝑏𝑥 (1 − ′𝑎 ) 𝑏𝑦 𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑇𝑟𝑥 Example: E-60 Electrode
𝐹 𝑒𝑥 𝐹 𝑒𝑦 STEEL: WEB YIELDING 𝑃𝑚𝑥 = 𝑃𝑚𝑦 = 𝐹𝑢 = 60(6.9) = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
STEEL: STRESS Moment of Inertia, I
→due to force on flange along a plate with length N transferred 𝐿2 𝐿2
→For symmetrical and Σ 𝐿 ( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 ) Σ 𝐿 ( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2)
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟: 𝑓𝑣 ≤ 𝐹𝑣 to web at depth k projected to an area with 1V:2.5H slope 12 12 STEEL WELD LOADS DUE TO
General/ Flexural
Ix = Imax & Iy = Imin 𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
→For non-symmetrical, + + ≤ 1.0 Web Yielding under Web Yielding AT SUPPORT LOAD AND MOMENT
/Hor. Shear Stress 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦 INTERIOR LOAD 𝑃𝑚 = 2
√𝑃𝑚𝑥+ 2
𝑃𝑚𝑦
Imin & Imax Vertical Force per Unit Length of
𝑉𝑄 Steps: →where: 𝑃 𝑃 Weld, Pd
𝑓𝑣 = 1) Solve for Ix & Iy 2 ≤ 0.66𝐹𝑦 ≤ 0.66𝐹𝑦 →T = net moment about centroid of welds
𝐼𝐵 12𝜋 𝐸 𝑡𝑤 (𝑁 + 5𝑘) 𝑡𝑤 (𝑁 + 2.5𝑘) → rx, ry = absolute hor. & ver. distance of specific weld corner from 𝑃
Average Shear Stress
2) Solve for Ixy 𝐹′𝑒 = centroid of welds; has maximum reaction vs load and
𝑃𝑑 =
𝐼𝑥𝑦 = Σ𝐴(𝑥𝑦)𝐶𝐺 23(𝑘𝐿𝑏 /𝑟𝑏 )2 𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑉 →L = unsupported length about axis of bending STEEL: COMBINED STRESSES IN BEAMS moment
3) Plot on Mohr’s b
𝑓𝑣 = →rb = radius of gyration about axis of bending Roof Purlin Analysis →L = individual weld length Horizontal Force per Unit Length
𝑑𝑡𝑤 Circle
Loads: → x, y = coordinates of individual weld centroids from centroid of of Weld due to Eccentric Load, Pm
(Ix, Ixy) & (Iy, -Ixy) →Sidesway NOT Prevented
𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑒: 𝑓𝑏 ≤ 𝐹𝑏 • Roof Dead and Live Loads (Pressure) welds 𝑀𝑐 𝑃𝑒𝑐
4) Solve for Imin & 𝐶𝑚 = 0.85 →directed vertically downward Shear Stress on SPECIFIC WELD POINT Due to Moment, fv 𝑃𝑚 = =
Bending Stress 𝐼 𝐼
Imax
𝑀𝑐 𝑀 →Sidesway Prevented →obtain uniform load by multiplying pressure to purlin center- 𝑃𝑚 (1)ℎ3
𝑓𝑣 = = Effective Length 1) For members subject to transverse loading between their to-center spacing 𝑓𝑣 = →𝐼=
𝐼 𝑆𝑥 Factor, k supports • Wind Loads (Pressure)
𝑡𝑒 12
→c = farthest point of weld from
rt – radius of gyration K Description 𝐶𝑚 = 0.85 →directed perpendicular to roof surface • STRESS DUE TO LOAD and MOMENT weld centroid
of compression 1.0 Pinned-Pinned For member whose ends are restrained against →multiply wind pressure coefficients accordingly Load at SPECIFIC WELD POINT (rx,ry) Weld Stress, fv
→Assume te=1mm if not
flange plus 1/3 of the 0.7 Pinned-Fixed
rotation in the plane of bending →Windward: towards roof; Leeward: (suction) away from roof
0.5 Fixed-Fixed 2 𝑃𝑇 provided
compression web 𝐶𝑚 = 1.0 Analysis: 𝑃𝑇 = √(𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑚𝑥 ) + ൫𝑃𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑚𝑦 ൯
2 𝑓𝑣 =
area about the y axis For member whose end/s are unrestrained against • Obtain resultant forces along y-axis of purlin, solve for Mx→fbx 𝑡𝑒
→if Problem states: “due to
rotation in the plane of bending • Obtain resultant forces along x-axis of purlin, solve for My→fby →(+) if weld reaction to load and torsion is upward or to right eccentric load”, provide load
𝐼𝑦
2) For members NOT subject to transverse loading between →if with SAGRODS at midspan →if with SAGRODS at 3rd points →(–) if weld reaction to load and torsion is downward or to left
𝑟𝑡 = √ FOR BOLTS AND WELDS: due to resultant of Pd and Pm
𝐴 𝑓𝑏𝑦 =
𝑀𝑦 𝑐𝑥 their supports 𝑤𝑥 𝐿2 𝑤𝑥 𝐿2 𝑤𝑦 𝐿2 𝑤𝑥 𝐿2 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑁𝐸𝑊 𝑅𝑁𝐸𝑊 →if Problem states: “due to
𝑰𝒚 /𝟐 𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4[𝑀1/𝑀2 ] 𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑦 = = → 𝐹𝑣 = moment only”, provide load
8 32 9 90 𝑅𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑅𝑁𝐸𝑊 𝐴 due to Pm only

