UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN

FACULTY OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION SCIENCE

COURSE CODE: TCS 111

COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATION

Prepared By: Dr. L.A. Olawoyin and Mr. Q.R. Adebowale

Introduction

Introduction to Telecommunication is a harmattan semester course designed to introduce students

to the field of telecommunications. In this course students will be made to understand the evolution
of telephony and the history related to and the roles play by earlier researchers in the development
of telecommunications. The roles telecommunication plays in the development of our society and
the global economy. The students will understand the concept of analog and digital system and
some other areas related to computer and computer networking. This course will also serve to
introduce the students to concept of OSI and TCP/IP model.

Learning Outcome

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

I. Understand what telecommunication is about

II. State the history and the evolution of Telephony
III. State and explain the telecommunication industry and their functions
IV. Importance of Telecommunication and the world economy
V. Explore different types of Telecommunication systems media
VI. Define and differentiate between Analog and Digital Transmission
VII. Differentiate different types of multiplexing techniques
VIII. Define and state the difference between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model
Course Guide
Module 1 History of Telecommunications
Unit 1 Definition and historical evaluation of Telecommunications
Unit 2 Telephone industry and Inventors
Unit 3 Telecommunications Industry and Association
Unit 4 The importance of Telecommunication, Telecommunication Nigeria and U.S.
Economy, Telecommunication and Global Competitiveness

Module 2 Basic Components and Benefits of Telecommunications and Impact on

individual and global society
Unit 1 Basic Telephony
Unit 2 Exploring different types of Telecommunication systems

Module 3 Introduction to analog and digital transmissions

Unit 1 Introduction to Analog and Digital Transmission
Unit 2 Analog transmission and Digital transmission
Unit 3 Multiplexing Techniques

Module 4 Introduction to networking/internet/ Network Architecture

Unit 1 Introduction to network and internet
Unit 2 Computer Networking
Unit 3 Network Architecture

Module 5 OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suites/Network topologies/ Introduction to

Network devices
Unit 1 Introduction to OSI model/ the OSI and TCP/IP Model
Unit 2 Introduction to Network topologies/ Different types of Network topologies
Unit 3 Introduction to Network devices
Module 1 History of Telecommunications
Unit 1 Definition and historical evaluation of Telecommunications
Unit 2 Telecommunication Industry, Associations and Standard Organization
Unit 3 Telephony Fundamentals: An Introduction to Basic Telephony Concepts
Module 1
Unit 1 Definition and historical development
1.0 Introduction
This unit covers the introduction and definition of telecommunication, the historical development
over the years as well as its classification.
2.0 Learning Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
I. Define Telecommunication
II. Lists four component of Telecommunication
III. Describe the development of Telecommunication over the years
IV. List the names of at least five Telecommunication researchers
V. Mention at least five importance of Telecommunication to the society

3.0 Main Content

3.1 Definition of Telecommunication

Telecommunications means transmitting messages over long distances. The exchange of

information by video, voice or data or any other type of information. Modern telecommunications
includes fiber optics, satellites, telephone, radio broadcasting, TV broadcasting Internet and
telegraphs. Telecommunication can also be defined as an act of transmitting of units of information
or messages, signals and data of any nature over a channel either wired or wireless from the
transmitter or sender to the receiver or information user. Telecommunication occurs when the
exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology. It
can be transmitted either electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic
radiation. The path taken by information between the sender and receiver is called channel. From
the definition, the telecommunication system can be represented with the figure 1 below:

Figure 1: Telecommunication system schematic diagram

4.0 Components of a Telecommunication System

Telecommunication system includes a transmitter which receives the message from the
information source and convert it to a signal. The transmitter perform signal processing techniques
on the received signal such as encoding and modulation, a transmission medium or channel is used
to convey the information signal and a receiver to take the signal and convert it back to usable or
decodable information. The recent modern day telecommunications systems can be described in
terms of a computer network. This includes the basic elements listed above but also the
infrastructure and controls needed to support the system. The basic components of a
telecommunications network can be sub-divided into six main parts:

1. Input and output devices, also referred to as input/output terminals: These provide the starting
and termination points of all communication. A telephone system is a good example of a
telecommunication terminal. In computer networks, these devices are commonly referred to as
nodes and consist of computer and peripheral devices.

