TRIGONOMETRY

Lesson notes
Concept of radian
• The radian is an S.I. unit to
measure angles;
• One radian is the angle made at
the center of a circle by an arc
whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle;
• One radian is approximately
57.296 degrees.
Concept of radian
• Radian is denoted by “rad” or using the symbol “c” in the
power;
• If angle is written without any units, it means that it is
measured in radians;
• Some examples of angles in radians are 2 rad, 𝜋/2, 𝜋/6, 6𝑐 .
Concept of radian
• Angle subtended by an arc in
radians is calculated as:

𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝜃=
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
• For the total circumference of the
circle, the length of the arc is 2𝜋𝑟;
• Then for the angle subtended:
2𝜋𝑟
360° = = 2𝜋
𝑟
Converting radians to degrees
• The relation between radian and degree:
360° 180°
= = 1 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
2𝜋 𝜋
180°
• To convert radians to degrees, we multiply the angle by ;
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 180°
• Example: = × = 90°
2 2 𝜋
Converting degrees to radians
• To convert degrees to radians, we multiply the angle by
𝜋
;
180°
𝜋 𝜋
• Example: 90° = 90 × =
180° 2
Length of arc
• The arc length is defined as the
interspace between the two points
of a curve;
• An arc of the circle is any part of
the circumference;
• The angle subtended by an arc at
any point is the angle between the
two line segments joining the
center to the endpoints of the arc;
Length of arc
• The arc length formula can be
expressed in degrees and radians:
𝜋
•L=𝜃× × 𝑟, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠;
180

• L = 𝜃 × 𝑟, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠.
Area of sector
• The space enclosed by the sector of a circle is called the area of
sector;
• For full circle area of sector is equal to
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒;
• For any other sector, area is found as:
𝜃
𝐴= 𝜋𝑟 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
3ׄ60°
and
𝜃 2
𝐴 = 𝑟 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
2
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Trigonometry ratios
• The ratio of sides of a right-angled triangle with respect to
any of its acute angles are known are trigonometric ratios
of that particular angle;
• The three sides of the right-angle triangle are:
• hypothenuse (the longest side), perpendicular (opposite
side to the angle) and base (adjacent to the angle);
• There are six trigonometric ratios: sine (sin), cosine (cos),
tangent (tan), cotangent (cot), cosecant (cosec), secant
(sec);
 Trigonometry ratios
• With respect to angle C, the ratios of
trigonometry are given as:
• sine: Sine of an angle is defined as the
ratio of the side opposite(perpendicular
side) to that angle to the hypotenuse.
• cosine: Cosine of an angle is defined as
the ratio of the side adjacent to that
angle to the hypotenuse.
• tangent: Tangent of an angle is defined
as the ratio of the side opposite to that
angle to the side adjacent to that angle.
Trigonometry ratios
• cosecant: Cosecant is a
multiplicative inverse of sine.
• secant: Secant is a
multiplicative inverse of
cosine.
• cotangent: Cotangent is the
multiplicative inverse of the
tangent.
Trigonometry ratios
Ratios of standard angles
• The standard angles for which trigonometric ratios can be
easily determined are: 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 90°;
Derivation of ratios of standard angles
• As an example, we will derive
trigonometric ratios for 45°;
• Consider right-angle triangle ABC shown
on the diagram;
• Side AB=BC=a;
• From Pythagoras theorem:
𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐶 2
• Hence
𝑎2 + 𝑎2 = 2𝑎2 = 𝐴𝐶 2
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑎 2
Derivation of ratios of standard angles
• For angle A:
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑎 1 2
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = = = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑎 2 2 2
• All other trig. ratios can be derived now,
using the sides AB, BC and AC
Derivation of ratios of standard angles
• For angles 30° and 60° consider equilateral
triangle ABC in which all the angles are
equal to 60°;
• AD is a bisector of angle A, hence BD=DC;
• IF BC = a, then BD=DC=a/2;
• Since the triangle is equilateral then
BC=AB=AC=a;
𝐵𝐷 𝑎/2 1
• In triangle ABD: cos60° = = =
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 2
Derivation of ratios of standard angles
𝐵𝐷 𝑎/2 1
• In triangle ABD: sin30° = = =
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 2
• From Pythagoras theorem:
𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐵𝐷2 + 𝐴𝐷2
𝑎 2 3𝑎 2
𝐴𝐷2 = 𝐴𝐵2 − 𝐵𝐷2 = 𝑎2 − =
4 4
𝑎 3
𝐴𝐷 =
2

