Section I

The Exam

AP® World History Exam

SECTION I, PART A: Multiple Choice

Instructions
Section I, Part A of this exam contains 55 multiple-choice questions. Fill in only the ovals for
numbers 1 through 55 on your answer sheet.
Indicate all of your answers to the multiple-choice questions on the answer sheet. No credit
will be given for anything written in this exam booklet, but you may use the booklet for notes
or scratch work. After you have decided which of the suggested answers is best, completely
fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. Give only one answer to each question. If
you change an answer, be sure that the previous mark is erased completely. Here is a sample
question and answer.
Sample Question Sample Answer
Chicago is a
(A) state
(B) city
(C) country
(D) continent

Use your time effectively, working as quickly as you can without losing accuracy. Do not
spend too much time on any one question. Go on to other questions and come back to the
ones you have not answered if you have time. It is not expected that everyone will know the
answers to all the multiple-choice questions.
Your total score on the multiple-choice section is based only on the number of questions
answered correctly. Points are not deducted for incorrect answers or unanswered questions.

SECTION I, PART B: Short Answer

Instructions
Section I, Part B of this exam consists of 4 short-answer questions, of which you will answer
3. Answer all parts of Questions 1 and 2, and then choose to answer EITHER Question 3 or
Question 4. Write your responses on a separate sheet of paper.
After the exam, you must apply the label that corresponds to the last short-essay
 Section I

WORLD HISTORY

Section I, Part A

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by either four suggested answers or completions.
Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

Persian
EGYPT Gulf
Sahara Red
Sea
Timbuktu

HAUSA
GHANA
Mogadishu

Kilwa
Atlantic Ocean

Sofala
Limpopo R.
Kalahari
Desert
Indian Ocean

Great Zimbabwe, Swahili States,

ca. 1300s–1400s 1400s
Mali, Songhai Empire,
ca. 1230s–1400s 1460x–1591
 Section I

1. Which of the following could be best inferred about the 3. Which of the following best describes a commonality
African trading cities shown on the maps? between the Swahili states and Mali during the fifteenth
century?
(A) Gold was a primary driver of the African trade
networks. (A) Muslims spread both economic goods and Islamic
(B) Large-scale trade was largely limited to places with culture on their way to and from trade centers.
coastal or desert access. (B) Both groups were governed by common political
(C) The Sahara Desert prevented the cities from having system.
economic contact with Arab traders. (C) Malians and the Swahili people each experienced
(D) African trading cities were fueled by the access modes of cultural diffusion from Asian travelers.
granted by the Nile River. (D) Both locales were primarily sustained by the salt
trade.
2. Based on the map and your knowledge of history, which
of the following is true of African economic activity in
the late thirteenth through sixteenth centuries?
(A) Christian travelers carved out the trans-Saharan
trade routes in northern Africa.
(B) African cities acted primarily as trading outposts, as
there were few natural resources they had to offer.
(C) African traders saw little use in trans-oceanic
economic relationships.
(D) The gold trade sustained the economic supremacy of
 Section I

The Romanists have, with great adroitness, drawn three walls round themselves, with which they have hitherto protected
themselves, so that no one could reform them, whereby all Christendom has fallen terribly.
Firstly, if pressed by the temporal power, they have affirmed and maintained that the temporal power has no jurisdiction over
them, but on the contrary that the spiritual power is above the temporal.
Secondly, if it were proposed to admonish them with the Scriptures, they objected that no one may interpret the Scriptures but
the Pope.
Thirdly, if they are threatened with a Council, they pretend that no one may call a Council but the Pope ...
Now may God help us, and give us one of those trumpets, that overthrew the walls of Jericho, so that we may blow down these
walls of straw and paper, and that we may set free our Christian rods, for the chastisement of sin, and expose the craft and deceit

central criticism as outlined in the passage?

Germany in the sixteenth century?
(A) Only the pope should be able to call a Council.
(B) The Vatican built walls around its borders. (A) The establishment of the Council of Trent.
(C) The Roman Catholic church has made itself immune (B) Separation from the Roman Catholic church by the
to the forces of reform. English crown.
(D) An appeal to spiritual power is not a valid claim for (C) The founding of the Society of Jesus in Spain.
the Church to make. .

