Scheme of anions
- Anions are classified in (2) groups:
(i.e.: They are classified into (2) groups according to the rule that the less
volatile acid (high boiling point) can displace the more volatile acid (low
boiling point) from its salt).
I- Group A:
- It reacts with dil. HCl e.g.:
1- Carbonates. (CO3‾²)
2- Bicarbonates. (HCO3-)
3- Sulphite. (SO3‾²)
4- Sulphide. (S‾²)
5- Thiosulphate. (S2O3‾²)
6- Nitrite. (NO2‾)
II- Group B:
-It reacts with conc. H2SO4 e.g.:
1- Chloride. (Cl ‾)
2- Iodide. (I‾)
3- Nitrate (NO3-)
-Scheme of detection of acid radical in a solid unknown:
1. Report on the physical properties of the substance as:
a- Crystallinity: Either crystal or fine powder.
b- Colour.
c- Solubility. (In cold & hot water)
2. To identify evolved gases:
a- Prepare a filter paper wet with acidified potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7).
3. In dry test tube put small amount of solid + 2ml of dil.
HCl then show observation:
a- Effervescence on cold due to evolution of CO2 gas which renders
lime water turbid.
Result: May be carbonates (CO32-) or bicarbonates (HCO3-)
Confirmatory test for carbobates:
1- Salt solution + MgSO4 white precipitate.
2- Salt solution + HgCl2 reddish brown precipitate.
3- Salt solution + Ph.Ph pink color.
Confirmatory test for bicarbobates:
2- Salt solution + HgCl2 on cold no reaction,
if heated reddish brown precipitate.
3- Salt solution + Ph.Ph no color.
b- Evolution of brown fumes of NO2 & solution turns pale blue.
Result: May be Nitrite (NO2-)
Confirmatory test:
1- Salt solution + acidified FeSO4 brown color solution.
2- Salt solution + few drops of acidified KMnO4 decolourization.
3- Salt solution + KI Solution + dil. H2SO4 brown color due to
liberation of iodine.
c- On warming evolution of suffocating odour due to (SO2) gas which
turns acidified (K2Cr2O7) paper from orange to green.
Result: May be Sulphite (SO32-).
Confirmatory test:
1- Salt solution + few drops of acidified KMnO4 decolourization.
2-Salt solution+ few drops of acidified K2Cr2O7 green color.
3-Salt solution+ BaCl2 white ppt + dil HCl heat dissolve
4-Salt solution + lead acetate white precipitate.
5-Salt solution + AgNO3 white precipitate.
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d- On warming evolution of suffocating odour due to (SO2) gas which
turns acidified (K2Cr2O7) paper from orange to green & sulphur is
separated as yellow colloidal precipitate.
Result: May be Thiosulphate (S2O32-).
Confirmatory test:
1- Salt solution + AgNO3 white yellow brown
black precipitate.
2- Salt solution + FeCl3 solution dark violet color disappears on
standing or heat.
e- On warming a rotten egg odour due to evolution of H2S gas which
turns lead acetate paper to black.
Result: May be Sulphide (S2-).
Confirmatory test:
1- Salt solution + lead acetate solution black precipitate.
2- Salt solution + sodium nitroprusside purple color.
4. If no reaction occurs with dil. HCl then in a new dry test
tube put small amount of solid + conc. H2SO4 (with droper).
(N.B. You must prepare a glass rod wetted with ammonium hydroxide).
a- HCl gas evolves which form a white clouds with a glass rod wetted
with ammonium hydroxide.
Result: May be Chloride (Cl-).
Confirmatory test:
1- Salt solution + AgNO3 white precipitate + NH4OH dissolve
2- Salt solution + lead acetate white precipitate.
b- Violet vapours of I2 are evolved may be on warming.
Result: May be Iodide (I-).
Confirmatory test:
1- Salt solution + AgNO3 yellow precipitate +NH4OH not dissolve
2- Salt solution + lead acetate yellow precipitate.
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c- If no reaction occurs add Copper turnings
reddish brown vapors of NO2 + blue colored solution.
Result: May be Nitrate (NO3-)
Confirmatory test: Brown ring test:
2 ml NaNO3 solution
+ 3 ml freshly prepared FeSO4
+ 4 ml Conc. H2SO4 drop wise on the wall of test tube
`
Brown ring
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