DJR DIAMANTE
 THEORY: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD THOERY: INFLUENCE LINES THEORY: INFLENCE LINES THEORY: MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD
Moment, y’’ or M The Muller-Breslau Principle (MOVING LOADS) FOR RIGID FRAME ANALYSIS
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑀 states that the influence function of a particular variable is Single Moving Load →assumes individual spans to be fully restrained at both ends
Slope/Rotation, y’ or θ NOTE: -Maximum shear – located at reaction
proportional to the elastic curve function which can be Beam Stiffness, K
′
tan 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 drawn by releasing the restraint on the particular variable when load is over the support
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 -Maximum moment – located at midspan 4𝐸𝐼 𝐼
and impose a unit deformation in the direction of the 𝐾= ← 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐾 𝐾= ← 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐾
when load is at midspan 𝐿 𝐿
Deflection, y variable provided no boundary condition is violated
Two Moving Loads For pinned/roller support at end:
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = ∬(𝑀 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 -Maximum shear – located at reaction 3𝐼
when larger load (Pb) is over the support 𝐾′ = →NO carry-over moment TOWARDS pinned/ roller support!
→Take note of Boundary Conditions -Maximum moment – located under 4𝐿
→For varying EI, use absolute k.
→maximum deflection at point of zero slope larger load (Pb) when total load (P) and
larger load (Pb) are equidistant from →For constant EI, use relative K. Set I as LCM of lengths L
or y’=0 (y’=0 → x, x → ymax)
midspan Distribution Factor, DF Fixed Support DF Pin-Roller Support DF
THEORY: AREA-MOMENT METHOD (𝑃𝐿 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑑)2 𝐾𝑛
→cut should be made where loads are 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐷𝐹𝑛 = 𝐷𝐹 = 0 𝐷𝐹 = 1
4𝑃𝐿 Σ𝐾
continuous →P = F1 + F2 = total load
Change of Slope between Tangents of A and B
→ ΣK is sum of K from adjacent members of the same joint.
→L = total length of beam
1 →Ps = smaller load → Fixed end absorbs moment transferred to it
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 →d = distance between F1 and F2 Carry-over Moment
𝐸𝐼
Deviation at any point B to a tangent drawn to the 1
elastic curve at any other point A Member Shear Member Moment Three or More Moving Loads 𝑀𝐴 = − 𝑀
1 −𝑎 𝑎𝑏 For Horizontal Truss Members -Maximum shear – located at reaction
2
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐵 𝑦𝐿 = 𝑦= 𝑎𝑏 →NO carry-over moment TOWARDS pinned/ roller support!
when total load (P) is nearest the support
𝐸𝐼 𝐿 𝐿 𝑀𝑛 =𝐹 = 𝐹𝑛 𝑑 𝑛
Area of Moment Diagram Moment Arm 𝑏 𝐿 -Maximum moment – located under Fixed-End Moment of Each Span
𝑦𝑅 = 𝑀 = Σ(𝑃𝑛 𝑦𝑛 ) larger load (Pb) when total load (P) and →CW(+), CCW(–)
𝑏ℎ 𝑏 𝐿 larger load (Pb) are equidistant from
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥𝐵 = →For other types of loadings, derive from Point Load FEM
𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝐹 = Σ(𝑃𝑛 𝑦𝑛 ) midspan

