American Petroleum Institute Programs In Learning Operating Techniques Couplings, Gear Trains, and V-Belt Drives 1085WB,For the guidance and supp¢ Oil Co. Executive Committee on Training: R. R. Anders Atiantic Richfield Oil Co., Current Chairman ‘Swaim, Continental Oil Co., Chairman of members of that subcommittee. Program developed for API by: Authors: Eitor: Program Supervisor: Project Supervisor: Artists: Content Specialist for API: Coordinator of API Content Specialists: Chairman, API Training Committee: Validation provided through the cooperation of: Howell Training Company 19831 Northwest Freeway, Suite 520 Houston, Texas 77040-5215 Jerry Smith Lyn Sandow John Eric Victor Donald J. Lloyd, Ph.D. John Ball, Ph.D. Shirley Ball Robert Culp Dennis G. Taylor John Breithaupt, Shell Oil Company ‘API Division of Production R. Wehrie, Standard Oil of Ohio AP! Division of Refining L. J. Medlister, American Oil Company James W. Porter, Sun Oil Company Amerada Petroleum Corporation ‘Atlantic Richfield Oil Company ‘Chevron Oil Company Cities Service Oil Company Continental Oil Company Mobil Oil Corporation Skelly Oil Company ‘Sohio Petroleum Company ‘Standard Oil Company of California ‘Sunray DX Oil Company Union Producing Company Special Acknowledgment ‘ort given the PROFIT programed learning series by R. G. Parker, Continental Past Chairman, and John H. Douma, Sunray DX Oil Co., Current Chairman of the API ‘on, Sun Oil Co., Past Chairman, and Pat Fletcher, ‘of the APi Committee on Vocational Training: and Howard the API Subcommittee on Programed Learning, and the This text hes been validated by the Committee on Training, Refining and Production Divisions, American Petroleum Institute. PILOT i PROFIT © Program Press 1967 ‘Reprinted October 1885 2 Violation of Feat Dupication or moaification of this copyrighted material. or any part thereof. is fi Law. Violation of this eopyrignt law may result in severe UE Sonaltiee anc criminal conviction, The Federal Bureau of Investigation Tivestigates all alegations of criminal copyright infringement,COUPLINGS, GEAR TRAINS, AND V-BELT DRIVES Section 1 CouplingsCOUPLINGS, GEAR TRAINS, AND V-BELT DRIVES SECTION 1: COUPLINGS An Introduction to Power Transmission Couplings... Transferring Force trom One Machine to Another How Machines Are Connected to Each Other . Rigid Couplings ..... ee Review and Summary . How Shaft Alignment Is Maintained... How Machines Become Misaligned. ... Flexible Couplings . ae End Float .... Gear Couplings. : Torque and Torque-Cushioning Couotngs : Review and Summary. Couplings with Removable Centers . Lubrication of Couplings . Review and Summary. .. SECTION 2: GEAR TRAINS Gear Trains . How Gears Affect Power... Why Gears Are Used... .. How Gear Trains Are Used As Speed Changers Compound Gear Trains Gear Trains for High-Torque Loads . Gears for Parallel Shafts ..... - ‘Spur Gears fs . Helical Gears Double-Helical Gears... . Review and Summary... Gears for Perpendicular Shafts. . Bevel Gears ....... Worm Gears. Lubrication ...... Shock Loads. . Review and Summary .. SECTION 3: V-BELT DRIVES V-Belt Drives Introduction, : V-Belt Drives Can Be Used As Speed Changers. Variable-Speed V-Belt Drives V-Belt Slippage. : How V-Belts Are Constructed How Belts Are Adjusted . Belt Replacement. The V-Belt Drive in Operation Review and Summary .... Comparison of Gear and Belt Drives...Couplings, Gear Trains, and V-Belt Drives is a programed instruction course covering the different ways prime movers or drivers are connected to driven equipment, the special ad- ‘vantages and problems of each of the different ways, and the adjustment and preventive maintenance of different types of coupling equipment. In Section 1 you will learn about the causes and control of misalignment, end float, and surges in torque, and about the different basic types of rigid and flexible couplings. In Section 2 you will review briefly some of the physical prin- ciples of power transmission, and learn the relationship of speed and torque as different forms of power. You will learn about simple and compound gear trains, and how gear trains may be used as speed changers or torque increasers. You will learn about spur, helical, double-helical, bevel, and worm gears, and the uses of each. You will learn about gear lubri- eation and about handling the shock loads that your equip- ment applies to gears. In Section 3 you will learn about the construction and uses of the different types of single and multiple V-belt drives, the use of V-belt drives as speed changers, the adjustment and replacement of V-belts, and the control of slippage.INSTRUCTIONS. ‘This is a programed learning course. Programed learning gives information in a series of steps called frames. Each frame gives some information and asks you to make use of it. Here is how it works. First, cover the response column at the right with a mask. Read this frame and use the information it gives to fill in the blank. A micrometer is an instrument designed to measure in thousandths of an inch. A micrometer is a good tool for measuring very differences in size. ‘Move the mask down to uncover the word at the right of the frame. If you have filled the blank with that word or a word that means the same, you are ready to go ahead to the next frame. ‘The drawing of a micrometer provides information that will help you fill in the next blanks. OBJECT TO BE MEASURED ANVIL THIMBLE SPINDLE + CAM ite = arene FRAME Seven major parts are shown in the drawing, but only the_____and the ____ contact the object to be measured. small anvil; spindleThe next frame calls for a choice. Circle or underline the ap- propriate word. Of the two parts that contact the object, only the (anvil/ spindle) moves. A program is a series of frames that work like the ones you have just done: Read the frame. Use the information to fill in the blanks or make a choice. ‘Move the mask down and check the response column. Go on to the next frame. Remember to cover the response column with a mask before you begin each page. Notice that the left-hand pages from here on are printed upside down. The program is designes so that you will go through all the right-hand Pages first, and then turn the book upside down and go through the other pages. spindleSECTION 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO POWER TRANSMISSION 1. Work is done when something moves, For example, when water is pumped out of the ground, is being done. . If the water doesn’t move, work (is/is not) being done. ; Compare these pumps. Work is being done in pump (A/B). |. Indicate in which of the situations shown below work is being done. (Situation A/Situation B/Both situations). . The block needs a “push” to move it. eed ty Work is done when a push or pull. something a distance. Energy is the capacity to do work. Water under pressure has energy, and can do 8 work is not Situation B work7. Work is done only when______ makes some object or material 8. Gas must be moved through this line. Some kind of _______ is needed to move the gas. 9. A compressor is often used to add energy to the gas. When the gas moves, __is being done. 10. A compressor can be used to add energy to a gas. A—______is used to add energy to liquids. 11. In the oil industry, pumps and compressors are used to__ liquids and gases. 12. Pumps and compressors are driven by other machines called prime movers or drivers. A gas compressor: A. supplies its own energy. B. takes mechanical energy from a prime mover. 13. Which of the machines listed below are used to drive centrifugal pumps? positive displacement pump electric motor _—— reciprocating compressor internal combustion engine 14. Different prime movers produce mechanical energy in different ways. An internal combustion engine ______a gaso- Iine-air mixture to produce mechanical energy. 