-

‘e
7
d
7

-
t
.

+
|ee
e
ig
aAaeS.
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2022 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/trigonometryatorO000clar
 TRIGONOMETRY
AT ORDINARY LEVEL
 By the same author
ORDINARY LEVEL MATHEMATICS
A NOTE BOOK IN PURE MATHEMATICS
A NOTE BOOK IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS
HINTS FOR ORDINARY LEVEL MATHEMATICS
A GENERAL CERTIFICATE CALCULUS
MATHEMATICS ONE
MATHEMATICS TWO
MATHEMATICS THREE
MATHEMATICS FOUR
FUN WITH FIGURES
EXERCISES AND WORKED EXAMPLES IN MATHEMATICS
TO ‘0’ LEVEL
MODERN MATHEMATICS AT ORDINARY LEVEL
ADDITIONAL PURE MATHEMATICS
PURE MATHEMATICS AT ADVANCED LEVEL
HINTS FOR ‘A’ LEVEL MATHEMATICS
FOUR FIGURE MATHEMATICS TABLES
DECIMAL CURRENCY AND YOU

All published by Heinemann Hducational Books Ltd

TRIGONOMETRY AT
ORDINARY LEVEL

L. HARWOOD CLARKE, M.A.

Vice-Master, Bedford School
Sometime Scholar of Pembroke College, Cambridge

Second Edition in Metric Units

HEINEMANN EDUCATIONAL
BOOKS LTD » LONDON
 Heinemann Educational Books Ltd
LONDON EDINBURGH MELBOURNE TORONTO
JOHANNESBURG SINGAPORE AUCKLAND
IBADAN HONG KONG NAIROBI
NEW DELHI

ISBN 0 435 50207 7

© L. Harwoop CLARKE 1960, 1970

First published 1960

Reprinted 1961 (twice)
Reprinted with tables 1962
Reprinted 1964
Second edition in metric units 1970

Published by
Heinemann Educational Books Ltd
48 Charles Street, London WIX 8AH
Printed in Great Britain by
Butler & Tanner Ltd., Frome and London
 FOREWORD
TRIGONOMETRY has now firmly taken its place as part of Ordinary
Level Mathematics and it seems to me that a text-book written espe-
cially for this level would be welcome. I hope that this book will
find such a need and it includes all Trigonometry necessary for the
Ordinary Level of the General Certificate of Education, whether for
the alternative or for the more formal syllabus.
Exercises are numerous and two straightforward sets are included
on each topic. ‘These are parallel exercises, one to be done in form
and the other individually. ‘There are also miscellaneous exercises
at the end of each chapter and a number of revision papers at the
end of the book.
The approach to the subject has been slow because a firm grasp of
the new principles involved is necessary. When the new ideas have
been digested, the student can move at a far greater pace and will
enjoy the sense of power which this new tool will give him.
My grateful thanks are due to Mr. Alan Hill of Heinemann Educa-
tional Books Ltd. for his unfailing help, and to Mr. D. E. Armit and
Mr. T. J. Carswell for their suggestions at proof stage; also to Mr.
Frank Brewin, a former colleague of mine, for help with the earlier
chapters of the book and some of the examples; and finally to Mr. A. L.
Flight, and to J. M. Dowden, a pupil of mine who read the page proofs.
L. HARWOOD CLARKE.
BEDFORD, 1959

In response to a number of requests it has been decided to include

in this impression the basic tables needed for trigonometrical calcula-
tions. Thanks are due to the Cambridge University Press for per-
mission to reproduce these from Godfrey and Siddons’ Four-figure
Tables.
BEDFORD, 1962 Dea,

METRIC EDITION
In this edition, metric units only are used.
BEDFORD, 1970 ied, Cz
 Bah ide, ak } Wo zie en

ott to King Brett 3

 CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE

INTRODUCTION.

I Tue TANGENT OF AN ANGLE

Definition : 3 : 5 6
Tables
Finding the poposie side of a right- eucied isiangle, yen the
adjacent
Finding the adjacent side of :a right-angled Gian ale: oes the
opposite
Finding an unknown encle of a rightangled triangle C
Angles of elevation and depression A
Finding the height of a tower
Further use of tables
Problems

II Tue SINE OF AN ANGLE

Definition
Tables
Finding the pate side of a pent anuied EG
Finding the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle .
Finding an unknown angle of a Ga he nee
Gradient e , :
Further use of tables

TII Tue Cosine OF AN ANGLE

Definition
Tables
Finding the adjacent side of a nents angled triangle
Finding the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle .
Finding an unknown angle of a right-angled triangle
Further use of tables 4 : C :

IV Tue RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE

Solution of a right-angled triangle
(1) Given two sides
(2) Given one angle and one ide
Complementary angles 0 .
The isosceles triangle é 4
The regular polygon “
The projection of one line on aethes %
Bearings 5
vi
Vill CONTENTS
CHAP. .
Sin, cos and tan of special angles
(1) 45°
(2) 30° and 60°
(3) 0° and 90°
V CosECANT, SECANT AND COTANGENT; IDENTITIES
The cosecant . : a : 5
The secant and cotangent: :
Solution of a right-angled triangle
Complementary angles
Given one ratio of an mee to ind the Ger
Identities

VI THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS - 4
A plane . é : : : 3 :
A cube. § ; 5 , : 2 5
A cuboid
A tetrahedron. :
A pyramid with a square “haze F
A pyramid on a SS Ses base .
Skew lines
The angle between a line and a plnwes
_ The angle between two planes
The line of greatest slope .
Perpendicular planes . °

VII THe Ratios oF ANGLES GREATER THAN 90°

The coordinates of a point
The trigonometrical ratios .
Obtuse angles. ‘
Angles between 180° and 270°
Angles between 270° and 360°
Generalisation .

VIII GrapHs. 5
Graph of sin x°
Graph of cos x°
Graph of tan x° é A
The graphs of cosec x°, sec x° end cot Kees .
Applications
IX THE SINE AND COSINE FORMULAE; SOLUTION OF
TRIANGLE é
The sine formula
The cosine formula .
Solution of triangles 5
(1) Two sides and the inelided enele
(2) Three sides : : .
(3) Two angles and one side .
The ambiguous case
Problems
 CONTENTS ix
CHAP. PAGE
X AREAS: TRIANGLES AND POLYGONS : i 5 tye
Area of a triangle. : ; F : F . 116
Area of a parallelogram . : ; : : ae ally)
Area of a trapezium : : : : ; on aly
Heron’s formula ‘ ; ‘ ; el L7,
Angles of triangle, given the sides ‘ 118
Area of a regular polygon of sides tneerined in a Peirce 119
Area of a regular polygon of n sides circumscribed about
a circle : : 7 x 6 ; . 120

XI Tue CIRCLE AND SPHERE ; 2 , : . 124

Length of circular arc ‘ ‘ F ' ; . 124
Area of circular sector 5 : : . 4 . 124
Area of segment : : : : : , 25
Latitude and longitude. : ? : 5 se 27
The nautical mile . 3 ; : : : = 128
Local time n 5 ; é 3 : 4 - 128

REVISION PAPERS : ; é : 2 : = 133

ANSWERS . 5 : P : k , ; . 139

TABLES ~ . A : : ; ; : : ea 50)
Logarithms . : : ; ‘ : 3 el 50
Anti-Logarithms . 5 : , ; : eel ow
Natural Sines : 4 : : : : . 154
Natural Cosines : : : : : ; SO
Natural Tangents . ‘ ‘ : ‘ ; 4 bye!
Log. Sines. - : ‘ ; : : 7160
Log. Cosines : ; : : ‘ : - 162
Log. Tangents : : : ; ‘ : . 164
 TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE

«Opps AG.
TAN is Adj. COTAN is Opp:

SIN 22. COSEG is OE

Hyp. Opp.
suc]... Spel yD.
COS is ina SEC is Agi:

The projection of AB on another line is AB cos 0,

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

Sin. 0 15 Ble
V2 | ve
oe 1

V3 1 1
Cos 1 i af? 2 0

1
Tan. 0 V3 1 | /3 co

cos (90° — x) = sin x;

sin (90° — x) = cos x;
tan (90° — x) = cot x;
cot (90° — x) = tan x;
sec (90° — x) = cosec x;
cosec (90° — x) = sec x.

sin? A + cos? A = 1.
sec? A — tan?A = 1.
cosec? A — cot? A = 1.
sin (180° — x) = sin x;
cos (180° — x) = — cos x;
tan (180° — x) = — tan x.
x
Xil TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE
Ae b c
sinA sinB sinC’
a= q+ 6? — 2abcosC.
_@4+R— 2
area eae

A = fabsinC.
A= Vx(s — ays — b)(s —o

Area of parallelogram = side X height.

Area of trapezium = 3(sum of parallel sides)
X (distance between them)
' %
Length of circular arc = 36002):

Area of circular sector = say").

Radius of circle of latitude 4 = Rcos A.

 INTRODUCTION
THE word “Trigonometry” is derived from three Greek roots:
trt or tris (thrice), gonza (an angle) and metron (a measure). Accord-
ingly, the subject deals fundamentally with the dimensions of three-
sided figures, i.e. triangles. The study of trigonometry is of great
importance because the triangle is the basis of many applications of
mathematics and science to practical use; as, for example, in surveying,
astronomy and the triangulation of frames in engineering.
A little reflection will show that, while the ratios of the lengths of
the sides of a triangle must be affected by the relative sizes of the
angles, the exact connection is not apparent at first sight. Consider
the following cases:
(a) In this “ 30°, 60°, 90°” triangle, could we have the sides pro-
portional tothe angles ? For example, could
a= 60 cm, 6 = 30 cm, c= 90 cm? Or
could a= 6 m, = 3m, c=%9m?
These cannot happen because any two sides
of a triangle are together greater than the
third. In fact, no values of a, b, c such that
c
ae would be possible. Obvi- B a! C
60 i 30 = 90 Fic. 1
ously a is not equal to 28, nor is c equal to 30. a

C
bX<ON ,
C A G B

(b) In Fig. 2, does ¢ equal 2b? Try it by drawing and see.

(c) In Fig. 3, does a equal 2b?
XIV INTRODUCTION

Evidently, then, the lengths of the sides of a triangle are not directly
proportional to the sizes of the opposite angles. Using the notation
of the above figures, we can say that we have shown that the relation
ae
A = B = CG is N OT TRUE °

What, then, is the relation between the sides and angles of a triangle ?
Trigonometry provides the answer to this question. It also enables
us to calculate the unknown parts of any given triangle as accurately
as we like and so avoids the scale-drawing method. A reasonably
drawn figure will however often be useful as a check to our calcula-
tions. Before we start trigonometry, we know one property of an
angle only, that is, its size. ‘Trigonometry, in order to fulfil its
function, brings in six other properties of angles: the sine, cosine,
tangent, cosecant, secant and cotangent. We shall find that we can do
quite a lot with the first three of these at the outset. The other three
will be left until later (Chapter V).
 CHAPTER I

THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE

Definition
Draw an angle of 40° with your protractor. Take any four points
P, Q, R, S on one arm of the angle and draw perpendiculars PH,
QK, RM and SN to the other arm, as shown in Fig. 4. If O is the
intersection of the arms, measure the
distances PH and OH. Work out as
a decimal the fraction = Similarly
R
work out the values of the fractions

Beermn
_ = and ae You should
find that all four quantities are
approximately equal. ‘Those with a
knowledge of similar triangles will O HK M N
realise that these ratios must be equal Fic. 4.
to each other. This quantity is called
the tangent of 40° (usually abbreviated
to tan 40°) and you may check your accuracy by looking up the value
in the tangent tables. The tangent of any
C angle may be found by construction but you
are not expected to work out the value each
time. The tangent tables are provided to
spare you this trouble.
From this explanation of tangent, it follows
A B that if a triangle ABC has a right angle at
B, the tangent of the angle A is equal to the
PIG 5.
rattio CB
AB

N.B. This applies in a right-angled triangle only and so far

the definition is for an acute angle only; all examples and
exercises in the first seven chapters will be assumed to deal
with acute angles.
The side AC is called the hypotenuse of the triangle.
If you are considering the angle A, the side opposite it (i.e. CB)
is called the opposite side.
The third side of the triangle is called the adjacent side.
1
2 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Definition: In a right-angled triangle, the tangent of an angle ts equal

opposite side Tpsshortataneaaee Opp.
to, the ratio adjacent side’ Adj.”