2. Telecommunication channels: This is the medium at which transmitted data are conveyed to the
receiver terminal. The channels can be wired or wireless. The wired channel uses cables such as
two-pair wire, coaxial and optical fiber while wireless channel uses radio frequencies.

3. Telecommunication processors: In this terminal, control and support functions are provided to
information transmitted from transmitter to the receiver. Some of the functions provided are,
coding of information signal, and conversion from analogue to digital and vice versa.

4. Control software: this is responsible for controlling the functionality and activities of the
telecommunication network

5. Messages which represent the actual data or information being sent between the two
communication ends (transmitter and the receiver). Considering the mobile telephony network, the
transmitted messages can comprises of audio, text and as well as well as data.

6. Protocols: This is a computer program that specify how each type of telecommunication systems
handle the messages. For example, GSM and 3G are protocols for mobile phone communications,
while transmission control protocol/ Internet protocol (TCP/IP) is a protocol use for
communications over the Internet.

3.2.1 Information source or transmitter: An information source is the origin from which the
information to be transmitted originated from. It can be from a person, thing, or place from which
it comes, arises or obtained. Information sources are categorized into primary, secondary and
tertiary.

3.2.2 Transmitter: In telecommunication system, a transmitter is an electronic device which

produces radio wave with an antenna. This device generates itself a radio frequency which when
excited by alternating current, radio waves will radiates in consonance with type of antenna used.
Transmitters are necessary component parts of all electronic devices that communicate by radio,
such as radio and television broadcasting station, cell phones, wireless computer networks,
Bluetooth enabled devices and some other radar and navigation devices.
3.2.3 Communication channels: A communication channel or simply channel refers either to a
physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium
such as a radio channel in telecommunication and computer networking. A channel is used to
transfer an information signal, for example a digital bit stream, from one or several transmitters to
one or several information receiver. A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting information,
often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or data rate in bits per second. Communication channel can
either be wired or wireless form. Example of wired media are twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable and
fiber-optic while the wireless or broadcast media are microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared.

3.2.4 Communications receiver: This is the devices that is receiving the decoded messages from
the sender. This is in contrast to a broadcast receiver which is used to receive radio broadcast. A
communication receiver receives parts of the radio spectrum not used for broadcasting that includes
amateur, military, aircraft, marine, and other bands.

3.3 The Historical Development of Telecommunications

Telecommunication history began with the use of smoke signal, drums and the likes in Africa, the
America and parts of Asia. In the 1790s, the first fixed semaphore system (conveying information
by means of visual signals, using towers with pivoting shutters) emanated from Europe. The advent
of electrical communication started in 1800s and since then there is significant changes in
communication technologies which is in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems of
the society, and by extension, systems of government. Communication varies from the mode which
ranges from one to one communication in a subtle processes of exchange, to full conversations and
mass communication over large number of individual. The revolution in human communication
started with the origin of speech approximately over five century ago. The imperfection of the
nature of speech transmitted over the channel which nonetheless allowed easier dissemination of
ideas and stimulated inventions, eventually resulted in the creation of new forms of
communications, improving both the range at which people could communicate and the longevity
of the information.

3.3.1 Ancient systems and optical telegraphy

Early telecommunications included smoke signals and drums. Talking drum were used by natives
in Africa, and smoke signals in North America and China. The use of all these signs and symbols
have many interpretations and meanings to the natives which include announcement of presence
of military camp, breaking the news on the demise of the king and many others.

In Judaism culture a signal was given by use of flags at intervals along the way back to the high
priest to indicate the goat had been pushed from the cliff, so many other techniques are used to
pass the information to both the king and the populace

3.3.1.1 Johann Philipp Reis (1834-1874) was a German physicist and school master. In 1861, he
performed an experiment by using vibrating membrane touched needle and reproducing the sound
from the needle connected to electromagnetic hitting wood box. His invention could not be
patented because he lacked sufficient scientific background to justify his work.