15. An electric motor uses mechanical energy. to produce 16. Mechanical energy applied in a direction is called force. The force produced by a prime mover can be applied to ‘a pump or compressor. 17. The force produced by the prime mover must be to the driven machine. energy move energy work pump electric motor internal combustion engine burns electricity drive, or run transferred, or applied, or connected18. Turning or twisting force is called torque. Which of these machines is producing torque? ——aA A —__B 19. In the drawing shown above, torque is produced by the (prime mover/driven machine). prime mover 20. Torque (can/cannot) do work. can COUPLINGS Transferring Force from One Machine to Another 21. Look at this operating situation. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ‘The prime mover is an —__________ electric motor ‘The driven equipment is a___. pump 522. Torque (force) produced by an electric motor turns the ____of the motor. 28. The pump can add force to liquid when its turns. 24. To do this, the shaft of the motor must be to the shaft of the pump. How Machines Are Connected to Each Other 25. When a motor’s shaft is hooked up to a pump’s shaft, the two machines are coupled. Which of the following machines are coupled? 26. One way to couple machines together is to mount them both on the same shaft. This method of coupling is used at (A/B/C) in the drawing shown above. 27. Two machines mounted on the same shaft are said to be close-coupled. ‘The two machines at (A/B/C) are close-coupled. 6 shaft shaft, or impeller joined, or connected, or coupled28. When a pump and its prime mover are built together as a unit with the same base and the same shaft, it is called a close-coupled unit. This electric motor and pump are connected by a -coupling. 29. Coupling two shafts together, or close-coupling two ma- chines, is a common method of transferring from one machine to another. 30. The device which joins two separate shafts together is called @ coupling. The electric motor and the pump are connected by a coupling at (A/B). 81. This coupling transfers___________ from the elee- tric motor. 82. Each of these two methods of joining machines has _ advantages and disadvantages. COUPLED ‘CLOSE-COUPLED (Close-coupled/Coupled) units are more compact. 7 close torque, or force torque, or force Close-coupled38. With (close-coupled/coupled) units it is easier to align close-coupled the prime mover and the driven equipment. 84. Let’s say that you want to replace the electric motor with another prime mover. Replacement of the prime mover is easier with a (close-coupled/coupled) unit. coupled 35. Suppose a small installation is going to be permanent and you probably won’t need to change prime movers. Use @ (close-coupled/coupled) unit. close-coupled 36. Suppose you want a pump with interchangeable prime movers for different temporary jobs. ‘Use @ (close-coupled/coupled) unit. coupled Rigid Couplings 87. These shafts have been joined together to connect a pump to a motor. ‘The couplings make the shaft act as: —— A. several separate pieces. B. one single shaft. B 38. You can make these shafts act as a single unit with a rigid coupling. A rigid coupling (should/should not) be able to bend should not or “give.” 39. Rigid couplings must join the shafts (tightly/loosely). tightly 840. The drawings below show two basic types of rigid couplings. SLEEVE COUPLING Indicate which of these two couplings has a smaller outer diameter (OD). flange coupling sleeve coupling 41. In the_______coupling, the two shafts screw into a single connecting piece. 42. In the ___ coupling, pieces attached to the ends of the shafts are bolted together. 43. For a very narrow space such as a well casing, a coupling would fit better. 44, Let’s say that these two shafts must be disconnected. To disconnect the shafts joined by a sleeve coupling, the shafts (must/need not) be moved. 9 sleeve coupling sleeve flange sleeve must45. To disconnect shafts connected by flange couplings, do the shafts have to be moved? 46. Look at this motor pump unit, ‘You want to connect the motor and pump so that they can be disconnected without moving one or the other. A (flange/sleeve) coupling would make the best con- flange nection. 47. For the two types of rigid couplings: the one with the smaller outer diameter (OD) is the. coupling; sleeve the one that makes it easier to disconnect the shafts is the ______ coupling. flange 10Review and Summary 48. 49, 50, 61. 52, How 58. Machines built on the same shaft and base are A coupling is used to join two together. Couplings transfer from a prime mover to the driven equipment. Rigid couplings (are/are not) supposed to bend or give. ‘The drawing shows two couplings. Coupling A (is/is not) a rigid coupling. Coupling B (is/is not) a rigid coupling. Shaft Alignment Is Maintained The shaft of a prime mover must be free to turn or rotate. The shaft (should/should not) also move up and down. The shaft (should/should not) also move back and forth. . Check which of these different movements is allowable for the shaft of a prime mover. ROTATION AXIAL MOVEMENT RADIAL MOVEMENT rotation —— axial movement ——— radial movement Bb close-coupled shafts, or machines torque, or force are not should not should not56. In addition to rotating, a shaft can move two other ways. Back-and-forth motion is (radial/axial) motion which produces a force called thrust. 57. Up-and-down and side-to-side motion is motion. 58. Axial and radial motion (are/are not) desirable, since they can damage the machine. 59. Machine shafts are usually mounted on bearings. In which of these machines would you find bearings? gas turbine electric motor internal combustion engine reciprocating compressor 60. Bearings are used to aid rotary movement and to axial and radial movement of a shaft. 61. Look at this rotating steam turbine rotor. Jets of steam cause both rotary and force to be applied to the turbine shaft. 62. To prevent axial movement, this rotor can be held in place by 68. Compare these bearings. BEARINGS Bearing A limits (axial/radial) movement. Bearing B limits radial and movement. 12 radial are not gas turbine electric motor internal combustion engine reciprocating compressor Prevent, or stop, or reduce axial bearings radial axial, or thrust64. Here are separate pictures of the two bearings shown above. A limits B limits and movement. movement, 65. If the machines did not have bearings, you (could/ could not) couple their two shafts together for effec- tive operation. 66. Bearings help to keep the two shafts in 67. There is radial shaft movement in this motor. ‘The motor may have a worn 68. Bearings keep the shaft lined up inside a machine, but sometimes misalignment ean occur outside the machine. The shafts of these machines (are/are not) correctly aligned. 69. Bearings (can/eannot) correct this problem, 70. Bearings (can/eannot) control axial or radial move- ment. 13 radial; axial, or thrust radial could not line, or alignment bearing are not71. Bearings (can/cannot) control the effect of forces in- side the machine pushing on the shaft. 72. Bearings (can/cannot) control misalignment outside of the machine. How Machines Become Misaligned 78. This pump and steam turbine are perfectly aligned at startup. The pump is pumping a cold liquid. During operation, the (pump/steam turbine) heats up first. 74. When metals are heated, they expand; the (pump/ turbine) expands more. 75. Two things happen when the metal parts expand. ‘The base of the steam turbine expands and moves the turbine (higher/lower) than the pump. The steam turbine shaft gets 76. Because of this expansion, the shafts become 14 steam turbine ‘turbine higher longer misaligned17. 8. 80. 