MARINE REPORTS 2(2) (2023) : 127-135

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10182927
[email protected]

MARINE REPORTS
e-ISSN: 2822-5155
Journal homepage: https://scopesscience.com/index.php/marep/
Received: 03 November 2023; Received in revised form: 14 November 2023
Accepted: 15 November 2023; Available online: 05 December 2023 RESEARCH PAPER

Citation: Yaniharto, D., Ali, F., Chaidir, I., Aliah, R.S., Firmansyah, M. K. (2023). Surveying water quality
parameters in shrimp ponds for best aquaculture practice in brackish waters of South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Marine Reports, 2(2), 127-135. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10182927

SURVEYING WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN SHRIMP

PONDS FOR BEST AQUACULTURE PRACTICE IN
BRACKISH WATERS OF SOUTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

Dedy YANIHARTO1*, Fauzan ALI1, Iding CHAIDIR1, Ratu Siti ALIAH1, M. Kholik
FIRMANSYAH2
1
Research Center for Fishery, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Soekarno Science and
Technology Park, Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia
2
Directorate of Laboratory Management, Research Facilities, and Science and Technology Park, National
Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Soekarno Science and Technology Park, Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia

Dedy Yaniharto: [email protected], https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3930-055X

Fauzan Ali: [email protected], https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7281-9979
Iding Chaidir: [email protected], https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6312-6469
Ratu Siti Aliah: [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0990-5124
M.Kholik Firmansyah: [email protected], https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5550-6612

*Corresponding author: Dedy Yaniharto, [email protected], +62-812-1067824

Abstract
This study aims to survey the water quality and condition of brackish water ponds in Kotabaru
Regency, South Kalimantan Province-Indonesia. The study was conducted in January 2019
initiated by the Representative Office of Bank Indonesia. The observed water quality
parameters include physical (pH, temperature, oxygen etc.), chemical (nitrite, nitrate, ammonia,
phosphate) and heavy metal contamination concentrations (Pb, Cd, Hg). Based on primary data
from the survey results, supporting secondary data and observations of the characteristics of
brackish water aquaculture ponds, it is necessary to apply good aquaculture practice methods
through the application of Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) technology.

Keywords: Brackish water pond, water quality, heavy metal contamination, good aquaculture
practice, IMTA

Introduction
Kotabaru Regency is one of the eleven regencies in the Indonesian province of South
Kalimantan. It consists of two parts; the smaller (2,357.29 km2) but more populated part
Yaniharto et al. Water quality survey in Indonesian shrimp ponds Marine Reports 2(2) (2023) 127-135

comprises Laut Island (Sea Island), which is the largest island off the coast of Kalimantan
(Indonesian Borneo), together with the smaller Sebuku Island off Laut Island's east coast and
even smaller islands nearby; the larger (7,122.88 km2) but less populated part consists of
districts on the mainland of Kalimantan (Figure 1). The economy of the regency is undergoing
a restructurization with general decline of primary sector and shift to tertiary sector as with
many regions in Indonesia. This was mostly seen in 2020 where combined mining, agriculture,
and fishery contributed to 37.25% of the regency's Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP)
compared to 38.51% on 2016 (GRDP, 2021). Potential land that can be developed for fisheries
includes 38,490 km2 of sea waters, 168,050 ha of public waters, 52,900 ha of land that can be
used as pond aquaculture supported by brackish waters, and 269 ha of freshwater fish farming
ponds. However, the land potential has not been fully organized for best utilization practices so
far. The leading aquaculture commodity of Kotabaru region is from its shrimp ponds. In the
past decade, many ponds have been shut down due to outbreaks of White Spot Virus (WSV)
and Vibriosis. Another major issue that threatens the success and sustainability of shrimp
farming is coal mining business. Environmentally, the presence of coal mining has an impact
on landscape change, decreased soil fertility, threats to biodiversity, decreased water -and air
quality and environmental pollution. One of the concerns regarding the food safety level of
aquaculture products is heavy metal contamination. To prevent and avoid the failure of fish
farming activities, it is necessary to socialize the application of good and appropriate fish
farming practices for fish farmers in Kotabaru Regency. Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture
(IMTA) technology based on the concept of “Sato Umi” is an environmentally friendly fish
farming technology (green technology) because it is almost zero waste or waste-free.

