Public Disclosure Authorized

WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER THEMATIC POLICY

NOTES SERIES: ISSUES AND PRACTICE NOTE

PLACING GENDER EQUALITY AT THE

CENTER OF CLIMATE ACTION
Franziska Deininger, Andrea Woodhouse,
Anne T. Kuriakose, Ana Gren, Sundas Liaqat
Public Disclosure Authorized

ABSTRACT
Women and disadvantaged groups tend to be more
affected by climate change across various dimensions,
including health, livelihoods, and agency. Gender gaps are
Public Disclosure Authorized

increasingly seen as barriers to effective mitigation and

adaptation strategies. Women are also critical leaders and
participants of low-carbon transitions. This policy note
investigates how gender equality and climate change
intersect; explores programmatic experience on the
gender-climate nexus; identifies promising entry points and
solutions; and offers recommendations for development
practitioners, policymakers, and businesses.
Public Disclosure Authorized

JANUARY 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1. UNDERSTANDING GENDER AND CLIMATE 2

Introduction 2

The Gender-Differentiated Impacts of Climate Change 2

The Gender-Differentiated Impacts of Climate Action 4

Women’s Empowerment and Leadership on Climate 5

2. EVIDENCE AND OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE 7

Financing and Investments 7

Institutions, Policy, and Regulation 9

Key Thematic Areas 11

Key Sectoral Priorities 15

Current Challenges in Collecting Evidence and Operationalizing the Gender-Climate Nexus 20

3. LOOKING AHEAD: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS TO ADVANCE WOMEN IN CLIMATE ACTION 22

Strategic Recommendations 22

Financing and Investments 22

Institutions, Policy, and Regulation 22

Thematic and Sectoral Recommendations 23

REFERENCES 24

This thematic policy note is part of a series that provides an analytical foundation for the World Bank
Group Gender Strategy (2024–2030). This series seeks to give a broad overview of the latest research
and findings on gender equality outcomes; summarizing key thematic issues, evidence on promising
solutions, operational good practices, and key areas for future engagement on promoting gender
equality and empowerment. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work are
entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Group or its
Board of Directors.

This paper was written by a World Bank Group task team led by Franziska Deininger and Andrea Woodhouse
and including Anne T. Kuriakose, Ana Gren, and Sundas Liaqat.

The team thanks the following colleagues, who kindly agreed to serve as reviewers or provided guidance
and inputs throughout the process of developing this report: Margaret Arnold, Leslie Ashby, Debbie Mei Si
Bong, Helle Buchhave, Ezgi Canpolat, Nathyeli Acuna Castillo, Sanola Daley, Kamila Galeza, Sherry Goldberg,
Gaia Hatzfeldt, Sarah Keener, Elif Kiratli, Nato Kurshitashvili, Aleksandra Liaplina, Amy Luinstra, Craig Meisner,
Asyl Undeland, Laura Rawlings, and Brian Walsh.

2
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Gender and climate change are intimately linked, and Evidence on the effectiveness of gender-smart and
promoting sustainable development requires addressing climate-smart development interventions remains
both challenges together. The impacts of climate change fragmented, but some early entry points for action
are profoundly unequal: women and other vulnerable and effective approaches have been identified. The
groups tend to be more impacted by climate shocks and narrative on the gender-climate nexus is gaining traction
stresses, including those arising from extreme weather in policy circles, in national climate roadmaps, and in
events, droughts, floods, rising sea levels, and warmer climate finance and investments, although the systematic
temperatures. These shocks reverberate in unequal ways inclusion of women’s leadership in these areas remains far
because women face systemic disadvantages in access from what is required. Several high-potential gender entry
to jobs, income, resources, finance, and information. points are supported by a nascent, but growing, body of
Such barriers reduce their adaptive capacity, as well as programmatic experience. These include enhancing access
their participation in mitigation solutions and disaster to green jobs and skills, providing adaptive social safety
preparedness and response. nets and livelihood diversification, investing in resilience
and disaster risk reduction, and addressing gender-
The transition to greener economies can create new based violence (GBV) in climate action. Furthermore, five
opportunities for women, provided that an intentional key systems—energy; agriculture, food, water, and land
mix of gender-inclusive policies and interventions is put in management; cities; transport; and manufacturing—are
place to ensure women’s participation. Women’s informal responsible for 90 percent of global greenhouse gas
contributions, workforce participation, remuneration, and emissions and represent critical sectoral focus areas where
decision-making power across sectors are unequal relative gender objectives can simultaneously be achieved.
to those of men. Advancements in climate technologies
and new green jobs and entrepreneurial opportunities in
renewable energy, climate-smart agriculture, sustainable
fisheries, and circular manufacturing processes are
unlikely to benefit women to the same extent that they
do men unless intentional actions are taken to address
gender gaps.

Women’s empowerment, leadership, and decision

making in climate action is associated with better
outcomes. Women’s presence in local climate change
responses is associated with better resource governance,
conservation outcomes, and disaster readiness. Yet women
are systematically under-represented in decision-making
circles at the grassroots level, in project implementation,
during stakeholder consultations, and in municipal
planning networks; in governments and in transnational
climate dialogues; in the private sector on corporate
boards and in senior management; in climate finance;
and in science, STEM research, and academia. This has
serious repercussions for the equal status of women,
but also prevents more inclusive and effective climate
action, which requires local knowledge, community
mobilization and buy-in, behavior change, innovation, and
problem solving.

1
 1. UNDERSTANDING GENDER AND CLIMATE

Introduction and adapt to changing climactic conditions are increasingly

regarded as opportunities to address entrenched and
Climate change is the defining challenge of our era.
unequal power structures in households, communities,
Addressing it will require fundamental shifts away from
labor markets, governments, and businesses.
business as usual towards green, resilient, and inclusive
economies driven by regenerative, renewable, and This policy note investigates the complex and
nature-positive processes. Emphasis must be placed on multidimensional intersections of gender equality
a just transition; on strengthening community resilience and climate change, contributing to the emerging
and individual capacity to confront climate shocks and dialogue on a people-centered approach to green and
stresses; on the expansion of climate finance to local and inclusive development. It is organized into the following
underserved areas; and on transformative investments three sections. Section 2 outlines the challenges and
to improve climate adaptation and mitigation in critical opportunities in gender-smart climate action and presents
sectors such as energy, agriculture, water, cities, transport, how gender intersects with climate change and climate
and manufacturing. policies. Section 3 explores the intervention landscape
to investigate how gender-smart climate solutions are
Climate change is already affecting millions of people and
operationalized across sectors and entry points. Section 4
communities around the world, but its negative effects are
outlines best practices and recommendations.
profoundly unequal. A growing body of evidence shows
that the impacts of climate change, including more frequent
and intense periods of drought, floods, hurricanes, extreme
The Gender-Differentiated Impacts of
rainfall events, and rising sea levels, disproportionately
Climate Change
affect the poorest, most marginalized groups, posing direct Climate change has outsized impacts on women
and immediate threats to their health and livelihoods (UN and disadvantaged groups. Although the impacts of
Women, 2022; UNFCC, 2022; IPCC, 2022). These inequities climate change vary across regional contexts, women’s
are reflected along gender lines and shaped by gendered disadvantaged positions heighten their vulnerability and
norms (Fruttero et al., forthcoming). Women have fewer reduce their adaptive capacity.1 In many contexts, pre-
resources to protect themselves against climate risks and existing socio-economic factors, laws and regulations,
recover from climate shocks, tend to be disproportionately and social norms create conditions that weaken women’s
affected by climate variability and stresses, and face more social, financial, and economic outcomes following
constraints in accessing climate-related opportunities. climate stresses and shocks (e.g., Erman et al. 2021;
UNFCCC, 2022). Differences in access to income, assets,
Ensuring green, resilient, and inclusive growth requires and natural resources; access to services and skills; the
placing gender concerns at the center. Despite the growing gendered burden of responsibilities within the household;
emphasis on sustainable and inclusive development discriminatory laws and practices; and prohibitive gender
linking poverty eradication, planetary health, women’s norms reduce the bandwidth of response and the ability to
empowerment, and economic growth, there is limited derive benefits from climate programs (see Box 1).
integration of climate change action – both mitigation and
adaptation—and efforts to close gender gaps. This is shifting These inequalities may be exacerbated by other aspects
with the growing recognition that progress on gender of social disadvantage. Gender, including in its non-
equality and climate change are inextricably linked. This binary form, intersects with other aspects of identity,
relationship extends beyond the disproportionate impacts such as race, class, socio-economic status, nationality,
of climate change on women and girls and acknowledges education, migrant status, religion, and disability, to create
that women are invaluable changemakers in climate action multidimensional inequalities and heightened forms of
(e.g., IPCC, 2022, UNFCC, 2022). The behavioral, economic, social vulnerability.
political, and social transformations required to confront

1
 daptive capacity is the potential or ability of a system, region, or community to adapt to the effects or impacts of climate change.
A
Enhancement of adaptive capacity represents a practical means of coping with changes and uncertainties in climate, including
variability and extremes. (IPCC, 2022).

2
 BOX 1. THE UNEQUAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Human Endowments
Health: Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause 250,000 additional deaths each year from
malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and heat stress, with outsized impacts on vulnerable groups, including women
(WHO, 2021). Women and children are more likely to suffer from climate-induced food shortages and malnutrition
(WFP, 2021; UNICEF, 2021), while exposure to household air pollution is estimated to be around 40 percent higher
for women due to the gendered distribution of household activities (WHO, 2014). The evidence for gender
differentiated mortality rates following climate disasters is mixed, although women’s responses to such disasters
are typically more constrained due to social disadvantages (Fruttero et al., forthcoming).

 ducation and Skills: Climate shocks have detrimental impacts on human capital, but women and girls are
E
affected in different ways. In the wake of disaster or drought, girls may be removed from school or spend less
time on schooling, either as a household coping strategy or to perform household chores, such as water or fuel
collection, that become more time-consuming in settings of climate-induced resource scarcity (Castañeda et al.,
2020; Malala Fund, 2021). Droughts and extreme rainfall can lead to either higher or lower dropout rates for girls,
depending partly on the predominance of gender biases, but weather events affect the test scores and cognitive
and socio-emotional skills of boys and girls in similar ways (Fruttero et al., forthcoming).

Economic Opportunities
Livelihoods, Employment, and Income-Generation: Women are overrepresented in employment in natural
resource-based and climate-vulnerable sectors, including agriculture, fisheries, and forestry, often in poorly
renumerated, low-status, and insecure positions (e.g., UN Women, 2020; Chanana-Nag & Aggarwal, 2018; WWF,
2019; UNWTO, 2019). The physical impacts of climate change, such as droughts, desertification, ocean acidification,
and flooding, reduce the income-generating potential of these sectors (Jägermeyr et al. 2021; Lam et al., 2020),
undermining women’s livelihoods, community food security, and adaptive capacity. Droughts, extreme rainfall,
and floods reduce women’s employment, especially in households where parents have less education (Fruttero
et al., forthcoming).

Time Poverty: Climate change can exacerbate women’s time poverty, reducing the time women and girls have
to learn, work, and earn. Water and solid fuel collection, and other household chores, are primarily carried out by
women and girls (Ho et al., 2021), creating dependence on natural resources. Depletion of these resources because
of deforestation, land degradation, and drought, force women and girls to walk longer distances in search of water
or cooking fuel. This increases their time poverty and heightens the risk of GBV (UN Women, 2009; IUCN, 2020;
UNFCCC, 2022).

Climate Migration and Livelihoods: Rising sea levels, extreme weather events and disasters, and prolonged
droughts destroy rural livelihoods (McAuliffe et al. 2022). Several studies show an increase in climate shock-induced
outmigration of men relative to women, as men search for new opportunities (Fruttero et al., forthcoming). This
leaves women behind in precarious settings where they must secure livelihoods for their families. When women
are displaced by disaster, they face increased risk of exploitation and trafficking, limited access to healthcare, and
reduced access to formalized safety nets (UNHCR, 2022).

Voice and Agency

Gender-Based Violence (GBV): A growing body of evidence reveals that climate-induced stresses can lead to an
increase in GBV, as households cope with the shocks of extreme weather events, environmental degradation, and
climate-induced conflict and fragility (e.g., IUCN, 2020; Desai & Mandal, 2021; Rodrigues, 2022). Child marriage, as a
particular form of GBV, has been observed to increase in some contexts as households cope with climate disasters
(e.g., Human Rights Watch, 2015; UNFPA, 2021). The increase in violence reduces the adaptive capacity of women
and girls, weakening climate resilience and creating negative feedback loops.