81. Sometimes a large prime mover will “settle” down on its support. This (will/will not) misalign the prime mover and will the driven equipment. Let’s say you used a rigid coupling to connect the prime mover and the driven equipment, A rigid coupling (can/eannot) bend or “give” if one cannot of the shafts moves. If the shafts become misaligned, the bearings have more than a normal load to handle. A bearing may from having excess shaft ‘wear Joad rub against it. If there is stress on the coupling because of misalign- ment, the shaft or bearing could since break the coupling can’t “give.” A short shaft is (more/less) rigid than a long shaft more of the same material and the same thickness, Usually, rigid couplings are used on long shafts that can absorb stress themselves. Which of these shafts can be connected by rigid coup- lings? ——aA A ——_B 1584. In which of these situations would a rigid coupling be used? Flexible Couplings 85. Pumps, compressors, and prime movers have relatively stiff shafts, and it is often impossible to keep them perfectly aligned. ‘These machines are normally coupled with (rigid/ flexible) couplings. flexible 86. Flexible couplings have at least one part that can flex or give. Draw an arrow to the part of this coupling that can flex. 1687. This drawing shows a basic flexible coupling. A plastic block has been inserted between two attached to the shafts. flanges 88. The plastic can give slightly if the shafts become . misaligned 89. This drawing shows another basic flexible coupling. A buffer is placed between the two flexible, or plastic, or rubber flanges. 90. The hard rubber buffer and the plastic block give only slightly. Because they can't flex too much, they transfer between the machines efficiently. torque, or force 91. Axial and radial movement are controlled by. bearings in the machines, 92. Flexible couplings can adjust for (expansion and mis- alignment/axial and radial movement). expansion and misalignment 1End Float 98. End float is an axial movement something like thrust, but with different causes, Which movement here is end float? A B 94. When a machine gets up to speed, its shaft may have @ tendency to fioat, or move back and forth slightly as it rotates. This is called end 95. Also, when a shaft heats up, it (expands/contraets). 96. When a shaft cools off, it. 97. This expansion and contraction also causes____ METAL PLATES Instead of a solid buffer, the flexible part of this coupling consists of several thin metal 98. If end float occurs, the plates (bend/remain rigid). 99. This slight amount of “give” in the plates allows for 18 float expands contracts float plates bend end floatGear Couplings 100. Gears are mounted on the ends of these shafts. The sleeve that covers the gears has___ teeth on the inside which mesh with the gears on the shafts. 101. To make the gears fit the shafts more securely, they are mounted on hubs, 102. To make the sleeve removable, it is made in two pieces. FLANGE ‘The sleeve halves are connected by boltsona__. flange 19103. (Note that the degree of misalignment is exaggerated in the drawings below, so that the nature of the prob- lem is visible without use of instruments.) The gear coupling (can/cannot) compensate for this can type of misalignment. ‘The gear coupling (can/cannot) compensate for this type of misalignment. ‘The gear coupling (can/cannot) compensate for end can float. 20Torque and Torque-Cushioning Couplings 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. ‘Turning force is called torque. Torque is needed to the shaft of a pump or compressor. The coupling must transfer to the driven equipment. Some prime movers, like electric motors, deliver a smooth flow of power. In an electric motor, torque is delivered (in spurts/ in a continuous flow). Others, like piston engines, deliver unevenly. Couplings designed to smooth out surges in torque are called torque-cushioning couplings. ‘Torque-cushioning couplings must be (flexible/rigid). This steel-grid coupling is a torque-cushioning coupling. ‘The two hubs are joined by a long strip of springy steel woven back and forth between them. This is called a ‘The steel grid fits into grooves machined into the sur- face of the. 21 turn, or rotate torque in a continuous flow torque, or power flexible hubs111. 2. 113. 14, Suppose there is a sudden surge of torque from the prime mover. ‘The springy grid can and thus cushion the surge for the driven shaft. When the prime mover has a torque drop-off, the flexes the other way. The grid provides torque-cushioning during startup, acceleration, and deceleration. This makes the transfer of torque from the prime mover to the driven equipment more fl ‘The hubs can also move back and forth inside the grid. This coupling (can/cannot) compensate for uneven expansion, 115. This is another torque-cushioning flexible coupling. Instead of a grid, this coupling has a flexible rubber —_———— which absorbs the fluctuations in torque. 22 bend, or flex smooth, or even tire, or cup, or cushion116. The coupling shown is a flexible tire coupling. The coupling (can/eannot) cushion surges in torque. 28Review and Summary 117. Flexible couplings can be designed to: correct for shafts caused by ex- pansion ; allow for. cushion surges in 118. Indicate the operating problems that this coupling can handle. uneven expansion misalignment end float surges in torque 119. Indicate the operating problems that this coupling can handle, ———mneven expansion misalignment surges in torque float 120. A gear coupling (can/cannot) handle end float. 121. A flexible tire coupling (can/cannot) handle end float. 122. Steel grid couplings and flexible tire couplings are de signed to cushion _____in 24 misaligned end float torque uneven expansion misalignment end float (None of those listed.) can can surges; torqueCouplings with Removable Centers 128. Let’s say that two large machines must be uncoupled for repairs. Coupling (A/B) allows us to make repairs easier. B 124. A coupling with a removable center is often used. Each of these couplings has a______center removable section. 125, ‘These couplings allow the machines to be —__ uncoupled, or separated, more easily. or repaired 25LUBRICATION OF COUPLINGS 126. 127. 128, 129. 130. 131. 132, 138. Rigid couplings have no movable parts. Since there is no friction created by metal rubbing against metal, rigid couplings need no Flexible bearings containing plastic or rubber blocks or cushions (require/do not require) lubrication. Gear couplings and steel-grid couplings are in constant metal-to-metal contact. ‘These couplings are lubricated with a film of oil or grease to prevent__________between the metal surfaces. It is very important that the teeth in the gear coupling are tightly meshed. To reduce the friction of metal-to-metal contact this coupling must be Or, the coupling can be made from some anti- material. ‘The coupling becomes inefficient when the teeth are Coupling parts are usually protected by covers. ‘The cover helps to keep the coupling lubricated and also keeps out dirt or other material that might the coupling. Couplings should be checked periodically. If the lubricant has decomposed or the coupling should be refilled. out, 26 lubrication do not require contact, or friction lubricated friction worn damage, or harmREVIEW AND SUMMARY 184, Which of the couplings shown below are flexible and which are rigid? flexible rigid flexible flexible surges in torque surges in torque —— end float end float misalignment misalignment 27136. Which of these couplings needs to be lubricated? ae DEE 187, Axial and radial movements are controlled by 188. Look at this bearing. It restricts ___________ movement.COUPLINGS, GEAR TRAINS, AND V-BELT DRIVES Section 2 Gear TrainsSECTION 2 GEAR TRAINS Introduction 1. Work is done when ______ is applied to some- thing and makes it 2. In which of the situations below is work being done? 8. Work is not being done in B because nothing is 4, Work is measured by how much force is used and how far something moves. si ' t i ‘The amount of work being done here can be measured as 12 pounds moving ees 5. The amount of work is not affected by how fast it is done. It (takes/does not take) more work to move the 12 pound block in a second rather than in a minute. 