5. A historian researching the religious history of Europe in

passage useful as a source of information about which of

the following?
(A) The opinion of a typical Christian living during that
time period.
(B) An interpretation of Christian scripture.
(C) A dispute between the leadership and a portion of
the practitioners of Christianity.
 Section I

Source 1

Source 2

withdrawing one foot as I advanced the other. To whom, indeed, can it be easy to write the announcement of the death-blow of
Islam and the Muslims, or who is he on whom the remembrance thereof can weigh lightly? O would that my mother had not born

For even Antichrist will spare such as follow him, though he destroy those who oppose him, but these Tatars spared none,
slaying women and men and children, ripping open pregnant women and killing unborn babes. Verily to God do we belong, and
unto Him do we return, and there is no strength and no power save in God, the High, the Almighty, in face of this catastrophe,
whereof the sparks flew far and wide, and the hurt was universal; and which passed over the lands like clouds driven by the

Islam and the Muslims have been afflicted during this period with calamities wherewith no people hath been visited. These

Ibn al-Athir, C.E.

invaders were able to move easily through the large

swaths of territory shown in Source 1?
(A) They took advantage of trade routes established as
part of the Silk Road network.
(B) They used their shipbuilding and navigation skills to
travel quickly along river systems.
(C) They brought enormous amounts of grain with them
to maintain a steady food supply.
(D) They encountered little resistance from local
peoples due to previously established peace
treaties.
Section I

8. Which of the following most likely explains why the

author of Source 2 describes the Mongol invasions as the Mongol invasions in texts such as Source 2 most likely
contributed to which of the following?
(A) The Mongols forced the people they conquered to (A) A mass exodus of people from their ancestral
convert to shamanism. homelands
(B) The Mongols wiped out all traces of Islam by killing (B) A renewal of splits along traditional tribal lines
those who would not renounce Muhammad.
(C) The Mongols captured the birthplace of Islam on the demands
(D) A decline in desire for urbanization
holy places.
(D) The Mongols destroyed the cities at the heart of
medieval Islamic civilization.

which of the following assertions from Source 2?

(A) The Mongol invasions destroyed Islam completely.
(B) The Mongols passed over the lands like clouds.
(C) The Mongols spared no one in the lands they
conquered.
(D) The Mongols practiced a particularly brutal form of
warfare.
 Section I

on navigation and trade, which in all former times by the said Countries were carried on happily, and with a great blessing to
all countries and kingdoms; and desiring that the aforesaid inhabitants should not only be preserved in their former navigation,
traffic, and trade, but also that their trade may be increased as much as possible in special conformity to the treaties, alliances,
leagues and covenants for traffic and navigation formerly made with other princes, republics and people, which we give them to

11. What was one of the principal goals that seventeenth- 13. Which economic philosophy most supported the creation
century merchants had in setting up chartered companies of chartered companies like the one in the passage?
such as the one whose charter is quoted in the passage?
(A) Free trade
(A) To pool resources and eliminate competition at the (B) Collectivization
(C) Manorialism
(B) To force governments to decrease involvement with (D) Mercantilism
private business affairs
(C) To encourage scientists to develop more
sophisticated navigational tools
(D) To increase economic cooperation between various
nations

12. From where did chartered companies such as the one

quoted in the passage derive the authority to exist?
(A) Ecclesiastical authorities
(B) Private banks
(C) Kings and other royals
(D) Military leaders
 Section I

Source 1

even then should not finish them; and, as a reward for all these services, I have been arbitrarily arrested at St. Domingo, bound,
and put on board ship like a criminal, without regard for my rank, without the least consideration. Is this the recompense due my
labors? Should my conduct lead me to expect such treatment?
I was once rich. At the time of the revolution, I was worth six hundred and forty-eight thousand francs. I spent it in the
service of my country. I purchased but one small estate upon which to establish my wife and family. Today, notwithstanding my
disinterestedness, they seek to cover me with opprobrium and infamy; I am made the most unhappy of men; my liberty is taken

needs my assistance, from a dearly-loved wife, who, I fear, separated from me, cannot endure the afflictions which overwhelm

Source 2

Whether the whistling Rustic tend his plough

Within thy hearing, or thy head be now

O miserable Chieftain! where and when

Wilt thou find patience? Yet die not; do thou
Wear rather in thy bonds a cheerful brow:
Though fallen thyself, never to rise again,
Live, and take comfort. Thou hast left behind
Powers that will work for thee; air, earth, and skies;

That will forget thee; thou hast great allies;

Thy friends are exultations, agonies,

William Wordsworth,

14. When the author of Source 1 15. The author of Source 2 expresses which of the follow-

referring? Haitian independence?