3
The Gender-Differentiated Impacts of create greater disadvantages to women in households,
Climate Action communities, labor markets, and public life. In low-carbon
transitions, women are likely to be left behind without
The transition to low-carbon economies offers new
explicit interventions. For example, green jobs of the
opportunities to reduce gender inequality and empower
future will likely favor skills and fields related to science,
women and vulnerable populations. Climate change
technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)—areas
mitigation efforts, together with adaptation measures,
where women and girls tend to be underrepresented,
bring new opportunities for better jobs, green business
perpetuating longstanding patterns of occupational sex
innovations, and a chance to address entrenched
segregation. A recent study found that only 62 women for
disadvantages. World Bank Group research estimates that
every 100 men are considered to have so-called green
climate investments can generate 213 million cumulative
talent,4 a figure that has remained stagnant since 2015
jobs around the world between 2020 and 2030 (IFC,
(LinkedIn, 2022).
2021). The global labor force participation rate for women
is under 47 percent, compared to 72 percent for men Sectors that are likely to see growth in green jobs,
(ILO, 2022), suggesting significant room for women to such as energy, manufacturing, construction, and
make labor market gains in Paris Agreement-alignment transport, are traditionally male dominated (see Table
trajectories. Beyond this, just transition2 principles—which 1). Women’s participation is limited in these sectors due
aim to ensure that the process toward environmentally to discriminatory laws and social norms; biased hiring
sustainable economies is well managed and contributes to practices; lack of access to mentoring, networking, and
the goals of decent work for all, social inclusion, and the training opportunities; lack of preventative measures
eradication of poverty—call for better and more decent against workplace sexual harassment; and inflexible
work3 for women, as well as locally empowered economies. childcare policies. This trend will likely continue in the
absence of long-term strategies that remove legal barriers
Despite these opportunities, gender-blind climate
and challenge social norms, as well as corporate policies
policies and interventions also risk exacerbating gender
that enable women’s ascension into technical fields (UN
gaps. Gender-blind action to combat climate change risks
Women, 2021).
reinforcing stratified economic and social systems that

2
 he term ”just transition” means greening the economy in a way that is as fair and inclusive as possible, creating decent work
T
opportunities and leaving no one behind (ILO).
3
The term “decent work” refers to work that is productive and delivers a fair income, security in the workplace, and social protection, as
well as creating equal opportunity and treatment for women and men (ILO).
4
Green skills are defined as those that enable the environmental sustainability of economic activities (LinkedIn, 2022).

4
 TABLE 1. JOB POTENTIAL AND FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION (FLFP) RATE BY SECTOR

High Potential Sector New Direct Jobs (million)a Global FLFP Rate (%)

Retrofit of buildings for energy efficiency 24.9 Energy: 22-32d

Low-carbon municipal waste and water 23.4 Water: 18e

Green urban transport 53.4 Transport: 17.3f

Nature-based urban infrastructure 42.0b

Decarbonization of heavy industry with 22.5 Manufacturing: 30g

carbon capture, utilization and storage, and
green hydrogen

Scaling of climate-smart agriculture 40.2 Traditional agriculture: 43h

Reinvention of textile and apparel value chains 60.0c Traditional garment industry: 80i

Low-carbon airlines and shipping 6.1 Engineering: 20j

Maritime/Shipping: 1.2k
a
All figures based on CTRL, ALT, DEL A Green Reboot for Emerging Markets (IFC, 2021).
b
Jobs globally between 2020 and 2030.
c
Maintained jobs in global supply chain.
d
FLFP is 22 percent in traditional energy sectors (Oil & Gas) (IEA, 2020) and 32 percent in the renewable energy sector (IRENA, 2019).
e
Based on a sample of 64 water and sanitation providers in 28 economies globally (World Bank, 2019).
f
 ased on sample of 46 countries and includes civil engineering, land transport and transport via pipelines, water transport, air transport,
B
warehousing and support activities for transport, postal and courier activities (Ng & Acker, 2020).
g
World Manufacturing Foundation.
h
Estimates from FAO and are likely to include subsistence farming, agricultural support activities, and informal work.
i
Promoting Decent Work in Garment Sector Global Supply Chains (ILO, 2019).
j
Global Gender Gap Report 2021 (World Economic Forum, 2021).
k
Seafarer Workforce Report (BIMCO/ICS, 2021).

Women face significant financing gaps in green mind, reducing opportunities for women and communities
entrepreneurship, identified as a key lever to decouple to improve their climate resilience through technological
growth and consumption from environmentally harmful innovations designed to meet their needs.
processes. While investments into climate technologies
aimed at mitigation and adaptation are growing rapidly,5 Women’s Empowerment and Leadership
women-owned businesses are less likely to benefit without on Climate
action to close gender gaps in access to finance. Women-
Women’s economic empowerment and leadership
owned businesses comprise 23 percent of micro, small
is increasingly recognized as central to local climate
and medium enterprises (MSMEs) globally, but account
action to achieve long-term climate goals. Owing in part
for 32 percent of the $5 trillion finance gap (SME Finance
to traditional gender divisions of labor, women possess
Forum). In 2020, women received only 2 percent of venture
knowledge, capabilities, and networks that can drive
capital funding (Crunchbase, 2020). They also make up only
solutions in sustainability, resource scarcity, and climate
30 percent of the world’s scientists (Women’s Forum for
resilience (ILO, 2015). Their experiences in agriculture,
the Economy & Society, 2021). This means that women’s
fisheries, tourism, conservation, nature-based solutions,
entrepreneurial ambitions in green fora are cut short.
and groundwater monitoring, for example, enable effective
Furthermore, green technologies and climate solutions are
and informed action in these areas. Further, given their
less likely to be developed with women’s perspectives in

5
Investment in climate technology totaled $87.5 billion in the second half of 2020 and first half of 2021, increasing by 210 percent from
what was invested in the 12 months prior. Climate tech now accounts for 14 cents of every venture capital dollar (PwC, 2021).

5
traditional responsibilities around managing water and sector as well: Companies with more gender-diverse
other natural resources, women value these resources in leadership perform significantly better in eight out of
different ways and represent key stakeholders to achieve nine climate action indicators; are twice as likely to
effective conservation and management. Several studies find develop decarbonization strategies (BoardReady, 2021);
women to be more concerned and knowledgeable about and are more likely to reduce the intensity of energy
climate change, while also exhibiting greater awareness consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and water
for the wellbeing of families and communities (UN, 2019), use (FP Analytics, 2020). A recent study found that a one
including, the use of natural resources for food security, percentage point increase in the share of women managers
for example. leads to a 0.5 percent decrease in CO2 emissions (Altunbas
et al. 2021), while banks with more gender-diverse boards
Women’s presence in local climate change responses is provide more credit to greener companies and lend less to
associated with better resource governance, conservation firms with high pollution intensity (Gambacorta et al. 2022).
outcomes, and disaster readiness. In Bangladesh, women
play a pioneering role in community resilience (Roy, 2020), Despite this, women are systematically under-
for instance, by reducing community reluctance to use represented in key decision-making settings, limiting
emergency shelters (World Bank, 2010) and by engaging their contributions and reducing the effectiveness of
as active stakeholders in disaster preparedness efforts to climate change action. Women hold only 21 percent of
ensure women’s sanitation and security needs are met global government ministerial positions and one-quarter
(IFC, 2021). In Nepal, local forest management groups with of national parliamentary positions (UN Women, 2020).
a higher proportion of women in decision-making bodies Only 34 percent of COP26 committee members, and
had greater forest conservation outcomes (Agarwal, 2009), 39 percent of those leading delegations, were women,
while in Vietnam, women were crucial in protecting their while at COP27, they represented only seven of the 110
communities against intensifying natural hazards by world leaders (She Changes Climate). The proportion
preserving and restoring mangroves (Wapner, 2020). The of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
World Bank’s Dedicated Grant Mechanism (DGM) projects, authors who are women currently stands at 30 percent
supported by the Climate Investment Funds (CIF), used (IPCC, 2019), and only 122 out of 1,000 “most influential”
country-based iterative strategies to foster Indigenous climate scientists are women (Carbon Brief, 2021). Women
and local women’s climate leadership and participation in represent a mere five percent of CEOs and 20 percent of
decision making at local and national levels for improved boardroom members globally (Deloitte, 2021). These gaps
conservation and climate outcomes (Canpolat et al., 2022). point to widespread and systematic underrepresentation
A recent study on the gender dimensions of disaster risk of women in climate policy and leadership, a pattern that
and resilience outlines the critical role that women play constrains their contributions to climate action.
in preparedness, response, and recovery efforts, with
the formalization of their participation leading to better Moving beyond a victimhood narrative and positioning
outcomes (Erman et al., 2021). women as climate changemakers are critical, but it is
equally important to avoid instrumentalizing women’s
Beyond local climate interventions, women’s participation leadership and empowerment to achieve climate
in ministerial and corporate decision-making bodies is objectives. Women and girls should not be positioned as
associated with more effective climate action. Based on environmental stewards based on preexisting social norms
a large sample of countries, women’s political participation that emphasize them as family and community caretakers.
results in more stringent climate change policies, and this Increasing women’s voice and agency in climate action are
effect is likely to be causal (Mavisakalyan & Tarverdi, 2019). not a means to an end, but standalone imperatives from
Women in leadership positions are also more likely to a justice perspective. Local adaptation and mitigation
invest in policy areas that are of significance to women, measures should not add to women’s existing burden but
such as securing access to drinking water (Chattopadhyay provide an avenue to increase their decision making and
& Duflo, 2004). This phenomenon extends to the private their choices in the context of increasing fragility.

6
 2. EVIDENCE AND OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE

The gender-climate operational landscape is complex growing aims to systematize or mainstream gender into
and diverse. Interventions centered on closing gender climate action at scale, complementing local interventions
gaps have focused on human capital endowments, that have historically linked women, livelihoods, and
removing constraints for more and better jobs, removing nature-based solutions.
barriers to women’s ownership and control of assets, and
enhancing women’s voice and agency. Climate action The following section outlines emerging evidence and
has typically centered on mitigation, adaptation, and operational experience on the gender-climate nexus. It is
resilience building, with efforts targeting high-impact organized around the areas of: a) financing and investment;
emission reduction sectors, and more recently, highly b) institutions, policy, and regulation; c) high impact themes,
climate-vulnerable areas. For some time, planning toward including green employment and entrepreneurship, social
reaching emissions reductions targets negotiated under safety nets and livelihood diversification, resilience building
the Paris Agreement crowded out more people-centered and disaster risk reduction, and gender-based violence; and
approaches to broader resilience goals. Today, a greater d) sectoral priorities identified in the World Bank Group’s
level of understanding of how the gender-climate nexus Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP): energy; agriculture,
is relevant for operationalizing mitigation and adaptation forestry, and land use; cities; transport; and manufacturing.
pathways is coming into focus among implementers. The areas are cross-cutting and reflect high-impact and
high-priority areas for closing gender gaps and addressing
Entry points have emerged within the public sector climate change through mitigation and adaptation.
through policies, regulatory frameworks, and national The examples included in this section reflect a mix of
roadmaps to reduce gender gaps and carbon emissions, mitigation and adaptation approaches and efforts led by
as well as local initiatives around community resilience the public and private sectors, prioritizing projects that
and women’s participation. In the private sector, action on apply an integrated lens to the gender-climate nexus. This
climate and gender is emerging slowly, but accelerating selection of interventions balances innovative solutions
through corporate initiatives and capital flows, including (where impact measurement remains forthcoming) with
in the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) space programmatic experience that has demonstrated results
and through collaborative leadership among private, advancing gender and climate.
public, and voluntary actors innovating with the use of
different instruments, indices, and bundling of products. Financing and Investments
For example, the 2X Collaborative has developed an
While global climate finance has steadily increased over
investment toolkit that includes simultaneous gender and
the past decade, reaching $632 billion in 2019–2020, it
climate targets to guide the flow of capital.
is far below the $4.35 trillion required annually by 2030
Efforts to integrate climate and gender concerns at scale to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (Buchner
are growing. To date, projects with an integrated gender- et al, 2021) and little reaches women (WOW, 2021). Only
climate focus have been smaller in scale, instituted at 10 percent of climate finance flows to the local level, only
the local level in response to natural resource scarcity, one percent of gender equality funding flows to women’s
climate risk management, and disaster response. However, organizations, and only three percent of environmental
global actors, such as multilateral development banks, the philanthropy supports women’s environmental activism
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Daniel, 2020). In 2017 to 2018, only four percent of bilateral
(UNFCCC), climate finance mechanisms, and the IPCC, have aid was dedicated to gender equality as the principal
begun developing more systematic gender-responsive objective, and only 30–40 percent of environmental aid
climate programs and approaches, including enhanced focused on gender equality (OECD, 2020).
engagement with the private sector. These efforts reflect