29 energy, or force move moving 10 feet does not take6. Which situation shown below requires more work? ——B —— both the same both the same 7. Which situation shown below requires more work? | ——— both the same 308 Which of the following factors affect the measurement of work? A. How far something must be moved. A —— B. How fast something must be moved. C. How much force is needed to move some- thing. 9. Power is a measurement of how much and how fast is being done. work 10. Which of the following factors affect the measurement of power? —— A. How far something must be moved. ——B. How fast something must be moved. ——C. How much force is needed to move some- thing. awp 11. The main difference between a measure of work and a measure of power is: how fast the work must be done. how fast the work must be how much work must be done. done 12. Two machines can do the same amount of work. A. They both produce the same amount of power. ———B. You can’t tell which produces the most B power unless you know the speed at which the work is done. 18. Horsepower is a specific measurement of power. LMINUTE One horsepower (HP) is the amount of power needed to lift pounds foot in 88,000; one minute. one 8114. Which motor shown below is producing more power? ‘Motor A ‘Motor A —— Motor B 15. Which motor shown below is producing more power? ‘Motor B 3216. The amount of power produced increases when a machine does_________work or does the work 17. These pumps are pumping the same liquid. Pump (A/B) needs more power. 18. Power depends on: how of a substance must be moved, how far it must be moved, and how. it must be moved. Force and Power 19. A lever can be used to move things. N C/G /~ x 8 A lever can produce 20. The lever which produces more force is lever (A/B). 21, It would be easier to move the rock with lever (A/B). 22. The longer the handle on a lever, the ‘the amount of force it can produce. 38 more faster much fast foree greater23. Torque is a twisting force. A 8 ‘Torque is involved in (A/B/C). A 24, ________is needed to make a shaft turn, Torque 25. A wrench can be used to exert torque on a shaft. ‘The amount of torque produced is the length of the wrench is increased. increased, or greater 26. Both of these wrenches exert torque. bel ‘With the same push or pull on the handle, wrench B (A/B) exerts the greater torque. 3427. Which handle must move a greater distance to turn the shaft? Y € A B A ——B B 28. If point X and point Y move at the same speed, which wrench moves around in a circle the soonest? —— Wrench A Wrench A —— Wrench B 29. Remember, power depends on speed as well as amount of work. Which wrench can be used to produce more force? A B B ‘Which wrench can probably do its job faster? A A eB) 3530. 31. Although a short wrench does not produce as much torque per revolution as the long wrench, it can be turned faster. ‘The short wrench (can/cannot) be made to produce as much power as the long wrench. Torque is one part of the power measurement of a machine. ‘The other is the________of the machine. High torque at low speed can represent the same amount of power as low torque at. speed. Gears Affect Power In relation to torque and speed, a gear works some- thing like a wrench. ‘The larger the gear, the greater the amount of (torque/ speed) it can transmit. But a smaller gear can be made to transmit as much power as the larger gear by making it turn This small gear is mounted on the shaft of the prime ‘mover. ‘The small gear turns torque faster86. The large gear turns slower, but produces more torque 87. The total amount of power transferred from the small gear to the large gear stays about the same, ‘The form of power (changes/remains the same). changes 38. High speed is converted to high. torque 39. Look at this gear situation, MOVER Power in the form of high torque is changed to power in the form of high. speed 40. What is happening here? ——— Speed is being changed to torque. Speed is being changed to Torque is being changed to speed. torque, No change is made. 37Why Gears Are Used aL. 42. 43, 44. 46. 41. 48, ‘Torque is one aspect of power. Which of these shafts has the higher torque? A ja Speed is also an aspect of power. ‘Making a small shaft turn at high RPM may pro- duce the same power as turning a larger shaft at RPM. ‘The power a prime mover produces is 2 combination of and Let’s say an engine has high torque, but operates at low RPM. ‘This means that the engine can move a large load but Be caine epeed A small steam turbine has low torque, but high RPM. This turbine can move a (large/small) load at (high/ low) speed. Thus, a prime mover with high torque and low speed may put out the same amount of power as a prime mover with ___ torque and speed. ‘The transmission of a car is actually a set of gears. In different situations, a car’s rear wheels need dif- ferent amounts of torque and ‘The transmission (gear speed changer) connects the engine crankshaft to the drive shaft, differential, axle, and rear wheels. For the car to move, the wheels must 38 low peed low small high low; high speed turn, or rotate49, 50, 51. 52, 58. 54. 56, 51. 58. 59. Power from the engine is transmitted to the drive shaft, differential, axle, and rear wheels through this To start the car up from a dead stop, the wheels need a lot of torque from the engine. But at startup, the wheels should turn relatively (fast/ slowly). At startup, the car needs (high/low) torque and (high/ low) RPM. At startup, the engine's speed is much faster than the ‘wheels’ speed. At startup, the transmission must change high speed to__ torque. “First gear” of the car’s transmission reduces the RPM delivered to the wheels. High RPM is converted to high _______ to start the car moving. After the car starts to move, less torque is needed to keep the wheels turning. ‘The next set of gears does not have to deliver as much power, but the wheels need more to move the car faster. First gear delivers low ___at high Third gear delivers high _____at low Every machine has a speed at which it operates best, depending on how much torque or speed it needs. When the best or optimum speed of the prime mover and the driven equipment is the same, a set of gears (is/is not) needed. But when the two optimum speeds are different, a gear speed changer may be needed. The speed changer allows both pieces of equipment to operate at their___ speeds. A 1750 RPM motor drives a pump which operates at 800 RPM. A speed (increaser/reducer) is used A piston engine which runs at 380 RPM operates a pump which must be run at 1000 RPM. A speed (reducer/increaser) is used. 39 transmission slowly high low torque speed RPM, or speed; torque RPM, or speed; torque is not best, or optimum reducer increaser61. 65. 66. How 67. 68. Gears are expensive. Ideally, pumps and compressors are connected to their prime movers by (speed changers/a direct coupling). However, if a speed changer must be used, the smaller the amount of speed change, the more efficient it is. To run a 1000 RPM compressor, a (1750/3500) RPM. electric motor is more desirable. A steam turbine works best at high RPM and low torque; a compressor needs high torque at low RPM. A speed reducer connecting these two machines con- verts the turbine's RPM to A diesel engine produces high torque at relatively low RPM. If the diesel engine is connected to a high-speed pump, its torque must be converted to To connect the diesel engine to the pump, use a speed (increaser/reducer). A speed reducer is a torque A torque reducer is a speed Gear Trains Are Used As Speed Changers A gear train is a series of gears which mesh with each other. A gear train is made up of two or more In the gear train above, gear A is mounted on the of the prime mover. Gear B is mounted on the equipment. of the driven 40 a direct coupling 1750 torque RPM, or speed increaser increaser inereaser gears shaft shaft69. When the prime mover shaft turns, gear_—__ A turns with it at the same speed. 