In the present study, surveying of water quality parameters of pond areas in Kotabaru Regency
was conducted for the understanding of the brackish water conditions providing potentials for
shrimp farming activities that need continuous attention for the sustainability of aquaculture
activities in Kalimantan, Indonesia. In addition to the survey, coordination and discussions were
also held with the local government (Fisheries Stakeholders) and the Shrimp Farming
Community. The results of the survey and discussion groups were used as a basis for
formulating recommendations for the application of new technologies and best aquaculture
practices in brackish waters of Kotabaru regency.

Material and Method

Determination of the location of shrimp ponds to be surveyed was based on coordination and
discussion with the Fisheries Offices in Bappeda and Kotabaru Districts.

Figure 1. Map of the position of the island of Kalimantan/Borneo and the province of South
Kalimantan in Indonesia (left picture), and the position of Kotabaru Regency in South
Kalimantan province (right picture)

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In all pond locations, several water quality parameters were measured. Surveys and
observations of brackish water pond areas were conducted on January 2019, which was initiated
by the Representative of Bank Indonesia, South Kalimantan.

Physical parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, turbidity) as well as dissolved oxygen (DO)
were measured directly on-site by a Horiba-U10 portable water quality measurement device.
Chemical parameters such as dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) as phosphate (PO4), and
dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) as the sum of nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonia
(NH3) were measured and analyzed in the laboratory by gravimetric, titration, and spectrometric
methods (APPA, 2000). All measurements and samples were taken from the outlet and inlet of
the ponds. In addition, measurements were also taken on the river channel which is the source
of water entering the ponds. In the presence of coal mining activities, the level of heavy metal
contamination in pond water and shrimp body was measured. Heavy metal analyses of water
and shrimp body samples were conducted using the method of Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry (AAS).

Figure 2. Four shrimp pond sites surveyed in the study; 2 ponds (1st & 2nd pond) on either
side of the sea island and 2 other ponds (3rd & 4th pond) in the estuary river area.

During water quality measurement surveys and samplings (water and shrimp) for further
analyses, informal discussions/communications were held with community farmers regarding
technical constraints and problems encountered so far. Furthermore, all primary and secondary
data obtained were analyzed and processed. The results of the interpretation of primary and
secondary data as well as technical information from various sources are the basis for the
preparation of recommendations for the application of brackish water aquaculture technology,
both for the government and the cultivator community in Kotabaru district. The presentation of
survey results and recommendations for the application of brackish water pond aquaculture
technology was carried out at the Focus Group Discussion forum involving all stakeholders
from academia, pond farmers and local governments in April 2019.

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Results and Discussion

From the results of coordination with stakeholders, it was agreed and decided to survey the 4
pond locations in this study, which were considered as representatives for the conditions of all
brackish water ponds in the Kotabaru region. The selected 4 ponds consist of 2 locations (1st
pond and 2nd pond area) on both sides of the sea island and other 2 locations (3rd pond and 4th
pond) in the river estuary area (Figure 2). Other technical considerations of the 4 selected pond
sites are still doing aquaculture business. The main species cultivated in the 4 ponds was tiger
shrimp (Penaeus monodon), while in the 4th pond a polyculture tiger shrimp with milkfish
(Chanos chanos) was conducted.

Of the 4 ponds, only one pond that is the “2nd pond” does not receive water supply from a river.
The pond water is obtained from the inlet channel directly from the sea (Makassar Strait or
Sulawesi Sea). The measurement of water salinity level in the 2nd pond was 28.5 ppt (Table 1).
The salinity level of the other 3 ponds that receive water through the river tends to be lower,
especially in those located in the estuary area. Similarly, the turbidity level of water in pond 2
was the lowest at 8.8 NTU compared to the other 3 pond sites. In contrast, the turbidity level in
the 4th pond was the highest at 18.9 NTU with the lowest salinity level of 15.9 ppt. This can be
attributed to the high flow of river discharge upstream which usually carries a number of
sediments. Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the 1st (3.56 mg/l) and 4th (4.44 mg/l) pond were
below the recommended threshold. In general, other physical water quality parameters are still
at the threshold according to the decision of the Minister of Environment, namely Kepmen-LH
No.51 (2004) appendix III on seawater quality standards for marine biota.

Table 1. Physical parameters of water quality in shrimp ponds and rivers of Kotabaru
Temperature Turbidity DO Salinity
No. Location pH
(oC) (NTU) (mg/l) (ppt)
1 1st Pond 30.12 7.21 6.4 3.56 23.1
2 River of 1st Pond 28.50 7.20 15.3 1.66 23.9
3 2nd Pond 30.83 7.89 8.8 6.21 28.5
4 3rd Pond 29.97 7.23 14.3 6.27 22.3
5 River of 3rd Pond 29.10 7.40 9.9 3.02 22.0
6 4th Pond 30.41 7.61 18.9 4.44 15.9
7 River of 4th Pond 29.65 7.38 83.9 2.77 17.7
Standard Threshold *) 28 - 30 7.0 - 8.5 <5 >5 -
*) : Standard Threshold Based on Kepmen-LH No. 51/ 2004 Appendix III (Seawater Quality
Standard for Marine Biota) (MERI, 2004).