Haitian independence who support his movement

(B) Ambivalence about the morality of the revolution
former enslaved people in its Caribbean territories
co-conspirators
Spanish and British interests in the Caribbean as (D) Optimism that the French will ultimately prevail and
monarchist and repressive
 Section I

directly contributed to the rebellion mentioned in the

sources?
(A) The French victory over the British in the Seven

(B) Spanish imposition of mercantilist policies in its

Latin American colonies
(C) The abolition of slavery in Brazil
(D) The American Revolution
 Section I

Source 1

Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the

After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people remained faithful to it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to

Jews strove in every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their ancient homeland. In recent decades they
returned in their masses. Pioneers and defenders, they made deserts bloom, revived the Hebrew language, built villages and
towns, and created a thriving community controlling its own economy and culture, loving peace but knowing how to defend itself,

League of Nations which, in particular, gave international sanction to the historic connection between the Jewish people and the

demonstration of the urgency of solving the problem of its homelessness by re-establishing in the Land of Israel the Jewish State,
which would open the gates of the homeland wide to every Jew and confer upon the Jewish people the status of a fully privileged

Source 2

time, because they were contrary to the will of the Palestinian people and to their natural right in their homeland, and inconsistent

void. Claims of historical or religious ties of Jews with Palestine are incompatible with the facts of history and the true conception
of what constitutes statehood. Judaism, being a religion, is not an independent nationality. Nor do Jews constitute a single nation

Source 1 18. Paragraph 3 of Source 1

and Source 2 disagree?
(A) Whether the Balfour Declaration declared the land does this statement refer?
of Palestine a national homeland for the Jews (A) The mass emigration of European Jews to the
(B) Whether religious ties to a particular land constitute United States prior to World War II
a legitimate basis for statehood (B) The movement of Jews from Western to Eastern
(C) Whether the Palestinians are Arab nationals Europe following World War I
(D) Whether Jews living in Palestine made the deserts (C) The influx of Jewish refugees to Palestine following
bloom and revived the Hebrew language
(D) The growth of Zionist immigration to Palestine in
the early twentieth century
 Section I

mentioned in Source 2?
(A) The Roman occupation of the Levant
(B) The Ottoman conquest of Mamluk Egypt
(C) The defeat of the Central Powers in World War I
(D) The creation of independent states in the Middle
East following World War II
 Section I

observing the hours of prayer, studying the books of law, and memorizing the Koran. Yet their women show no bashfulness before
men and do not veil themselves, though they are assiduous in attending prayers. Any man who wishes to marry one of them may
do so, but they do not travel with their husbands, and, even if one desired to do so, her family would not allow her to go. The

Ibn Battuta, circa 1354

Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., New York, New York.

22. Which of the following historical developments in the

history, which of the following best describes why a C.E. C.E. reduced the
contemporary reader of this passage might be surprised? importance of the inland areas of West Africa?
(A) The women of Mali appear to have less autonomy (A) The Ottoman absorption of the Barbary States of
than those of other Islamic nations. North Africa
(B) The women of Mali appear to have more autonomy (B) The establishment of African kingdoms that were
than those of other Islamic nations. heavily involved in the slave trade
(C) The women of Mali appear to be more religiously (C) The spread of New World crops to Europe and Asia
observant than those of other Islamic nations. (D) The settlement of Cape Colony by the Dutch
(D) The women of Mali appear to be less religiously
observant than those of other Islamic nations. 23. Which of the following provides the best explanation for
the presence of Islam in the Kingdom of Mali?
21. In addition to wanting to see more of the world, why did (A) Conquest of the region by Umayyad forces
travelers such as the author of the passage travel to Mali (B) Traveling Islamic scholars who sought to convert to
in the fourteenth century?
faraway lands
(A) To participate in the salt and gold trade
(B) To participate in the silk and sugar trade Mediterranean coast
(C) To participate in the copper and iron trade (D) The presence of several significant holy sites of
(D) To participate in the rum and whiskey trade Islam
 Section I