OPP.

ADJ.
Fic. 6.

By convention, the length of the side opposite the angle A is called

a; the length of AC is called b and the length of AB is called c.
c
Therefore tan A= F
g. taty Coa *

Tables
You should first make yourself familiar with the tangent tables.
You will see immediately that tan 40° = 0-8391 and that tan 40° 30’
= 0-8541. To find the tangent of an angle not directly given, e.g.
40° 33’, look for the largest angle less than 40° 33’ which is given.
This is 40° 30’ and you must add on the difference for 3’, given in
the difference column. This difference is 15 and so tan 40° 33’
== 0-8556.
40° 33’ is the angle whose tangent is 0-8556.
This may be written as tan or anti-tan or arc tan.
It is correct to write tan? 0-8556 = 40° 33’, but never put this in
the form tan 0-8556 = 40° 33’.

EXERCISES 1A
1, Write down the tangents of the following angles:
(i) 20°; (ii) 72°; (iii) 24° at (iv) 27° 40’; (v) 38° 42’; (vi) 71° 28’;
(vii) 63° 29°25 (Vite dae
2. Write down the angles ofwhich the following numbers are the
tangents:
(i) 0:0182; (ii) 0-1726; (iii) 0-3520; (iv) 1:111; (v) 1-762; (vi) 2-403;
(vii) 3-000; (viii) 5-769.

EXERCISES 1B
1. Write down the tangents of the following angles:
(i) 25°; (ii) 74°; (iii) 70° 20’; (iv) 28° 20’; (v) 37° 26’; (vi) 84° 10’;
(vii) 63° Dias (viii) FAR ee
 THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE 3

2. Write down the angles of which the following numbers are the
tangents:
(i) 0-0190; (ii) 0-1834; (iii) 0-3777; (iv) 1-000; (v) 1-732; (vi) 2-411;
(vii) 3-333; (viii) 4-000.

Finding the opposite side of a right-angled triangle, given the

adjacent
unknown side
Always start by writing down the fraction ———____ (the U.K.
y y 8 known side
method).

. * = 4tan 35°.
From the tables, tan 35° = 0:7002 and so CB = 4(0-7002) cm =
2-8008 cm = 2-80 cm (correct to 3 sig. fig.).

EXERCISES 2A
Find x in questions 1 to 5.
4 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

4 5. 20°40"

10 cm
Bsos

Figs it: Fic. 12:

Given a triangle ABC in which B is a right angle, calculate the length

of AB in each of the following:
65. 5G— 110-5 cmssangles@y— 5c 20
7. BE = 4-24 m: angle C= 30°%/.
S$. BGs— 7-25 cm; angle C1372) 4"
OBC — 3752 cms ancles@)— 42-5164
10. BC = 7:12 cm; angle C = 37° 15’.

EXERCISES 2B
Find x in questions 1 to 5.

Cc A

Fic. 13. Fic. 14, Fic. 15.

 THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE 5
Given a triangle POR in which Q is a right angle, calculate the len
of OR in each of the Signed : : ii
6. PQ = 10-2 cm; angle P = 28° 41’.
7. PQ = 8-21 cm; angle P =30° 20’.
8. PQ = 6:25 m; angle P = 20° 2’.
9. PQ = 4-18 cm; angle P = 52° 8’.
ro. PQ = 6:12 m; angle P = 81° 4’.

Finding the adjacent side of a right-angled triangle, given the

opposite.
unknown side
Write down the fraction —————_.
known side

Cc

x 275) ap
Fic. 18.

x 1
4 tan 25°.

4 4
Oe ne 04663 4(2-145) cm (using reciprocal tables)

= 8-580 cm = 8-58 cm (correct to 3 sig. fig.).

x . adjacent ;
(N.B. q 3s WENGE and is therefore fan 25° » not tan 25°.)

In this example, there is a rather unpleasant division. ‘This may

be avoided by considering the angle C which is 90° — 25° or 65°.

5= tan 65°.
oe = 4 tan 65% 4(2°145)
= 8-580 cm = 8:58 cm (correct to 3 sig. fig.).
There might have been a slight divergence in the two results for x,
since tables are accurate to three significant figures only. You should
never give a result to more than three significant figures when using
four-figure tables.
6 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
EXERCISES 3A

Find x in questions I to 5.
A

fi

22 30

A omen ao
Fic. 21. Fic. 22. Fic. 23.
Given a triangle ABC in which B is a right angle, calculate the length
of AB in the following:
6. BC = 7-1 cm; angle A = 26°.
7. BC = 19-2 cm; angle A = 74°.
8. BC = 80 cm; angle A = 42° 10’.
9. BC = 20:3 cm; angle A = 80° 10’.
10. BC — 80:2%cm34 = 80° 555.
EXERCISES 3B
Find p in questions 1 to 5.
 THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE 7
Z
X 20°4

5.

6m P

70 43

Fic. 26. Bigs275 Fic. 28.

Given a triangle XYZ, in which Y is a right angle, calculate the

length of XY in the following:
6. YZ = 18 cm; angle X = 64° 32’.
7. YZ'=9-2 m; angle X = 58°.
8 YZ = 10-8 cm; angle X = 70° 35’.
9. YZi= 13:4 cm; angle X = 25° 187:
10. YZ = 6:5 cm; angle X = 18° 24’.

Finding an unknown angle of a right-angled triangle

Zz

To find the angle X of the triangle shown.

10
tan X = rari 1-:5625.

BX ==" 5Jig DSi

Alternative method
1
Since oe is easier to evaluate than oF you would have
found it simpler to consider the angle Z.
 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
8

tan Z = 6-4 = 0-64.

0
SZ see ols
X= 90° — 32° 37' = 57° 23.

EXERCISES 4A
Calculate the marked angles in questions 1 to 5.
A

1 : Ze

10:2cm
8cm

A en B C T-lom B
Fic. 30. Riess;

A
3. 4. 5
(&
B
13-lem
72cm
4m 12:2 m

| Ae B 8-6cm A BS lcm
Fic. 32. Fic. 33. Fic. 34

Gin acea triangle

Given ne ae ila ic B is
ABC in which i a right
i angle, calculate the angle

6. c= 17:1 cm; a = 12:2 cm. 7

8. c= 6 cm; a = 10 cm. 9,
10. c= 4:1 cm; a = 8:7 cm.
 THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE * 9)
EXERCISES 4B
Calculate the marked angles in questions 1 to 5.
1. ve 2, Zi

10cm Jom ue

xX Zoe x 8:2m ¥i
Fic. 35. Fic. 36.
x
xX
3 4,

Tleom
4m

Z 8:Icm Y a¢ 6-4cem vA
Fic. 37. Fic. 38.

Given a triangle X YZ in which Y is a right angle, calculate the angle

X in each of the following:
6. 2 = 3:2 m; x = 4-1 m. 7.
S.7si—" 8-2 cms ice" 2S eme 9.
10. = = 17-1 cm; x = 12-7 cm.

Angles of elevation and depression

If C is a point on the same level as the foot B of a tower AB, there
is an instrument called the theodolite which measures the angle ACB.
This angle is called the angle of elevation of A from C.
A e

C B Q
Fic. 40. Fic. 41.

If the point Q is below the level of an observer at P, the angle which

OP makes with the horizontal is called the angle of depression of Q
from P.
10 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

N.B. Both the angle of elevation and the angle of depression are
measured with the horizontal.
If you imagine the observer holding a telescope horizontally, the
angle of elevation is the angle through which the telescope is raised
(or elevated) to view the object; the angle of depression is the angle
through which the telescope is lowered (or depressed).
Finding the height of a tower
ah Suppose you wish to find the
height of a tower AB. Measure
the distance of a convenient point
C, on the same level as the foot
Pa aa | of the tower B, from B. Suppose
C 100 m B this distance is 100 m. Measure
Fic. 42. the angle of elevation of A from
C. Suppose it is 20° 8’.
AB
100 = tan 20
ay8 °

.. AB = 100 tan 20° 8’ = 100(0-3666) = 36-66 or 36-7 m (to 3 sig.

fig.).

EXERCISES 5A
1. From a boat at sea, the angle of elevation of the top of a cliff is
Ae What is the angle of depression of the boat from the top of the
cliff?
2. From the mast of a ship, the angles of depression of two buoys in
a straight line with the observer are 17° and 23°. What angle do the
buoys subtend at the observer?
_ 3. If the angle of elevation of a monument from a point 10 m from
its base and on the same level is 27°, find the height of the monument.
4. A vertical pole 10 m long casts a shadow 12 m long. Find the
angle of elevation of the sun.
_ 5. From a point 10 m from the wall of a building, the angle of eleva-
tion of a window sill is 60° 52’, Find its height above the ground.
6. The angle of elevation of the top of a flagstaff from a point 10 m
from the base and on the same level is 52°. Find the length of the
flagstaff.
7h From | the top of a cliff 80 m high, the angle of depression of a
boat is 32°. Find the distance of the boat from the cliff.
i Use distance oeaeons from the foot of a cliff is 1000m. The
angle of depression
oe auiaan ean of the boat from
r the e t top of f the cliff
if is
is 8°8° 32’.32’ Find
i
9. If a ladder is placed with its foot 5 m from the bottom of a wall
8 m high and just reaches the top, find the angle the ladder makes with
the ground.
 THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE 11
10. A boat is distant 1500 m from a cliff 40 m high. Find the angle
of depression of the boat from the top of the cliff.