𝑎 3
𝐴𝐷 3
• Now for sin60° = = 2
=
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 2
Derivation of ratios of standard angles
𝑎 3
𝐴𝐷 3
• Now for cos30° = = 2
=
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 2
• Other trig ratios can be found in the same
way.
Derivation of ratios of standard angles
• For angles 0° and 90° consider right-angle triangle ABC in
which ;
• Let us see what happens when the trigonometric ratio of
angle A is made smaller and smaller till it becomes zero;
Derivation of ratios of standard angles
• It is observed that ∠A is very close to 0°, BC also get close to
0. Hence, sinA = BC/AC is close to 0;
• Similarly, if ∠A is very close to 0°, AC is the same as AB, then
cosA = AB/AC = 1;
• Hence, we can define sin 0° = 0 and cos 0° = 1
Derivation of ratios of standard angles
• Similarly, consider the triangle ABC which is right-angled at B.
What happens when the trigonometric ratio of angle A is
made larger and larger till it becomes 90°;
Derivation of ratios of standard angles
• It is observed that if ∠C is very close to 0°, ∠A is very close to
90°, and AC = BC, so sin A is very close to 1;
• Similarly, when ∠A is very close to 90°, ∠C is very close to 0°,
and AB =0, so cos A is very close to 0;
• Hence, we can define sin 90° = 1 and cos 90° = 0.
Ratios of complementary angles
• In the right-angle triangle CBA, angle
C is a complementary angle of A;
• ∠C=90°- ∠A;
• Therefore,
• sin (90°- A) = AB/AC, cos (90°- A) =
BC/AC, tan (90°- A) = AB/BC;
• csc (90°- A) =1/sin (90°- A) = AC/AB,
sec (90°- A) = 1/cos (90°- A) = AC/BC,
cot (90°- A) = 1/tan (90°- A) = BC/AB
Ratios of complementary angles
• Comparing the above set of ratios with
the ratios mentioned earlier, it can be
seen that;
• sin (90°- A) = cos A ; cos (90°- A) = sin A

• tan (90°- A) = cot A; cot (90°- A) = tan A

• sec (90°- A) = csc A; csc (90°- A) = sec A

Ratios of complementary angles
• Summary:
• Sin of an angle = Cos of its complementary angle
• Cos of an angle = Sin of its complementary angle
• Tan of an angle = Cot of its complementary angle
Graphs of trig functions
• Sin graph: y=sinx;
• The roots of the sine function
(x-intercepts) are multiples of 𝜋
(𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, …);
• Period of sine function is 2𝜋;
• The height of the curve at each
point is equal to the line value
of sine;
• Max. value of the graph is 1 at
𝜋/2;
• Min. value of the graph is -1 at
3𝜋/2;
Graphs of trig functions
• Cos graph: y=cosx;
• The roots of the sine function
(x-intercepts) are multiples of
𝜋/2 (𝜋/2, 3𝜋/2, 5𝜋/2, …);
• Period of cos function is 2𝜋;
• The height of the curve at each
point is equal to the line value
of sine;
• Max. value of the graph is 1 at
0, 2𝜋;
• Min. value of the graph is -1 at
𝜋;
Graphs of trig functions
• Graph y=cosx is the graph
obtained by shifting y=sinx to
𝜋/2 units to the left;
𝜋
• sin 𝑥 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2
Graphs of trig functions
• Tan graph: y=tanx;
• Period of tan function is 𝜋;
• The tangent graph has
undefined amplitude;
• It has asymptotes at multiples
of 𝜋/2;
• An asymptote is a line or a
curve that approaches a given
curve arbitrarily closely, but
never meet.
Graphs of trig functions
• Cot graph: y=cotx;
• Period of cot function is 𝜋;
• The cotangent graph has
undefined amplitude;
• It has asymptotes at multiples
of 𝜋;
• The graphs of tanx and cotx
functions face in opposite
directions.
Graphs of trig functions
• Cosecant graph: y=cscx;
• It has vertical asymptotes, which occurs
at 𝜋 and repeats every 𝜋 units;
• Period is cscx graph is 2𝜋;
• The function has no amplitude;
• The maximum values of y = sin x are
minimum values of the positive
sections of y = csc x. The minimum
values of y = sin x are the maximum
values of the negative sections of y =
csc x.
• The x-intercepts of y = sin x are the
asymptotes for y = csc x.
Graphs of trig functions
• Secant graph: y=secx;
• It has vertical asymptotes, which occurs
at 𝜋/2 and repeats every 𝜋 units;
• Period is secx graph is 2𝜋;
• The function has no amplitude;
• The maximum values of y = cos x are
minimum values of the positive
sections of y = sec x. The minimum
values of y = cos x are the maximum
values of the negative sections of y =
sec x.
• The x-intercepts of y = cos x are the
asymptotes for y = sec x.
Unit circle
• The unit circle is a circle
with a radius of 1;
• Because the radius of this
circle is 1, we can directly
measure sine, cosine and
tangent;
Unit circle
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1)
= ;
1

• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1)
=
1
;
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1)
=
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1)
Unit circle
• When 𝜃 = 0° then 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 1, 𝑠𝑖𝑛0°
= 0, 𝑡𝑎𝑛0° = 0