Source 1

worn long beards, which they cherished and preserved with much care, allowing them to hang down on their bosoms, without
even cutting the moustache. With these long beards they wore the hair very short, except the ecclesiastics, who, to distinguish
themselves, wore it very long. The tsar, in order to reform that custom, ordered that gentlemen, merchants, and other subjects,
except priests and peasants, should each pay a tax of one hundred rubles a year if they wished to keep their beards; the
commoners had to pay one kopek each. Officials were stationed at the gates of the towns to collect that tax, which the Russians

Jean Rousset de Missy,

Source 2

paid the beard tax imposed by Peter the Great

24. Which of the following statements about Peter the Great, 25. Based on the sources and your knowledge of world
the subject of Source 1, is accurate? history, for what reason did Peter the Great discourage
Russian men from wearing beards?
(A) Under Peter the Great, Russia became a strong
military nation but failed to modernize or (A) He believed that facial hair was not becoming of a
industrialize. true gentleman.
(B) Peter the Great was able to build a strong centralized (B) He thought it would be best for society if
government based on military principles. ecclesiastics were easily distinguishable from
(C) The lives of ordinary Russian citizens were greatly ordinary people.
improved as a result of the Western influences (C) He wanted Russian men to return to the traditions of
brought by Peter the Great. their ancestors.
(D) Peter the Great was considered the first enlightened (D) He wished to Westernize Russia by importing
despot in the history of Russia. European clothing and hairstyles.
Section I

Source 1
C.E. C.E. most accounts for Peter the could best be described with which of the following
terms?
(A) The settlement of Russia by Scandinavians (A) Enlightened despotism
(B) The establishment of trading cities along major (B) Absolute monarchy
Russian rivers (C) Oligarchy
(C) The conversion of Russia to Orthodox Christianity (D) Capitalism
(D) The conquest of Russia by the Mongolians
 Section I

Source 1

have thrown thousands of your petitioners out of employ, whereby they are brought into great distress, and are not able to procure
a maintenance for their families, and deprived them of the opportunity of bringing up their children to labour: We have therefore
to request, that prejudice and self-interest may be laid aside, and that you may pay that attention to the following facts, which the
nature of the case requires. The number of Scribbling-Machines extending about seventeen miles south-west of Leeds, exceed all
belief, being no less than one hundred and seventy! and as each machine will do as much work in twelve hours, as ten men can in
that time do by hand, (speaking within bounds) and they working night-and day, one machine will do as much work in one day as

Source 2

to Market at reduced Prices, which can alone be effected by the Aid of Machinery, it certainly is not necessary that the Cloth
Merchants of Leeds, who depend chiefly on a Foreign Demand, where they have for Competitors the Manufacturers of other
Nations, whose Taxes are few, and whose manual Labour is only Half the Price it bears here, should have Occasion to defend a

28. Which of the following historical developments in the

C.E. C.E. most directly caused the following inferences about the relationship between
debate presented in the sources? C.E. C.E.?

(A) The spread of nationalism in the wake of the French (A) The socialist tendencies of labor pushed populations
Revolution to support capital to put down unions and other
(B) The Industrial Revolution organizations of labor.
(C) Imperialism and neocolonialism (B) Labor and capital had quite similar goals and
(D) The spread of democratic or representative cooperated to achieve the best outcome for
governments society at large.
(C) Capital attempted as much as possible to mechanize
production in order to punish workers or depress
C.E. to their wages.
C.E.?
(D) Both labor and capital appealed to the welfare of
(A) The displacement of traditional labor methods by the population at large to press their respective
new production techniques agendas.
(B) The greed of capitalists at the expense of society at
large
(C) The imposition of tariffs and other protective
measures for industries
(D) The use of child labor in industries
 Section I

Source 1

Source 2

factory children who must find their recreation on the street; if she would bring the cultural forces to bear upon our materialistic
civilization; and if she would do it all with the dignity and directness fitting one who carries on her immemorial duties, then she

Jane Addams,

31. Which of the following would the author of Source 2 33. Which of the following inferences regarding the
most agree with? C.E. C.E.