7
However, there is growing recognition that finance In the private sector, the connection between action
can be mobilized to address gender inequality and on gender equality and action on climate change has
tackle climate change at the same time. Documented rarely been made, but this is beginning to change. The
experience indicates that social inclusion can increase the emergence of innovative financing mechanisms, such
efficacy, equity, and impact of climate finance and reduce as outcome-based (or results-based) financing, social
the risk of capture by vested interests, while also ensuring bonds, and sustainability-linked financing, show capital
the community buy-in necessary to achieve long-term mobilization toward development targets beyond climate.
impacts. Over the past decade, climate funds have made Sustainability-linked financing, either in the form of loans or
considerable headway in systematizing gender into fund bonds, can combine green and social use of proceeds and
structures and policies to ensure that climate finance has an estimated market size of $200 billion, up 23 percent
reaches women. from 20206 (Climate Bonds Initiative, 2021). Furthermore,
the total market size of social bonds7 is currently estimated
For example, CIF has developed a Gender Action Plan to at $223 billion (ibid), slowly catching up to the green bond8
ensure the systematic inclusion of development outcomes market, which has soared with volumes growing 75 percent
for women and other marginalized groups in every CIF- from 2020 to 2021 to reach a market size of $523 billion
funded project. The Adaptation Fund (AF) has identified (ibid). IFC’s recent investment in BIX Capital, to unlock
gender equality and women’s empowerment as targeted financing for climate-smart household appliances for low-
areas for investment, while the Green Climate Fund income households, reflects a more integrated gender
(GCF) has made gender assessments a prerequisite for all and climate approach with an impact bond structure that
funding proposals (UNDP, 2020). The Enhancing Access to seeks to quantify and monetize gender and health-related
Benefits while Lowering Emissions (EnABLE) multi-donor impacts (IFC, 2018). The Impact Investment Exchange
trust fund seeks to enhance the inclusion of marginalized (IIX) is launching a Women’s Climate Bond focusing on
and disadvantaged groups, with its first contribution Sub-Saharan Africa, while Schneider Electric launched
supporting gender equity in 15 Forest Carbon Partnership the first sustainability-linked bond with indicators on
Facility (FCPF) countries (World Bank, 2021). gender diversity.
While these are positive trends, challenges remain to Significant challenges still remain to make private climate
make climate finance truly gender transformative. These capital systematically gender inclusive. Investments
are linked to the low participation of local stakeholders reflect growing attention on gender and climate as core
and beneficiaries; the difficulty in transparent monitoring, themes, but full integration of the two areas remains a
reporting, and verification of gender equality results; and challenge. This is linked to a variety of issues, including
the discrepancy between intended and verified gender market barriers, perceived and actual risks in private
results (ODI & HBF, 2021). Comprehensive and balanced sector-led financing in emerging markets, the difficulty
participation of local groups, like gender-focused of tracking gender and climate outcomes in the use of
organizations and women’s networks, in climate financing proceeds, the challenge in integrating gender and climate
decision making is still a critical concern among climate key performance targets, and the mindset that climate
fund governance structures. Furthermore, early findings and gender are distinct investment areas. Furthermore,
from portfolio assessments indicate insufficient granularity implementation experience suggests that social impact
and comprehensiveness in accounting for gender benefits bonds, outcome funds are associated with high transaction
through fund-supported projects. For example, the most costs linked to the relative complexity of developing
recent Global Environment Facility (GEF) report on gender and monitoring them. Rigorous evidence about their
implementation reveals that only half of GEF-funded effectiveness, in comparison to traditional financing
projects reported on gender during implementation (GEF, mechanisms, is still lacking (Gustafsson-Wright et al. 2022).
2021). Another issue is the lack of gender balance within This is where the deployment of blended finance tools and
funding institutions themselves, with limited efforts solutions, combined with technical assistance, can enable
to address women’s leadership as finance allocators more favorable conditions for private sector-led, gender-
(UNDP, 2020). smart climate finance.

6
 ocial use of proceeds targets outcomes beyond gender equality, making it difficult to assess the total capital outlay targeting gender
S
and green activities explicitly (Gouett, 2021).
7
Social bonds are sustainable debt that supports social projects, including COVID-19 recovery, gender, housing, health, and education.
8
Green bonds are sustainable debt that supports projects, activities, and expenditures focused on environmental benefits.

8
Institutions, Policy, and Regulation 2022). A full 75 percent of parties provided information
related to gender and 39 percent committed to consider
In the design of climate programs and national
gender in implementation. Of the 21 parties that referenced
roadmaps, governments are increasingly acknowledging
gender in their previous NDCs, 20 percent elaborated the
the outsized threats of climate change to women and
language and 38 percent included information related to
girls, particularly those who are living in poverty. More
gender mainstreaming. Shifting institutions substantively
countries are positioning women as changemakers in this
will require empirical data to drive a strong business case,
space. According to the most recent synthesis report on
tools and resources to facilitate greater gender balance
166 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), parties
(for example, the World Bank Group’s CCDRs in Box 2), and
are increasingly recognizing gender integration as a way to
accountability mechanisms to track progress over time.
enhance the effectiveness of their climate action (UNFCCC,

BOX 2. THE WORLD BANK GROUP’S COUNTRY CLIMATE AND

DEVELOPMENT REPORTS (CCDRS)
CCDRs are new diagnostic reports that integrate climate change and broader development objectives, with the
aim of helping countries identify and prioritize the most impactful actions to reduce GHG emissions and increase
adaptation, while also ensuring sustainable development. The pathways toward lower emissions and reduced
climate vulnerability are supported by rigorous analysis, contextualized for each country, and include challenges
and opportunities.

At the time of writing, the World Bank Group has produced 24 CCDRs, several of which refer to women’s
differentiated vulnerability to climate change. For example, Malawi’s CCDR sources evidence on the gendered
effects of extreme weather events and recognizes modern cooking solutions as a priority action area to protect
forests and bring health benefits to women and children (World Bank Group, 2022). The CCDR for Cameroon
acknowledges the need to support women’s agency in climate adaptation by overcoming structural disadvantages
and disaggregates various employment scenarios by gender (World Bank Group, 2022). Türkiye’s CCDR recognizes
women’s labor force participation as a short-term priority to trigger a low-carbon transition, and acknowledges
the risk of widening gender pay gaps in green transitions that ignore women’s lower participation in key sectors
(World Bank Group, 2022).

9
An increasing number of countries are mandating Public sector initiatives have also focused on strengthening
gender equality goals in their policies and governance the policy, legal, and regulatory instruments to drive
frameworks on climate change and accompanying gender-responsive climate action.
development programming.

INTERVENTION EXAMPLES
INTERVENTION EXAMPLES In Kenya, the World Bank’s Financing Locally Led
Costa Rica, in response to decreasing forest areas Climate Action Program (P173065) aims to deliver
and strong pressures on land use, is focusing on the locally-led climate resilience actions and improve
involvement of women and Indigenous Peoples in capacity to manage climate risks by strengthening
sustainable productive landscape initiatives and policy, legal, and regulatory instruments, as well
other land use activities. Programs link income as human capacity, to deliver climate resilience
generation and livelihood improvements for actions. It includes formal and informal training
women to conservation and sustainability efforts and peer-to-peer and experiential learning.
to protect the country’s forest areas. Costa Rica
was the first country among 12 tropical countries I n Zambia (P144254), the World Bank is supporting
engaged in REDD+ to establish rewards for women efforts to strengthen the country’s institutional
conservationists, recognizing the leading role that framework for climate resilience and to
women play in natural resource management improve the adaptive capacity of vulnerable
(World Bank, 2021). communities, specifically targeting women-
headed households, through community
Nine Caribbean countries9 have implemented adaptation sub-grants, adaptation contingency
the Enabling Gender-Responsive Disaster funds, and improved management of traditional
Recovery, Climate and Environmental Resilience canals used for transport, drainage, irrigation,
in the Caribbean (EnGenDER) Project, which seeks fisheries, and cultural ceremonies. The Farmer
to integrate gender equality and human rights- Income Support Program (FISP) and the
based approaches into climate, disaster, and provision of crop seeds and fertilizer resulted in
environmental management frameworks. a 20 percent increase in agricultural value added
per worker.
Pakistan has launched its Climate Change Gender
Action Plan, a roadmap to incorporate gender I n South Sudan, the World Bank’s Enhancing
equality in climate action (IUCN, 2022). This Community Resilience and Local Governance
plan recognizes that women’s representation in Project (P169949) aims to enhance women’s voice
paramount in climate discourse and that equal and agency through increased representation
participation of women and men leads to more in decision-making bodies. Efforts also center
effective climate solutions. on changing perceptions concerning the role of
women as decision makers, increasing women’s
employment opportunities, and enhancing their
economic empowerment.

9
Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname.

10
In the private sector, regulatory efforts and business participation in STEM education and employment in their
strategies reflect growing attention on climate change own right,10 some programs have begun to link women’s
and gender equality to manage risks, realize new business labor force participation and climate change.
opportunities, respond to growing external pressure,
and remain competitive. The number of companies with
net-zero pledges has doubled from 500 in 2019 to more INTERVENTION EXAMPLES
than 1,000 in 2020, and the voluntary carbon market is I n Algeria, in collaboration with employers’ and
estimated to be worth upwards of $50 billion by 2030 workers’ organizations, the “Green jobs for young
(McKinsey & Company, 2021). Disclosures of climate- men and women in Algeria for a just transition to
related financial information have been advanced through a sustainable work future” project is promoting
recommendations, such as those of the Financial Stability the creation of better and greener jobs through
Board’s Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures sustainable entrepreneurship and the creation
(TCDF). Increased transparency around the use of green of microenterprises in the green economy, with
proceeds has been advanced by the International Capital a special focus on women. The project supports
Market Association’s (ICMA) Green Bond Principles and Algeria’s Paris Agreement commitments and the
IFC’s recent guidance on Blue Financing. Climate Action for Jobs initiative to develop just
transition measures (ILO, 2022).
The past decade has also witnessed the emergence of
social responsibility, including gender topics, becoming a I n Türkiye (44190), IFC is using a sustainability-
mainstream conversation in corporate decision making. A linked financing structure in a water and
growing business case for gender diversity across company wastewater infrastructure project to increase
ranks (e.g., IFC, 2017; BCG, 2019; McKinsey & Company, 2021) women’s employment in technical positions, while
and external pressure from consumers and shareholders also addressing climate-induced water shortages.
to act on this agenda have emphasized this priority. As an incentive measure to increase women’s
Voluntary diversity and inclusion mechanisms have taken employment, the Izmir Water and Sewerage
hold, while sustainability and social financing is guided Administration (IZSU) will receive a reduced
by developments, such as the EU’s Social Taxonomy and interest rate on the loan repayment if it achieves
IFC’s sustainability debt guidance, to advance gender the target of hiring 300 women into positions
equality. While these are positive steps, integration of where they are currently underrepresented
gender and climate in private sector regulations, principles, (IFC, 2021).
and strategies remain limited, driven by the insufficient
articulation of a strong business case for gender-smart I n South Africa, the Working for Water program,
climate action. launched in 1995, sought to combat non-native
species in waters to preserve biological diversity
Key Thematic Areas and ensure water security. Simultaneously,
it emphasized job creation and training for
GREEN EMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
women, youth, and persons with disabilities. The
Women’s access to green employment and program improved land productivity, biodiversity,
entrepreneurship has emerged as a key priority. Access conservation, and resilience to fires, all while
to green jobs and supporting girls in STEM are regarded providing jobs to 30,000 people per year, 52
as key priorities for gender equality and climate change, percent of whom were women (UNDP, 2013).
guided by just transition principles calling for decent
work and livelihood security as the world transitions to I n India, Shell Foundation invested in SMV
low-carbon development pathways. Increasing women’s Green Solutions, a social enterprise enabling the
representation in STEM is regarded as a lever to unlock ownership of e-rickshaws. It supported “Vahini,” a
climate change innovations and solutions, ensure program focused on women owners and drivers
women’s equal participation in climate dialogues, and of e-rickshaws to achieve greater gender parity in
address predicted labor supply shortages in low-carbon India’s transport sector while reducing emissions
transitions. Beyond initiatives to increase girls’ and women’s (SMV Green Solutions, 2020).

10
 or example, the Nurturing Excellence in Higher Education Project in Nepal is focused on increasing women’s enrollment in STEM
F
subjects; the Higher Education Development project in Pakistan seeks to support women enrolled in STEM programs; and the Côte
d’Ivoire Higher Education Development Support Project provides scholarships for women in higher education and extra tutoring
support for women pursuing STEM subjects.
11
 ADAPTIVE SOCIAL SAFETY NETS AND
The World Bank’s Rural Electrification Project in LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION
Tajikistan (P170132) aims to increase women’s Primarily led by the public sector, efforts advancing
participation in rural electrification, which is gender equality outcomes in climate action are starting to
central to climate change mitigation. It is working employ social safety net programs to reduce gender-based
with energy companies to make human resources socio-economic vulnerability amid shocks to households
policies more gender inclusive, to provide career from deteriorating climate conditions. Adaptive social
development workshops and trainings to women protection (ASP) programs acknowledge that the duration
employees, and to raise awareness around and depth of poverty can be worsened by climate-induced
unconscious gender biases. The project is also events (both slow and rapid-onset events, such as drought
working to improve access to electricity and or cyclones, respectively). ASP can increase resilience in
income generating opportunities for households the event of climate stresses, particularly when livelihoods
led by women. diversification measures are integrated (Kuriakose et al., 2013;
Bowen et al., 2020).
The World Bank’s Equal Aqua (EA) is a collaborative
platform that engages with private sector The inclusion of a productive safety net approach that
actors, academia, and local and international supports livelihood diversification and skills development
organizations to benchmark gender inclusion in can enhance adaptive capacity and reduce risks for
water utilities. It aims to address the normative households and area economies. ASP programs also help
and institutional barriers that stand in the way households avoid coping strategies that harm women and
of women’s greater participation in the global girls, such as withdrawing girls from school, early child
water workforce by providing diagnostic tools marriage, selling women’s personal assets, and reductions
and human resources best practices to enhance in women’s food intake.
women’s recruitment and retention. It also aims
to support women working in the water sector
through information, trainings, and tools to help
INTERVENTION EXAMPLES
advance their careers. To date, EA has supported
or informed the design of more than 40 World In Niger, the World Bank’s Adaptive Safety Net
Bank operations. Project (P166602) provides beneficiaries—primarily
women—with cash transfers; establishes village
 he Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet
T savings and loans associations (VSLAs); hosts
(GEAPP) and Shortlist launched the “Women for community workshops on aspirations and social
Green Jobs,” a collaboration to create 750 green norms, life skills, and micro entrepreneurship; and
jobs for women across six countries in Sub- provides large lumpsum cash grants to promote
Saharan Africa.11 GEAPP is focused on accelerating investments in productive activities, with the
investment to support an equitable green energy aim of increasing women’s capacity to cope with
transition in developing and emerging economies, climate shocks. The project has improved women’s
while Shortlist provides youth employment food security, raised household consumption,
solutions in Sub-Saharan Africa and India improved business investments and outcomes,
(Rockefeller Foundation, 2022). and increased women’s empowerment and
control over their income-generating activities
I n Malawi, Skills for Resilience is a four-year and earnings.
vocational training program to encourage climate-
smart agriculture, targeting young smallholder
farmers with a focus on women and people
with disabilities. Coordinated by the Norwegian
Association of the Disabled in partnership with
the Technical, Entrepreneurial and Vocational
Education and Training Authority in Malawi, the
program focuses on rural areas where livelihoods
are threatened by climate change (ILO, 2022).