70. Since this prime mover gear meshes with the driven gear, the shaft of the driven equipment is made to : rotate, or turn 71. These two gears are the same size. When A makes one complete revolution, B makes (one complete revolution/one-half revolution/two revo- lutions). one complete revolution 72, If the two meshing gears have different numbers of teeth, they each turn at (the same/a different) speed. a different The conversion of speed to torque can be done with a gear train. Gear A has (10/80) teeth. 10 74. Gear B has 30 teeth. ‘One complete turn or revolution of gear A turns only teeth of gear B. 10 75. One revolution of gear A produces (only one-third revo- lution/three revolutions) of gear B. only one-third revolution 4176. Let's say that gear A is on the shaft of a motor turn- ing at 1000 RPM. Gear B is on the shaft of the driven equipment. The shaft of the driven equipment will turn at RPM. 500 ‘7. When the small gear is used for the prime mover, the gear train is a (speed-to-torque/torque-to-speed) con- speed-to-torque verter. If the large gear is used for the prime mover, the gear train isa ______-to._ converter. ‘torque-to-speed 78. The greater the difference in number of teeth between the two gears, the (greater/smaller) the amount of greater conversion between torque and speed. 79. When both gears have the same number of teeth, conversion is made between torque and no speed. 4280. Label these gear trains as speed increaser or speed reducer. PRIME MOVER D. speed. ‘The larger gear is called the gear 82. The pinion gear has speed and. torque. 83. The gear wheel has speed and torque. 84. Meshing gears rotate in opposite directions from each other. ‘The driven shaft rotates in the (same direction as/ opposite direction from) that of the prime mover shaft. 43 increaser; reducer reducer; increaser wheel high, or more; low, or less low, or less; high, or more opposite direction from85. Look at the same gear train now. INTERMEDIATE GEAR ‘The intermediate gear _______ the direction of final rotation. 86. Using arrows, show the direction of the last gear. changes87. When an odd number of gears is used, the direction of the last gear is (the same as/different from) that the same as of the first gear. 88. Intermediate gears may change the direction of ro- tation. Intermediate gears also the distance increase, or change between drive shaft and driven shaft. 89. If the distance between shafts is great, _ intermediate gears may be needed between the drive gear and the driven gear. 90. This gear train has two intermediate gears. A turns three times to turn B once. B turns one time to turn C two times. C turns four times to turn D once. A turns six times to turn D once. Now the intermediate gears are removed. A must turn _____ times to turn D once. six The intermediate gears (do/do not) affect the speed do not change. Now tum the page, book over, ond go onCompound Gear Trains 91. Using a series of intermediate gears can be inefficient. Notice that there is a speed reduction between A and B, and an_______ between B and C. increase 2. Then there is another speed ________ between reduction Cand D. 98. This inefficiency may be corrected by using a compound gear train. ‘The intermediate gears: are mounted on the same shaft, are mounted on the same ——— mesh with each other. shaft. 4694. Look at this compound gear train. oT When A turns three times, B turns __. once Since B and C are on the same shaft, they turn together. When B turns once, C turns —___. once One rotation of C moves D_______teeth, or 15 one-fourth of a turn. . When the same four gears are used as a simple gear train, three turns of A produce one-half turn of D. As a compound gear train, three turns of A produce just _____turn of D. one-fourth 4796. Using the same number of gears, greater conversions from torque-to-speed and from speed-to-torque are pos- sible with (simple/compound) gear trains. 97. On the simple train, the intermediate gears increase the ______between the shafts and determine the final (direction/speed) of rotation. 98. Adding or removing intermediate gears (affects /does not affect) the speed of rotation in simple gear trains. Gear Trains for High-Torque Loads 99. Both these gear trains have the same amount of speed reduction. ‘The speed reduction is to in both cases. 48 compound distance direetion does not affect100. High torque is delivered more easily with longer . Wrenches. Therefore, high torque is delivered more easily with (bigger/smaller) gears. 101. By varying the power input, both of these sets of gears can be made to deliver the same amounts of torque or speed. But, high torque is delivered more easily with (A/B). 102. Which set of gears can take the strain of high torque better? eg ——B 103. For (high/low) torque, the smaller gears can work as well as the large gears. 49 bigger104. The drawing shows several different kinds of gears. 105. Gears can be classified according to the placement of the shafts; some gears join shafts that are parallel, and some join shafts at an ______ to each other (perpendicular). Indicate which gears in the drawing above join parallel or perpendicular shafts: (parallel/perpendicular) (parallel/perpendicular) (parallel/perpendicular) (parallel/perpendicular) (parallel/perpendicular) (parallel/perpendicular) AOA WD 50 angle perpendicular parallel perpendicular parallel perpendicular parallelGEARS FOR PARALLEL SHAFTS Spur Gears 106. 107. 108. 109. Parallel shafts may be connected through spur gears. Spur gear teeth are (parallel/at an angle) to the center lines of the shafts. ‘When the teeth of these gears mesh, they mesh across the whole face width all at once. As a result, operation. gears are quite noisy in As the speed increases, this banging noise Spur gears are relatively inexpensive. But, they should be used at speeds, es- pecially if noise must be kept to a minimum. Helical Gears 110. uu. Compare the helical and the spur gear. ‘The teeth of helical gears are cut (straight across/ at an angle to the face). Because of this, the teeth are (longer/shorter) than spur gear teeth. 51 parallel spur increases low at an angle to the face longer112. Because the teeth are longer, they have (more/less) of an area to mesh on. 118. When these gears mesh, they can mesh (in a sliding motion/in a banging motion). 114. The teeth of helical gears mesh in 2 gradual sliding motion. ‘Thus they are (noisier/quieter) than spur gears. 115. The angles of the teeth on a helical gear tend to de- velop high thrust forces along the shaft. BEARINGS To compensate for these thrust forces, the shafts are usually mounted on special thrust-absorbing Double-Helical Gears 116. The double-helical gear is quiet, like the single-helical gear. A double-helical gear has teeth cut in opposite angles on the same face. 52 more in a sliding motion quieter bearings117. Double-helical gears are sometimes called herringbone gears. Gears (A/B) are herringbone gears. 118. Double-helical gears have all of the advantages of the gears plus some extras. 