THEORY: SUPERPOSITION METHOD THEORY: THREE MOMENT EQUATION FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS Load Type FEMAB FEMBA
→δn and θn induced by individual loadings →assumes individual spans to be simply supported
2
𝜃𝑓 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 𝑃𝑎2 𝑏
Three Moment General Equation 𝑭𝑬𝑴𝑨𝑩 = − 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 = +
0, 𝑢𝑛𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑀1 𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝑀3 𝐿2 6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 ℎ1 ℎ3 𝐿2 𝐿2
𝛿𝑓 = 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 = ሼ + 2𝑀2 ( + )+ + + = 6( + )
Δ, yielding support
𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐿1 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS Three Moment Equation for constant EI with Settlement/Deflection 𝑤𝑜 𝐿2 𝑤𝑜 𝐿2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 = − 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 = +
•Moving Point Load 6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 ℎ1 ℎ3 12 12
𝑃𝑏(𝐿2 − 𝑏2 ) 𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + = 6𝐸𝐼 ( + )
𝜽𝑳 = 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
6𝐸𝐼𝐿 Three Moment Equation for constant EI and Unsettling Supports (Continuous Beams) Theory Shortcuts
𝜃𝑅 → 𝑎
6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 PROPPED BEAM (UNIFORMLY LOADED) UNIFORMLY LOADED, SIMPLY SUPPORTED
𝑃𝑏(3𝐿2 − 4𝑏2 ) 𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + =0
𝜹𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 > 𝑏 𝐿1 𝐿2 BEAM WITH RIGID SUPPORT AT MIDSPAN
48𝐸𝐼
•Point Load →cut continuous beams into individual simply supported beams
𝑃𝐿2 →support reactions are algebraic sums of adjacent beam reactions and consider
𝜃𝐿 = 𝜃𝑅 = reactions that oppose moment at support
16𝐸𝐼 →if only 2 spans, add an imaginary span with zero value for length, load, and
𝑃𝐿3 deflection 5
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = →settlement sign (±)h is referenced from mid-support of span being analyzed, (+) ↑, 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8 𝑤𝐿 5
48𝐸𝐼 𝑅 = 𝑤𝐿
(–) ↓ 3 8
•Uniform Load →A is the Moment taken from Area-Moment Method with lever arm (a) to the left 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑤𝐿
𝑤𝑜 𝐿3 support and (b) to the right support 8
𝜃𝐿 = 𝜃𝑅 = 𝑤𝐿2
24𝐸𝐼 Pickup Points
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
5𝑤𝑜 𝐿4 →For other types of loadings, derive from Area-Moment Method 8 2-Points
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤𝐿4 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 0.25 𝐿
384𝐸𝐼 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
185𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 0.2071 𝐿
1-Point
CANTILEVER BEAMS (ZERO SLOPE AT ONE END) PROPPED BEAM (TRIANGULAR LOAD)
Maximum Rotation θ Maximum Deflection δ 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 0.2929 𝐿
3-Points
𝑀𝑅 𝐿 𝑀𝑅 𝐿2
𝐸𝐼 𝜃 = 𝐸𝐼 𝛿 = 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 0.145 𝐿
𝑛+1 𝑛+2

Moving Point Load

𝑃𝑎2 9
𝜽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤𝐿
2𝐸𝐼 10
𝑃𝑎2 1
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (3𝐿 − 𝑎) 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑤𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 10