The data in Table 2 show that the concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate
contained in the water samples in all 4 ponds did not exceed the thresholds set by the
Government Regulations of the Republic of Indonesia No. 82 (2001) concerning Water Quality
Management and Water Pollution Control.

The data in Table 3 show that Lead (Pb) concentrations in water sample of the 2nd and 4th
ponds are above the threshold, as well as Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the 1st and 4th ponds.
Meanwhile, Mercury (Hg) concentrations in all 4 ponds were still below the threshold based on

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Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 (2009). Although the concentration of Pb metal in pond
water has exceeded the threshold, the concentration of Pb, Cd and Hg metals contained in Tiger
shrimp meat samples in both the 2nd and 4th ponds did not exceed the threshold set by the
Indonesian National Standardization Agency (BSN): SNI 7387 (NSA, 2009) on the Maximum
Limit of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food (Table 4). Tiger shrimp samples were only
available from the 2nd and 4th ponds because the other 2 ponds (1st and 3rd pond) were still in
the early stages of rearing.

Table 2. Chemical parameters of water quality in shrimp ponds and rivers of Kotabaru
Ammonia-N Nitrite-N Nitrate-N Phosphate-P
-
No. Location (NH3-N) (NO2 -N) (NO3--N) (PO43--P)
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
1 1st Pond 0.002 0.001 0.4 0.003
2 River of 1st Pond 0.003 0.000 0.9 0.082
3 2nd Pond 0.020 0.003 0.1 0.036
4 3rd Pond 0.005 0.002 0.4 0.049
5 River of 3rd Pond 0.005 0.004 0.5 0.078
6 4th Pond 0.020 0.000 0.7 0.085
7 River of 4th Pond 0.005 0.002 0.7 0.065
Maximum Threshold *) ≤ 0.3 ≤ 0.06 ≤10 ≤ 0.2
*): Government Regulation No. 82/2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution
Control (GRRI, 2021).

Table 3. Dissolved heavy metals in water sample of tiger shrimp ponds of Kotabaru
Concentration (mg/l)
No. Location
Lead (Pb) Cadmium (Cd) Mercury (Hg)
1 1st Pond 0.007 0.001 0.0004
2 2nd Pond 0.009 <0.001 <0.0001
3 3rd Pond 0.007 <0.001 <0.0001
4 4th Pond 0.009 0.001 <0.0001
Maximum Threshold *) <0.008 <0.001 <0.001
*) : Standard Threshold Based on Kepmen-LH No. 51 (2004). Appendix III : Seawater Quality
Standard for Marine Biota (MERI, 2004).

Table 4. Contamination of heavy metals in tiger shrimp body of 2nd and 3rd pond
Lead (Pb) Cadmium (Cd) Mercury (Hg)
No. Sample Location of Shrimp (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)

1 Shrimp of 2nd Pond 0.06 < 0.007 < 0,005

2 Shrimp of 4th Pond 0.15 < 0.007 < 0,005
Maximum Threshold *) ≤ 0.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0
*): Standard Threshold refers to SNI 7387: 2009 on the Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal
Contamination in Food (NSA, 2009).

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In the context of research on the utilization of water from the former coal mine excavation of
PT Adaro Indonesia, South Kalimantan in collaboration with LIPI Limnology Cibinong Bogor,
a trial of Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and Giant freshwater prawn (GFP)
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming has been carried out in the water of coal mining
excavation pond. Based on the results of the analysis of GFP and Tilapia meat, it is declared
feasible and safe for consumption based on quality standards that refer to the Indonesian
National Standard (SNI 7387: 2009; NSA, 2009) for the maximum limit of heavy metal
contamination in food (Table 5). The positive test results obtained are due to the intensive
handling of mining waste through several giant reservoirs as waste water containments, in
stages such as the first reservoir, the second reservoir, and so on until the last reservoir. In the
last reservoir, the water is treated so that if the water is released into the river, it will not have
a negative impact on the environment (Antarakalsel, 2015).