119. The double-helical gear develops thrust forces in two directions. ‘Thus, the teeth cut in one direction cancel out the forces caused by the teeth cut in the other direction. Review and Summary 120. The type of gear which produces the smallest thrust load is the (single-helical/double-helical) gear. 121. Double-helical gears: are quieter in operation than gears; do not need thrust-absorbing bearings as single- gears do. 53. single-helical thrust double-helical spur helical122. Indicate which set of gears shown below is best for high-speed or high-torque applications where a large amount of power is being transferred. GEARS FOR PERPENDICULAR SHAFTS Bevel Gears 123, These are bevel gears. ‘The shafts are (parallel/perpendicular) to each other. perpendicular 124, Notice the placement of the teeth. Could bevel gears connect parallel shafts? Yes No No 54125. Compare these two different bevel gears. ‘The spiral-bevel gear runs (more/less) smoothly than more the straight-bevel gear, 126. Look at this gear train. These bevel gears are converting (torque-to-speed/ speed-to-torque). speed-to-torque 127. Miter gears may be used to join shafts at a 90° angle. Each gear has (the same/a different) number of teeth. ‘the same ES128. Since both gears have the same number of teeth, miter gear trains are used only to change the (speed of rotation/direction of rotation). Worm Gears 129. When a very large speed-to-torque conversion is re- quired, a worm-gear drive may be used. Instead of a series of teeth, the worm itself has one continuous _____ wound like a screw thread. 180. Unlike other gear trains, the worm drive can be used ‘to convert speed-to-torque but not to convert torque- to-speed. The prime mover must be connected to the (worm/ gear wheel) and the driven equipment to the 181. Each revolution of the worm advances the gear wheel the distance of tooth. 182. Can this gear train work? 56 direction of rotation tooth, or thread worm; gear wheel one No133. This one-way operation may be useful for an applica- tion where the driven equipment might try to change direction. If a hoist motor accidentally became disengaged while a load was on the sling, the load would not “run wild” ifs drive were being used. LUBRICATION 134. Lubrication reduces the friction caused by metal-to- metal contact. All metal gears (require ‘do not require) lubrication. 135. Motor-driven and small turbine-driven speed changers 136. 188. 139, are usually splash lubricated. ‘The bottom of the gear housing is filled with As the gear rotates, the bottom dips into the oil, and —oil on the housing walls. Some of the oil runs down the inside of the cover walls and collects in ___ , which then feed oil to the bearings and bearing housings. The teeth are lubricated and cooled as they pass through the _____in the bottom of the gear housing. If the oil level is too high, the oil churns excessively, over- hheats, and deteriorates so that it no longer lubricates properly. If the level is too low, it fails to contact the and there is no lubrication. 37 ‘worm-gear require oil splashes troughs oil gear140. Larger speed changers usually have forced-feed lubri- 141, 142, 148, 144, 145. 146. 147. cation systems. ‘The shaft of the driven equipment runs an oil ‘The gear teeth are lubricated by oil which is forced out of a____by the pump. In forced-feed systems, oil pressure and temperature must be kept steady. Oil pressure is maintained by the Oil temperature is kept down by oil in the reservoir. Lubrication cools gear surfaces and provides a film of oil to reduce metal-to-metal contact between the surfaces. To reduce friction, the oil must the metal surfaces with a protective film. If too light an oil is used, the. of oil thins and permits contact between the surfaces. Power is lost in overcoming the oil’s resistance to flow if too. an oil is used. The film of oil on the shaft and gear surfaces protects the gears from rust. If moisture is allowed to mix with the oil, the oil will lubricate (more/less) effectively. 58 pump nozzle pump cooling coat, or cover film, or layer heavy less148, 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154, 156. 156, Moisture in the oil may come from a leaking cooler or from condensation in the gear case or in the reser- voir, especially in humid weather when equipment operates intermittently. Check periodically for the bottom of the reservoir. accumulating in If moisture is present, it must be from the oil reservoir. Rust is rarely a problem with equipment frequently or continuously operated. Gears of idle equipment should be run at full-speed at least once a month to ‘the gear teeth and shaft with oil. ‘Where splash lubrication is used, oil must be kept at the proper in the gear housing. If the oil falls below the proper level, the gear wheel fails to contact the oil, and there is no If the oil level is too__________, churning causes it to overheat and thin out. For trouble-free operation, check for oil in the splash system and for oil. forced-feed system. in the Many gear boxes are equipped with thermometers, ‘These are used to detect and prevent temperatures in the lube oil. Lack of lubrication may show when housing and bear- ing temperatures are too or when there is unusual or vibration. Shock Loads 157. 158, A shock load causes a sudden change in torque. Shock loading is most likely to occur during (startup and shutdown/normal operations). Shock loading at startup can be minimized by keeping the load put on the prime mover at the (minimum/ maximum) until the prime mover is up to speed. 59 moisture, or water drained coat, or cover level lubrication high level Pressure high high noise startup and shutdown minimum159. 160. 161. When equipment is up to operating speed, full load is gradually restored to the prime mover. This gradual increase in load minimizes loading during the startup period. Some oil industry applications produce heavy shock loads requiring gears especially designed to handle heavy shocks. TABLE OF LoaD CHARACTERISTICS Applications Compressors Centrifugal Recprocat procating “Meicplinder Singie-cylinder Pumps Centrifugal Proportioning Reciprocating ‘ingle-acting, three or more eylinders suble-acting, two or more gylinders Single-acting, one or two cylinders Double-aeting, single-cylinder Gear type Lobe or vane type Other Oi ndnatry Applications Sti-well pumping Paratin Biter press Rotary idlng Centrifugal pumps require (standard/special) gears. Single-cylinder reciprocating compressors require (standard/special) gears. REVIEW AND SUMMARY 162. 168. Gears can change high torque to high A speed reducer is a increaser. shock standard special speed torque164. Gear trains may be speed increasers or speed reducers. Gear train is a speed increaser. B 165. Gears may be used to change the direction of rotation of a shaft. 166. Gear trains may be simple or compound. Ss Gear train_____is a simple gear train. A 61167. Identify the following gears, 62 ———______ gear ——____ gear helical spur double-helical bevel168. Which of the gear trains shown below runs smoother and more quietly? an B B 169. To reduce friction, gears are lubricated 170. Which of these gear trains is a torque increaser? B 63COUPLINGS, GEAR TRAINS, AND V-BELT DRIVES Section 3 V-Belt DrivesSECTION 3 V-BELT DRIVES Introduction 1. This electric motor is going to be used as the prime mover for this compressor. ‘The prime mover and the driven equipment are placed (end-to-end /side-to-side). side-to-side 2. A flexible coupling such as a plastic block or rubber tire coupling (can/cannot) be used to join the two cannot shafts. 8. Which of these three methods of joining the shafts may be used to couple that electric motor and com- pressor? aw 644, The shafts may be joined by a gear train or by a V- belt drive. Since the shafts are so far apart, the (V-belt drive/ gear train) is more practical. 5. A V-belt is a simple device for transmitting power between two parallel shafts. A sheave (wheel) is mounted on each, 6. The sides of the sheave form a groove. The rides in this groove. 