3.3.1.2 Alexander Bell was a Scotland born in Edinburgh on March 3, 1847 and died in 1922. He
was a scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with inventing and patenting the
first practical telephone. He also founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company
(AT&T) in 1885. His family lineage had been associated with work on elocution and speech. His
research His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices
which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876.

With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant, and
the two of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally
plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed;
overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. That demonstrated to Bell that only one
reed or armature was necessary, not multiple reeds. This led to the sound-powered telephone,
which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech.
Fig 3.Bell’s vibrating reel used for a receiver Fig 4. Graham Bell’s first telephone

3.3.1.4 Theodore Newton Vail (1845 – 1920) was president of American Telephone and
Telegraph between 1885 and 1889, and again from 1907 to 1919. Vail saw telephone service as a
public utility and moved to consolidate telephone networks under the Bell system. In 1913 he
oversaw the Kingsbury Commitment that led to a more open system for connection. He then joined
the staff of a superintendent of United States Telegraph which ultimately became Western Union.
The American Bell Telephone Co. had been organized by Gardiner G Hubbard. As a lawyer and
lobbyist, Hubbard had opposed the Post Office Department before Congress on various issues.
Vail became convinced as a result of his association with Hubbard that the telephone would
eventually revolutionize world communication, and he became a vigorous, though generally
unsuccessful, promoter of Bell stock. Hubbard was impressed with Vail and offered him the
position of general manager of the American Bell Telephone Company in 1878. Vail defended the
Bell patents successfully from challenges from Western Union and others. He introduced the use
of copper wire in telephone and telegraph lines.

4.0 Summary
In this unit, you have learnt that:
I. The definition of telecommunication
II. How to represent telecommunication using schematic diagram
III. The component of telecommunication systems
IV. The historical development of telecommunication evolution

4.0 Self-Assessment
A. Explain the concept of telecommunication
 B. State the component of Telecommunication
C. Draw a diagram to represent simple communication system
D. List five names of researchers involved in the evolution of telecommunication system
E. Write short notes on each of the following people contribution to telecommunication
(i) Theodore Newton Vail
(ii) Alexander Bell
(iii) Johann Philipp Reis
F. Identify end-users.

6.0 Tutor Marked Assessment

A. Explain the difference between transmitter and receiver
B. With the aid of relevant diagram, explain telecommunication in detail
C. Define telecommunication
D. Write a short notes on the historical development of telecommunication
G. What is/are the function(s) of a node?
H. State and explain at least four components of Telecommunication

7.0 Further Reading

https://marketbusinessnews.com/telecommunications-definition-meaning/
https://www.nap.edu/read/11711/chapter/3
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/telecommunications
https://www.mitel.com/articles/history-telecommunication

8.0 References

1. Webster’s Third International Dictionary, G&C Merriam Co., Springfield, MA, 1981.
2. IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms, 6th ed., IEEE Std 100-1996,
IEEE, New York, 1996.
3. Telecommunication Planning, ITT Laboratories of Spain, Madrid 1973.
4. R. L. Freeman, Telecommunication System Engineering, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2004
 Unit 2: Telecommunication Industry, Associations and Standard Organization
1.0 Introduction
This unit covers the importance of telecommunication industry, the evolution, the relevant
industry and the roles play in development of telecommunication industry by standard
organization

2.0 Learning Objectives

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
I. Explain the Telecommunication Industry
II. State four types of service rendered by Telecommunication industry
III. List at least five opportunities available in Telecommunication industry
IV. Explain the standard and standard organization in Telecommunication industry

3.0 Main Content

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is accredited by the American National

Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop voluntary, consensus-based industry standards for a wide
variety of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) products, and currently represents
nearly 600 companies in the ICTs world. Most of the guidelines in use by the many standard
organizations were put in place by TIA which are regulating the activities of major vendors in radio,
television and communication equipment manufacture for private radio equipment, cellular towers
industry, satellites companies, data terminals, telephone terminal equipment, VoIP devices,
structured cabling, data centers, mobile devices communications, multimedia multicast, healthcare
ICT, device-to-device (D2D) communications and smart networks.