EXERCISES 5B
1. If the angle of elevation of a building from a point 80 m from its
base and at the same level is 24° 52’, find the height of the building.
2. A vertical pole is of length 8 m. What is the length of its shadow
when the elevation of the sun is 40°?
3. From a point at the same level as the foot of a tree, 10 m high, the
angle of elevation of the top of the tree is 26° 12’. How far is the
observer from the tree?
4. A tree is 10 m high. From two points in line with the tree, the
angles of elevation of the top of the tree are 17° 42’ and 13° 12’. Find
the distance between the points.
5. From the top of a cliff 25 m high, the angle of depression of a
boat is 28° 12’. Find the distance of the boat from the cliff.
6. I am standing on the top of a cliff 60 m high and the angles of
depression of two buoys in line with me are 29° 32’ and 22° 16’. Find
the distance between the buoys.
7. If a ladder rests against a wall so that it is inclined at 35° to the
horizontal, and its foot is 4 m from the wall, find the height of the
top of the ladder.
8. I am standing 20 m from the foot of a tower and notice that the
angles of elevation of the top and bottom of a flagstaff on the tower are
61° and 59° respectively. What is the length of the flagstaff?
9. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the
ground 120 m from its foot is 12° 21’. Find the angle of elevation from
a point 20 m nearer the tower.
10. The angles of elevation of a tower 40 m high are observed from
two points, one due east, the other due west of the tower. The angles
of elevation are 19° and 22° respectively. Find the distance between
the points.
Further use of tables
A few worked examples are now given on the use of tables.
Example 1. Given that tan A = 2 tan 35°, find A.
tan 35° = 0-7002
2 tan 35° = 1-4004.
*, tan A = 1-4004 and A = 54° 28’,

Example 2. Given that tanX = tan 20° + tan 10°, find X.

tan 20° + tan 10° = 0-3640 + 0:1763 = 0-5403.
*, tan X = 0°:5403 and X = 28° 23’.
3 tan 40°
Example 3. Given that tan Y = 2 tan 20” find Y.
12 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
3(0:8391) 2-5173
tan Y = 5(0-3640) ~ 0-7280
log 2°5173 = 0-4009
log 0:7280 = 1-8621
log 3-457 0:5388
tan Y = 3:457 “andtieY =173> 527
Alternative method. In this example, we first had to use the tangent
tables and then the logarithm tables. To avoid this double process,
tables called logarithms of tangents are provided.
From tables, log tan 40° = 1-9238 and log tan 20° = 1-5611.
log 3 = 0-4771 log 2 = 0-3010
log tan 40° = 1-9238 log tan 20° = 1-5611
0-4009 1-8621
1-8621
log tan 73° 52’ = 05388
Having found that log tan Y = 05388, Y is found by looking up
0:5388 in the body of the log tan tables.
NE ee

EXERCISES 6A
Find angles given by the following equations:
1, tan A = 3 tan 10°. 2. tan B = =
3. 4 tan X = tan 20°. 4. tan Y = tan 20° + 2 tan 10°.
tan 60° 3 tan 12°
5. tan Z = 99 6. tan A = Fo se

Say whether the following statements are right or wrong.

7. tan A = 2 tan 20°; .. A = 2(20°) = 40°.
8. tan X = tan 10° + tan 30°; .“. X = 10° + 30° = 40°.
9. tan 2Y = tan 60° .. 2Y = 60° and Y = 30°.
10. 2 tan Z = tan 80°; .. 2Z = 80° and Z = 40°.

EXERCISES 6B
Find angles given by the following equations:
tan 60°
l. tan A = 4 tan 20°. 2. tan B = aes

3. 5 tan X = tan 45°, 4, tan Y = tan 15° + tan 30°.

tan 50° 2 tan 30°
5. tan Z = F505 6. tan9 = a

State whether the following statements are right or wrong:

7. tan A = 3 tan 10°; .. A = 3(10°) = 30°,
 THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE 13
8."tan X°= tan 12° tan 18°37.27X% =.12° +: 18° 230°.
9. tan 3Y = tan 45°; . 3Y =45° and Y = 15°.
10. 3 tan 6 = tan 60°; .. 30 = 60° and 6 = 20°.
Problems
To conclude the chapter, there follow some worked examples on
problems.
Example 1. A chord 8 cm long is 2 cm from the centre of a circle.
Find the angle which the chord subtends at the centre of the circle.
The perpendicular from the centre bisects the chord.
4
“tana = 7 = 2-000 Mand) \es= 63.0262.

The angle subtended by AB is 2a or 126° 52’.

Fic. 43.

Example 2. (Finding the height of an object whose foot is inac-

cessible.) The angles of elevation of the top of a tree from two points
P, O on the opposite side of a river are 12° and 15°. If PQ is in line with
the foot of the tree and the distance PQ is 20 m, find the height of the tree.

Fic. 44.
Let the height of the tree be h metres.
PB A J
Spare ap = (90° — 12°) = tan 78°.
*, PB I= h tan 78°.
14 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Also = = tan QAB = tan 75°.

OB = tani
But PQ = PB — QB and so
20 = htan 78° — htan 75° = h(4:705 — 3-732) = h(0-973).
20 _ 20(1-028) = 20:56 or 20-6 m (to 3 sig. fig.).
Example 3. ABC is a triangle in which AC = 9 cm, angle A = 50°
and angle C = 35°. Calculate the length of the perpendicular from B to
AC.
Suppose the length of the perpendicular BN is h cm.

AN
h an ABM a Oe 50°) = tan 40°.
- AN =h tan 40°.
Similarly = = tan NBC = tan 55°.
-- NC = htan 55°.

But AC =AN + NC,

*. 9 = h tan 40° + h tan 55°
= h(0-8391 + 1:4281)
= h(2:2672),
9
he 2672 = 9(0-4411) = 3-9699,
or BN = 3-97 cm (to 3 sig. fig.).

EXERCISES 7 (Miscellaneous)
1, Given that tan A = 0-7, the angle A may be constructed by drawing
a right angle included between two lines, the ratio of whose lengths is
7:10. Construct such an angle by drawing lines 7 cm and 10 cm in
length. Measure the angle and verify your result from the tables.
2. Construct an angle X, given that tan X = 0:35. Measure the
angle and verify your result from the tables.
 THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE 15
3. A ship sails 5 km due west and then 3 km due north. Find the
angle which the line joining the ship to its original position makes with
the north.
4. A vertical pole 9 m long casts a shadow 10 m long. Find the
elevation of the sun.
5. In the triangle ABC, the angle C = 90°. Find b if B = 28° and
a=12cm.
6. To find the range of a hill C, two observers A and B position
themselves so that AC is at right angles to AB. If AB is 50 m and
the angle ABC is 79°, find AC.
7. A chord 4 cm long is 1:5 cm from the centre of a circle. What
angle does the chord subtend at the centre?
8. A chord subtends an angle of 110° at the centre of a circle. If the
chord is distant 2 cm from the centre, find the length of the chord.
9. A ship sailing up-river observes that the angle of elevation of the
top of a bridge known to be 36 m above river level is 28° 50’. If the
ship is sailing at 3 m/sec directly towards the bridge, how longis it before
the ship is under the bridge?
10. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point A on
the same level as its foot is 22°. From a point B, 40 m nearer the tower,
the angle of elevation is 40°. Find the height of the tower.
11. An observer on the top of a cliff and in line with two buoys
notices that the angles of depression of the buoys are 21° 56’ and 24° 2’ re-
spectively. If the cliff is 40 m high, find the distance between the buoys.
12. Find the marked angles in the following right-angled triangles:

Fic. 46. Fic. 47. Fic. 48.

13. Find the marked angles in the following figures:

4
Fic. 49.
16 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

14, Find the marked sides in the following right-angled triangles:

3cmj
@:

3cm
res 5a Big 52. Free 53:

15. ABC is an isoceles triangle in which AB = AC =5 cm and

BC =8cm. Calculate the length of the perpendicular from A to BC
and hence find the angle B.
16. A ladder leaning against a vertical wall makes an angle of 28° with
the wall. If the foot of the ladder is 4 m from the wall, how far up the
wall does the ladder reach ?
17. A ladder leans against a vertical wall with its top 5 m from the
ground. If the ladder makes an angle of 27° with the horizontal, how
far is the foot from the wall ?
18. A bell tent is supported by a pole 6m high. The diameter of the
base is 8m. Find the angle which a slant side of the tent makes with
the ground.
19. Given that 2 tan X = 5 tan 10°, find X.
20. The diagonals of a rhombus are 8 cm and 6 cm in length. Find
the angles of the rhombus.
21. One angle of a rhombus is 72°. The longer diagonal is 10 cm in
length. Find the length of the other diagonal.
22. A lean-to shed has greatest and least heights of 6m and4m. The
width of the shed is 5m. Find the angle of slope of the roof.
23. An isosceles triangle has its equal angles 40° each and its base
8-2 cm long. Find the height of the triangle.
24, The sides of a rectangle are 3 cm and 4 cm long. Find the acute
angle between the diagonals.
25. A man standing 40 m from the foot of a tower, and on the same
level as the foot, observes that the angles of elevation of the top and
bottom of a flagstaff on the tower are 50° 4’ and 48° 12’ respectively.
Find the length of the flagstaff.
26. The semi-vertical angle of a right circular cone is 28°. If the
height of the cone is 8:4 cm, find the radius of its base.
27. Given that tan A = tan 20° x tan 60°, find A.
28. ‘The angle of depression of a buoy from the top of a vertical cliff
20 m high is 34° 52’. What is the angle of depression of the buoy from
a ledge half-way up the cliff ?
29. The angles of elevation of the top of a tree from two points in line
with the foot and on the same side of it are 48° 12’ and 26° 4’. If the
distance between the points is 20 m, find the height of the tree.
 THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE a7,

30. In Fig. 54, B = 40°, C = 75° and BC = 8 cm. Calculate AD,

the length of the perpendicular from A to BC.

Fic. 54.

31. In the quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 6:2 cm, AD = 4:8 cm, BC

= 5-4 cm and A and B are right angles. Calculate the angle CDA.

A B
Fic. 55.

32. C is the centre of a circle of radius 8 cm. P isa point such that
PC =17 cm. Using Pythagoras, calculate the length of a tangent PT
from P to the circle. Hence find the angle between the two tangents
drawn from P to the circle.
33. If tan A = 0-6 + 2 tan 20°, find A.
34. A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side 5 cm. Find
its radius.
35. In the trapezium ABCD, AD is parallel to BC. Given that
BC = 8-9 cm, angle A = 50° 20’ and angle D = 38° 12’, find AD if
the distance between the parallel sides is 4-2 cm.
18 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
36. In the triangle ABC, right-angled at C, BC = 8 cm and AC =
6 cm. D is the mid point of AC. Calculate the angle ABD.
37. In the triangle POR, angle Q = 90° and PQ = 7 cm, QR = 4cm.
The internal bisector of the angle P cuts OR at X. Find XR.
38. Draw a triangle ABC in which B = 90° and A = 45° and with
AB equal to 4cm. Write down the length of BC and hence find tan 45°
without using tables.
39. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 4cm. Calculate the length
of the perpendicular from B to AC and hence find tan 60° without
using tables.
40. An attic has a sloping roof. The heights of the two walls are
3 m and 4 m and the width of the attic is 7-5 m. Find the angle of
slope of the roof.
41. If tan X = 0-4 and tan Y = 0°8, find tan (X + Y).
42, On a map, the length of a straight road PQ is 0°72 cm. P is on
the 200 m contour line and QO is on the 250 m contour line. If the
scale of the map is 1 cm to 1 km, find the angle the road makes with
the horizontal.
43. ‘The elevation of the top of a tree, on the far side of a river, from
the observer immediately opposite is 46°. He walks 10 m away from
the tree so that his two positions and the tree are in one straight line and
the angle of elevation of the top of the tree is now 32°. Find the width
of the river.
44, P and Q are two points on opposite sides of a tree. The distance
PQ is 40 m. The angles of elevation of the top of the tree from P and
Q are 58° 10’ and 44° 32’ respectively. Find the height of the tree.
45. X and Y are points due south and east respectively of a tree 20 m
high. The angles of elevation of the top of the tree from X and Y
are 20° 40’ and 33° 8’ respectively. Find the distance XY.
 CHAPTER II