11
Nigeria, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Malawi.
12
 response, and rebuilding mechanisms at the local level
and beyond (e.g., GFDRR & World Bank, 2021). While best
In Ethiopia, the World Bank’s Urban Productive
practices are still emerging, there is broad consensus
Safety Net Project (P151712) aims to increase the
that interventions must target disaster preparedness,
incomes of poor households and establish urban
including risk perception, preparedness action, and early
safety net mechanisms, with women as primary
warning systems, as well as coping capacity, including
beneficiaries. The project supports the delivery of
access to finance and information, livelihoods, migration,
conditional and unconditional safety net transfers,
and social protection (ibid). It is considered best practice
provides livelihoods through public works with
to systematically incorporate women’s voices in the design
equal participation of women, and supports
and implementation stages and to use local networks and
women to move into sustainable employment.
community groups, which are critical in the dissemination
According to the latest implementation report, 60
of information and in emergency mobilization.
percent of project beneficiaries are women.

India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a INTERVENTION EXAMPLES
rights-based safety net guaranteeing 100 days
In Vietnam, UN Women sought to strengthen
of wage employment per year to all men and
the role of women in disaster risk reduction
women working and living in rural areas in
and management by elevating women’s
India who opt in and qualify. The program also
participation in the Committees for Flood
encourages the participation of women, with
and Storm Control in the An Dung commune.
provisions for preventing gender and caste-based
Women were trained in disaster management
discrimination. This program has partially shifted
and national lobbying to secure seats for the
power relations between laborers and local elites,
Women’s Union in decision-making boards.
empowering women within households, and has
Qualitative interviews reflect more effective
already made a major contribution to resilience
evacuation mechanisms for community members
(Godfrey-Wood & Flower, 2017).
stemming from this initiative (UN Women, 2014).
I n Senegal, the government’s social safety net
The Women’s Resilience to Disasters program in
program allowed over 10,000 direct recipients—
the Pacific places women’s and girls’ advocacy
primarily women—to receive $300 into their
central in disaster risk reduction and resilience
mobile money account to help them rebuild,
responses, frameworks, and systems. By the end of
provide for basic needs, and avoid negative
the program, women and girls are expected to have
coping strategies in response to severe floods in
the capacity to withstand hazards, recover from
2020. The success of this program was linked to its
disasters, and increase their resilience through
adaptive nature, which included a social registry
preparedness and early warning systems; assets,
system, digital payments, and predefined and
services, and products; capacity development
timely response mechanisms (Rigolini, 2021).
for women’s businesses; and climate-resilient
livelihoods (UN Women, 2021).

In Nepal, the Pratibaddha project engages in

RESILIENCE BUILDING AND DISASTER
capacity building efforts with local authorities and
RISK REDUCTION
disaster management bodies using innovative
Closely linked to the development of climate-sensitive hazard and risk-mapping tools to increase local
social protection systems, interventions at the gender- preparedness and increase resilience to floods
climate nexus have also examined women’s role in local and landslides. The workshops and programs are
resilience building and disaster risk reduction. A large gender balanced and provide equal opportunities
body of evidence demonstrates women’s heightened for women, elderly persons, persons with
vulnerability to climate-induced disasters. They are disabilities, and other marginalized groups.
affected disproportionately in terms of life expectancy, Furthermore, local champions—the program’s key
employment, labor force re-entry, and asset loss, while advocacy and communication stakeholders—are
also experiencing greater risk of GBV in emergency settings primarily women (People in Need, 2022).
(Erman et al., 2021). At the same time, women play an
essential role in developing effective disaster risk reduction,

13
 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
Climate change heightens the risk of different forms
of GBV, and programs have only recently begun to
incorporate this into climate policies and local disaster
response. A growing body of evidence suggests that climate
change aggravates the safety risks faced by women and
girls due to displacement, resource scarcity, food security,
and the disruption of service provision (UN Women, 2022).
At the same time, failure to eliminate GBV poses a threat
to effective mitigation, adaptation, and resilience building,
as it reduces women’s agency and voice in climate action.
While there is increased international attention on the
linkages between climate change and GBV, comprehensive
approaches to integrate GBV prevention into national and
local climate change policies and programs are still rare.
Today, forward thinking examples are emerging at the local
level to protect women and girls from security threats,
particularly in disaster preparedness measures.
In Indonesia, the World Bank’s Reconstruction of
Aceh Land Administration System (RALAS) project
aimed to recover and protect land ownership
rights of the people in Aceh following a tsunami INTERVENTION EXAMPLES
by leveraging community consensus and land In the Solomon Islands, the Women’s Peace and
mapping. After four years, over 200,000 land Humanitarian Fund (WPHF) has supported the
title certifications had been issued to tsunami Protection and Gender in Emergency Response
survivors or their families, 28 percent of which Project, which seeks to address GBV in the context
were distributed to women, either individually or of humanitarian and climate-related disasters
in joint ownership (World Bank, 2011). through gender-responsive response and disaster
risk reduction mechanisms. In Fiji, Solomon
In Bangladesh, USAID’s Promoting Resilience to
Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu, the WPHF has helped
Risks of Natural Hazards (PRERONA) project aims
implement the Pacific women’s weather watch
to help communities in Cox’s Bazar prepare for
project focused on capacity building among
cyclones and other climate-induced disasters
local rural women to make informed decisions,
through the construction of 96 multipurpose
including on GBV, before, during and after disasters
cyclone shelters. The project aims to provide
(UN Women, 2022).
refuge to over 80,000 people and has taken
additional measures to ensure women’s use by The Plan International Lake Chad Programme
adding separate rooms for women, breastfeeding Strategy 2018-2030 is a joint initiative in
corners, and separate toilets to prevent GBV Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, and West and Central
(USAID, 2020). Africa to scale up GBV responses given severe
safety concerns arising from climate change and
The EPIC Response provides a comprehensive
the scarcity of resources in the Lake Chad Basin.
framework to better manage hydro-climactic risks
It aims to meet humanitarian needs, strengthen
and takes a whole-of-society approach, leveraging
resilience, and address the underlying causes of
sub-national governments, businesses, civil
GBV through the provision of quality services and
society, and households, with a focus on women
safe spaces, community engagement on safety,
and other disadvantaged groups. The framework
and long-term social norm change (GBV AoR
recognizes the increased vulnerability of these
Helpdesk, 2021).
groups in the face of hydro-climatic events, but
also calls on emergency response agencies to
systematically include marginalized individuals in
management programs (Browder et al., 2021).

14
he Gender-Based Violence and Environment
T Key Sectoral Priorities
Linkages (GBV-ENV) Center, developed by IUCN, Climate-smart development and decarbonization
is a platform for gathering resources, sharing pathways require substantial rethinking of high-impact
best practices, and forging action on GBV in the systems, particularly in sectors with heavy emissions.
context of environmental sustainability. To date, These include the sectors of energy; agriculture, food,
the center has collected 200 requests from water, and land; cities; transport; and manufacturing.
governments, policymakers, organizations, media, Together, these sectors account for 90 percent of global
and academics for tools, information, and support GHG emissions (CCAP, 2021) and represent a central
on the GBV-climate nexus. It has supported focus of public and private sector-led efforts to advance
women’s advocacy groups in integrating GBV into green transitions.
global environmental policy, and it has played
a role in incorporating GBV considerations into Gender and climate interventions across these systems
response mechanisms of disaster risk strategies have focused on strengthening women’s participation as
(UN Women, 2022). community stakeholders and decision makers; integrating
entrepreneurship, employment, and livelihood creation
In Nepal, IFC led a $453 million debt and $29.2 initiatives for women into climate projects; and ensuring
million equity financing package to develop a equitable access to infrastructure resources that help
216-megawatt hydropower plant by the Nepal alleviate the impacts of climate change. A central premise
Water and Energy Development Company driving these efforts is that women are more affected
(NWEDC). The project aims to reduce the by rising global temperatures in particular areas, such as
country’s reliance on fossil fuels and to strengthen agriculture or urban housing. The second premise is that
renewable energy sources. Simultaneously, it aims women can play a critical role in responding to climate
to reduce the risk of GBV in NWEDC’s operations, change in forestry, public transport, urban planning,
while assisting the company to promote respectful water and energy utilities, manufacturing, and other
workplaces and create opportunities for women areas. This role is exhibited through participation in the
in non-traditional roles under the Powered workforce, where more diversity allows companies to
by Women initiative. As part of the initiative, improve service delivery or reach new markets, and
there has been an increase in the adoption of through leadership on corporate boards, utility boards,
codes of conduct to prevent bullying and sexual municipal planning committees, and local governments,
harassment among participating companies. as well as through diverse roles as consumers and
community stakeholders.

15
ENERGY
Gender-transformative interventions in the energy sector I FC invested a $3.5 million senior loan in BIX Capital
have the highest potential for impact. The sector produces (BIX) to unlock financing for new and fast-growing
three-quarters of global GHG emissions, 800 million people manufacturers and distributors of climate-
live without electricity, and three billion people cook with smart household appliances (e.g., cookstoves) for
biomass fuels, with significant implications on health and low-income consumers in Sub-Saharan Africa.
time poverty, especially for women and children (CCAP, Through a results-based finance structure, BIX
2021). The sector offers opportunities to increase women’s is helping SMEs grow and create jobs, improve
employment and entrepreneurship in renewable energy, quality of life within households at the base of
to drive the uptake of healthier and more environmentally the pyramid (especially for women and girls),
friendly cooking solutions, and to ensure that large-scale and benefit the environment by reducing GHG
energy transition programs do not inadvertently widen emissions and deforestation. IFC is also advising
gender gaps. BIX on an impact bond structure that can quantify
and monetize the impacts on gender equality and
Gender-transformative power sector planning, energy better health, alongside carbon credits.
subsidy reforms, investing in energy access for women and
other underserved groups, employing women in renewable The Multipurpose Functional Platform Project
energy companies (with a focus on non-traditional and (MFP) in Mali was launched to increase electricity
technical roles), supporting women’s entrepreneurship, access, promote solar energy, and reduce rural
and enhancing women’s voice and agency (particularly poverty. The project targeted women as primary
in decision making and leadership) inform strategic beneficiaries, expanding energy access to half a
approaches in this space. million women. It also reduced women’s time
burden from energy-intensive tasks by up to six
hours per day, freeing up their time and promoting
INTERVENTION EXAMPLES their participation in the local economy. Finally,
the program created income-generating
IFC’s Energy2Equal initiative works with companies opportunities for women through its eight-stage
across Sub-Saharan Africa to increase women’s sequential development and installation of
participation in the renewable energy sector by MFPs, developing women’s entrepreneurial skills
expanding women’s access to jobs, leadership and equipping them with technical oversight
positions, and entrepreneurial opportunities (IFC, (UNDP, 2004).
2019). IFC’s Lighting India initiative, which targets
clean and affordable energy in rural India and IFC is working with off-grid solar companies, the
focuses on women distributors and customers, Kenya Off-Grid Solar Access Program (KOSAP)
has improved distribution networks, increased (P160009), and Practical Action to train and
customer trust, and enhanced public awareness establish groups of women solar entrepreneurs in
for clean energy products (IFC, n.d.). Kenya to sell solar products in their communities.
This approach allows solar retailers to access new
The World Bank’s MENA Regional Network in markets and overcome logistics challenges in
Energy for Women (RENEW-MENA) seeks to reaching remote areas, while at the same time
increase women’s economic participation across creating income-generating opportunities with
the energy sector value chain (more specifically, flexible structures to accommodate household
in clean energy transition jobs) in the Middle East and childcare duties (IFC, 2021).
and North Africa (MENA) region. It is encouraging
better workplace conditions in the private and
public sectors, combatting widespread gender
stereotypes about women’s role in STEM fields,
and increasing the visibility of women in the
energy sector (Beides & Maier, 2022).