3.1 Nature of Services provided by Telecommunication Industry

 Good and Services: This industry delivers telecommunication tools and apparatus such as
telephone, television, internet, facsimile, and some other services to the customer,
Telecommunication industry providing the primary mean of interacting between businesses,
individual and some other services such as wired, wireless, broadband and mobile services,
and satellite TV among others.

 Industry Organization: the telecommunication industry is majorly divided into four sectors
which are: wireless, wired, satellite and other telecommunication establishment. The major
sector in this industry is wired which provides services like landline (wired) telephone, digital
subscriber line (DSL) Internet, and cable TV and Internet services. This industry route voice,
video (TV) wired, data over a network of wires (twisted pair, coaxial or fiber optics) and have
sole control over the network. The industry may own and maintain the networks, lease or share
the network with other organization in the industry but they did not own or have propriety
right over the content of the transmitted message. Wired telecommunication also include
direct-to-home satellite, free-to-air satellite and a variety of other services.
 Wireless telecommunication: these are service provider that provides Internet, voice over IP
telephony services to the prospective customer through transmission over the radio. The
signals are transmitted through an antenna directly to customers, who use devices, such as cell
phones and mobile computers, to receive, interpret, and send information. Majority of the
companies in the industry provide cellular phone services and mobile Internet services.

 Satellite telecommunications: they are establishments are made up mostly of government

and private organizations that transmit a variety of data through satellites. This service can
provide an aerial view of the earth and have high application in disaster management, weather
forecasting, direct-to-home satellite TV providers and monitoring of land boarder and security
application.

 Transmission Capacity: Due to recent development in semi-conductor electronics and

increase in the quantity of signal transmitted, the telecommunication industry had increase in
the capacity of signal transmitted with the use of optical fiber cable instead of twisted pair
cable. In some advanced countries, some network carriers extending fiber-optic cable to
residential houses enabling them to enjoy high-speed internet services such as video-on-
demand and stream less online television. Wireless telecommunications carriers are deploying
several new technologies to allow faster data transmission and better Internet access in an
effort to make them more competitive in a market that includes wired Internet carriers. With
faster connection speeds, wireless carriers can transmit music, videos, applications, and other
content that can be downloaded and played on cellular phones, giving users mobile access to
large amounts of data. In addition, as use of this mobile technology increases, wireless
companies continue to develop the next generation of technologies that will allow even faster
data transmission.

3.2 Opportunities in Telecommunication Industry

3.2.1 Employment Opportunity

According to the available information, telecommunication industries had provided over 15

million jobs in the last 20 years in Nigeria. Wired telecommunications carriers accounted for
about 54% while wireless industry account for the remaining 46%. Telecommunications jobs
are found in almost every part of the country, but most employees work in cities that have large
concentrations of industrial and business establishments.

3.2.2 Occupations opportunity

Although the telecommunications industry employs workers in many different occupations, but
majority of the employment available is in installation, maintenance, and repair occupations or
office and administrative support services. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.
Telecommunications craft workers install, repair, and maintain telephone equipment, cables and
access lines, and telecommunications systems, these workers are categorized based on the type of
services they rendered. In the industry, telecommunications equipment installers and repairers,
install, repair, and maintain the array of increasingly complex and sophisticated communications
equipment. Their work includes setting up, rearranging, and removing the complex switching and
routing equipment used in central offices. They may also solve network-related problems.

3.2.3 Training and Advancement

Due to rapid changes in technological advancement and introduction of new technologies and
services, telecommunication industry is among the most rapidly changing with the current trend,
hence the professional in the field must be up-to-date in able to cope with recent changing in the
industry. Hence, telecommunications industry employers now look for workers with knowledge of
and skills in computer programming and software design; voice telephone technology; laser and
fiber optic technology; wireless technology; and data compression. To maintain their skills and
stay abreast of new technologies, workers may continue to receive training throughout their
careers. Most companies prefer to employ highly specialized skill professional or any staff that
require little training instead of a novice in the field of telecommunication.