THE SINE OF AN ANGLE

Definition
In the last chapter, we found that any angle, in
addition to having its size as a property (e.g. an
angle containing 63°), also has a new property
called its tangent. We shall now introduce the
second of the new properties, the sINE of the
angle.
Draw a number of right-angled triangles ABC
of different sizes all having the angle A equal to
63° as shown. You should find that the ratio
length of CB
always comes to the same value, AC
length of AB
within the limits of error of your drawing and Fic. 57.
measurement.
Here are four specimen results with the ratios all calculated correct
to four decimal places:

Fae
2-0;0 8889 i = 0°8900
8:9_o. Sr
> = 0-8928

If these triangles were put one on top of the other, we should then
have a figure much like that considered in Chapter I (Fig. 4) and
our conclusion here would be much the same as before.
the side opposite the angle 63°
This ratio, then, i.e.
the side opposite the right angle (hypotenuse)
seems to be a property of the ae 63°, since it does not depend on
B
20 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

the actual size of the triangle. In fact all these triangles are similar
and therefore the ratio must remain constant.
We say that ee = ease. = the sine of 63°. This is usually
abbreviated to sin 63°. =
A similar property would hold for any acute angle and our definition
follows:
The sine of an acute angle is obtained from a right-angled triangle
containing the angle and ts equal to the ratio of the side opposite the angle
to the hypotenuse of the triangle.
In short, sin A = 288

Tables
You can find the sine of any angle by drawing, but tables of sines
are normally used so that the sine of an angle may be looked up
immediately.
For example, sin 25° = 0-4226
sin 25° 30’ = 0-4305
sin 25° 41’ = 0-4334.
The “ difference column” is used for any angle in between those
whose sines are actually given.
These tables, too, may be used in the reverse way. If you want
to find the angle whose sine is 0-6459, find the quoted number next
less than this, i.e. 0-6450 (which is sin 40° 10’); this needs an extra
0:0009, which comes under 4’ in the difference columns. The angle
required is therefore 40° 14’.
This fact is written either as sin 40° 14’ = 0-6459
or as sin! 0-6459 = 40° 14’
or as arcsin 0:6459 = 40° 14’
or as_ anti-sin 06459 = 40° 14’.
sin-! 0-6459 is read as the angle whose sine is 0-6459.
Compare: log 5-236 = 0-7190; .°, anti-log 0-7190 = 5-236.
N.B. Do not write sin 0:6739 = 42° 22’. This is nonsense.
 THE SINE OF AN ANGLE Zi
EXERCISES 8A
1. Write down the sines of the following angles:
(i) 32°; (ii) 35° 30’; (aii) 61° 48’; (iv) 73° 50’; (v) 5° 0’; (vi) 10° 11’;
(vii) 19°; (viii) 89° 6’; (ix) 50° 59’; (x) 3’.
Test your first result by a carefully drawn figure.
2. What angles have their sines equal to the following numbers?
(i) 0-7660; (ii) 0-3272; (iii) 0-4638; (iv) 0-9852; (v) 0-0122; (vi)
0:3333; (vii) 0:6667; (viii) 0-7; (ix) 2; (x) #%.

EXERCISES 8B
1. Write down the sines of the following angles:
(i)°60°si)-52°- 39" (iii)-35°-59%s-(ivy 2° 174s-Fv)y° 19°30" -°(vi) "50°
(vii) 37° 25’; (viii) 42° 6’; (ix) 43° 57’; (x) 82°.
2. What angles have their sines equal to the following numbers?
(i) 0:72; (ii) 0:0456; (iii) 0-8234; (iv) 0-2222; (v) 0-984; (vi) 0-9;
(vii) 4; (viii) 3; (Gx) 3; (&) 6.

Finding the opposite side of a right-angled triangle

unknown side
Write down the ratio ST
Agiaeaide (the U.K. method),

From the figure, “a== sin 31°,

>, & ==12 sin 31°
= 12(0-5150)
= 6:18 cm (to 3 sig. fig.).

Fic. 60.

N.B. Your answer can never be greater than the hypotenuse.

22 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
EXERCISES 9A
Find x in questions 1 to 5.

32¢em

12m
Fic. 64. Fic. 65.
Given that triangle PQR has a right angle at Q, find PQ in the
following:
6. R= 6°; PR = 80 cm. 7. R = 76° 51’; PR = 69-5 m.
8. R = 88°; PR = 90 cm. 9. R = 15° 22’; PR = 51:5 m.
10. R = 47° 13’; PR = 49-6 cm.

EXERCISES 9B
Find x in questions 1 to 5,
 THE SINE OF AN ANGLE 23

iS m. } ‘ 1200 cm
Fic. 69. Fic. 70.

Given that triangle LMN has a right angle at M, find LM in the

following:
6. N = 19°; LN = 50 cm. 7. N = 81° 30’; LN = 31:8 m.
8. N = 49° 12’; LN = 120 cm. 9. N = 64° 50’; LN = 322 cm.
10. N = 3° 28’; LN = 1428 m.
Finding the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
Use the U.K. method again.
Pa
8 sin Be e
47° 21’ (because g isae Gun
HYP: and not Tes
Opp.
1
~ 0-7355
= 1-359 (using reciprocal tables).
“. y=8 x 1-359 = 10-872 = 10-9 cm (to 3 sig. fig.).

N.B. The answer must be larger than the

given side.
Gee

EXERCISES 10A

Find x in questions 1 to 5.

Fic. 72.
24 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

I580m a>

Ee Fie. 75.0 Fic. 76.

6. In the triangle POR, Q is a right angle, angle P = 53° 29’ and

OR = 12:5 cm. Find PR.
Q

Fic. 77.

7. Given that angle O = 90°, angle P = 78° 39’ and OR = 3690 m,

find PR.
8. Given that angle O = 90°, angle P = 25° 43’ and OR = 486-2 m,
find PR.
9. Given that angle Q = 90°, angle R = 83° 24’ and PQ = 5020 m,
find PR.
10. Given that angle}Q = 90°, angle R = 43° 19’ and that PQ =
601-9 m find PR.

EXERCISES 10B
Find y in questions 1 to 5.
 THE SINE OF AN ANGLE 25

18-2m
Fic. 80.

In questions 6 to 10, given that LMN is a triangle right-angled at M,

find LN.
E

M N
Fic. 83.

6. Angle N = 31° 49’, LM = 4280 m.

7. Angle N = 47° 17’, LM = 264:8 m.
8. Angle N = 63° 5’, LM = 17°8 cm.
9. Angle L = 87° 52’, MN = 6008 m.
10. Angle L = 17° 39’, MN = 524°8 cm.

Finding an unknown angle of a right-angled triangle

Example 1.
In the triangle, a is ree for the angle A.

*,
ee sin A
sin = ef
9-2 = 0-6630 e

* A = 41° 32’,
B

92cm 6-1em

A C
26 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
Example 2.
; Lis Opp. Sate:
In the triangle 3.g 1S not five for the angle A, but it is for the
angle B.
; 5-7
-. sin B= 38 = 0-6477.
.. B = 40° 22’ and angle A = 90° — 40° 22’ = 49° 38’,

8-8

A 537 G
Fic. 85.

; EXERCISES 11A
Find the angle @ in questions 1 to 5.

22-4m
Fic. 89. Fic, 90.
 THE SINE OF AN ANGLE fa
In questions 6 to 10, PQR is a triangle right-angled at Q.

Fic. 91.

6. Find angle R, given that PO = 4 cm and that PR = 10 cm.

7. Find the angle R, given that PQ = 5-6 cm and that PR = 8-4 cm.
8. Find the angle R, given that QR = 7:86 m and that PR = 22:9 m.
9. Find the angle P, given that QR = 12-93 cm and that PR =
15-86 cm.
10. Find the angle P, given that QR = 30-82 cm and that PR =
75:23 cm.

EXERCISES 11B
Find the angle @ in questions 1 to 5,

1 os

10cm
12-1

a Oo

Fic. 92. Fic. 94.

4,

945m
Fic. 95. Fic. 96.
28 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
In questions 6 to 10, LMN is a triangle right-angled at M.

LE

M N
Pics 97.

6. Find the angle N, given that LM = 27 cm and that LN = 35 cm.

7. Find the angle N, given that LM = 9:26mandthat LN = 17-32 m.
8. Find the angle N, given that MN = 65-9 cm and that LN =
93-2 cm.
g. Find the angle L, given that MN = 107 m and that LN = 300 m.
10. Find the angle N, given that MN = 28 m and that LN = 35 m.

Gradient
The slope or gradient of a road, railway track or hill is equal to
the ratio of the extra height gained as the hill is climbed to the distance
gone along the track.

Le}

—O! Ba

Fic. 98.

The figure illustrates a gradient of 1 in 5.

sina=f and «= 11° 32’,
The gradient of a road is therefore equal to the sine of the angle
of slope. This meaning of gradient is the one adopted by surveyors
and engineers and it is confusing that in more theoretical work a
different meaning is assigned to the word gradient. In graphical
work and in geographical charts, the gradient is defined as the ratio
of the distance moved vertically to the distance moved horizontally.
Fig. 99 illustrates a gradient
of 1 in 5 on this definition.
, Here tan B =}
M and Bi 11° 19%
Notice that the angle of slope is
5m here slightly smaller than in the
Fic. 99. previous example.
 THE SINE OF AN ANGLE 29
For very small slopes, the difference in angle is so slight as to be
almost negligible.
A question must always be read very carefully to decide the exact
meaning of the word gradient. In this book, gradient will refer to
the sine of the angle of slope.

Example 1. A man walks 600 m up a straight slope which is inclined at

17° to the horizontal. How many metres does he rise vertically ?
Also express the gradient of the hill in the form “1 inn”’.

Fic. 100.
Suppose he rises h metres.

Then ts = sin 17°.

“. h = 600 sin 17° = 600 X 0:2924 = 175'44.

He rises 175 m (to 3 sig. fig.).
oxy nit ys 1
To find n, we say that the gradient is sin 17° or x

Se *= sin17° and n -—

1
™ 0-2924
= 3-420.
The gradient of the hill is 1 in 3-42 (to 3 sig. fig.).

Example 2. The base of a rectangular water tank, 20 m long, stands

ona slope of 1in10. The tank is partly full of water. Find the length of
the water surface. What is the difference in the wetted lengths of the two
ends of the tank?
First find the angle of slope.
sins =i =O01. 0. x = 5° 44,

Fic. 101.
30 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Next consider the right-angled triangle ABC. The angle B = 90°

— 5° 44’ = 84° 16’, and so
AB 1 1
20 = sin 84° 16’ ~ 0.9950. ~ 100-
:. AB = 20 x 1-005 = 20-1 m (to 3 sig. fig.).
This is the length of the water surface.

Fic. 102.
The difference in the wetted lengths is BC.
BC
39 = tan 5° 44’.

“. BC = 20 x 0-1004 = 2:008 m = 2-01 m (to 3 sig. fig.).

Example 3. A ladder 15 m long rests with its top end against a

vertical wall and 13 m above the ground. Find the angle of slope of the
ladder.
From the figure, sin x = . = 0:8667.
x = 60° 5’, and the angle of slope is 60° 5’.

13m

Fic. 103.