(A) Self-determination
protectors of factory children as described in Source 2?
(B) Dictatorship of the proletariat
(C) Capitalism (A) Children in the nineteenth century sought motherly
(D) Monarchy figures by nature to teach and guard them.
(B) Governments designated roles of teachers and
32. Which of the following historical developments most parental guardians only to women in the
directly led to the success of the movement discussed in nineteenth century.
both sources? (C) Women were integral to the movements to abolish
(A) The Great Depression child labor and promote universal basic education
(B) The First Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century.
(C) World War I
(D) The Cold War rights in the nineteenth century.
 Section I

Source 1

before.

not cry. You must not hurt anybody or do harm to anyone. You must not fight. Do right always. It will give you satisfaction in

Do not tell the white people about this. Jesus is now upon the earth. He appears like a cloud. The dead are still alive again. I
do not know when they will be here; maybe this fall or in the spring. When the time comes there will be no more sickness and
everyone will be young again.
Do not refuse to work for the whites and do not make any trouble with them until you leave them. When the earth shakes [at

I want you to dance every six weeks. Make a feast at the dance and have food that everybody may eat. Then bathe in the water.

Source 2

to Mngeta to investigate. On arrival, the envoy luckily met the people who had brought the maji medicine. The natives of Mngeta
had already taken the maji and wore small pieces of reed on their heads. They advised the visitor to take the maji as well. But

European and local wars will not harm us. If by bad luck war comes, bullets and spears will not harm us. Bullets and spears will

34. The position of Native Americans and Africans in both Source 2 most likely
sources can be attributed to which of the following refers to which of the following strategies of European
disadvantages? C.E. C.E.?

(A) Superior European technology (A) Instigating intertribal wars so that tribes would sell
(B) Superior European numbers enslaved people to European merchants
(C) Superior European forms of government (B) Making alliances with certain tribes in order to
(D) Superior European knowledge of local terrain dominate other tribes
(C) Selling machine guns and other advanced weapons
35. The two sources invoke supernatural forms of resistance to certain tribes in order to form solitary states to
to Europeans on account of which of the following? negotiate with in place of multiple tribes
(A) The superior divine connection between the natives (D) Spreading Christianity to stoke religious wars across
and their deities compared with that of the Africa
Europeans
(B) A feeling of helplessness on account of previous
defeats employ strategies for coexistence with Europeans,
espoused in Source 1?
(C) Societies organized on pacifist principles
(D) Societies based on shamanist governance (A) The Angolan independence movement
(B) The Vietnamese independence movement
(C) The Indian independence movement
(D) The Haitian independence movement
 Section I

Population of the New World

(North and South America), 1200 to 1900

1000
POPULATION (IN MILLIONS)

100

10

1
00

00
00
00

00
00

00
00
13

17
12

14

15
16

18
19

38. A historian researching the economic history of the

Americas would most likely find this chart useful as a C.E. to
source of information about which of the following? C.E.?

(A) The economic footprint left by extended periods of (A) The spread of Eastern Hemisphere crops and
stagnant population growth. livestock through the Columbian Exchange
(B) The impact of North and South American migration (B) The introduction of Christianity and other belief
patterns on the economic development of the New systems through the Columbian Exchange
World. (C) The introduction of tobacco and maize through the
(C) Worldwide economic growth as it relates to Columbian Exchange
population changes. (D) The spread of diseases such as smallpox through the
(D) The effects that periods of economic growth and Columbian Exchange
stagnation have had on the population of the New
World.
C.E. to
C.E.?

(A) The introduction of Chinese migrant laborers

(B) The introduction of Enlightenment thought from
Europe
(C) The importation of laborers from Africa
(D) The destruction of the Incan Empire by Spanish
 Section I

41. Which of the following best explains the changes

C.E.?

(A) The migration of many displaced Europeans during

industrialization
(B) The migration of many displaced Europeans during
the wars of the Protestant Reformation
(C) The importation of enslaved Africans by British
merchants
(D) The rapid industrialization of newly independent
Latin American states
 Section I

their own personal interests were not at stake. Ethiopian warriors asked only for means to defend themselves. On many occasions
I have asked for financial assistance for the purchase of arms. That assistance has been constantly refused me. What, then, in

Apart from the Kingdom of the Lord there is not on this earth any nation that is superior to any other. Should it happen that a
strong government finds it may, with impunity, destroy a weak people, then the hour strikes for that weak people to appeal to the

Representatives of the world, I have come to discharge in your midst the most painful of the duties of the head of a state. What

C.E.