3.2.4 Outlook

Despite increasing demand for telecommunications services, there is possibility of employment in

the telecommunications industry to decline. Job opportunities, however, will arise from the need
to replace a significant number of workers who are expected to retire in the coming decade. With
rapid technological changes in telecommunications, those with up-to-date technical skills will have
the best job opportunities. More so, employment in the telecommunications industry is expected
to decline by 9 percent over the 20 years period, compared with 11 percent growth for all industries
combined. Despite an increasing demand for wireless Internet, cable television, and mobile
technologies, productivity gains will result in a reduced demand for workers. As
telecommunications infrastructure becomes more reliable, fewer workers will be needed to make
repairs. Wireless companies will continue to introduce new technologies and services and provide
faster Internet access. Employment, however, is expected to decline by 1 percent over the
projection period. Demand will decrease for installation, maintenance, and repair occupations as
the rate of expansion of the wireless infrastructure slows, because upgrading existing equipment is
less labor-intensive than installing new equipment. Some occupations, however, will not see such
declines. Demand for customer service representatives will grow as these workers will be needed
to accommodate an increase in customers. In addition, computer specialists will not see declines
because these workers will be needed to develop new technologies.

3.3 Telecommunication Organization

The International Telecommunication Union, was form in 1865 in Paris, originally the
International Telegraph Union, is an agency of the United Nation (UN) that is responsible for the
management of information and communication technologies. The ITU coordinates the general
use of radio spectrum, promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, works to
improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, and assists in the development
and coordination. The ITU is also involve in many other areas including broadband Internet, latest-
generation wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation,, convergence in fixed-
mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice and TV broadcasting, and next-generation networks.
The head office of ITU is based in Geneva, Switzerland and is a member of the United Nations
Development Group. ITU has been an intergovernmental public-private partnership organization
since its inception. Its membership includes 193 Member States and around 800 public and private
sector companies, and academic institutions as well as international and regional
telecommunication entities, known as Sector Members and Associates, which undertake most of
the work of each Sector. The ITU comprises three sectors, each managing a different aspect of the
matters handled by the Union, as well as ITU Telecom. The sectors were created during the
restructuring of ITU at its 1992 Plenipotentiary Conference.

3.3.1 Telecommunications—An Evolving Definition

Before the emergence of the Internet and other data networks, telecommunications had a clear
meaning: the telephone (and earlier the telegraph) was an application of technology that allowed
people to communicate at a distance by voice (and earlier by encoded electronic signals), and
telephone service was provided by the public switched telephone network (PSTN). In the U.S., the
major share of their network was owned and operated by American Telephone & Telegraph
(AT&T); while the rest are shared by other smaller independent companies. In the 1960s, facsimile
and data services were overlaid on the PSTN, due the ability of PSTN line the capacity to
communicate documents and data at a distance. More recently, of course, communication at a
distance has expanded to include data transport, video conferencing, e-mail, instant messaging,
Web browsing, and various forms of distributed collaboration, enabled by transmission media that
have also expanded to include microwave, terrestrial wireless, satellite, hybrid fiber/coaxial cable,
and broadband fiber transport.

Today consumers think of telecommunications in terms of both products and services. For
example, a customer-owned and customer-installed Wi-Fi local area network may be the first
access link supporting a voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service, and a consumer may purchase
a VoIP software package and install it on his or her personally owned and operated personal
computer that connects to the Internet via an Internet service provider. The technologies used for
telecommunications have changed greatly over the last 50 years. Since the advent of research into
semiconductors and digital electronics in the telecommunications industry, analog representations
of voice, images, and video have been supplanted by digital representations. The biggest
consequence has been that all types of media can be represented in the same basic form and
therefore handled uniformly within a common infrastructure (most commonly as Internet Protocol,
or IP, data streams). Subsequently, circuit switching was supplemented by, and will likely
ultimately be supplanted by, packet switching. For example, telephony is now routinely carried at
various places in the network by the Internet (using VoIP) and cable networks. Just as the PSTN
is within the scope of telecommunications, so also is an Internet or cable TV network carrying a
direct substitute telephony application.

