Power Electronics - DC/AC
Power Electronics - DC/AC
Single-phase
Three-phase
Half-bridge
Power topology Full-bridge
NPC, Multi-level
Square-wave, phase-shift
Control scheme
PWM - Pulse width modulation
Inverters (VSI)
Half-bridge inverter
Full-bridge inverter
Purpose:
Control of the output
magnitude and
frequency
Fig. 9.28
Purpose:
Control of the output
magnitude and
frequency
Independent of
the direction of 𝒊𝒐
𝑓𝑠
Carrier frequency
𝑓1
Control frequency or modulating frequency
(desired fundamental frequency)
PWM Switch-mode Inverters
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑠
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑓 =
𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑓1
𝑚𝑎 ≤ 1
PWM Switch-mode Inverters
Remarks:
The peak amplitude of the fundamental-frequency component 𝑉𝐴𝑜 is 𝑚𝑎
𝑉
times 2𝑑 (see previous spectrum plot and example with 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 = 𝑘 )
Example: Let us assume now that 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 varies very little during a
switching time period, which implies 𝑚𝑓 being very large (in practise we
are assuming 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 = 𝑘 over one switching period)
PWM Switch-mode Inverters
Remarks:
The peak amplitude of the fundamental-frequency component 𝑉𝐴𝑜 is 𝑚𝑎
𝑉
times 2𝑑 (see previous spectrum plot and example with 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 = 𝑘 )
Example: Let us assume now that 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 varies very little during a
switching time period, which implies 𝑚𝑓 being very large (in practise we
are assuming 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 = 𝑘 over one switching period)
Remarks:
The duration of the pulses is proportional to
the corresponding value of the sinewave at
the corresponding position. There is a
constant ratio between the width and the
height of a given pulse
Remarks:
Assuming 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 = 𝑘 over a switching time period the equation:
shows how the “instantaneous average” values of 𝑣𝐴𝑜 (averaged over one
switching time period 𝑇𝑠 ) varies from one switching time period to the next.
This “instantaneous average” is the same as the fundamental
frequency component of 𝑣𝐴𝑜 .
This final argument shows why 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 is chosen to be sinusoidal – to
provide a sinusoidal output voltage with fewer harmonics which is also in
phase with 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
Remarks:
The harmonics in the inverter output voltage waveform appear as sidebands,
centered around the switching frequency and its multiples (around 𝑚𝑓 ) –
this general pattern is true as long as 0 ≤ 𝑚𝑎 ≤ 1
For values of 𝑚𝑓 ≤ 9 (normally the case except for high power ratings) the
harmonic amplitudes are almost independent of 𝑚𝑓 , though 𝑚𝑓 defines the
frequencies at which they occur: 𝒇𝒉 = 𝒋𝒎𝒇 ± 𝒌 𝒇𝟏
The harmonic order ℎ corresponds to the 𝑘𝑡ℎ sideband of 𝑗 times the
frequency modulation ratio 𝑚𝑓 : 𝒉 = 𝒋 𝒎𝒇 ± 𝒌
𝑚𝑓 ≥ 9
Since
The PWM pushes the harmonics into a high-frequency range around the
switching frequency and its multiples. In spite of this desirable feature
of a sinusoidal PWM in the linear range, one of the drawbacks is that
the maximum available amplitude of the fundamental-frequency
component is not as high as expected
Linear mode
PWM Switch-mode Inverters
Half-bridge inverter
Square-wave voltage switching scheme
This is a special case of the sinusoidal PWM switching,
when 𝑚𝑎 becomes so large that the control waveform
intersects with the 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑖 waveform only at the zero crossing
of 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 .
Therefore the output voltage is independent of 𝑚𝑎
With this scheme each switch of the inverter leg is ON
for 180° (each switch changes its state only twice per
cycle, which is important at very high power levels where
the existent switches generally have slower turn-on and
turn-off speeds
No regulation of the output voltage
In this case ℎ harmonic order has only odd values:
Analysis considerations:
Ideal switches (no losses)
Equal voltage at both capacitors
Resistive load, using a Low Pass Filter
PWM Switch-mode Inverters
Half-bridge inverter
Square-wave voltage switching scheme
Disadvantage: since the output voltage is
independent of 𝑚𝑎 the only way to control its value
is to adjust the dc input voltage 𝑉𝑑
Switch
ratings
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑑
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑖𝑜,𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘
PWM Technique
Regardless of the switch states, the current
between the two capacitors devides equally. When
𝑇+ is on, either 𝑇+ or 𝐷+ conducts depending on the
direction of 𝑖𝑜 and 𝑖𝑜 splits equally between the two
capacitors. Similarly, when 𝑇− is on, either 𝑇− or 𝐷−
conducts depending on the direction of 𝑖𝑜 and 𝑖𝑜
splits equally between the two capacitors. Therefore
𝐶+ and 𝐶− are “effectively” connected in parallel in
the path of 𝑖𝑜 .