16
AGRICULTURE, FOOD, WATER, AND LAND
Addressing the impacts of climate change on agriculture, IFC has partnered with OLAM Agro India Limited
forestry, water, and land use will be essential to meet and DCM Shriram Limited (42346), two large
increasing global demand for food and water, adapt sugarcane off-takers in India, to implement
food systems to climate vulnerability, and strengthen gender-smart interventions focused on narrowing
the socioeconomic position of rural women. Increasing the gap in access to training for sustainable climate
agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner is practices. To date, 201,000 farmers, of which
regarded as one of the most effective ways to reduce 12,900 are women, have been trained in water
poverty and increase food security in low-income sustainability and climate-resilient agricultural
economies, while reducing gender gaps could significantly practices. Furthermore, all farmers received
reduce economic losses in the agricultural sector.12 Women gender training, and a select group of 63 women
represent on average 43 percent of the agricultural labor received support to establish individual sugarcane
force in developing countries13 and produce a large share seedling nurseries. A business case analysis
of the global food supply14, but women’s access to irrigated discovered that farmers preferred seedlings from
land is legally or informally constrained, while climate- women entrepreneurs due to strong service and
smart agricultural services, technologies, financing, and superior seedling quality, and the returns covered
training do not reach them equitably. Climate-smart land the investments of women farmers within a single
and water use, farming, and forestry can help address growing cycle (IFC, 2019).
resource scarcity, while also addressing the large carbon
footprint of the agricultural sector—estimated at 20 percent I n Ghana and Sierra Leone, British International
of global GHG emissions (FAO, 2021)—while creating Investment supported Miro Forestry in
decent work for women and promoting community sustainable forestry practices, which are essential
livelihood diversification. for addressing climate change and meeting the
growing demand for wood in Africa. Miro Forestry
set ambitious women’s employment targets
through initiatives, including upskilling programs
INTERVENTION EXAMPLES
for women and unconscious bias training for
The World Bank’s South Sudan’s Resilient senior management. Efforts resulted in a more
Agricultural Livelihood Project (P169120) aims to targeted approach to gender inclusion and
strengthen the capacity of farmers and improve GBV, as well as positive shifts in company culture
agricultural production while introducing gender- (BII, 2020).
responsive climate-smart agriculture. It targets
equal participation of women in capacity building The World Bank’s Malawi Watershed Services
efforts on climate-smart farming technologies Improvement Project (P167860) aims to increase the
(e.g., drought-resistant seeds) and infrastructure adoption of sustainable landscape management
and strengthens institutions to implement practices and improve watershed services in
programming. targeted areas. The project establishes a link
between women’s lower agricultural productivity
The World Bank’s Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and landscape degradation, and in turn, seeks to
and Marine Fisheries (P161568) project works with improve women’s access to inputs, labor-saving
women who face limited livelihood opportunities technologies, knowledge, and financial services.
situated in the lower end of the fisheries value It delivers targeted training on gender-responsive
chain. It aims to provide financing and capacity sustainable land management and climate-smart
building to women in high-poverty communities agriculture, helps women secure land tenure, and
to develop alternative livelihoods or start promotes women participation in government
businesses in more sustainable value chains. decision making.

12
 or example, the gender gaps in agriculture costs $100 million in Malawi, $105 million in Tanzania, and $67 million in Uganda per year
F
(UN Women, UNDP, UNEP, & WBG, 2015).
13
Women’s representation in the agricultural labor force is estimated at around 40 percent, with significant regional differentiation (e.g.,
in South Asia, it is estimated that women make up more than two-thirds of the agricultural labor force, while in Eastern Africa, they
represent roughly half) (Oxfam).
14
An oft-cited figure is that women produce between 60-80 percent of global food through small-scale farming.

17
 new and decent job opportunities in peri-urban and urban
agriculture; urban transport; renewable energy; green
In Argentina, the World Bank’s Buenos Aires
construction and infrastructure; and urban water supply,
Water Supply and Sanitation with a Focus on
sanitation, and wastewater treatment. In addition, women’s
Vulnerable Areas Program (P172689) aims to
active participation in urban planning has the potential to
improve access to water supply and sanitation
drive more inclusive infrastructure that meets their needs,
for 164,500 beneficiaries, targeting fragile
while also advancing environmentally friendly practices
areas in the city. In addition, the project aims
and reducing GHG emissions.
to improve workforce gender diversity of the
partner water utility, AySA, which has adopted
a variety of progressive measures to promote
women’s career advancement and equal INTERVENTION EXAMPLES
representation in decision-making positions. The Women4Climate initiative, which is part
A $3 million disbursement-linked indicator is of the C40 Cities network of nearly 100 mayors
contingent on increasing women’s representation across the world, aims to empower women’s
in decision-making positions within the utility equal participation and leadership in city-
(World Bank, 2021). led climate action. It provides women leaders
with mentorship and produces research on
Agricultural insurance and technology company
the intersection of gender, cities, and climate
Pula, in partnership with Shell Foundation and the
to highlight the critical role played by women.
UK Government, conducted a study to examine
The group has taken part in city-led projects,
gender differences in farmer agricultural insurance
such as the London Sustainable Development
registrations in Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia. The
Commission’s initiative to attract more women to
baseline report identified several gender gaps
cleantech industries (Women4Climate, n.d.; World
that influence uptake of agricultural insurance
Bank, 2020).
products and reduce yields for women. It put
forward several approaches to bridge the yield The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the
and registration gender gap in the market (Shell European Investment Bank (EIB) are supporting
Foundation, 2021). the development of climate-resilient and
affordable eco-districts, which prioritize women-
led households to receive new green housing in
Mongolia. The program seeks to improve their
CITIES
access to climate-resilient water, sanitation, and
Cities are expected to accommodate 2.5 billion additional heating systems, and sets targets for women’s
people by 2050, and in turn, represent high impact employment in the construction and operational
arenas to advance gender equality, social inclusion, and management of housing units (2X Climate Finance
climate change adaptation and mitigation. It is estimated Taskforce, 2021).
that cities, including transport and buildings, produce
70 percent of global GHG emissions, and will be home I n Monrovia, a key pillar of the comprehensive
to almost 70 percent of the global population by 2050 Urban Development Strategy is increasing
(UNEP, 2022). The urban poor will be hardest hit by the participation and empowerment of citizens in the
uneven impacts of climate change, with slum dwellers implementation and ownership of city planning
facing overcrowding, substandard living conditions, lack of processes, with a focus on women. It will conduct
housing rights, reduced access to services, and air pollution. a women’s safety audit, institute a citizens advisory
Women are the majority of slum dwellers in 80 percent group, and launch an urban women’s livelihood
of 59 developing countries across Latin America and the support project. The project will provide vocational
Caribbean, Central and Southern Asia, and Sub-Saharan training to women along with safe childcare,
Africa (UN Habitat, 2020). support for women’s engagement on policies and
laws, and seed grants to women small business
Global urbanization offers an opportunity to create owners following livelihood and business training
gender-transformative adaptation and resilience solutions, (Cities Alliance, 2021).
in addition to mitigation measures, for example, through

18
 The Cities Alliance Cities for Women Program INTERVENTION EXAMPLES
provides support to urban planning on gender
The European Bank for Reconstruction and
mainstreaming. The women-focused participatory
Development (EBRD), with support from GCF,
process of its framework was applied in the Greater
invested to modernize the Tbilisi metro system
Banjul area of The Gambia and will inform the
in Georgia, while also addressing gender gaps in
Banjul 2040 Digital Urban Plan. The cities of Beja
employment. The tailored equal opportunities
and Médenine in Tunisia also launched efforts to
gender action plan led to an increased number
improve the integration of gender mainstreaming
of women employees, while also improving
and gender-sensitive budgeting in local public
employee retention. More recently, Tbilisi is
policies through council member trainings (Cities
working toward improving the safety of its metro
Alliance, 2020).
systems and promoting more environmentally-
friendly transport to reduce air pollution (2X
Climate Finance Taskforce, 2021).
TRANSPORT
In Colombia, TransMilenio, Bogota’s rapid
By contributing significantly to global GHG emissions transit system, has taken strides to create a
and serving as an enabler of women’s employment, more environmentally friendly city by reducing
transport sits at a critical intersection of climate change emissions by over 1.6 million tons over a seven-
and women’s economic participation. Globally, transport year period. While gender gaps were not initially
produces a quarter of GHG emissions, and this figure is addressed, women’s perspectives were eventually
expected to grow by 60 percent between 2015 and 2050 incorporated to ensure safer, more comfortable
as countries continue to urbanize (CCAP, 2021). Women journeys for women and other vulnerable riders
and men have different mobility patterns (Munoz-Raskin (World Bank, 2020).
et al., 2022). Based on the limited gender-disaggregated
data available, women more commonly use low-emission Driving towards Argentina’s 2050 resilience,
forms of transportation, such as public transport, cycling, inclusivity, and carbon neutrality goals, Buenos
and walking, than men (World Bank, 2022).15 When Aires’ Climate Action Plan seeks to increase
transport infrastructure is designed in a gender-blind sustainable mobility, such as pedestrian and
way, it can further reduce women’s mobility and access cycling options. At the same time, the city’s
to employment opportunities. Men also dominate the Gender and Mobility Plan acknowledges women’s
sector’s leadership and workforce, signaling an opportunity safety concerns in public transportation and
to advance women into decent work through new makes efforts to address gender inequality in
sustainable transport projects. transport and mobility planning, employment
inclusion, data, and awareness raising around GBV
Preserving and accelerating climate-positive mobility (Sustainable Mobility, 2022).
patterns through gender-inclusive transport investments is
critical to ensuring the transition to a low-carbon future. At In Serbia, the World Bank approved a rail
the same time, expanding environmentally friendly modes modernization project (P170868) aimed at
of transportation can reduce women’s mobility constraints, improving rail infrastructure and strengthening the
removing barriers to their economic independence and institutions that oversee rail projects and address
full participation in public life. However, as women increase air quality issues. The project identified gendered
their incomes and independence, they are likely to switch mobility barriers of current and potential rail
to more carbon-intensive transportation options, unless users and developed an action plan for the rail
safe and affordable public transportation is available and operator. It also committed to providing three
suits their needs (Legovini et al., 2022). It is also critical PhD scholarships in the rail industry to women at
to address men’s use of private transport, which can be Serbian universities to promote a new generation
associated with higher status and independence rather of highly qualified women professionals in a male-
than the quality of public transportation. This entails public dominated sector (Aragones & Vukanovic, 2021).
policies on road pricing and parking, behavior change
interventions, and positive marketing.

15
In some countries, the opposite is true, with more men than women using public transportation. In Jordan, for example, the FLFP rate
is extremely low due to restrictive social norms that renders many women almost immobile.

19
MANUFACTURING change with a gender lens is still largely unexplored,
but several innovative financing mechanisms, including
Manufacturing, especially heavy industries, such
outcome-based funds and sustainability-linked financing,
as chemicals, steel, cement, and glass, contributes
may help deliver more capital toward gender objectives.
significantly to global GHG emissions, and features
In the policy and regulatory realm, an integrated gender-
considerable gender gaps in employment and leadership.
climate narrative is growing in national roadmaps and
It is estimated that women represent 30 percent of
climate commitments. Furthermore, voluntary activities
the industry’s workforce and only 15 percent in senior
and corporate standards are emerging on gender and
roles (World Manufacturing Association, n.d.). Carbon-
climate, despite the objectives remaining largely parallel
intensive base materials currently have no technical and
to date. Social protection, disaster management, and
economically viable substitutes, creating challenges in
resilience building, as well as women’s employment and
uprooting processes that support jobs, drive economic
entrepreneurship, are all high-potential areas for gender-
growth, and enable solutions for housing, waste treatment,
inclusive adaptation and mitigation strategies.
food safety, health care, and consumer goods (CCAP, 2021).
To date, entry points for reducing the carbon footprint of Data gaps are significant. The lack of evidence on what
manufacturing processes, while simultaneously enhancing works (and what doesn’t) within the gender-climate nexus
the participation of women in the sector, have not been is driven by a dearth in baseline and programmatic data
extensively explored. However, a recent policy assessment (see Box 3). Baseline statistics on women in environmental
report16 notes that women’s untapped potential as leaders, decision making, disaster-related mortality and morbidity,
entrepreneurs, and industrial employees can drive green disaster risk management, land rights and access to natural
industrialization forward, despite the fact that most green resources, consumption and production, and health are
industry policies do not yet include gender integration considered key gaps (Data 2X, 2020). There is a need for
(UNIDO, 2020). better, more reliable qualitative and quantitative gender-
disaggregated data at the programmatic level, as well as
Global building materials company CEMEX has set robust
strengthened monitoring and evaluation processes to
emission reduction targets, approved by the Science Based
track climate and gender outcomes.
Targets initiative,17 that present the most ambitious pathway
currently available in the cement industry (CEMEX, 2021). The gender-climate nexus also brings to the fore the
At the same time, CEMEX works toward greater gender importance of ensuring sufficient attention to both
inclusion, for example, through internal training to address climate adaptation and the gender responsiveness
unconscious biases and develop inclusive leadership of climate financing. To date, mitigation measures
behaviors (CEMEX, 2020). Initiatives like “Yo Construyo (including large-scale capital-intensive, hard infrastructural
Autonomía”, empower women in DIY home construction investments) have received the bulk of funding and policy
projects, and “Patrimonio Hoy” offers financing schemes attention. Adaptation efforts, including locally-led skills
with women as 70 percent of its customer base. and institution-building efforts that can help secure
the resilience of poor people, including women, have
Current Challenges in Collecting historically received less funding and support (World
Evidence and Operationalizing the Bank Group, 2019). Further, it is recognized that the scale
Gender-Climate Nexus and scope of climate action needed globally will require
The evidence on successful and replicable gender-smart significant private sector investment as public capital alone
climate interventions is still emerging. There is significant are insufficient to keep warming below the 1.5 °C threshold.
room to explore such interventions, learn from operational Private financing primarily flows to mitigation measures
experience, and formulate best practices to combat that have demonstratable returns for investors. In contrast,
climate change in an inclusive and gender-transformative the people-centered approaches highlighted in this brief
way. Mobilizing finance and investment toward climate are often not monetized for a market context.