EXERCISES 12A
_ 1. A man walks 300 m up a straight hillside whose angle of slope
is 13°. Through what vertical height has he risen?
2. A straight sloping road runs beside a level railway. A man 2 m
high finds that his head is level with the rails at one point of the road
 THE SINE OF AN ANGLE 31
and that his feet are level with the rails after he has walked 60 m further
up the road. Find the angle of slope of the road.
3. A straight sloping stretch of railway passes a building 80 m long.
If the slope of the railway is 1 in 50, how much higher up the building
are the rails at one end than at the other?
4. A straight drain pipe, sloping at 1 in 8, crosses a building 30 m
ioe How long is it and how much higher is it at one end than at the
other
5. A ladder 5 m long is wedged between two walls 4 m apart.
Find its angle of slope and its gradient. How much higher is it at one
end than at the other?
6. An aerial runway carries containers down a straight hillside 200 m
high. How long is it if the slope is (a) 1 in 4; (6) 32°.
7. A trap-door, 1 m square, is propped open by a stick 30 cm long.
The stick is at right angles to the door. What is the angle of slope of
the door ?
8. Two pulleys, diameters 10 cm and 18 cm, have their axles hori-
zontal, at the same level and 192 cm apart. Assuming that the belt which
runs round them is pulled tight, find the angle of slope of the straight
portion of it.
9. The angle of slope of a roof is 35°. If the sloping part is 4 m
long, how high is the ridge above the bottom of the roof?
10. An extending ladder slopes at an angle of 55° when its length is
7 m and it is placed against a vertical wall. How high up the wall
does it reach and how far is its foot from the base of the wall ?
If it is now extended to a length of 8 m, what is the new angle of
slope, if the foot is in the same position?

EXERCISES 12B
1. A man walks 247 m up a straight hillside whose angle of slope
is 17°. Through what vertical height has he risen?
2. A sloping road runs straight past a tree. A man whose eyes
are 165 cm above the ground stands by the tree and notes that
a point on the road 66 m away is exactly level with his eyes. Find the
angle of slope of the road.
3. A bridge crosses a ravine 320 m wide and its slope is 1 in 45.
How much higher is it at one end than at the other?
4. A straight drain pipe, sloping at 1 in 6, crosses a building 45 m
wide. How long is it and what is the fall between one end and the
other ?
5. A ladder 15 m long is placed against a vertical wall and just reaches
a window ledge 11 m up the wall. What is the angle of slope of the
ladder? If the foot of the ladder is now pulled 1:5 m further away, by
how much does the top of the ladder descend ?
6. A rectangular water tank is 12 m long and it stands on a slope of
1 in 15. What is the difference in the lengths of the ends wetted by the
water ?
7. A trap door 1:2 msquare is held open by a horizontal bar 40 cm long
32 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
attached to a point in the wall vertically above the hinge. Find the
angle of slope of the door.
8. Two pulleys, diameters 8 cm and 2 cm, have their axles horizontal
at the same level and 24 cm apart. Find the angle of slope of the straight
portion of the belt which goes round them.
9. The ridge of a roof is 12 m higher than the bottom and the roof
is 22 m long. What is the angle of slope?
10. A ladder is 10 m long and to be useful must not slope at more
than 75° to the ground. What is the highest point it can reach on a
vertical wall ?
What is the shortest distance then from the foot of the wall to the
ladder ?

Further use of tables

Some worked examples are now given on the use of tables.
Example 1. Given that sin A = 2 sin 27°, find A.
sin 27° = 0-4540;
2 sin 27° = 0-9080;
*. sin A = 0:9080 and A = 65° 14’.

3 sin 20°
Example 2. Given that 5 sinX= ee find X.
_ 5,_ 3(0-3420) _ 1-0260
5 sin X = 510-4663) ~ 09326
log 1026 =0-0111
log 0-9326 = 1-9697
log 1100 = 0-0414
: ME
esine ke— oun 0:2200 and X = 12° 42’,

Alternative Method. In this example, we first used sine tables and

then the logarithm tables. As already explained for the tangent, these
two operations can be combined into one by the use of the log-sin tables.
3 sin 20° 3 sin 20°
Sin“ = 5taneSehae iDtan 26°
log 3 = 0-471 log 10 = 1-0000
log sin 20° = 1-5341 log tan 25° = 1-6687
00112 0-6687
06687
log sin 12° 43’ <— 1-3425
7-3425
Having found that log sin X = 1-3425, X is foundby looki
in the body of the log-sin tables. y fooking up
X = 12° 43’,
 THE SINE OF AN ANGLE 33

EXERCISES 13 (Miscellaneous)
1, Find the angle of slope of a road whose gradient is 1 in 6. Write
down the tangent of the angle of slope.
2. The sides of a parallelogram are 3 cm and 4 cm long and its area
is 8 cm?. Find the angles of the parallelogram.
3. A ladder of length 10 cm is inclined at 42° to the vertical. What is
the difference in height between foot and top?
4. The difference in height above sea level of two places A and B
is 24m. The line joining A and B on a map is 0-1 cm long and the
scale of the map is 1: 60,000. Find the average slope of the hillside
joining A to B.
5. Find x from the following equations, given that x is acute.
(a) sinx = 0-42.
(6) sin x = 2 sin 20°.
(cps sin x — sinvl2~ 207
6. T'wo vertical posts are 12 m and 18 m in height. A wire stretched
from top to top is 20 m long. Find the angle of slope of the wire.
sin 20° x sin 40°
7. Find Y given that sin Y =
sin 50°
8. The vertical pole of a bell-tent is 3 m high and the length of a sloping
side is 4 m. Find the angle a side makes with the ground.
9. The centres of two circles, radii 7 cm and 2 cm, are 13 cm apart.
Calculate the angle an exterior common tangent makes with the line
of centres.
10. A man walks 4 km north-east and then 3 km south-east. How
far east is he of his starting point?
11. A kite is flying at a height of 18 m and is attached to a string
25 m long. Find the angle of slope of the string.
12. A chute 30 m in length slopes at an angle of 25°. What is the
difference in height between the two ends?
13. A telegraph post support is attached to the ground and to a point
of the post 10 m above the ground. Find the length of the support if it
is inclined at 34° to the horizontal.
14, An observer notes that the angle of elevation of an aircraft flying
at a height of 200 m is 47°. Find the actual distance of the aircraft
from the observer.
15. An escalator is inclined at 32° to the horizontal. If the length
of the escalator is 80 m, what is the height climbed by the escalator?

16. Find the angles « and # in Fig. 104.

34 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Die Bat atC

Fic. 105.

17. Find the angle B in Fig. 105.

18. Find a value of x if sinx = 2siny and y =17°.
p

A B
Fic. 106.

19. AB is a diameter of a circle of radius 5 cm. If the angle PAB

= 35°, find the length of the chord PB.
20. A man rises 12 m when walking along 80 m of a straight road.
Find the angle of slope of the road.
 CHAPTER III

THE COSINE OF AN ANGLE

Definition
THE third new property of an angle is called the cosinz of the angle.
If we draw a number of right-angled triangles with one angle constant
egies ._ side adj
in size, we shall find that the ratio eRe org sopneConsacgan uc
hypotenuse
is constant.
This ratio is called the cosine of the angle (usually abbreviated to
cos). The diagram illustrates this property for the angle 24°,

96

9°1
CAs
10 0-9100

Fic. 107.

This leads to the following definition:

The cosine of an acute angle is equal to the ratio of the side adjacent
to the given angle to the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle containing
the given angle.

we

ADJ.

Fic. 108.

Adj.
In short, cos A =
Hyp.”
The cosine of an acute angle has one important property which is
not shared by the sin and tan. The sin and tan of an acute angle
both get larger as the angle increases. The cosine gets smaller.
For example, cos 20° is larger sean cos 40°.
36 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Consider a child on a garden swing.

Suppose the lengths of the ropes attached to the swing are each 3 m.
Then the depth of the seat below the pivot when the string is inclined
at 20° to the vertical is given by = == cos 20”.
The depth below the pivot is therefore 3 cos 20° m.
When the ropes make angles of 40° with the
vertical, the depth below the pivot is 3 cos 40°.
Obviously the larger the angle, the less is the depth
below the pivot and so 3 cos 40° is less than 3 cos
20°. Therefore the cosine of an acute angle gets
smaller as the angle gets larger.
An approximate value for the cosine of an acute
angle may be found by drawing. For example, to
calculate cos 51°, draw a right-angled triangle ABC
with angle A equal to 51° and angle C a right
angle. Draw AB equal in length to 10 cm. and
Fic. 109. BC is found to be 6:3 cm. approximately.
.. 10$,51° = = = 0-63 approximately.

Tables
As with sin and tan, tables are provided. Owing to the fact that
the cosine decreases as the angle increases, there is one important
change to be noted.
The differences must be subtracted instead of added as in the
sin and tan tables.
‘For example, cos 72° = 0-3090;
cos 72° 40’ = 0-2979 (less than cos 72°);
cos 72° 43’ = 0-2971 (0-0008 less than cos 72° 40’).
Special care is also necessary in the reverse process. To find an
angle whose cosine is 0-4025, look in the body of the cosine tables
for the number less than 0-4025 but as near to it as possible, i.e.
0:4014, which is equal to cos 66° 20’. This must be increased by
0-0011, which comes under 4’ in the difference column. This differ-
ence must now be subtracted and the angle required is 66° 16’.
This may be written in any one of the following ways:
cos 66° 16’ = 0-4025;
cos! 0-4025 = 66° 16’;
arc cos 0:4025 = 66° 16’;
anti-cos 0-4025 = 66° 16’,
‘ ee also to subtract the difference when using log-cos
ables.
 THE COSINE OF AN ANGLE 37

EXERCISES 14A
1, Write down the cosines of the following angles:
(i) 32°; (ii) 35° 30’; (iii) 61° 48’; (iv) 73° 50’; (v) 5° 0’; (vi) 10° 11’;
(vii) 19°:; (viii) 89° Gen Gx) 50° 59’; (x) 43°,
Test your answer to (i) by a carefully drawn figure.
2. What angles have their cosines equal to the following numbers?
(i) 0-6428; (i) 0-9537; (iii) 0-1622; (iv) 08876; (v) 0:4160; (vi)
0-0938; (vii) 0-3333; (viii) 0-6667; (ix) 0-4; (x) 4; (xi) 2.

EXERCISES 14B
1, Write down the cosines of the following angles:
(i) 59°: (ii) 67° 30’: (1i1)°23° 24’: (iv) 82° 20’; (v)°3°°0"3* (vi) 48°;
(vii) 34° 25’; (viti) 13° 47’; (ix) 42° 8’; (x) 36° 54’,
2. What angles have their cosines equal to the following numbers ?
(i) 0-4067 ; (ii) 0-1132; (iii) 0-9653; (iv) 0-5386; (v) 0-7681; (vi) 0-0178;
(vii) 0-8888 ; (viii) 0-2227; (ix) 0:93; (x) 3, (xi) 3.

(a2) Finding the adjacent side of a right-angled triangle

Write down the ratio Se (the U.K. method).

From the figure, ~ = cos 29°.

8
ue == 3 COS 29°
= 8(0-8746)
= 6:9968
= 7-00 m (to 3 sig. fig.).

x metres
Fic. 110.

N.B. ‘The answer can never be greater than the hypotenuse.

38 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
EXERCISES 15A
Find x in questions 1 to 5.

x metres ac metres
Fic. 111, Fic. 113.

Bem

40°17"
15
Fic. 114. Fic. 115.