Since 𝑖𝑜 must flow through the parallel combination of 𝐶+ and 𝐶− it cannot have a dc
component in steady-state, so these capacitors act as DC-blocking capacitors
PWM Switch-mode Inverters / Full-bridge
Full-bridge inverter Used at high power ratings. For the same 𝑉𝑑 the
maximum output voltage of the converter is twice
that of the half-bridge inverter.
For the same output power the current level is one-
half
PWM Technique with Bipolar voltage PWM Technique with Unipolar voltage
switching switching
𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑑
When 𝑇𝐴+ is on and 𝑉𝐴𝑜 = , 𝑇𝐵− is also on and 𝑉𝐵𝑜 = −
2 2
Overmodulation 𝒎𝒂 > 𝟏. 𝟎
Inverters (VSI) Full-Bridge – Bipolar Technique
vAB (t)
Harmonic content:
Inverters (VSI) Full-Bridge – Unipolar Technique
1 (TA+ , TB− ) ON 𝑉𝑑 0 𝑉𝑑
3 (TA+ , TB+ ) ON 𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑑 0
4 (TA− , TB− ) ON 0 0 0
Inverters (VSI) Full-Bridge – Unipolar Technique
1 (𝑇𝐴+ , 𝑇𝐵− ) ON 𝑉𝑑 0 𝑉𝑑
3 (𝑇𝐴+ , 𝑇𝐵+ ) ON 𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑑 0
4 (𝑇𝐴− , 𝑇𝐵− ) ON 0 0 0
When both upper switches are on, the output voltage is zero. The output current circulates in a loop
through 𝑇𝐴+ , 𝐷𝐵+ or 𝐷𝐴+ , 𝑇𝐵+ depending on the direction of 𝑖𝑜 . A similar condition occurs when both
bottom switches are on. The output current circulates in a loop through 𝑇𝐴− , 𝐷𝐵− or 𝐷𝐴− , 𝑇𝐵−
Inverters (VSI) Full-Bridge – Unipolar Technique
The advantage of “doubling” the switching frequency appears in the harmonic spectrum of the output
voltage waveform, where the lowest harmonics appear as sidebands of twice the switching frequency
vAN (t)
vAB (t)
Harmonic content:
Inverters (VSI) Full-Bridge – Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
Output Control by Voltage Cancellation Combination of square-wave switching and PWM with a
unipolar voltage switching
Trapezoidal modulation
Staircase modulation Find a ieee journal/transactions paper and
Stepped modulation TASK describe one application where one of this
techniques is used (1 page report)
Delta modulation [REF]
Harmonic injection modulation
[REF] Ziogas, P.D., "The Delta Modulation Technique in Static PWM Inverters," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.IA-17, no.2, pp.199,204, March 1981
Inverters (VSI) Modulation Techniques
The DELTA Modulation method utilizes a sine reference waveform VR and a delta shaped carrier
waveform VF. VF is allowed to oscillate within a defined window extending equally above and below the
reference wave. The minimum window width and the maximum carrier slope determines the maximum
switching frequency of the switches. Therefore when setting values for these parameters care should be
taken to allow sufficient time for switches to turn-on and turn-off. The following figure shows the PWM
signal Vs of the switches. The PWM is defined by the change in slope of the carrier wave. If the slope is
high Vs is high and vice versa.
Three-phase inverter
One leg for each phase and the output of each leg 𝑣𝐴𝑁 depends only on 𝑉𝑑 and the
switch status
The purpose of using PWM switching scheme is to shape and control the three-phase
output voltages in magnitude and frequency with an essentially constant input voltage 𝑉𝑑
Inverters (VSI) 3-phase inverters
where 𝑙 = 1, 3, 5, . . . for 𝑘 =
2, 4, 6, . . . and 𝑙 = 2, 4, . . . for 𝑘 =
1, 5, 7, . . . such that ℎ is not
a multiple of 3
Inverters (VSI) 3-phase inverters – Sinusoidal PWM
where 𝑙 = 1, 3, 5, . . . for 𝑘 =
2, 4, 6, . . . and 𝑙 = 2, 4, . . . for 𝑘 =
1, 5, 7, . . . such that ℎ is not
a multiple of 3
Inverters (VSI) 3-phase inverters – Sinusoidal PWM
Overmodulation 𝒎𝒂 > 𝟏. 𝟎
Similar to a single-phase PWM for sufficiently large values of 𝒎𝒂
the PWM degenerates into a square-wave inverter waveform
Inverters (VSI) 3-phase inverters – Load-phase voltages
Inverters (VSI) 3-phase inverters – Square-wave operation 180
1
2 3