42. Which of the following historical developments most

directly caused this speech to the League of Nations? influence of which of the following?
(A) The Japanese invasion of Manchuria (A) A belief in nationalism and the existence of nation-
(B) The German remilitarization of the Rhineland states
(C) The Italian annexation of Albania (B) A belief in imperialism and the acquisition of
(D) The British conquest of Sudan colonies
(C) A belief in socialism and the renunciation of war
(D) A belief in democracy and the will of the people
context of which of the following?
(A) Decolonization 45. The lack of assistance alluded to in the speech
(B) The Industrial Revolution contributed directly to which of the following historical
developments?
(C) The Scramble for Africa
(D) Fascist expansionism (A) The successful industrialization of Africa
(B) The outbreak of war in Europe
(C) The withdrawal of Europe from African colonies
(D) The Cold War
 Section I

service of God and of Your Majesty, it has seemed worthy to me to praise the wit, curiosity, and great ability of my legitimate son,
Don Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, who is the (which means prince), head governor, and lord of the Indians and other
and nobles, the administrator of all their common property, and the general deputy of your province of the
Lucanas in the kingdom of Peru.
For the past twenty years or so, he has been writing the histories of our ancestors and grandparents, my forefathers, and the

Beyond the service to Your Majesty that will result from publishing this history, it will be the first to celebrate and immortalize
the memory and name of the former great lords who were our ancestors as their great deeds deserve.
In the hope that all this may be achieved, I humbly beseech Your Majesty be pleased to grant your favor to my son, Don Felipe
de Ayala, and so help all my grandchildren by allowing his plans to move forward: this is what I hope to see. May Your Majesty,
our lord, live and prosper for many happy years, and may you add many more kingdoms and dominions, as your most humble

Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala,

48. Which of the following historical developments best

the following? explains the reference to various kings in the second
paragraph?
(A) The construction of European trading empires in
East Asia (A) The Peruvian conquest of Mexico in the fourteenth
(B) The expansion of European states into the New century C.E.
World (B) The longevity of civilization in the Andes region
(C) The integration of Africa into Atlantic trade (C) The Portuguese conquest of Brazil
networks (D) The conversion of the nobility of the Andes to
(D) The expansion of Muslim Gunpowder Empires Christianity
across Central Asia

undermines the hopes expressed for the advantage of the

list of titles of Don Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala in the King in the fourth paragraph?
first paragraph? (A) The expansion of European states into Asia
(A) Cultural assimilation (B) The union of Portugal and Spain under the
(B) Centralization of political authority in states Hapsburg Dynasty
(C) Religious conversion (C) The spread of Enlightenment philosophies into
(D) Social stratification Latin America
(D) The importation of New World silver into the
European economy
 Section I

their Soldiers must conquer, and ours must be vanquished; both cannot stand prosperously together: For on their side, there is a
mighty, strong and wealthy Empire, great Armies, Experience in War, a veteran Soldiery, a long Series of Victories, Patience in
Toil, Concord, Order, Discipline, Frugality, and Vigilance. On our side, there is public Want, private Luxury, Strength weakened,
Minds Discouraged, an unaccustomedness to Labour or Arms, Soldiers refractory, Commanders covetous, a Contempt of
Discipline, Licentiousness, Rashness, Drunkenness, Gluttony; and, what is worst of all, they are accustomed to conquer, we to

Deliverance: when the Turk makes a Peace with the Persian, the Turk will bring all the Power of the East upon us, and how ready

Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Austrian Ambassador to the Court of Suleiman the Magnificent,
circa 1581

52. Which of the following historical events most directly

most directly supported by which of the following
historical events?
(A) The wars of the Protestant Reformation Christian minority populations of Persia to Shia
(B) The of Spain Islam
(C) The Dutch occupation of Indonesia
(D) The wars of the French Revolution Company
(C) Portuguese and Spanish occupation of strategic
51. Which of the following statements about the period ports in the Persian Gulf
C.E C.E. is most directly supported by the
(D) Russian invasions of northern Persia in the early
passage?
eighteenth century
(A) The implementation of gunpowder-based weapons
on a large scale allowed the creation and
consolidation of large, powerful empires.
(B) The religious divisions of Christianity allowed the
expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe.
(C) Professional armies were the hallmark of successful
empires during the period.
(D) Greater interconnectedness of the world fostered
economic exchange and growth.
 Section I

© The Trustees of the British Museum

C.E.