16
Report includes analysis of Cambodia, Peru, Senegal, and South Africa.
17
 he Science Based Targets initiative seeks to help businesses set ambitions that provide clearly defined pathways to reduce GHG
T
emissions. Targets are considered ‘science-based’ if they are in line with the latest climate science limiting global warming to well-
below 2°C above pre-industrial levels (Science Based Targets).

20
 BOX 3. DATA GAPS ON THE GENDER-CLIMATE NEXUS
Gender-disaggregated data is at the core of evidence-informed policymaking and the achievement of gender-
transformative climate goals. Without gender data, issues related to differentiated climate impacts remain in the
shadows, interventions are inappropriately designed, decision makers are not convinced to act, and progress is
impossible to track.

Data on pollution and other climate indicators are among the least accessible, and countries face huge governance
and resource burdens in applying monitoring frameworks related to climate change (Lorenz & Getzendanner,
2022). At the same, UN Women estimates that it will take 22 years to close the SDG gender data gaps (Encarnacion
et al., 2022). When it comes to the nexus, gender-related environmental statistics are largely absent in national
statistical systems. According to an ongoing survey, only seven OECD countries collect gender-disaggregated data
related to the environment (OECD, 2020).

There is growing recognition about the importance of collecting data on the gender-climate nexus, making that
data available, and using it to inform policies and interventions. There are several notable initiatives working
toward these ends, including the following:

• The UN’s Women Count initiative seeks to overcome institutional and financial constraints that limit the
production of gender statistics by building technical capacity of national statistical systems and providing
financial support to improve data collection. Women Count has also published a toolkit, the Model
Questionnaire on measuring the nexus between gender and environment, to build capacity on
gender-disaggregated data collection in the environment and climate spheres.

• The Gender + Environment Data Alliance (GEDA) is a membership-based coalition that was launched in
2021 to help governments, financiers, and development practitioners respond to climate realities in a
gender-responsive way. It provides technical support and advocacy around gender-environment data, with
the goal of communicating data and knowledge on this nexus to better inform climate action.

• IUCN’s Gender and Environment Resource Center aim to encourage learning and inform action by sharing
news, resources, tools, initiatives, and partnerships through a designated platform. Its Environment and
Gender Information (EGI) fills data gaps to support gender-responsive programming and policies in
environmental and climate areas, with analyses revealing challenges and progress on the
gender-climate nexus.

• WEDO’s Gender Climate Tracker App, launched in 2016, provides the latest on-the-go information and
resources to understand and monitor progress on the integration of gender into national and international
climate policies. Its primary aim is to create civil society awareness and hold countries accountable to
facilitate dialogue and policy implementation.

While understanding the differentiated impacts of climate change is critical through the generation of gender-dis-
aggregated data, there is also an important link between the disclosure of climate-related data and women’s
leadership. A study of 215 firms listed on the London Stock Exchange found a strong positive correlation between
voluntary disclosures of GHG emissions and gender diversity in boardrooms (Tingbani et al. 2020). Similar findings
in South Korea reveal the positive effect of women executives and employees on voluntary corporate carbon
disclosures (Kim, 2022). Firms with more gender diverse boards perform significantly better when it comes to Task
Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures, where greater transparency can improve company risk assess-
ment, capital allocation, and climate-responsive strategic planning.

21
 3. LOOKING AHEAD: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
TO ADVANCE WOMEN IN CLIMATE ACTION

Strategic Recommendations 3. Increase concessional and blended finance

mechanisms. This can be done leveraging established
1. S
 trengthen the understanding of the gender-climate
financing mechanisms that target gender or climate,
nexus. Enhance evidence-led, inclusive approaches that
such as We-Fi or CIF. Create dedicated blended finance
move beyond “women as victims” narratives to highlight
funds with the aim of drawing private sector capital to
women as key contributors to local, national and global
gender-climate projects in areas perceived as high risk
policy and finance action on climate, and to community
or low return, such as adaptation and resilience building.
resilience building and disaster risk reduction.

2. Build the evidence base through pilot interventions 4. Invest in women-founded or led green and climate
and evaluative work. Use quantitative and qualitative businesses. This will support climate-friendly products
approaches, with beneficiary feedback and gender- and services that benefit women end users, or solutions
collection, to identify gender-smart climate solutions. that improve women’s adaptive capacity. Investigate the
Adding an intersectional lens and collecting data on potential for public-private partnerships in this space,
additional characteristics, such as disability disaggregated linking public organizing and convening power with
data, can deepen the evidence base. private capital and targeted value chain development.

3. E
 nsure the gender-climate nexus is fully integrated and Institutions, Policy, and Regulation
tracked, including in World Bank Group programming. 1. Apply a gender lens across all climate programs and
This is important in terms of content and expenditure policies. Gender should be a fully integrated element
in World Bank Group strategy and programming, such to create climate response programs that are inclusive
as CCDRs (see Box 2) and future efforts in areas, such as and drive toward mutually reinforcing objectives
loss and damage funding, for countries affected most by around gender equality, poverty reduction, and climate
climate disasters. resilience. Doing so can advance attainment of Nationally
Determined Contributions and Paris Alignment
4. Continue to address the root causes of gender inequality
commitments in a gender-responsive and socially
that place women at greater risk of climate vulnerability.
inclusive manner.
Strengthen gender-sensitive legal frameworks and focus
on women’s human capital, job quality and livelihood 2. Support participatory practices in climate dialogues.
diversification, access to and ownership of assets, and Create opportunities for the inclusion of women and
voice and agency in the context of climate action. marginalized groups to shape investment priorities as
part of locally-led climate action.
Financing and Investments
3. Promote women’s leadership and decision-making
1. S
 ignificantly scale up financing for gender-smart
capacity. This should be done across the board, in
climate action. This includes devolved climate finance
climate policy, planning, and implementation; in
and dedicated funding amid mainstream public sectoral
governments, local community organizations, corporate
and macro budget categories. Ensure that capital flows
boards and management; and in the broader climate
to women’s organizations and women-led initiatives,
science community.
including those representing other disadvantaged group
identities, such as Indigenous Peoples and climate
migrants.

2. Explore innovative private sector financing instruments.

Expand innovations such as ESG-related bonds on
gender, sustainability, and blue and green bonds; carbon
market mechanisms with gender and health co-benefits;
and blended finance that explicitly includes gender and
climate performance indicators.

22
Thematic and Sectoral Recommendations
1. S
 hare best practices and replicate and scale effective
solutions. These include green employment/
entrepreneurship, adaptive social protection, disaster
response, and local resilience building. Target high-impact,
high-emission sectors, such as agriculture, water, forestry,
and land use; energy; cities; transport; and manufacturing,
where considerable growth or job creation is expected, so
that women and girls may benefit positively from these
transitions. Programs should consider a rights-based
approach to programming to increase transformational
potential, and work to expand the time-horizon of action
and goals.

2. P
 romote green employment and entrepreneurship.
Encourage girls’ education in green STEM and support
the school-to-work transition to ensure equitable
access to green jobs. Make sites of employment better
for women, for instance by addressing gender-based
discrimination and barriers to entry and retention
through gender-responsive human resource policies that
include childcare, GBV prevention, technical training, and
mentorship opportunities.

3. Ensure gender-smart design in social protection

and livelihoods diversification measures. Create
programming to diversify livelihoods to reduce women’s
overrepresentation in natural resource-based sectors, and
secure their tenure rights, natural resource management
capacity, and use of area-based approaches, particularly
those led by women and Indigenous People.

4. S
trengthen policy and legal frameworks protecting
women from violence. Use a GBV lens in the context
of climate-induced migration, disaster response,
and natural resources-based conflict to reduce
GBV threats and enhance support measures in the
context of displacement and mobility. Implement
measures to reduce the risk of GBV in workplaces to
encourage women’s workforce participation as part of a
just transition.

5. I ntegrate gender considerations into resilience building

and disaster risk reduction. Ensure that disaster
preparedness and response mechanisms are designed
to reach women and children, as well as elderly people,
people with disabilities, and members of disadvantaged
sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) groups.
Support women’s leadership in disaster risk reduction and
response, access to early warning system information,
and capacity-building.

23
 REFERENCES

2X Climate Finance Task Force (2021). “Ways to Gender-Smart Buchner et al (2021). “Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2021”.
Climate Finance: Sustainable Cities”. 2X Collaborative. https:// Climate Policy Initiative. climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/
static1.squarespace.com/static/60d997f2ecd20831960869e0/t/61 global-landscape-of-climate-finance-2021/
891a0054984e08d9b99101/1636375042775/2X_ClimateTaskforce_
Cities_v7.pdf Canpolat, E., Shakirova, M., McElhinny, V., Westerman, K., Cruz,
A., Buppert, T. (2022). Fostering Gender-Transformative Change
Altunbas Y., Gambacorta L., Reghezza A., and Velliscig G. (2022). in Sustainable Forest Management : The Case of the Dedicated
“Does gender diversity in the workplace mitigate climate Grant Mechanism (DGM). Washington, DC: World Bank. © World
change?”. Monetary and Economic Department, Bank for Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/37127
International Settlements. https://www.bis.org/publ/work977.htm License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.

Aragones, V., Vukanovic, S. (2021). “Modernizing railways and Carbon Brief (2021). “Analysis: The lack of diversity in climate-
linking Serbia to the world”. World Bank Blogs. World Bank science research”. https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-the-lack-
Group, Washington DC. https://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/ of-diversity-in-climate-science-research/
modernizing-railways-and-linking-serbia-world
Castañeda Carney, I., Sabater, L., Owren, C., and Boyer, A. E. (2020)
Agarwal, B. (2009). “Gender and forest conservation: The impact “Gender-based violence and environment linkages”, Gland,
of women's participation in community forest governance”. Switzerland:IUCN. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48969
Ecological Economics, Volume 68, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 2785-2799,
ISSN 0921-8009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.025. Cemex (2020). “CEMEX signs UN Women’s Empowerment
Principles”. https://www.cemex.co.uk/-/cemex-signs-un-women-
Beides, H., Maier, E. (2022). “Getting more women into energy s-empowerment-principles
sector: A RENEW’ed approach for MENA”. World Bank Group,
Washington DC. https://blogs.worldbank.org/arabvoices/ Cemex (2021). “Cemex ambitious 2030 climate targets validated
getting-more-women-energy-sector-renewed-approach- to be in line with the latest science”. https://www.cemex.com/-/
mena#:~:text=The%20main%20objectives%20of%20 cemex-ambitious-2030-climate-targets-validated-to-be-in-line-
RENEW,in%20clean%20energy%20transition%20jobs. with-the-latest-science

BIMCO & International Chamber of Shipping (2021). Seafarer Chanana-Nag, N., Aggarwal, P.K. (2020). Woman in agriculture, and
Workforce Report. ICS. https://www.ics-shipping.org/press- climate risks: hotspots for development. Climatic Change 158,
release/new-bimco-ics-seafarer-workforce-report-warns-of- 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2233-z
serious-potential-officer-shortage/
Chattopadhyay, R., Duflo, E. (2004). “Women as Policy Makers:
BoardReady (2021). “Diversity and Climate Action. Of largest Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India.”
corporate greenhouse gas emitters, companies with diverse Econometrica, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 1409–43. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.
boards are doing more to reach net-zero”. https://abirdseyeview. org/stable/3598894. Accessed 23 Nov. 2022.
global/diversity-and-climate-action/#_downloads
Cities Alliance (2020). “2020 Corporate Scorecard”. https://
Boston Consulting Group (BCG) (2019). “The business imperative www.citiesalliance.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/CA_2020_
of diversity”. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2019/winning- CorporateScorecard.pdf
the-20s-business-imperative-of-diversity
Cities Alliance (2020). Greater Monrovia Urban Development
Bowen, T. et al. (2020). Adaptive Social Protection : Building Strategy. https://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/default/
Resilience to Shocks. International Development in Focus. files/2021-06/CitiesAlliance_GrMonroviaUrbanDevStrategy_2021.
Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. https:// pdf
openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33785
License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. Climate Bond Initiative (2021). “Sustainable debt global state of
the market”. https://www.climatebonds.net/files/reports/cbi_
Brew-Hammond, A., Crole-Rees, A. (2004). “Reducing Rural global_sotm_2021_02h_0.pdf
Poverty Through Increased Access to Energy Services − A Review
of the Multifunctional Platform Project in Mali”. UNDP. https:// Crunchbase news (2020). “Global VC Funding to Female Founders
www.researchgate.net/publication/269398844_Reducing_Rural_ dropped Dramatically this Year”. https://news.crunchbase.com/
Poverty_Through_Increased_Access_to_Energy_Services_-_A_ venture/global-vc-funding-to-female-founders/
Review_of_the_Multifunctional_Platform_Project_in_Mali
Data2x. (2020). Mapping Gender Data Gaps in Environment.
British International Investment (2020). “Miro Forestry https://data2x.org/wp-BIXcontent/uploads/2020/03/
Company. Promoting the female workforce in forestry”. https:// MappingGenderDataGaps_Environment.pdf
gendertoolkit.bii.co.uk/case-studies/miro-forestry-company/
Deloitte (2021). “Progress at a snail’s pace Women in the
Browder, G., Nunez Sanchez, A., Jongman, B., Engle, N., van boardroom: A global perspective”. Deloitte Global Boardroom
Beek, E., Caster Errea, M., Hodgson, S. (2021). An EPIC Response : Program. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/
Innovative Governance for Flood and Drought Risk Management. global/Documents/gx-women-in-the-boardroom-seventh-
World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https:// edition.pdf
openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35754
License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.