7, Name the parts of this V-belt drive, V-belt drive V-belt, or belt A. shaft; B. groove C. sheave; D. V-beltV-Belt Drives Can Be Used As Speed Changers 8. Sheave A is the same size as sheave B. When sheave A turns, sheave B turns (faster than/ slower than/at the same speed as) A. 9. When both sheaves are the same size, the speed and torque of the driven shaft are (the same as/different from) the speed and torque of the drive shaft. 10. The speed of motor A is the same as the speed of motor B. Pump shaft (A/B) rotates the fastest. 11. The smaller sheave turns the (slowest/fastest) shaft, 12. This is (the same as/different from) the action of gears. 66 at the same speed as the same as fastest the same as18. Which of these sheaves is turning the fastest when the prime mover shafts are rotating at the same speed? PRIME MOVER ——_B B ae: 14. Sheave (A/B/C) turns the slowest. c 15. V-belt drives (can/cannot) be used as speed changers. can 16. The speed ratio between the two shafts depends on the of the two sheaves, size 17. Replacing one of the sheaves with a sheave of a dif- ferent size (changes/does not change) the speed ratio changes between the shafts. 18. Replacing both sheaves with sheaves 20% larger (changes/does not change) the speed ratio between does not change the shafts. 6719. 20, 21. 24. V-belt sheaves transmit speed and torque much the way gears do. At the same speed, larger sheaves produce more than small sheaves. Power is a combination of torque and speed. Low torque at high speed may be changed to torque at speed. ‘You may convert torque to speed or speed to torque. But, the amount of transferred is still the same. So, V-belts can be used to change back and forth be- ‘tween and But, they don’t change the amount of. transferred. ‘The form of power is being changed in this situation. High (torque/speed) power is being changed to high (torque/speed) power. 68 torque high low power torque; speed power speed torque25. A “low”-speed electric motor drives a “high”-speed centrifugal pump. Which of these V-belt drives is used? ——A ——_B ——¢ 26. At the same motor speed, will V-belt A transfer more power than B or C? Yes: No 27. Using V-belt A, the amount of torque on the pump shaft (increases /decreases/remains the same). 28. Only the _______of the pump shaft is increased. Variable-Speed V-Belt Drives 29. Some sheaves are constructed so that you can adjust the size of the sheave. When the sheave on the driven equipment is made ” larger, the speed of the driven equipment is (increased / decreased). 69 decreases speed decreased30. This is the way a variable-speed sheave works to make the sheave larger. One side of the sheave is fixed, and the other side can be moved 81. Bringing the two sides together makes the sheave narrower. The belt rides (higher/lower) in the groove. higher 82 In effect, the diameter of the sheave is now (larger/ smaller). larger 33. The sheave turns (faster/slower). slower 34, To make the sheave smaller, the sides are moved (together /apart). apart 85. Separating the sides makes the belt ride lower in the sheave. ‘The sheave turns (faster/slower).. faster 7036. These identical compressors are being driven by the same electric motor, but A has a larger sheave than B. ‘The compressors are being driven at (the same speed/ different speeds). different speeds 37. Compressor (A/B) is being driven at the faster speed. B 88. To decrease the speed of compressor B, it is necessary to (increase/decrease) the diameter of sheave B. inerease 39. If the sheave is adjustable, this change can be made by moving the sides of the sheave (apart/together) . together 40. A variable-speed drive may be adjusted for different speed ratios without replacing the sheave 41. Which of these sheaves is part of a variable-speed drive? B 142. V-Belt 44. 46. 41. 48. 49. Variable-speed drives are usually limited to about 10 HP, because the higher hub pressures at higher horse- powers increase the tendency of the sheave parts to bind, wear, or freeze together. For loads requiring more than 10 HP, a variable- speed drive (is/is not) ordinarily used. A large gas turbine unit is driving a compressor at 5000 RPM. A (constant/variable) -speed drive would be used. lippage Power is transferred from the prime-mover sheave to the driven equipment sheave through the V-belt. The belt transmits power by the friction of the belt against the in the sheave. Where there is not enough friction for the belt to completely “grip” the sides of the groove, the belt in the groove. ‘When the belt slips, ______is not being trans- ferred efficiently from one machine to another. This slippage causes _______ loss. And wear (increases/decreases) if slip is excessive. Compare these two belts. (A/B) would be more likely to have a power loss. 2 constant slips, or slides power, or torque power increases50. A loose belt allows (more/less) slippage than a tight belt. 51. Compare these two belts. There is more tension on (A/B). 52. You can increase the tension on a belt by slightly (increasing/decreasing) the distance between the shafts. Here is another way to reduce slippage. When multiple belts are used, each belt handles (more/ less) power. 54, Using more belts (increases/reduces) the load on each belt. 55. With a decreased load per belt, the chances of slippage on each belt is (increased/reduced) . 3 ‘increasing less reduces reduced56. Compare these belts carrying the same power load. (A/B/C) has the greatest chance of slippage. 57. (A/B/C) has the least chance of slippage. 58. Variable-speed V-belt drives can use two belts to reduce slippage. Slippage is reduced in (A/B). 59. Fixed-speed V-belt drives may use many belts to trans- mit very amounts of power. large 4How 60. 61. 62. 65. 66. 67. V-Belts Are Constructed A V-belt must transmit rotating sheaves. : between two A V-belt must be both strong and (flexible/rigid). The drawing shows a cross section of a V-belt. ‘The belt is made in sections. Each section of the belt does something different. ‘TENSION ‘The tension section must (stretch/squeeze) as the belt passes around the sheave. ‘The tension section is made out of relatively (hard/ soft) elastic rubber. As the belt runs around a sheave, the section is squeezed into the groove. This compression section is formed of relatively hard rubber for strength and resistance to wear. This section gives the belt a strong friction-grip on the____of the groove. As the V-belt runs around a sheave, the. section stretches and the ___________ section is squeezed. 6 flexible stretch soft compression sides tension compression68, The tension section gets (longer/shorter). longer 69. The compression section gets. shorter 70. The size of the strength section does not change. As it passes around the sheaves, the strength section of the belt (stretches/compresses/remains the same length). remains the same length ‘71. The belt is covered by a tough, wear-resistant material. ‘This material must be able to with the stretch tension section and to with the com- compress, or squeeze pression section of the belt. 72. Name the lettered parts of this V-belt. A. tension B. strength C. compression How Belts Are Adjusted 78. Careful adjustment of a V-belt drive minimizes wear. Belt (A/B) will wear more quickly. A 74, In A, the two sheaves are not lined up. This misalignment __________the belt. twists, or bends, or wears 75. Twisting the belt causes the grooves to wear down the of the belt. sides 616. 78. 80. 81. 83, 85. 86. 