53. Which of the following explains the significance of paper 54. Which of the following best explains the harsh terms
currency to pre-modern civilizations? ascribed to counterfeiters on the currency note above?
(A) It served as an excellent store of value. (A) The Ming government treated criminals of all
(B) It allowed commercial exchanges to be made more crimes equally harshly.
rapidly. (B) The Ming government wanted to punish those who
(C) It allowed governments to collect taxes much more sympathized with the economic policies of the
easily. Yuan Dynasty.
(D) It allowed peasants greater economic opportunity. (C) The Ming government licensed specific private
organizations to print paper currency.
(D) The Ming government was concerned about the
threat to the economy that a lack of confidence in
paper issuances would provide.
 Section I

55. Which of the following historical developments reduced

the need for the Ming Dynasty to use paper currency such
as the one in the image?
(A) The expansion of global trade routes connected
China by sea to the Western Hemisphere.
(B) The conquest of Japan by the Ming gave China
enough silver to run its internal economy.
(C) The expansion of the Grand Canal to more southerly
regions of China allowed exploitation of further
silver deposits.
(D) The voyages of Zheng He inspired regular
commercial contact with East Africa and India.
 Section I

WORLD HISTORY

SECTION I, Part B

Directions: Answer all parts of Questions 1 and 2, and then choose to answer EITHER Question 3 or Question 4. Read each
question carefully and write your responses on a separate sheet of paper.

Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. On test day, you will be able to plan your answers in the
exam booklet, but only your responses in the corresponding boxes on the free-response answer sheet will be scored.

Locations of Archaeological Finds of Byzantine Currency

finds
on the map.
Section I

C.E. and the present. Use

specific examples from one or more regions of the world.
b) Identify and explain ONE challenge created by global economic integration.
 Section I

Photograph of the Court of the Lions, a portion of the Alhambra, a palace and fortress complex
built in the mid-fourteenth century in Granada, Spain

a) Identify and explain ONE cultural factor that inspired the artistic style present on the architecture depicted in the
photograph.
b) Identify and explain ONE way in which the architecture in the photograph mirrors other such architecture from different
C.E.
c) Identify and explain ONE factor which caused the architecture or the artistic style depicted in the photograph to fall out
C.E.
 Section I

Source 1

made lifelong enemies of its most powerful neighbors. Its battles with the Habsburg Empire in Europe especially highlighted
the existential struggle of Muslim vs. Christian, essentially a continuation of the centuries old crusades, demonstrated how the

Alice M. Munday,

Source 2

chunks of the empire until there was nothing left but its Anatolian heartland. But this view is being convincingly challenged
by scholars of late who place the decline of the Ottomans more squarely on internal division and stagnation than on external

Dr. Solomon Banks,

Ottoman decline.

Ottoman decline.
c) From the two interpretations above, select the one that, in your opinion, better accounts for the reason for Ottoman
decline. Briefly explain your choice using additional evidence beyond that used to answer (a) or (b).

STOP
END OF SECTION I
IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION.
DO NOT GO ON TO SECTION II UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
 The Exam
AP® World History Exam
SECTION II: Free Response

Instructions
The questions for Section II are printed in the Questions and Documents booklet. You may use
that booklet to organize your answers and for scratch work, but you must write your answers
in this Section II: Free Response booklet. No credit will be given for any work written in the
Questions and Documents booklet.
The proctor will announce the beginning and end of the reading period. You are advised to
spend the 15-minute period reading the question and planning your answer to Question 1, the
document-based question. If you have time, you may also read Questions 2, 3, and 4.
Section II of this exam requires answers in essay form. Write clearly and legibly. Circle the
number of the question you are answering at the top of each page in this booklet. Begin each
answer on a new page. Do not skip lines. Cross out any errors you make; crossed-out work
will not be scored.
Manage your time carefully. The proctor will announce the suggested time for each part, but
you may proceed freely from one part to the next. Go on to the long essay question if you
finish Question 1 early. You may review your responses if you finish before the end of the
exam is announced.
After the exam, you must apply the label that corresponds to the long-essay question you
answered—Question 2, 3, or 4. For example, if you answered Question 2, apply the label
2 . Failure to do so may delay your score.
 Section II

WORLD HISTORY

SECTION II

You may begin writing your response before the reading period is over.