Perhaps the most fundamental change, both in terms of technology and its implications for industry
structure, has occurred in the architecture of telecommunications networks. Architecture in this
context refers to the functional description of the general structure of the system as a whole and
how the different parts of the system relate to each other. Previously the PSTN, cable, and data
networks coexisted as separately owned and operated networks carrying different types of
communications, although they often shared a common technology base (such as point-to-point
digital communications) and some facilities (e.g., high-speed digital pipes shared by different
networks).

PSTN helps to integrate all media in a single channel be they voice, audio, video, or data since
they are increasingly communicated over a single common network. This integration offers
economies of scope and scale in both capital expenditures and operational costs, and also allows
different media to be mixed within common applications. As a result, both technology suppliers
and service providers are increasingly in the business of providing telecommunications in all media
simultaneously rather than specializing in a particular type such as voice, video, or data.

Second, the networks are built in layers, from the physical layer, which is concerned with the
mechanical, electrical and optical that functions for managing network connections to the other
parts of OSI model layers that deals with transferring data, routing data across networks between
addresses, and ensuring end-to-end connections in such a way that the data is reliably delivered at
the application layer. The range of telecommunications applications is broad and includes
telephony and video conferencing, facsimile, broadcast and interactive television, instant
messaging, e-mail, distributed collaboration, a host of Web- and Internet-based communication,
and data transmission. Applications of information technology range from those involving almost
no communication at all (word processing) to simple voice communications (telephony in its purest
and simplest form), with many gradations in between. As supported by the horizontally
homogeneous layered infrastructure, applications of various sorts increasingly incorporate
telecommunications as only one capability among many. For example telephony, as it evolves into
the Internet world, some other new data-based features and integrates into the way the information
is being transmitted to other elements of collaboration. Another important trend is machine-to-
machine communication at a distance, and so it cannot be assumed that telecommunications
applications exclusively involve exchange of information between human being alone.

3.3.2 Telecommunications Standards and Organizations

A standard organization is a body whose primary activities are developing, coordinating,

promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting or otherwise producing technical
standard that are intended to address the needs of a set of groups. Most standards are voluntary in
the sense that they are offered for adoption by people or industry without being mandated in law.
Some standards become mandatory when they are adopted by regulators as legal requirements in
particular domains. Standards can be categorized into formal, de jure and de facto. The formal
standard refers specifically to a specification that has been approved by a standards setting
organization while de jure standard refers to a standard mandated by legal requirements or refers
generally to any formal standard. In contrast, the de facto standard refers to a specification that has
achieved widespread use and acceptance often without being approved by any standards
organization. Normally, the term standards organization is not used to refer to the individual parties
participating within the standards developing organization in the capacity of founders, benefactors,
stakeholders, members or contributors, who themselves may function as the standards
organizations.
Currently, telecommunication carriers are developing new architectures and networks to improve
wireless broadband throughput. Presently, the carriers are using:

 3G (3rd Generation telecommunication) that meets the International Mobile

Telecommunications (IMT) 2000 technical standards/specifications from the International
Telecommunication Union, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer
rates) – this includes wide-area wireless telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls, and
mobile television - can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory
(28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.
 4G (4th Generation telecommunication) to allow ultra-broadband Internet Services for
devices with USB wireless modems, IP telephone, high-definition TV, video conferencing
– use either the Long term evolution (LTE) standard (Scandinavia 2009), IMT 2000
technical standards, IEEE 802.16m, or WirelessMAN- Advanced.
 Other next-gen wireless

3.3.3 Some of the standard organization

3.3.3.1 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS)

ATIS is the leading technical planning and standards development organization committed to the
rapid development of global, market-driven standards for the information, entertainment and
communications industry. More than 200 companies actively formulate standards in ATIS’
Committees, covering issues including: IPTV, Cloud Services, Energy Efficiency, IP-Based and
Wireless Technologies, Quality of Service, Billing and Operational Support, Emergency Services,
Architectural Platforms and Emerging Networks. In addition, numerous Incubators, Focus and
Exploratory Groups address evolving industry priorities including Smart Grid, Machine- to-
Machine, Networked Car, IP Downloadable Security, Policy Management and Network
Optimization. ATIS focused efforts in mobile healthcare. The ATIS mHealth initiative focuses
primarily on protocols and enhancements to wireless networks and the IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS) to securely transport medical data, rather than defining the actual content of the data that
will be sent to health providers. As such, ATIS plans to work closely with other groups, such as
Continua, Lifecomm, GSMA and mHealth Alliance to define an end-to-end system for mHealth.