87. ‘The grooves of the drive sheave and the driven sheave should be lined up on the shafts so that the lies squarely in both grooves. With the shafts parallel and the sheaves lined up exactly, the belt rests firmly in the groove without The tightness of a belt is called its tension. The belt must have enough tension so that it does not at full load. A loose belt makes a squealing sound as it slips along the sides of the Slippage creates heat that may the belt. Slippage may cause two things: loss of ‘transferred, and creation of which damages the belt. You can adjust for slippage by. belt tension. When a check of a slipping belt shows that it is properly adjusted, then the belt is slipping because it is over- loaded. One solution is to the load. Another solution is to use a multiple-belt drive. Each additional belt reduces the amount of. each belt has to carry, and thus reduces Sometimes a belt is too tight. SHAFT BEARINGS A tight belt pulls the shaft toward one side of its This causes increased on that side of the bearing. Also, if the belt is too tight, extra power is needed to move the belt drive. A too-tight belt Power and may cause a belt to___in operation. 7 V-belt twisting slip grooves, or sheaves damage power heat increasing, or tightening reduce, or decrease Power, or load slippage bearing wear loses, or wastes break88. In any V-belt drive, the belt should give its thickness for every 4 feet of span. If the span is less than 4 feet, the belt should give (more/less) than its thickness. less 89. When the sheaves are 4 feet apart, a V-belt should give as much as its thickness if you press down on it while the unit is shut down. A L-inch belt set on sheaves 4 feet apart should give when it is pressed down on, 1 inch 90. When sheaves are closer than 4 feet, there should be a little more tension. If the sheaves connected by a L-inch belt are 2 feet apart, the belt should give (14 inch/2 inches) when % inch pressed down. 91. If the span is more than 4 feet, the belt should give than its thickness. more 92. Here is a 1-inch belt on a V-belt assembly. If you press down on the top of the belt to check the tension, the belt should give inch. % Or, a Linch belt should give inch for % every foot of its span. A 2-inch belt should give inch for every % foot of its span. 98. The span on a V-belt drive is the distance between the centers of the __. sheaves, or shafts 94, A V-belt cannot be tested for tension while the unit is . running, or operating 95. Belt slippage can be corrected by: increasing belt or tension the load, or reducing - multiple changing from a single-belt to a belt drive. 896. 97. 98. 99, Belt 100. 101. 102. 108. 104. 105. 106. ‘Too much tension can cause wear on the in the machines. Belt dressing should never be put on V-belts to soften ‘them and make them grip better. ‘This softening ___________ the belt material. ‘V-belts should be clean and dry and free of oil and grease. Belt dressing (should/should never) be used on V-belts. An electric motor is driving a compressor unit with a V-belt drive. The belt is slipping. ‘Which of the following things can be done to reduce this slippage? inerease belt tension decrease the load on the compressor soften the belt with belt dressing to make it grip better use a multi-belt drive Replacement ‘The strength section is not made to stretch very much. Prying a belt off a sheave will probably weaken the section of the belt. ‘The better way to remove a belt is to first the tension and then lift it off. ‘To release belt tension, loosen the motor-mounting bolts and slide the motor until the belt is Lift off the old belt and drop the new one into the groove. ‘Then, move the motor back into position, test the ten- sion, and ______ the bolts. After you adjust a new belt for proper tension, re- check the tension in a few hours. A new belt may streteh a little at the beginning. ‘The belt (must/need not) be checked again after it is first installed. Belts stretch somewhat from tension in normal use. An old belt is a little than a new belt of the same specifications. When one V-belt ina matching set becomes worn and stretched, the load on the other belt (increases/ decreases/remains the same). 79 bearings ‘weakens, or damages should never increase belt tension decrease the load use a multi-belt drive strength decrease, or loosen slack, or loose tighten must longer inereases107. 108. 109. 110. m1 112. 118. 14. The 115. 116. If the worn belt is replaced by a brand new one, the new belt is not stretched at all, and carries (more/less) than its share of the load. One old belt among several new ones bears almost (all/none) of the load. One new belt among several old ones bears almost of the load. Unless each belt carries an equal share of the load, one belt may break. ‘When any belt in a set becomes worn, (the worn belt/ the whole set) should be replaced. When one belt of a set breaks, (the broken belt/the whole set) should be replaced. ‘Multiple belts are sold (in matched sets/singly). Suppose you need to replace a worn belt to an electric motor. First, loosen the motor-mounting. slide the motor to bring the two closer to each other, then lift off the old belt, and drop the new belt into the then To_______the belt, slide the motor back to position, then test for tension, and then_______ the motor-mounting bolts. For safety, the V-belt drive is covered by a guard while the unit is operating. The rapidly-moving belt and sheaves can injure the operator seriously if the guard is removed for a re- pair job and not__________before the unit is started up. Y-Belt Drive in Operation In normal operation, belt drives require little care. Since grease and_________damage a belt, the belt is kept clean and dry. ‘The belt should be examined periodically for tension, because belts always tend to stretch in use. If the belt feels or looks loose, its be tested and adjusted. should 80 none all the whole set the whole set in matched sets bolts shafts, or sheaves grooves tighten tighten replaced, or put back oil tension17. ‘The temperature of surrounding air should be kept below 140° F, if possible. High ________weakens the rubber body, fabric covering, and fiber cords of a belt. REVIEW AND SUMMARY 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. V-belt drives (can/cannot) be used as speed changers. ‘You change speed by changing the size of the (sheave/ belt). Look at this V-belt drive. It is a speed (increaser/reducer). ‘V-belts are driven by _______ between the belt and the sides of the groove. Compare these two sheaves. Sheave (A/B) is a variable-speed sheave, 81 temperature sheave reducer friction123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. A belt is constructed in (one/two/three) different sections. ‘The tension section is the (outside/core) of the belt. For most efficient power transfer: the shafts must be exactly the _____ must be lined up exactly. Lubrication ________belt material; belts should be lubricated. If a belt is noisy or seems to be dried out, it (should/ should not) be lubricated, ‘The most important thing an operator has to do with an operating V-belt drive is to check belt i COMPARISON OF GEAR AND BELT DRIVES 129. 130. 131. 132, Gears and V-belts have advantages and disadvantages. In each of the following situations, identify which kind of drive you would use. ‘You need a cheap way to reduce speed. gears Ve-belt drive ‘You need to connect a motor to a fan over a relatively long distance, —— gears —— V-belt drive ‘You need a very dependable drive that requires the least shutdowns for adjustment or repairs. gears —— V-belt drive ‘V-belts are inefficient at low speeds. When very high torque must be transmitted at low speed, use (gears/V-belts). Some gear drives may be damaged or may suffer exces- sive wear from shock-loading during startup, Because they are more flexible, V-belt drives take shock loads (better/worse) than gear drives, Since they can't “give,” (gear drives/V-belt drives) hold speeds more constant. % outside parallel sheaves weakens, or damages never, or not should not tension V-belt drive V-belt drive gears gears better gear drives‘Dovlopod and Distrbute By @ Resource Development Corporation TECHNOLOGIES FOR LEARNING 13831 Northwest Freeway, Suite 520 Houston, Texas 77040-5215 (713) 480-4460 (800) 527-1851