Question 1 is based on the accompanying documents. The documents have been edited for the purpose of this
exercise.

In your response you should do the following.

Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible claim that establishes a line of reasoning.

Describe a historical context relevant to the prompt.

Support an argument in response to the prompt using at least six documents. Use at least one additional piece of
specific historical evidence (beyond that found in the documents) relevant to an argument about the prompt.

For at least three

focus of the prompt, using evidence to support or modify an argument that addresses the question.
 Section II

Source: Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish mathematicians and scientists, published this account of their travels in

At Lima, as at Quito, and all Spanish America, some of the eminent families have been long since settled there, whilst the
prosperity of others is of a later date; for being the center of the whole commerce of Peru, a greater number of Europeans
resort to it, than to any other city; some for trade, and others, from being invested in Spain with considerable employments:
The Negroes, Mulattoes, and their descendants, form the greater number of the inhabitants; and of these are the greatest part of

The third, and last class of inhabitants are the Indians and Mestizos, but these are very small in proportion to the largeness
of the city, and the multitudes of the second class. They are employed in agriculture, in making earthen ware, and bringing
all kinds of provisions to market, domestic services being performed by Negroes and Mulattoes, either slaves or free, though
generally by the former.

Then, there is the question of your attitude towards the British. I have noticed that there is hatred towards the British among
the people. The people say they are disgusted with their behaviour. The people make no distinction between British imperial-
ism and the British people. To them, the two are one This hatred would even make them welcome the Japanese. It is most
dangerous. It means that they will exchange one slavery for another. We must get rid of this feeling. Our quarrel is not with the
British people, we fight their imperialism.
Section II
 Section II

Throughout my struggle for the independence of my country, I have never doubted for a single instant that the sacred cause to

and its Western allies, who found direct and indirect, intentional and unintentional support among certain high officials of the
United Nations, that body in which we placed all our trust when we called on it for help.
They have corrupted some of our countrymen; they have bought others; they have done their part to distort the truth and defile
our independence
From
Hachette Book Group, Inc.

Source: Fraser, Sir Andrew H. L.

of love to the country and its peoples, and my pride and pleasure in my work, have intensified year by year. I know more of
the country probably than most men. I have not only served for many years in one Province, and for five years in another; but I
have also visited every Province in India twice, on Government Commissions, and seen almost every important Native State. I
cannot tell of the depth of interest with which I have studied the manners and customs of the people, the various forms of their
faith and practice, and the characteristics of their life in town and country. I have had experiences which are practically impos-
sible for any man outside of India: experiences sometimes of difficulty, sometimes of anxiety, and even distress, but almost
always experiences such as ought to tend to elevate the mind, to strengthen the character, and to enlarge the belief in human
nature. I have found among the people of India multitudes who have elicited my kindliest feelings, and who have shown the
kindliest feeling towards myself, and I have found not a few whom I value as among the worthiest of my friends.

Source: Simón Bolívar, South American revolutionary and leading figure in Gran Colombia, address,

We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. Americans by birth and
Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and
at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invad-
ers. Thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated. But there is more. As our role has always been strictly passive
and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having
been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active
domestic tyranny.
Section II
 Section II

Choose ONE of EITHER Questions 2, 3, or 4.

In your response you should do the following.

Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.

Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.

Demonstrate an understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using
evidence to support or modify an argument that addresses the question.

Compare and contrast the governmental structures of the Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty between the
. In the development of your argument, explain what was similar between the two governments and what
was different.

C.E. C.E. to that of the

C.E. C.E.
In the development of your argument, explain what was similar between the
two systems of imperial governance and what was different.

C.E.
C.E.
In the development of your argument, explain what was similar between the two reactions to contact with the west
and what was different.

END OF EXAMINATION