DJR DIAMANTE
 MECH: PARABOLIC CABLE ANALYSIS MECH: WORK & ENERGY THEORY: EARTHQUAKE
[Step 1] Locate lowest point and set it as Work →the measure of energy transfer when a force moves an Base Shear (Based on 2015 NSCP)
Origin O(0,0) object through a distance (N-m or Joule) [Step 1] Occupancy Category
[Step 2] Use Squared Property of Parabola to 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹(𝑑∥ ) Table 103-1 Occupancy Category
I. Essential Facilities
determine hinge locations Power →work done over time (N-m/s or Watts)
II. Hazardous Facilities
[Step 3] Solve for support forces and horizontal 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1 ℎ𝑝 III. Special Occupancy Structures
force at lowest point 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 746 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 IV. Standard Occupancy Structures
→cut at lowest point and isolate one side Energy V. Miscellaneous Structures
→To = horizontal force at lowest point 1) Gravitational Potential Energy = mgh [Step 2] Seismic Importance Factors, I
[Step 4] Solve for Length of Parabolic Curve 2) Kinetic Energy = 0.5mv2 Table 208-1 Seismic Importance Factors (I, IP)
Length of Parabolic Curve Squared Property of 3) Spring Potential Energy = 0.5kx2 →Based on identified occupancy category, obtain:
Parabola Conservation of Energy (no external forces) I. Seismic Importance Factor, I
[Step 3] Seismic Zone Factor, Z
𝑥2 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 0
𝑤𝑜 𝑥 2 𝑥12 𝑥22 1 1
Figure 208-1 Referenced Seismic Map of the Philippines
𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + 𝑚(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) + 𝑘(𝑥22 − 𝑥12 ) = 0 Table 208-3 Seismic Zone Factor, Z
𝑥1 𝑇𝑜 𝑦1 𝑦2 2 2 →Based on site location, obtain:
Note: Conservation of Energy (with external forces) I. Zone 2 (PGA=0.2g): Z=0.20
II. Zone 4 (PGA=0.4g); Z=0.40
→Max tension at HIGHEST SUPPORT 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = Σ𝐹(𝑑∥ )
[Step 4] Soil Profile Type, S
MECH: FORCES IN 3D SPACE
1 1 Table 208-2 Soil Profile Type, S
𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + 𝑚(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) + 𝑘(𝑥22 − 𝑥12 ) = Σ𝐹(𝑑∥ )
3D Forces 2 2 →Based on given:
I. Shear wave velocity Vs (m/s)
𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 MECH: MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
𝐹⃗ = → 𝑥 = Δ𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 II. SPT, N (blows)
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 Momentum →product of an object’s mass and velocity III. Undrained Shear Strength, Su (kPa)
𝜌 = 𝑚𝑣 →Obtain: Soil Profile Type S
Calculator:
[Step 5] Near Source Factors Na and Nv
Impulse →product of the force and time over which it acts
𝐹⃗ = 𝐹[𝑉𝑒𝑐𝐴 ÷ 𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝑉𝑒𝑐𝐴)] →change in momentum
Table 208-5 Near-Source Factor Na
→ 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝐴: [Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑦 + Δ𝑧] Table 208-6 Near-Source Factor Nv
𝑰𝒎𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐹Δ𝑡 →Based on distance from nearest fault and Seismic Source
Moment of a Force
𝑰𝒎𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = Δ𝜌 = Δ(𝑚𝑣) Type A (based on 7.2M design), obtain:
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗ x 𝐹⃗
𝑀 Law of Conservation of Momentum I. Near-Source Factor Na
→ 𝑟 = (where force passes) − (moment center) →analysis for both axes II. Near-Source Factor Nv
Σ(𝑚𝑣)𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = Σ(𝑚𝑣)𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 [Step 6] Seismic Response Coefficients Ca and Cv
MECH: FRICTIONAL FORCE Table 208-7 Seismic Coefficient Ca
Angle of Friction θ 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1′ + 𝑚2 𝑣2′ Table 208-8 Seismic Coefficient Cv
Coefficient of Restitution, e →Based on Soil Type S and Seismic Zone Factor Z, obtain:
𝐹𝑓 → e = 1; elastic collision
tan 𝜃 = 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑅 = √𝐹𝑓2 + 𝑁 2 −Δ𝑣 ′ −(𝑣2′ − 𝑣1′ ) I. Seismic Coefficient Ca
𝑁 𝑒= = → e = 0; inelastic/plastic II. Seismic Coefficient Cv
→R is located θ from N Δ𝑣 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 collision [Step 7] R Coefficient
(Rebound Problems)
Belt Friction → T2 > T1 Table 208-11A Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of
𝑇2 ℎ2 Concrete
→ β = radians
= 𝑒 𝜇𝑠 𝛽 → if slipping belt, use μk
𝑒=√ →Based on Frame type, obtain:
𝑇1
ℎ1 I. R-coefficient (Moment-Resisting Frame Systems, R=8.5)

MECH: KINEMATICS & NEWTON’S 2ND LAW Velocity of Sound through Gravitational Force (Pull)
Period Estimation, T Total Design Base Shear, V
Translational Motion (by graph)
Solids (similar to celerity) 𝐺𝑚1𝑚2 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 (ℎ𝑛 )3/4 𝐶𝑣 𝐼
a-t Diagram 𝐹= Total Base Shear, V 𝑉= 𝑊
Δv = change in area of a-t diagram 𝐸𝐵 𝑅2 𝑅𝑇 𝑡
𝑣=√ 𝑉 = 𝐹𝑡 + Σ𝐹𝑛 Maximum V
Δs = vot + change in moment of area of 𝜌
a-t diagram
Additional force at the Top, Ft 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
Snell’s Law 𝐹𝑡 = 0.07𝑇𝑉 ≤ 0.25𝑉 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊𝑡
v-t Diagram 𝑅
Δs = change in area of v-t diagram 𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2 → 𝐹𝑡 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑇 < 0.7 Minimum V
Curvilinear Motion Force on each Floor 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑊𝑡
→Tangential Acceleration aT 𝑤𝑛 ℎ𝑛 0.8 𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼
→Normal Acceleration aN 𝐹𝑛 = (𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 ) 𝑉 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊𝑡
Σ𝑤𝑛 ℎ𝑛 𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 4 𝑅
𝑣2
𝑎𝑁 = 𝑎 = √𝑎2𝑇 + 𝑎𝑁2
𝑅
Rectilinear Motion Rotational Motion
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2
2 2
𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝜔𝑓2 = 𝜔𝑜2 + 2𝛼𝑠
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑜 + 𝛼𝑡
Linear → r → Rotational Motion
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 → 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 → 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑇 = 𝑟𝛼 → 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
Σ𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 Force sign convention:
(+) same direction as motion
(–) opposite direction as motion

DJR DIAMANTE