Given that the triangle POR has a right angle at Q, find PQ in the
fo'lowing cases:
6 P =17°, PR =60 cm. 7, B = 56° 27’, PR = 112 m.
8. P = 85°, PR-= 70 cm. 9, P = 38° 44’, PR = 64:8 cm.
10. P = 71° 3’, PR = 38:2 m.
EXERCISES 15B
Find x in questions 1 to 5.

metres Om. a De metres

Fic. 116. Fic. 117. Fig. 118.
 THE COSINE OF AN ANGLE 39

metres
xc

Fic. 119. Fic. 120.

Given that the triangle LMN has a right angle at M, find LM in the
following cases:

6. L = 75°, LN ='30 m 7. Ti 12° 53", LN = Sic.

8. E = 21° 30’, LN = 243 cm. 9 . Li 46% 15’, LN = 75 cm:
10. L = 69° 43’, LN = 42:3 m.

(5) Finding the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle

Using the U.K. method,
ah et Oe i 2 y . Hyp. Adj.
11 cos 38° 56’ (because ii Aa five:
= a = 1-286, using reciprocal tables.

* y= 11 x 1-286 = 14-146 = 14-1 cm. to 3 sig. fig.

Im
ae IVA

Note that the answer must be larger than the given side.
40 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

EXERCISES 16A
Find x in questions 1 to 5.

2. 3.
30°57’

xz cm 17cm

30.m eee 62cm

Fic. 122. Fic. 123. Fic. 124.

4. 5.

x metres
Fic. 125. Fic. 126.

In the triangle POR, the angle Q is a right angle. Find PR in the

following cases:

6. P = 15° 20’, PO = 13-8 cm. 7. P = 73° 48’, PO = 4250 m.

8. P = 20° 40’, PO = 56:3 cm. 9 R= 85°, OR = 247 m.
10. R = 7° 32’, OR = 853m.
 THE COSINE OF AN ANGLE 41

EXERCISES 16B
Find x in questions 1 to 5,

pre
Het a
3:2cem 76m
Fic. 127. Fic. 128. Fic. 129.

4 5.
&
328cm
58:2 m xcm

x metres
. 36°28"
Fic. 130. Fic. 131.

In the triangle LMN, the angle M is a right angle. Find LN in the

following cases:

6. L = 75° 40’, LM = 635 cm. 7 = 28° 13’, LM = 472 cm.

8. L = 84° 30’, LM =3-58metres. 9. = 6° 42’, MN = 830 m.
10. NW = 19° 25’, MN = 540 m.

Finding an unknown angle of a right-angled triangle

Example 1.
5-4. Adj.
In the triangle, 34 3s fi for the angle A.

5-4
. cos A = re a 0:6667.

«. A = 48° 11’
42 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

8-1cm

A 5:4cm C
Fic. 132.

Example 2.

In the triangle we is not a for the angle A, but it is for the

angle B.
4
“COSt Da os 0-4 and B = 66° 25’.
= A == 190 — 065 25 ee esas
B

8-5 cm
3:-4cm

A G
Mrs VERE

(The angle A may also be found from the equation sin 4 = =)

EXERCISES 17A
Find x in questions 1 to 5.
1. 2.

1F80m 18 m

13-lcm 14m 15-2 cm ©

Fic. 134, Fic. 135. Fic. 136.
 THE COSINE OF AN ANGLE 43

5.

= 7-4
3-2
10-9
Fic. 137. Fic, 138.

In the triangle LMN, the angle L is a right angle. Find the angle M
in questions 6 to 10.
6. LM = 8:1 cm; MN = 9°6 cm.
7. LM = 18 m; MN = 24 m.
8. LM = 2:42 cm; MN = 7-45 cm.
9. LM = 320 m; MN = 650 m.
10. LM = 18:2 cm; MN = 28-4 cm.

EXERCISES 17B
Find x in questions 1 to 5.
3.
1, 2.

18:3 cm
14-2cm 24m

6
12:3cm 17m 12:4 cm
Fic. 139. Fic. 140. Fic. 141.

4, 5.
63 1222
4:3)

14-2
Fic. 142. Fic. 143.

In the triangle POR, the angle P is a right angle. Find the angle Q
in questions 6 to 10,
6. PO = 9-42 cm; OR = 18:2 cm.
7. PO = 16 m; QR = 25 m.
8. PQ = 3:51 m; QR = 7-62 m.
9, PQ = 427 m; OR = 683 m.
10. PO = 35:4 cm; OR = 83:7 cm.
a4 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Further use of tables

- 3 cos 44° 5’
Example 1. Find a value of A given that cos A = cos 22° 10”
log cos 44° 5’ = 1-8563 (subtract the difference)
log cos 22° 10’ = 1-9667
log cos A = 1:8896
.. A = 39° 9’ (again, subtract the difference).
Example 2. In the triangle ABC, the angle B = 90° and the angle
C = 22° 40’. The foot of the perpendicular from B to AC is D. Given
that AC = 14-6 cm., find the length of CD.

Aq DSins
14-6 cm a

Fic. 144.

From the right-angled triangle ABC,

B
a = cos 22° 40’.
.. BC = 14-6 cos 22° 40’.
From the right-angled triangle BDC,
D
ae = cos 22° 40’.
we DO ="BEC Cos 2240
= (14-6 cos 22° 40’) cos 22° 40’
or 14-6 cos? 22° 40’ (cos? A means cos A x cos A).
log 14-6 = 1-1644
log cos 22° 40’ = 1-9651
log cos 22° 40’ = 1-9651
log DC = 1:0946
“. DC = 12-44 = 12:4 cm. (to 3 sig. fig.).

EXERCISES 18
1. Find a value of A given that cos A = 3 cos 80° 16’.
2. Find a value of x given that cos x = cos 52° 17’ — cos 44° 18’.
3. A man walks 4 km in a direction 52° 30’ east of north. How
sate is he ar egret ponte
Ps man walks north-east and then 4 km i irecti
42° east of north. How far east is he of his starting point “en
5. A ladder of length 10 m rests with its foot 8m away from a vertical
 THE COSINE OF AN ANGLE 45
wall against which it leans. Find the angle the ladder makes with the
horizontal.
6. A ladder of length 8 m leans against a vertical wall and has its
foot on horizontal ground. If the ladder makes an angle of 72° with
the horizontal, find the distance of its foot from the base of the wall.
7. A boy standing at a point P walks 3 km due east and then due
north to Q where he is 5 km from P as the crow flies. Find the angle
PQ makes with the north.
8. A fire escape cannot get nearer than 9 m from a building. How
long must the escape be to reach a window 35 m above the ground ?
What angle does the escape make with the ground? ;
9. An observation balloon is held by a wire 520 m long. If the
balloon is 400 m above the ground, find the angle the wire makes with
the horizontal.
10. A swing is attached by ropes 4 m long. A boy swings himself
so that at the top of his swing he is 1-5 m vertically above the lowest
point. ‘Through what total angle is he swinging?
11. A man standing in a railway carriage travelling at 30 km/h along
a straight and level track notices when he is looking straight out of
the window that a church spire is at “ one o’clock”’ from him. Five
minutes later, the same spire is at ‘‘ ten o’clock”. Find how distant
the spire is now.
12. A man walks 3 km north-east and then 2 km in a direction
N. 35° E. Find how far he is (i) north, (ii) east, of his starting point.
13. In the trapezium ABCD, the angles
A and B are right angles. Given that the C
angle between BA and CD produced is 40m:
22° 30’, find the length of AB when CD \
= 17 cm. D
14, AB is a diameter of a circle of radius
3 cm and AC is a chord which makes an
angle of 24° with the diameter. Find the
length of the chord.
15. A telegraph pole is stayed by awire A B
which makes an angle of 64° with the Fic, 145
ground. If the wire is attached to a point a
6 m above ground level, find the length
of the wire. 3 i
16. A straight path is inclined at 2° 30’ to the horizontal. What is
the distance along the path between two places whose distance apart
on a map is 0:2 cm, given that the scale of the map is 1 cm to 1 km.
17. A ladder 4 m long leans against a vertical wall and has its foot
on horizontal ground. If the ladder is inclined at 62° to the ground,
find the distance of its foot from the wall.
18. A kite flying at a height of 75 m is attached to the ground by a
string inclined at 54° to the horizontal. Find the length of the string.
19, AB is a diameter of a circle of radius 4 cm and AC is a chord
6 cm long. Find the angle BAC. ; ;
20. A cone of height 6 cm has a semi-vertical angle of 24°. Find
the length of a slant edge.
 CHA
PDE RE LY.

THE RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE

Solution of a right-angled triangle
PROVIDED we are given sufficient angles and sides to fix a right-
angled triangle, we now know how to calculate the remaining sides
and angles.

(1) Given two sides

Suppose that the triangle ABC has the angle B a right angle and
that AB = 8-4 cm, BC = 6:2 cm.
C

62cm

A 84cm B
Fic. 146.

AC? = (8-4)? + (6:2) (by Pythagoras)

= 70:56 + 38-44
= 109.
*, AC = 10-44 = 10-4 cm. (to 3 sig. fig.).
6:2
Also tan A = 34°

log 6:2 = 0-7924

log 8-4 = 0-9243
log tan A = 1-8681
. As 36° 267 “and "B= 90" = 36" 26 "ee oo 4,

(2) Given one angle and one side

Suppose that in the triangle LMN, the angle M = 90° and that
the angle L = 22° 17’.. Given that LM = 14-1 cm, find the other
sides and angle.
46
 THE RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE 47

lige ~ 14lom _ M
Fic. 147.

N = 90°.— 22° 17’ = 67° 43’.

14-1
LN = cos 22
awaiN7/ Ady
(ae)

14-1
EN cos
22 AT"
log 14:1 = 1-1492
log cos 22° 17’ = 1-9663 (subtract the difference)
log LN = 1-1829
LN = 15-24 or 15-2 (to 3 sig. fig.).
Also ae = tan 22° 17’ (Ge)

*.NM = 14-1 tan 22°17’.

log 14-1 = 1-1492
log tan 22° 17’ = 1-6125
log NM = 0-7617
., NM ==5:77/= 5/5 cm. (to 3 sig. fig.).

Complementary angles
In the triangle ABC, if B is a right angle, the angles A and C are
complementary, i.e. have their sum 90°.
AB; AB
cos A = Fe sin C = 7a

A B
Fic. 148.
48 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Also sin A = CB
AC
ogoAe,
=OB
* cos4=sinC and sin A=cosC.

So the cosine of any acute angle equals the sine of its com-
plement; the sine of any acute angle equals the cosine of its
complement.
For example, cos 20° = sin 70°; sin 40° = cos 50°.
The prefix co- in cosine stands for complementary and we shall
find the same meaning later in cosecant and cotangent.
The isosceles triangle
Our definitions for tangent, sine and cosine apply to right-angled
triangles only but other triangles may be solved by the construction
of a perpendicular. The isosceles triangle, in particular, is easily
solved by drawing the perpendicular from the vertex to the base.

Example. In the triangle ABC, AB = AC = 8-4 cm and the angle

A= 70°, Find the length of BC.
Draw AD, the altitude from A. This altitude also bisects the angle
A and the side BC. ‘Therefore the angle BAD = 35°.

Fic. 149.

8:4 = sin eye

7 BD = SAisinnso..
= 8:4(0:5736)
= 4-818 cm.
Therefore BC = 2BD = 9-636 = 9-64 cm. (to 3 sig. fig.).
The regular polygon
A regular polygon is a polygon with all its sides equal and all its
angles equal. It is always possible to circumscribe a circle about a
regular polygon, and by joining the vertices to the centre of the circle,
the polygon is divided into a number of isosceles triangles.
 THE RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE 49
Example 1. Find the radius of the circumcircle of a regular octagon
(8-sided figure) of side 2 cm.