24
Desai, B. H., & Mandal, M. (2021). Role of climate change in Gustafsson-Wright, E., Boggild-Jones, I., Nwabunnia, O., Osborne,
exacerbating sexual and gender-based violence against women: S. (2022). “Social and development impact bonds by the numbers.
A new challenge for international law. Environmental Policy and October 2022 snapshot”. Series: Outcome-based financing:
Law, 51(3), 137-157. https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/ Impact bonds and outcomes funds. Brookings.
wp-content/uploads/2021/10/report/role-of-climate-change- https://www.brookings.edu/research/social-and-development-
in-exacerbating-sexual-and-gender-based-violence-against- impact-bonds-by-the-numbers/
women-a-new-challenge-for-international-law/epl_2021_51-
3_epl-51-3-epl210055_epl-51-epl210055.pdf Human Rights Watch (2015). “Marry before your house is swept
away. Child marriage in Bangladesh”.
Encarnacion, J., Emandi, R., Seck, P. (2022). It will take 22 years to https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/
close SDG gender data gaps. UN Women. https://data.unwomen. bangladesh0615_web.pdf
org/features/it-will-take-22-years-close-sdg-gender-data-gaps
International Energy Agency (2020). “Energy and gender. A critical
Erman, E., De Vries, S., Thies, S., Kayenat, K., Mirai, M. (2021). Gender issue in energy sector employment and energy access”.
Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience: Existing Evidence. https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-and-gender
Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.
worldbank.org/handle/10986/35202 International Finance Corporation (n.d). “Gender-smart business
solutions. Women Entrepreneurs light the way for solar products
FAO (2018). “Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional in India”. International Finance Corporation, Washington DC.
and country trends 2000-2018”. FAOSTAT Analytical Brief 18. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/9ebaec65-a1aa-4c93-
https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf 8d1e-ddf4986530bf/10953_Gender_Case_Study_LightingAsia.
pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=lLllB-G
Food and Agriculture Organization (n.d.). “Women in agriculture”.
https://www.fao.org/reduce-rural-poverty/our-work/women-in- International Finance Corporation (n.d.). “Pursuing gender equality
agriculture/en/ through infrastructure and natural resources” International
Finance Corporation, Washington DC. https://commdev.org/wp-
FP Analytics (2020). “Women as levers of change. Unleashing content/uploads/pdf/publications/Gender%20Equity%20in%20
the power of women to transform male-dominated industries”. INR_Brochure_FIN%20for%20WEB.pdf
https://womenasleversofchange.com/#environment
International Finance Corporation (2017). “Investing in
Fruttero, A., D. Halim, B. Coelho, H. Gninafon, and N. Muller Women: New evidence for the business case”. International
(forthcoming). “The differential impacts of climate change on Finance Corporation, Washington DC. https://www.ifc.
men and women: evidence from weather shocks.” World Bank org/wps/wcm/connect/ac8fca18-6586-48cc-bfba-
Group, Washington DC, mimeo. 832b41d6af68/IFC+Invest+in+Women+October+2017.
pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=lYLVAcA
Gambacorta L., Pancotto L., Reghezza A., and Spaggiari M. (2022).
“Gender Diversity in bank boardrooms and green lending”. International Finance Corporation (2018). “IFC, BIX Capital Partner
Monetary and Economic Department, Bank for International to finance climate-smart appliances for low-income African
Settlements. https://www.bis.org/publ/work1044.pdf households”. International Finance Corporation, Washington DC.
https://pressroom.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail.aspx?ID=18344
GBV AoR Helpdesk (2021). “Climate Change and Gender-Based
Violence: What are the links? GBV AoR Helpdesk Gender International Finance Corporation (2019). DCM Sugar (43346).
based violence emergencies”. https://gbvaor.net/sites/default/ IFC Project Information & Data Portal. https://disclosures.ifc.org/
files/2021-03/gbv-aor-helpdesk-climate-change-gbv-19032021. project-detail/SII/42346/dcm-sugar
pdf
International Finance Corporation (2019). “Energy2Equal:
Gouett M. (2021). “Furthering Gender Equality Through Gender Empowering women in Africa’s renewable energy sector”.
Bonds.” International Institute for Sustainable Development. International Finance Corporation, Washington DC. https://www.
https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-03/equality-gender- ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/news_ext_content/ifc_external_
bonds.pdf corporate_site/news+and+events/news/energy2equal-africa

GEF (2021). “GEF Corporate Scorecard December 2021”. https:// International Finance Corporation (2019). “Seeds of
www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-12/GEF_ success. Stories of IFC’s work to improve the lives of
Corporate_Scorecard_December_2021_12.pdf. women in agribusiness value chains”. International Finance
Corporation, Washington DC. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/
Godfrey-Wood, Rachel. Flower, Benjamin C.R. (2017). “Does connect/92ac5457-9612-4628-9107-162be3dd1d69/IFC_
guaranteed employment promote resilience to climate change? MAS+Gender_SA+Agri+Vignettes_Seeds+of+Success_UPDATED.
The case of India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Guarantee pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=nNqWTdz
Act (MGNREGA)”. Development Policy Review. Volume 36. Issue
S1. Pp 0586-0604. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ International Finance Corporation (2021). IZSU Support (44190).
dpr.12309 IFC Project Information & Data Portal. https://disclosures.ifc.org/
project-detail/SII/44190/izsu-support
Green Growth Working Group (GGWG) & Donor Committee for
Enterprise Development (DCED) (2012). “Woman’s participation International Finance Corporation (2021). “IFC helps improve
in green growth – a potential fully realized?”. https://www. water supplies, wastewater services for over 400,000 people in
enterprise-development.org/wp-content/uploads/Womens_ Izmir, Turkey.” International Finance Corporation, Washington DC.
participation_in_Green_Growth.pdf https://pressroom.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail.aspx?ID=26440

25
International Finance Corporation (2021). “CTRL ALT DEL A Jägermeyr, J., Müller, C., Ruane, A.C. et al. (2021). “Climate impacts
Green Reboot for Emerging Markets Key Sectors for Post- on global agriculture emerge earlier in new generation of climate
Covid Sustainable Growth.” International Finance Corporation, and crop models”. Nat Food 2, 873–885 (2021). https://doi.
Washington DC. https://pressroom.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail. org/10.1038/s43016-021-00400-y
aspx?ID=26440
Kim, E. (2022). The Effect of Female Personnel on the Voluntary
International Finance Corporation (2021). “The business case for Disclosure of Carbon Emissions Information. International Journal
gender-responsive climate-smart mining”. International Finance of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13247.
Corporation, Washington DC. https://commdev.org/wp-content/ https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013247
uploads/pdf/publications/Gender_CSM_Report_ExecSum.pdf
Kuriakose, A., Heltberg, R., Wiseman, W., Costella, C., Cipryk,
International Finance Corporation (2021). “CTRL ALT DEL R., Cornelius, S., (2013). “Climate Responsive Social Protection”.
Green Reboot for Emerging Markets.” https://www.ifc. Development Policy Review. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
org/wps/wcm/connect/44b004b2-ed46-48fc-8ade- doi/10.1111/dpr.12037
aa0f485069a1/WomenOwnedSMes+Report-Final.
pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=kiiZZDZ Lam, V.W.Y., Allison, E.H., Bell, J.D. et al. (2020). Climate change,
tropical fisheries and prospects for sustainable development.
International Labour Organization (n.d). “Decent Work”. Nat Rev Earth Environ 1, 440–454. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-
https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/decent-work/lang--en/ 020-0071-9
index.htm
Legovini, A., Vandycke, N., Irungu, J. et al. (2022). “All too often in
International Labour Organization (2015). “Gender Equality and transport, women are an afterthought”. World Bank, Washington
Green Jobs”. Policy Brief. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/ DC. https://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/all-too-often-
public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/ transport-women-are-afterthought
wcms_360572.pdf
LinkedIn Economic Graph (2022). “Global Green Skills Report
International Labour Organization (2019). “Promoting Decent 2022”. https://economicgraph.linkedin.com/content/dam/me/
Work in Garment Sector Global Supply Chains”. https://www.ilo. economicgraph/en-us/global-green-skills-report/global-green-
org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/ skills-report-pdf/li-green-economy-report-2022-annex.pdf
documents/projectdocumentation/wcms_681644.pdf
Lorenz, N. & Getzendanner, M. (2022). Climate Change Data
International Labour Organization (2022). ““Nothing about us Playing by the Paris Rulebook: What Countries Need to Do Now
without us” Realizing disability rights through a just transition to Measure Their Climate Change Goals. Open Data Watch.
towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies”. https://opendatawatch.com/blog/climate-change-data-playing-
Just Transition Policy brief. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/ by-the-paris-rulebook/
green-jobs/publications/just-transition-pb/WCMS_860628/lang-
-en/index.htm Malala Fund (2021). “A greener, fairer future: Why
leaders need to invest in climate and girls education”.
International Labour Organization (2022). “The gender gap in https://assets.ctfassets.net/0oan5gk9rgbh/
employment: what’s holding women back?”. OFgutQPKIFoi5lfY2iwFC/6b2fffd2c893ebdebee60f93be814299/
https://www.ilo.org/infostories/en-GB/Stories/Employment/ MalalaFund_GirlsEducation_ClimateReport.pdf
barriers-women#intro
Mavisakalyan, A. & Tarverdi, Y. (2019). “Gender and climate
International Labour Organization (2022). “Launch of the project change: Do female parliamentarians make difference?”
‘Green jobs for young men and women in Algeria for a just European Journal of Political Economy, 2019, vol. 56, issue
transition to a sustainable work future’.” https://www.ilo.org/ C, 151-164 https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeepoleco/
global/topics/green-jobs/news/WCMS_847690/lang--en/index. v_3a56_3ay_3a2019_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a151-164.htm
htm
McAuliffe, M., Freier, L. F., Skeldon, R., & Blower, J. (2022). 5 The
IPCC (2019). “Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Forty- Great Disrupter: COVID-19’s Impact on Migration, Mobility and
Ninth Session of the IPCC. Report from the IPCC task group on Migrants Globally. World Migration Report, 2022(1). https://
gender”. Kyoto, Japan, 8-12 May, 2019. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/ publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022
assets/uploads/2019/01/110520190810-Doc.-10-Rev.1TG-Gender.
pdf McKinsey & Company (2021). “A blueprint for scaling voluntary
carbon markets to meet the climate challenge”. https://www.
IPCC (2022). “IPCC Sixth Assessment Report: Climate Change mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/a-
2022: Impacts, Adaptation and vulnerability”. https://www.ipcc. blueprint-for-scaling-voluntary-carbon-markets-to-meet-the-
ch/report/ar6/wg2/ climate-challenge

IRENA (2019). “Renewable Energy: A gender perspective”. https:// McKinsey & Company (2021). “Diversity wins: How inclusion
www.irena.org/publications/2019/Jan/Renewable-Energy-A- matters”. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-
Gender-Perspective and-inclusion/diversity-wins-how-inclusion-matters

IUCN (2022). “IUCN and MoCC launch Pakistan’s First-ever Climate Munoz-Raskin R., Carvajal K., Kurshitashvili, N. (2022). “The Climate
Change Gender Action Plan”. https://www.iucn.org/news/202207/ Action Agenda: Why a people-centered approach to mobility
iucn-and-mocc-launch-pakistans-first-ever-climate-change- matters”. World Bank, Washington DC. https://blogs.worldbank.
gender-action-plan org/transport/climate-action-agenda-why-people-centered-
approach-mobility-matters

26
Ng W. & Acker, A. (2020). “The gender dimension of the transport SMV Green Solutions (2020). SMV Green Solutions Learning
workforce”. https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/ Report. https://shellfoundation.org/app/uploads/2020/08/SMV-
gender-dimension-transport-workforce.pdf learning-report_Shell-Foundation.pdf