Table 5. Results of heavy metal contamination analysis in the body of Tilapia and Giant
Freshwater Prawn reared in the Cibinong-Bogor Limnology pond and PT Adaro coal mine
excavation pond, South Kalimantan
Animal & Location
Giant Freshwater Maximum
No Parameters Unit Tilapia
Prawn (GFP) Threshold**
Cibinong Adaro Cibinong Adaro GFP Tilapia
1 Lead (Pb) mg/kg <0.048 <0.048 < 0.048 <0.048 0,50 0,30

2 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg 0,160 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 1,00 0,10

3 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 1,00 0,50

4 Arsenic (As) mg/kg <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 1,00 1,00

** Standard Threshold refers to SNI 7387: 2009 on the Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal
Contamination in Food (NSA, 2009).

Referring to the survey results and secondary data as well as the characteristics of brackish
water aquaculture conditions in Kotabaru regency, the Team of Research Center for Fishery,
recommended the application of good fish farming methods through the application of IMTA
technology based on the Sato Umi concept.

A new concept for sustainable fisheries called "Sato-Umi", is defined as "High productivity and
biodiversity in the coastal sea area with human interaction" as shown in Figure 3. To establish
Sato-Umi, it is necessary to realize comprehensive material cycling in coastal sea area. In order
to achieve high aquatic biodiversity, human activity have to keep nutrients concentrations
moderate within coastal sea area to provide good habitats for marine biota. Proper management
of aquatic resources is important to obtain high fish productivity in Sato-Umi (Sachoemar et
al., 2016).

The Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) technology based on Sato Umi concept and
a sustainable fish farming technology is environmentally friendly, the so-called green
technology, because it is “Zero Waste” or “Waste-free” (Figure 4). With this technology, the
productivity of coastal brackish water and marine aquaculture can be enhanced through the

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business development of aquaculture in an integrated and intensive cultivation of various

commodities such as shrimp, finned fish, seaweed and shellfish reared in an area with water
quality maintenance. In this system, organic waste of food remains and fish feces will be used
by shellfish and sea cucumber for growth, while the seaweed will utilize inorganic nutrients for
growth to create a balance of the ecosystem (Chopin, 2006; Neori et al., 2001). Mussels and
seaweed, in addition to functioning as bio-filters, can also be used as bio-indicators of the level
of pollution in the aquaculture environment.

Figure 3. A new concept for sustainable fisheries called "Sato-Umi" (Sato-umi Net, n.d.)

Figure 4. Sustainable model of IMTA for brackish water aquaculture (Sachoemar et al., 2014

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The criteria for the choice of species were based on high market demand, high market price,
existing culture technology, readily available or constant supply of seed stock, and
compatibility of species to the pond environmental requirements in Kotabaru regency.
Furthermore, the combination of species in the IMTA farming system aims to help improve the
pond environment by utilizing aquaculture species that control and recycle nutrients available
and abundant. Extractive species such as mussels and seaweed have been reported to have
promising bioremediation potential. As recommendation, culture integration with finfish as a
co-cultured organism, mussels as filter feeders, and seaweeds as the primary producers are
operative in achieving a sustainable Tiger shrimp (P. monodon) aquaculture (Arriesgado et al.,
2022).

Conclusion
Based on primary data from the survey results, supporting secondary data and observations of
the characteristics of brackish water aquaculture ponds in Kotabaru Regency, it is suggested to
apply good aquaculture practice methods through the application of IMTA technology based
on the concept of Sato Umi. Integration of IMTA farming with finfish as co-cultured organisms,
mussels as filter feeders, and seaweed as primary producers can be used to achieve sustainable
Tiger shrimp (P. monodon) farming.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Regional Development Planning Agency (Bappeda) and
the Fisheries Department of Kotabaru Regency for providing logistical support during the
survey and data collection for this study.

Ethical approval
The author declares that this study complies with research and publication ethics

Informed consent
Informed consent has been obtained from all individual participants involved in the study.

Data availability statement

The authors declare that data can be provided by corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of interest
There is no conflict of interests for publishing this study.

Funding organizations
This study was financially supported by the Representative of Bank Indonesia (South
Kalimantan), for Travel expenses, accommodation fee, and costs for sample analyses.

Contribution of authors
Dedy Yaniharto: Conceptualization, Data interpretation, Formal analysis, Writing original draft
Fauzan Ali: Formal analysis, Fact finding data, Investigation, Methodology, draft review.
Iding Chaidir: Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, draft review.
Ratu Siti Aliah: Recommendation resources, Supervision, Validation, draft review.
M. Kholik Firmansyah: Data gathering, analysis contribution, supervision, editing.
All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

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