Fic. 150.

- If AB is a side and O the centre of the circle, the angle AOB equals

If D is the foot of the perpendicular from O to AB, oy = sin 22° 30’.

1
But AD =1cm and so OA =
sin 22° 30’
1
~ 03827
= 2-613 (reciprocal tables)
= 2-61 cm. (to 3 sig. fig.).

Example 2. A regular polygon of 5 sides is circumscribed about a circle

of radius 1-2 cm. Find the length of the side of the polygon.
If AB is a side and O the centre of the citcle, the angle
AOB = = = 72°,
n + B
: ; {

Fic. 151.
50 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
AT 7.
If T is the point of contact, the angle ATO = 90° and 7
TO = tan 36°.
AT = (1-2) tan 36°
= 1-2(0-7265)
= 08718.
-, AB = 2AT = 1-7436 = 1-74 cm (to 3 sig. fig.).

EXERCISES 19A
1. If AB = AC = 8-4 cm and BC = 3-6 cm, find the angle A.
2. If AB = AC = 6:2 cm and the angle A = 40°, find BC.
3. If AB = AC and BC = 6-4 cm, calculate AB given that A = 38°.
4. If AB = AC and BC = 12:2 cm., calculate AB given that
B= 41°,
5. Find the angles of a triangle given that its sides are 5 cm, 5 cm
and 6 cm.
6. A regular pentagon is inscribed in a circle of radius 24cm. Find
the length of its side.
7. A regular hexagon is circumscribed about a circle of radius 2 cm
Find the length of its side.
8. An octagon of side 1:6 cm is circumscribed about a circle. Find
the radius of the circle.
9. If cos x° = sin 24°, write down a value of x.
10. If sin y° = cos 28°, write down a value of y.

EXERCISES 19B
1. If AB = AC = 11:2 cm and BC = 8-4 cm, find the angle A.
2. If AB = AC = 4:8 cm and the angle A = 76°, find BC.
3. If AB = AC and BC = 4-2 cm, calculate AB given that 4 = 32°.
4. If 4B = AC and BC = 6-6 cm, calculate AB given that B = 42°,
5. Find the angles of a triangle given that its sides are 4 cm, 4 cm and
7 cm.
6. A regular ten-sided figure is inscribed in a circle of radius 4 cm.
Find its length of side.
7. A regular octagon is circumscribed about a circle of radius 5:2 cm.
Find the length of side of the octagon.
8. A regular twelve-sided figure of side 8 cm is circumscribed about
a circle. Find the radius of the circle.
9. If cos x° = sin 72°, write down a value of x.
10. If sin y° = cos 48°, write down a value of y.
The projection of one line on another
The projection of a line AB of given length on another line L is
the intercept XY cut from L by the perpendiculars to L from A and B.
 THE RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE 5,

<> x ~< ~<

Fic. 152.

Three examples of the projection of a line AB on another line L

are shown in Fig. 152.
In Fig. 152 (i), a= cos 9, where @ is the angle between AB
and L.
“. XY = AB cos §.
Since the projection of AB is of the same length on any line parallel
to L, XY = ABcos6@ in all three figures.
Therefore the projection of a line AB on another line L is
equal to AB cos 8, where 0 is the angle between AB and L.
Bearings
There are two recognised ways of giving the direction of a point P
from a given origin O.

Fic. 153. Fic. 154.

(1) By giving the acute angle which PO makes, either east or west,
with the north or with the south.
If P is in a direction N. 38° E., OP makes an angle of 38° with the
north turning towards the east.
If Q is in a direction S. 50° W., then OQ makes an angle of 50°
with the south turning towards the west.
N.B. In this method, reference must first be made to the north
or south direction,
c
52 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

(2) The second method is universally used in the services. All

bearings are given as an angle (not necessarily acute) measured clock-
wise from the north.
N. 38° E. is in this notation 038°.
S. 50° W. is in this notation 230°.
All bearings are given as three digits (e.g. 008°, 021°) to avoid any
possible misreading.
IMPORTANT. Bearings always refer to the angle between two lines
measured in the same horizontal plane.
For example, if the bearing of an aircraft from a point O on the
ground is 053°, the angle which the line joining O to the point on
the ground vertically beneath the aircraft makes an angle of 53° with
the north.
Example 1. An aircraft travels 80 km on a bearing of 053° and
then 30 km on a bearing of 190°. Find how far the aircraft ts
(i) north of tts starting point;
(12) east of its starting point;
(uit) as the crow flies from its starting point.
Find also the bearing of its final position from its original.

N 10

Fie. 155;

The angle between OP and the north is 53°.

The projection of OP on the north line is
80 cos 53° = 80(0-6018) = 48:14 km (to 4 sig. fig.).
The angle between PQ and the south is 10°,
The projection of PO on the south line is
30 cos 10° = 30(0-9848) = 29-54 km (to 4 sig. fig.).
Q is north of O by 48:14 — 29-54 = 18-6 km.
OP makes an angle of 37° with the east.
The projection of OP on the east line is
80 cos 37° = 80(0-7986) = 63-89 km (to 4 sig. fig.).
PQ makes an angle of 80° with the west.
The projection of PQ on the west line is
30 cos 80° = 30(0-:1736) = 5-208 km (to 4 sig. fig.).
 THE RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE 53
Q is east of O by
63:89 — 5-208 = 58-68 km = 58-7 km (to 3 sig. fig.).

18-6

0 58-68
Fic. 156.

Fig. 156 shows the position of Q relative to O.

From this figure, OQ? = (58-68)? + (18-6)?
= 3443 + 346-0
= 3789.
“. OO = 61:55.
The actual distance of Q from O is 61:6 km (to 3 sig. fig.).
18-6
Also tan 0 = 58-68

log 18:6 = 1:2695

log 58-68 I= 1-7685
log tan 17° 35’ = 17-5010
The bearing of Q from O is 072°, to the nearest degree.

Example 2. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = 10 cm, AB =

3 cm, DC = 4 cm, the angle A = 78° and the angle D = 65°.
Calculate (i) the length of BC; (ii) the angles B and C.

Fic. 157.

Draw BN and CM perpendicular to AD and BL perpendicular to

CM.
54 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

In the triangle ABN,

an = sin 78°.

’, BN = 3 sin 78° = 3(0-9781) = 2:9343 cm.

In the same triangle.
& = cos 78°.
.. AN = 3 cos 78° = 3(0:2079)
= 0-6237 cm.
In the triangle CMD,

cn = sin 65°.
.. CM = 4 sin 65° = 4(0-9063) = 3-6252 cm.
In the same triangle,
~ = cos 65°.
.. MD = 4 cos 65° = 4(0:4226) = 1:6904 cm.
.. BL = AD — AN — MD = 10 — 0:6237 — 1-6904
= 7:6859 = 7:686 cm (to 4 sig. fig.).
CL = CM — BN
= 3:6252 — 2:9343 = 0-6909 cm.
BG? =*Biay- LG
= 7-6862 + 0-69092
= 59:07 + 0:-4774 = 59-55 (to 4 sig. fig.).
AO SS IAG) SIO. Gand (UO 3 Ae wee

Also tan CBL = = = or

log 0:-6909 = 1-8394
log 7-686 = 0-8857
log tan 5° 8’ = 3-9537
*. CBL = 5° 8’.
Since BL is parallel to AD, the angle ABL = 180° — 78° = 102°.
vo == LOZ Sa Sed Ogos
C = 360° — 78° — 65° — 107° 8’ = 109° 52’,

EXERCISES 20A
1, A ship steams 4 km due east and then 5 km due north. What is
the bearing of its final position from its original ?
2, A man walks 4 km due east and then 3 km in a direction N. 30° E.
What is his bearing and distance from his original position ?
3. An aircraft flies 5 km north-east from an airport and then 3 km due
east. Find its bearing now from the airport.
 THE RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE 55
4, A man walks 3 km in a direction N. 20° E. and then 2 km in a
direction N. 40° E. How far is he from his starting point ?
5. An aircraft flies 100 km on a bearing of 080° and then 60 km on a
bearing of 120°. How far is it from its starting point ?
6. A square of side 4 cm rests on a plane of inclination 30°. If OA =
5 cm, find the height of C above the level of O.

Fic. 158.

7. In the quadrilateral ABCD, AD = 3 cm, AB = 8cm, and BC =

5 cm. Given also that the angle A = 90° and that the angle B = 70°,
calculate the length of CD.
C

A 8 B
Fic. 159.

8. In the trapezium PQRS, the sides PQ and RS are parallel. If

PQ =8 cm, and PS = QR =5 cm, calculate the length of SR, given
that angle P = the angle Q = 70°.

Fic. 160.
56 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

9. In the quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 9 cm, AD = 3 cmand BC =

4cm. Given that angle A = angle B = 60°, calculate the angles C and D.

A 9 : B
Fic. 161.

10. An aircraft flying due east at a constant height of 1000 m is spotted

due north at an angle of elevation of 40°. Some time later, its angle of
elevation from the same place is 30°. Find its bearing now.

EXERCISES 20B
1. A man walks 3 km due north and then 6 km due east. Find his
bearing from his original position.
2. A ship steams 4 km due north and then 3 km south-west. What
is its distance and bearing from its original position ?
3. An aircraft flies 4 km south-west from an airport and then 2 km
due north. Find its bearing now from the airport.
4. A man walks 2 km in a direction 020° and then 3 km in a direction
050°. How far is he from his starting point ?
5, An aircraft flies 70 km on a bearing of 020° and then 40 km on a
bearing of 180°. How far is it from its starting point ?
6. ABCD is a trapezium with AB parallel to DC. If AB = 12 cm,
AD = BC = 4cm and the angle A = the angle B = 60°, calculate the
length of CD.

A 12cm B
Fic. 162.

7. In the quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 2 cm, AD = 6 cmand BC =

7 cm. Given that the angle A = 90° and that the angle B = 120°, calcu-
late the length of CD.
 THE RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE | 57
C

Fic. 163.
8. In the quadrilateral PORS, PQ = 12 cm, PS =4 cm and QR
=6cm. Given that the angle P = 70° and that the angle O = 60°,
calculate the length of SR.

Fic. 164.
9. An aircraft flying due north at a constant height of 2000 m is
spotted due east at an angle of elevation of 28°. Some time later its
angle of elevation from the same place is 20°. Find its bearing now.
10. ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 10 cm, BC =4cm. It
rests on a plane inclined at 40° to the horizontal. If OA =3 cm, calcu-
late the height of C above the level of O.

Fic. 165,
58 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
Sin, cos and tan of special angles
(1) The angle 45°
Draw a triangle ABC, right-angled at B, such that AB = BC = 1 cm.
Then CAB = 45°.
C

Fic. 166.

By Pythagoras, AC? = AB? + BC?

: ox (2 S12 ei Z.
fs AC = 4/2,
ge ee CB 1
sin 45° = Was V2 (= 0-7071)
mage es eer re
cos 45° = AGa af?
saCB
tan 45° = AB = il

(2) The angles 30° and 60°

Draw an equilateral triangle ABC in which AB = BC=CA =2 cm.
Draw BD perpendicular to AC.