Noe, L., Getzendanner, M. (2022). Climate Change Data. Playing by Tingbani I., Chithambo L., Tauringana V., Papanikolaou N.
the Paris Rulebook: What countries need to do now to measure (2020). “Board gender diversity, environmental committee and
their climate change goals. greenhouse gas voluntary disclosures. Business Strategy and the
Environment”. Volume 29, Issue 6, September 2020. Pp 2194-2210
ODI & HBF (2022). “Climate Funds Update. Gender and Climate https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bse.2495
Finance”. https://climatefundsupdate.org/wp-content/
uploads/2022/03/CFF10-Gender-and-CF_ENG-2021.pdf The Women’s Forum for the Economy & Society (2021).
“Women leading the green recovery. Promoting women in
OECD (2020). “Aid focussed on gender equality and women’s entrepreneurship and STEM will help build a sustainable and
empowerment: A snapshot of current funding and trends over equal world”. https://www.womens-forum.com/wp-content/
time in support of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration uploads/2021/02/Women4ClimateAction_Report_220321_
and platform for action”. https://www.oecd.org/development/ compressed.pdf
gender-development/Aid-Focussed-on-Gender-Equality-and-
Women-s-Empowerment-2020.pdf Trohanis, Z., Svetlosakova, Z., Carlsson-Rex H. (n.d.). “Disaster
risk management in East Asia and Pacific”. EAP DRM
OECD (2020). Gender and Environmental Statistics. Exploring Knowledge Notes. World Bank Group, Washington DC. https://
available data and developing new evidence. OECD Publishing, documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/464071468262478918/
Paris. https://www.oecd.org/environment/brochure-gender-and- pdf/634070BRI0Box30nder0M30web00PUBLIC0.pdf
environmental-statistics.pdf
UN (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
People in Need (2022). “Role of women in disaster risk reduction Change. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/
(DRR) and climate change in Nepal”. https://www.peopleinneed. background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf
net/role-of-women-in-disaster-risk-reduction-8604gp
UN Habitat (2020). “Harsh Realities: Marginalized women in cities
PwC (2021). The State of Climate Tech 2021 Scaling breakthroughs of the developing world”. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/
for net zero. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/sustainability/ files/2020/06/harsh-realities-marginalized-women-in-cities-of-
assets/pwc-the-state-of-climate-tech-2020.pdf the-developing-world-en.pdf

Rigolini, J. (2021). “Social Protection and Labor: A key enabler UN Women (2009). “Women, Gender equality and Climate
for climate change adaptation and mitigation”. Discussion Change”. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/
paper No.2108. The World Bank, Washington DC. https:// climate_change/
openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/36669/
Social-Protection-and-Labor-A-Key-Enabler-for-Climate- UN Women (2014). “Lives saved in Vietnam by involving women in
Change-Adaptation-and-Mitigation.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y disaster planning”. https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/
Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2014/
Rockefeller Foundation (2022). “Global energy alliance for people UN%20Women_Vietnam_US_web.pdf
and planet and shortlist to create jobs in renewable energy for
women across six countries in Africa”. Press release. https://www. UN Women (2020). “Women in Politics: 2020”. https://www.
rockefellerfoundation.org/news/global-energy-alliance-for- unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/03/women-
people-and-planet-and-shortlist-to-create-jobs-in-renewable- in-politics-map-2020
energy-for-women-across-six-countries-in-africa/
UN Women (2020). “Women’s economic empowerment
Rodrigues M. (2022). How climate change could drive an increase in fisheries. In the blue economy of the Indian ocean rim”.
in gender-based violence. Nature. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022- https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/
01903-9. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35831576. https://pubmed. Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2020/Womens-
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35831576/ economic-empowerment-in-fisheries-in-the-blue-economy-of-
the-Indian-Ocean-Rim-en.pdf
Roy, S. (2020). Post-cyclone Aila and Mobility Rights of the Shora
Muslim Women of the Bangladesh Sundarbans Forest. In: Leal UN Women (2021). “Green jobs for women in Africa”. https://africa.
Filho, W., Nagy, G., Borga, M., Chávez Muñoz, P., Magnuszewski, unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field%20Office%20Africa/
A. (eds) Climate Change, Hazards and Adaptation Options. Attachments/Publications/2021/11/20211206_UN%20Women_
Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi. Green%20Jobs_report_ENG%20webpages.pdf
org/10.1007/978-3-030-37425-9_32
UN Women (2021). “Women’s resilience to disasters programme
She Changes Climate (n.d.). At COP27. (2022). https://www. in the pacific”. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/
shechangesclimate.org/ publications/2021/10/programme-brief-womens-resilience-to-
disasters-programme-in-the-pacific
Shell Foundation (2020). “How gender impacts insurance
perceptions”. https://shellfoundation.org/app/uploads/2020/09/ UN Women (2022). “Explainer: How gender inequality and
Shell-Foundation-Pula-Learning-Report.pdf climate change are interconnected”. https://www.unwomen.org/
en/news-stories/explainer/2022/02/explainer-how-gender-
SME Finance Forum (n.d.). “MSME Finance Gap”. https://www. inequality-and-climate-change-are-interconnected
smefinanceforum.org/data-sites/msme-finance-gap

27
UN Women (2022). “Tackling violence against women and girls in USAID (2020). “Double-duty cyclone shelters house student in
the context of climate change”. https://www.unwomen.org/sites/ Bangladesh”. https://2017-2020.usaid.gov/bangladesh/program-
default/files/2022-03/Tackling-violence-against-women-and- updates/oct-2020-double-duty-cyclone-shelters-house-
girls-in-the-context-of-climate-change-en.pdf students-bangladesh

UNDP (2021). “A framework for enhancing gender and poverty Wapner, Jessica (2020). “Climate change hits women harder, but
integration in climate finance. UNDP NDC Support Programme in Vietnam they’re planting mangroves to fight back”.
and Strengthening Governance of Climate Change Finance Global Center on Adaptation. https://gca.org/climate-change-
Programme.” https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/ hits-women-harder-but-in-vietnam-theyre-planting-mangroves-
files/2021-12/UNDP-A-Framework-for-Enhancing-Gender-and- to-fight-back/
Poverty-Integration-in-Climate-Finance_0.pdf
Women4Climate (n.d.). “Who We Are.” https://w4c.org/who-we-
UNDP (2022). “EmPower her launches to advance women energy are
entrepreneurs in developing countries.” https://www.undp.
org/news/empower-her-launches-advance-women-energy- Work and Opportunities for Women (2021). “Women’s economic
entrepreneurs-developing-countries empowerment and climate change: A primer. WOW Helpdesk
Guidance Note No.3”. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/
UNDP (2021). “A framework for enhancing gender and poverty government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/
integration in climate finance. UNDP NDC Support Programme file/980912/Guidance3-WEE-Climate-Change-Primer.pdf
and Strengthening Governance of Climate Change Finance
Programme.” https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/ World Bank (n.d.) “Equal Aqua: Inclusive water institutions
files/2021-12/UNDP-A-Framework-for-Enhancing-Gender-and- platform”. Policy Brief. World Bank Group, Washington DC. https://
Poverty-Integration-in-Climate-Finance_0.pdf www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/brief/inclusive-water-
institutions-platform#:~:text=The%20Equal%20Aqua%20(EA)%20
UNDP (2013). “Green Jobs for Women and Youth. What can local is,benchmarking%20gender%20inclusion%20in%20water
governments do?”. UNDP, New York. https://www.undp.org/
sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/GreenJobs_web.pdf World Bank (2010). “Economics of adaptation to climate change.
Social synthesis report”. World Bank, Washington DC.
UNHCR (2022). “Gender, Displacement and Climate Change”. https://documents1.worldbank.org/
UNHCR, New York. https://www.unhcr.org/5f21565b4.pdf curated/en/853971468160501931/
pdf/639120WP0Clima00Box0361531B0PUBLIC0.pdf
UNEP (2022). “Around the world, cities race to adapt to a changing
climate”. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/around- World Bank (2016). Urban Productive Safety Net Project (UPSNP)
world-cities-race-adapt-changing-climate (P151712). Projects & Operations. https://projects.worldbank.org/
en/projects-operations/project-detail/P151712
UNFCCC (n.d.). “Introduction to Loss and Damage”. https://
unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/the-big-picture/ World Bank (2018). Kenya: Off-grid Solar Access Project for
introduction-to-loss-and-damage Underserved Counties (P160009). Projects & Operations.
https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-
UNFCCC (2022). “Nationally determined contributions under detail/P160009
the Paris Agreement. Synthesis report by the secretariat”. Sharm
el-Sheikh Climate Change Conference - November 2022. https:// World Bank (2019). Women in Water Utilities: Breaking Barriers.
unfccc.int/documents/619180 World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank.
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32319
UNFCCC (2022). “Dimensions and examples of the gender- License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
differentiated impacts of climate change, the role of women
as agents of change and opportunities for women. Synthesis World Bank. 2019. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine
report by the secretariat”, presented in Bonn Climate Change Fisheries (P161568). Projects & Operations.
Conference, June 2022. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/ https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-
resource/sbi2022_07.pdf detail/P161568

UNFPA (2021). “Child Marriage and Environmental Crises: An World Bank (2019). Niger - Second Niger Adaptive Safety Net
Evidence Brief.” UNFPA South Africa. https://esaro.unfpa.org/ Project (P166602). Projects & Operations.
sites/default/files/pub-pdf/child_marriage_and_environmental_ https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-
crises_an_evidence_brief_final.pdf detail/P166602

UNICEF (2021). “Working with women and girls to centre World Bank (2019). Tajikistan - Rural Electrification Project
gender equality in climate resilience”. https://www.unicef.org/ (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
esa/media/10641/file/Gender-Equality-Climate-Resilience- http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/
Advocacy-Brief-2022.pdf en/179751563156091590/Tajikistan-Rural-Electrification-Project

UNIDO (2021). “How can more women power the transition to World Bank (2020). “For Costa Rica, the future of forests hangs in
green industry”. UNIDO Vienna. https://www.unido.org/news/ the gender balance”. World Bank, Washington DC. https://www.
how-can-more-women-power-transition-green-industry worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/10/07/for-costa-rica-the-
future-of-forests-hangs-in-the-gender-balance
United Nations World Trade Organization (2019). “Global report
on women in tourism. Second Edition”. https://www.unwto.org/ World Bank (2020). “Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban
publication/global-report-women-tourism-2-edition Planning and Design”. The World Bank, Washington DC.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/
publication/handbook-for-gender-inclusive-urban-planning-
and-design

28
World Bank (2020). Buenos Aires Water Supply and Sanitation World Bank Group (2022). Türkiye Country Climate and
with a Focus on Vulnerable Areas Program. https://documents1. Development Report. CCDR Series. Washington, DC: World
worldbank.org/curated/en/446491610294607812/pdf/Appraisal- Bank. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.
Stage-Program-Information-Document-PID-BUENOS-AIRES- org/handle/10986/37521 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.” https://
WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-WITH-A-FOCUS-ON- openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/37521/
VULNERABLE-AREAS-PROGRAM-P172689.pdf Türkiye CCDR Full Report.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

World Bank (2020). Malawi Watershed Services Improvement World Economic Forum (2021). Global Gender Gap Report 2021.
Project (P167860). Projects & Operations. https://projects. Insight Report 2021. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-
worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167860 gender-gap-report-2021/

World Bank (2021). “EnABLE – Enhancing access to benefits while World Economic Forum (2022). Global Gender Gap Report 2022.
lowering emissions”. World Bank, Washington DC. https://www. Insight Report 2022. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_
worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/brief/enable-enhancing- GGGR_2022.pdf
access-to-benefits-while-lowering-emission
World Food Programme (2021). “Climate Crisis and
World Bank (2021). South Sudan Resilient Agricultural Livelihoods Malnutrition: A case for acting now”. https://docs.wfp.
Project (P169120). Projects & Operations. https://projects. org/api/documents/WFP-0000131581/download/?_
worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P169120 ga=2.103849600.1891688317.1662474042-886457881.1660660754

World Bank (2021). Serbia Railway Sector Modernization (P170868). World Health Organization (WHO) (2014). “Gender, Climate
Projects & Operations. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/ Change and Health”. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/
projects-operations/project-detail/P170868 handle/10665/144781/9789241508186_eng.pdf

World Bank (2022). Zambia COMACO Landscape Management World Health Organization (WHO) (2021). “Climate change and
(P144254). Projects & Operations. https://projects.worldbank.org/ health”. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/
en/projects-operations/project-detail/P144254 climate-change-and-health

World Bank (2022). South Sudan Enhancing Community World Manufacturing Foundation (n.d.). “Women in
Resilience and Local Governance Project (P169949). Projects Manufacturing”. World Manufacturing Foundation.
& Operations. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects- https://worldmanufacturing.org/women-in-manufacturing/
operations/project-detail/P169949
World Wildlife Fund (2019). “Empowering women in marine
World Bank (2022). Financing Locally-Led Climate Action Program communities to mitigate the impacts of climate change”.
(P173065). Projects & Operations. https://projects.worldbank.org/ https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_
en/projects-operations/project-detail/P173065 genderequalityandfisheriespolicybrief.pdf

World Bank Group (2019). Action Plan on Climate Change Zhen, Sina (2022). “Two cities bridging the gender gap in
Adaptation and Resilience. Managing risks for a more resilient transportation and the women leading it”. ICLEI Local
future. Washington DC: World Bank. © World Bank https:// Governments for Sustainability. https://sustainablemobility.iclei.
documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/519821547481031999/ org/two-cities-bridging-the-gender-gap-in-transportation-and-
The-World-Bank-Groups-Action-Plan-on-Climate-Change- the-women-leading-it/
Adaptation-and-Resilience-Managing-Risks-for-a-More-
Resilient-Future.pdf

World Bank Group (2021). World Bank Group Climate Change

Action Plan 2021–2025 : Supporting Green, Resilient, and Inclusive
Development. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank.
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35799
License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.

World Bank Group (2022). Cameroon Country Climate and

Development Report. CCDR Series;. World Bank, Washington,
DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.
org/handle/10986/38242 License: CC BY-NC-ND. https://
openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38242/
EnglishReport.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y

World Bank Group (2022). Malawi Country Climate and

Development Report. CCDR Series;. World Bank, Washington,
DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.
org/handle/10986/38217 License: CC BY-NC-ND. https://
openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38217/
P1772201ced75ce9182e7142761bde013662bca4fe42.
pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

29