3.3.3.2 Bluetooth SIG

The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) is a privately held, not-for-profit trade association
founded in September 1998. The Bluetooth SIG itself does not make, manufacture, or sell
Bluetooth enabled products. The SIG member companies are leaders in the telecommunications,
computing, automotive, music, apparel, industrial automation, and network industries. SIG
members drive development of Bluetooth wireless technology, and implement and market the
technology in their products. The main tasks for the Bluetooth SIG are to publish Bluetooth
specifications, administer the qualification program, protect the Bluetooth trademarks and
evangelize Bluetooth wireless technology.
3.3.3.3 ZigBee Alliance

The ZigBee Alliance is an association of companies working together to enable reliable, cost-
effective, low- power, wirelessly networked, monitoring and control products based on an open
global standard. The goal of the ZigBee Alliance is to provide the consumer with ultimate
flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into
everyday devices. ZigBee technology will be embedded in a wide range of products and
applications across consumer, commercial, industrial and government markets worldwide. For the
first time, companies will have a standards-based wireless platform optimized for the unique needs
of remote monitoring and control applications, including simplicity, reliability, low-cost and low-
power.

3.3.3.4 Wi-Fi Alliance

The Wi-Fi Alliance is a global non-profit industry association of hundreds of leading companies
devoted to the proliferation of Wi-Fi technology across devices and market segments. With
technology development, market building, and regulatory programs, the Wi-Fi Alliance has
enabled widespread adoption of Wi-Fi worldwide. The Wi-Fi CERTIFIED program was launched
in March 2000. It provides a widely-recognized designation of interoperability and quality, and it
helps to ensure that Wi- Fi enabled products deliver the best user experience. The Wi-Fi Alliance
has completed more than 8,000 product certifications to date, encouraging the expanded use of Wi-
Fi products and services in new and established markets.

4.0 Summary
In this unit, you have learnt that:
V. The meaning of telecommunication industry
VI. The nature of telecommunication industry
VII. The available opportunities in telecommunication industry
VIII. The meaning and importance of telecommunication organization
IX. Telecommunication evolution

5.0 Self-Assessment
A. Explain in detail, the telecommunication industry
B. Explain the evolution of telecommunication industry
C. List and explain at least six benefit obtained by the evolution of telecommunication
industry
D. What do you understand by telecommunication organization?
 E. List at least five standard organizations and explain their roles in telecommunication
industry

6.0 Tutor Marked Assessment

A. Explain in detail, the telecommunication industry
B. Explain the evolution of telecommunication industry
C. List and explain in detail the benefit obtained by the evolution of telecommunication
industry
D. What are the opportunities associated with the telecommunication organization

7.0 Further Reading

1. https://www.proshareng.com/news/Mobile-Money-and-Telcos/The-Nigerian-
Telecommunication-Sector---/36424
2. https://collegegrad.com/industries/telecommunications
3. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/technology-media-and-
telecommunications/articles/telecommunications-industry-outlook.html
4. https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/global-telecommunication-market-size-share-
segmentation-structure-companies-trends-outlook-and-industry-profile-forecast-2019-to-
2026-2019-04-03
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_industry

8.0 REFERENCES

1. Webster’s Third International Dictionary, G&C Merriam Co., Springfield, MA, 1981.
2. IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms, 6th ed., IEEE Std 100-1996,
IEEE, New York, 1996.
3. Telecommunication Planning, ITT Laboratories of Spain, Madrid 1973.
4. R. L. Freeman, Telecommunication System Engineering, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2004