• When 𝜃 = 90° then 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 0, 𝑠𝑖𝑛0°

= 1, 𝑡𝑎𝑛0° =undefined
Unit circle for trigonometric identity
• One of trigonometric identities
can be derived from the unit
circle;
• From Pythagoras theorem:
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
• Since 𝑥 = co𝑠𝜃 and y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
then:
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝟐 = 𝟏
• This identity is known as one of
the Pythagorean identities.
Constructing proofs Pythagorean identities
• Other Pythagorean Identities:
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2 = cscθ 2
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2 = secθ 2
• To prove these identities, we manipulate the 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
= 1 identity;
• Prove 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2 = cscθ 2
• Rewrite the left side as:
2 2 2 2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 1
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 1 + =1+ 2
= 2
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
= csc 2 𝜃
Constructing proofs Pythagorean identities
• Prove 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2 = secθ 2
• Rewrite the left side as:
2 2𝜃 2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin sin 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1 + =1+ 2
= 2
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
= sec 2 𝜃
Constructing proofs even-odd identities

• Prove 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

• For an odd function f(-x)=-f(x). Odd function is a function
symmetrical about the origin. So, sin function is odd, hence
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ;
Constructing proofs even-odd identities

• Prove 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

• For an even function f(-x)=f(x). Even function is a function
symmetrical about the y-axis. So, cos function is even, hence
cos −𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ;
Constructing proofs even-odd identities

• Prove 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −𝜃 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃 sin 𝜃
• Since 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −𝜃 = and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −𝜃 = = − = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
• Other identities can be proved using the same methodology.
Constructing proofs sum/difference for cos

• Prove 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

• Consider two points on the unit circle:
• Point P is at an angle 𝛼 from the positive
x axis, with coordinates (cos𝛼, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼);
• Point Q is at an angle 𝛽 from the positive
x axis, with coordinates (cos𝛽, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽);
Constructing proofs sum/difference for cos
• Note that angle POW is α − 𝛽;
• Label two more points: A at angle
of α − 𝛽 from the positive x axis
with coordinates (cos α − 𝛽 , sin(α
− 𝛽) and point B with coordinates
(1,0);
• Triangle POW is the rotation of
triangle AOB so distance PQ is
the same as AB;
Constructing proofs sum/difference for cos
• We can find distance PQ using formula for distance between two
points:
𝑑𝑃𝑄 = cos𝛼 − cos𝛽 2 + sin𝛼 − sin𝛽 2
= cos2 𝛼 − 2cos𝛼cos𝛽 + cos2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛼 − 2sin𝛼sin𝛽 + sin2 𝛽 =
1 + 1 − 2cos𝛼cos𝛽 − 2sin𝛼sin𝛽 = 2 − 2cos𝛼cos𝛽 − 2sin𝛼sin𝛽
Constructing proofs sum/difference for cos
• We can find distance AB similarly using formula for distance
between two points:
𝑑𝐴𝐵 = cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 1 2 + sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 0 2
= cos2 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 2cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 + 1 + sin2 𝛼 − 𝛽 =
1 + 1 − 2cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 2 − 2cos 𝛼 − 𝛽
Sum/difference for sine
• For sine sum and difference rules are next :
sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = sin𝛼cos𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼sin𝛽
sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = sin𝛼cos𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼sin𝛽
Sum/difference for tangent
• For tangent sum and difference rules are next :
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
tan 𝛼 − 𝛽 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
Sine of double angle
• We know that sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = sin𝛼cos𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼sin𝛽;
• If we let 𝛼 = 𝛽 then sin 𝛼 + 𝛼 = sin𝛼cos𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼sin𝛼 then:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜶 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶
Cos of double angle
• We know that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽;
• If we let 𝛼 = 𝛽 then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 then:
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜶 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜶
• Since sin2 𝛼 + cos 2 𝛼 = 1 then
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜶 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 − 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 − 𝟏
Tan of double angle
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
• We know thattan 𝛼 + 𝛽 = ;
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼
• If we let 𝛼 = 𝛽 then tan 𝛼+𝛼 = then:
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼

𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝜶 =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜶
The product-sum formulas
• The product sum formulas are as follows:
1
cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 = cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 + 𝛽
2
1
sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 − 𝛽
2
1
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 + 𝛽
2
1
cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 − 𝛽
2
The product-sum formulas
1
• Prove that sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 ;
2
• Use identity sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = sin𝛼cos𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼sin𝛽 and add it to sin(𝛼
− 𝛽 );
• sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = sin𝛼cos𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼sin𝛽 + sin𝛼cos𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼sin𝛽
• Then sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 2sin𝛼cos𝛽 or:
1
sin𝛼cos𝛽 = sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 − 𝛽
2
The product-sum formulas
1
• Prove that sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 + 𝛽 ;
2
• Use identities 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛽 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝛽 ;
• Subtract the two identities:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛽
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
• Then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 or:
1
sin𝛼cos𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛽
2
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