Fic. 167,
 THE RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE 59
The triangles BAD and BCD are congruent.
Therefore DAB = 60° and ABD — 30°.
AD = 1 cm and, by Pythagoras,
BD? = AB — AD?
=4-—]1=3,
BD = V3
: al eye 8) 3
sin 60 aia Gea? ue (= 0-8660)
Sins
cos 60 = WB

tan 60° = 2 nfo (== 4°7321).

E eee,lel
Also sin 30 emir a)

po Daa) a
cos 30 ap oF

opel ex 1
tan 30 BD v3 (= '0°5774).

(3) The angles 0° and 90°

Draw a triangle ABC, right-angled at B, in which the angle BAC
= x°, where x is very small and AB =1 cm.

eee cane
A B
Fic. 168.

Then sin x? = SF
As,
cos x Ae?

sey
an x = Sigce
FB

The nearer x approaches the value zero, the smaller does CB

become and the nearer does AC become equal to AB or to 1 cm.
In the limit, sin 0° = 0
cos 0° = 1
tan 0° = 0.
60 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

i F a AB.
Also sin ACB = AC?

a CB
cos ACB = AC

“a AB
tan ACB => CB’

As x approaches 0, the angle ACB approaches 90°.

So, in the limit,
sin 90° = 1,
cos 90° = 0,
and tan 90° is co.
The symbol oo is used to represent infinity. This means that the
tangent of an acute angle may be made to exceed any given number,
however large, by taking the angle sufficiently close to 90°.
These results are given in tabular form and should be memorised.

0° 30° 45° | 60° | ~~ 90°

1 1 v3
on 2 2 v2 27 :
Cost. alse: 1 v3
a 1
V2 51 0
1 |
tan . 0 —— 1 3
v3 i i
EXERCISES 21A
Verify the following facts:
1, sin? 45° + cos? 45° = 1. 9 cosne
60
Dan 80°
3. sin? 90° + cos? 90° = 1. os
cos 45
ae
5. sin? 60° + cos? 60° = 1.

EXERCISES 21B
Verify the following facts:
1. sin? 30° + cos? 30°-= 1. 2 ie =—rtan Ons
cos 30
cos 30° .
3. 30° = tan 60°. 4, tan 60 ° = tan180°

5. sin? 0° + cos? 0° = 1.
 THE RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE 61
EXERCISES 22 (Miscellaneous)

1. A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm is 7-5 cm long. Find the

angle which the chord subtends at the centre of the circle.
2. The legs of a pair of compasses are each 6 cm long. The compasses
are used to draw a circle of radius2 cm. Findthe angle between the legs.
3. Find the radius of the circle circumscribing a regular pentagon of
side 2 cm.
4. A skylight 72 cm long is propped open by a stay 27 cm long.
Through what angle does the skylight open?
5. A pendulum 9 cm long swings through an angle of 30° on each side
of the vertical. What is the distance between the extreme positions of
the bob?
6. In Fig. 169, ABCD is a square of side 8cm. If AP = 5 cm,calcu-
late the angle DPC.
7. A door of width 1 metre stands open D Cc
at an angle of 60°. Find the distance of the
top corner from its closed position.
8. Find the area of an equilateral triangle
of side 4 cm.
9. A ladder 7 m long inclined at 30° to
the vertical rests with its foot on level ground.
Find how high up a vertical wall it reaches.
10. The projection of a line AB on another
line is equal in length to 44B. Find the
angle between the lines.
11. A man walks 2 km on a bearing of
030° and then 3 km on a bearing of 060°. Fic. 169.
How far is he from his starting point?
12. From an observation balloon 2000 m above a flat horizontal plane,
a house is seen due south at an angle of depression of 30°. At the
same time, a church is due east at an angle of depression of 45°. Find
the distance between the house and the church.
13. In Fig. 170, the angle A is a right angle,
the angle TCB = 124°, TC =4 cmand CB= fT
6 cm. Calculate the angle TBC.
14. A ladder 20 m long stands in a passage
with vertical walls on either side. Its foot is 4}
7 m from one wall and 8 m from the other.
The ladder is rotated from the position in which
the top rests against one wall to the position C
in which it rests against the other wall. Find
the angle through which the ladder is rotated.
15. A tower standing on level ground has a
vertical flagstaff 6 m high on top of it. From
a point on the ground, the angles of elevation A
of the top and bottom of the flagstaff are 30° and Fic. 170.
28° respectively. Find the height of the tower.
16. A man starting from a point P walks 3
km on a bearing of 040° to a point Q. From Q he walks at right
62 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

angles to his original direction until he reaches a point due north of P.

Find how far he walks in all. ,
17, The angle of elevation of an aircraft flying at a height of 4000 m
from a point on the ground is 48°, Find the angle of elevation from
the same point of an aircraft vertically beneath the first and half as high.
18. The quadrilateral ABCD is such that the angle B is a right angle
and the angle BAC = 30°. Given that AB = 4cm, DA = DC =8cm,
calculate the angle D of the quadrilateral.
19, A ship steams 5 km north-east from a port and then 3 km
on a bearing of 080°. Calculate the bearing of the ship from the port.
20. Calculate the angles of a triangle whose sides are 7 cm, 7 cm
and 9 cm. |
21. Calculate the area of an isosceles triangle whose equal sides are
each 8 cm long and include an angle of 42°.
22. A rhombus of side 4 cm has one of its angles 74°. Find the
lengths of its diagonals.
23. A tower stands on the side of a hill which has a uniform gradient
of 1 in 25. A man walks 50 m up the slope away from the tower and
the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is then 22° 30’. Find the
height of the tower.
24, A rectangle ABCD in which AB = 8 cm, BC = 4 cm, is tilted
so that AB makes an angle of 42° with the horizontal. Find the height
of C above A, given that AD is horizontal.
25. The tangents from a point P to a circle are 6 cm long and include
an angle of 48°. Find the radius of the circle.
26. A man standing on a vertical cliff 130 m high observes two buoys
in line with him whose angles of depression are 19° and 26°. Find the
distance between the buoys.
27. Two equal circles of radii 6 cm have their centres 8 cm apart.
Find the length of their common chord.
28. A man walks 3 km east, then 2 km north-east and then 2 km in a
direction 072°. Find his bearing from his starting point.
29. Without using tables verify that
(i) sin 60° = 2 sin 30° cos 30°.
(ii) sin 90° = 2 sin 45° cos 45°.
30. The ratios of the sides of a triangle are 2: 2:3. Find the angles
of the triangle.
 CHAPTER V

COSECANT, SECANT AND COTANGENT;

IDENTITIES
The cosecant
To find AC from Fig. 171, we have used the following method.
sey
sin 32
omh=> AG
ech na= AC’
ging
2-4 2-4
~ sin 32° 0-5299
= 2-4 x 1-887 (reciprocal tables
= 4-53 (to 3 sig. fig.).

Fic. 171.

To avoid looking up the sine of 32° and then its reciprocal, another
ratio called the cosecant is used.
In a right-angled triangle, the cosecant (often written cosec) of an
acute angle is the ratio of the hypotenuse to the opposite side.
The side AC may be more shortly found as follows:
AC 32°
7.4 = cosec 32°.
a MAC= 2-4 cosec! 32;
== 24 x 1-8871
= 4:53 (to.3 -sig. fig).

The secant and cotangent

The reciprocals of cosine and tangent are called secant and cotangent
respectively and are written in abbreviated form as sec and cot.
63
64 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Th us cosec 6=
G = se
ae

sec) = ——;
~ cos’
cot 0 = pais
The sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant and cotangent are called
the six trigonometrical ratios of an angle.
The following properties of the ratios are worthy of note.
(1) The sine and cosine of an angle cannot be greater than 1.
(2) The cosecant and secant of an angle cannot be less than 1.
(3) The sine and tangent of an acute angle increase as the angle
increases.
(4) The cosine of an acute angle decreases as the angle increases.
(5) The cosecant and cotangent of an acute angle decrease as the
angle increases.
(6) The secant of an acute angle increases as the angle increases.
Exactly as when using cosine tables, differences must be subtracted
when cosecant and cotangent tables are used.
(Note that this applies to the three ratios beginning with the prefix
co-.)

Solution of a right-angled triangle

To solve a right-angled triangle, given one other angle and a side,
always express ORS CTepalls as a trigonometrical ratio of the given
known side
acute angle. As this ratio leads to a multiplication and not a division,
the arithmetical work is made easier.
Complementary angles
We have already proved that
cos (90° — x) = sinx and that sin (90° — x) = cosx.
Similarly, we shall now see that
sec (90° — x) = cosecx and that cosec (90° — x) = sec x;
cot (90° — x) =tanx and that tan (90° — x) = cot x.
In the triangle ABC, right-angled at B, the angles A and C are
complementary.
Therefore, if the angle A = x, the angle C = (90° — x).
From the figure, cosec A = = = sec C,
*, cosec x = sec (90° — x),
The other identities are proved in a similar way.
 COSECANT, SECANT AND COTANGENT; IDENTITIES 65
C

A
Fic. 172.

Notice that the prefix co- stands in each case for complementary
and means that the ratio of an angle is equal to the co-ratio of its
complement.
In some books of tables, cosecant tables are not provided. The
cosecant of an angle is then found by looking up the secant of its
complement. Similarly the cotangent of an angle may be found by
looking up the tangent of its complement.

EXERCISES 23A
1. Using tables, write down the values of the cosecant of:
(a) 18° 42’; (6) 24°; (c) 36° 15’; (d) 42° 20’; (e) 72° 11’.
2. Using tables, write down the values of the secant of:
(a) 92-10% (6) 2273) (c) 30° 127; (d) 72° 40’; (80°.
3. Using tables, write down the values of the cotangent of:
(G)et5at 27.8 (b) eS 17223) 285 42259) 62-40% (ey) 7022117
4. Write down a value of x from each of the following equations:
(i) cosec x = sec 42°; (ii) cot x = tan 12°? (iii) sin x = cos 71°.
5. If sinx = %, write down the value of cosec x.
In questions 6 to 10, ABC is a triangle right-angled at B.
6. Given that AB =5 cm and that the angle A = 42°, find AC.
7. Given that BC = 4:1 cm and that the angle A = 62°, find AC.
8. Given that BC = 4-8 cm and that the angle A = 54°, find AB.
9. Given that BC = 10 cm and that AB = 8:2 cm, find the angle A.
10. Given that AC = 11-2 cm and that BC = 5 cm, find the angle A.

EXERCISES 23B
1. Using tables, write down the values of the cosecant of:
(a) 10° 54’; (6) 12° 247; (c)_28°s1573 (d)72°. 473. (e) 82°.
2. Using tables, write down the values of the secant of:
(a) 12° 18’; (6) 22° 52’; (c) 34° 24’; (d) 58°; (e) 82° 14’.
3. Using tables, write down the values of the cotangent of:
(a) 8° 10’; () 18° 10%; (c)28° 10%; (@)=58° 42’; (e) 78° 52’.
4. Write down a value of y from each of the following equations:
(i) cosec y = sec 27°; (ii) coty = tan 27°? (iii) cosecy = cos 14°"
5. If cot x = 4, write down the value of tan x.
66 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

In questions 6 to 10, LMN is a triangle right-angled at M.

6. Given that MN = 4 cm and that the angle L = 22°, find LN.
7. Given that MN = 15 cm and that the angle L = 62°, find LM.
8. Given that MN = 38 cm and that the angle L = 46°, find LN.
9. Given that MN = 5 cm and that LM = 8:1 cm, find the angle L.
10. Given that LN = 8-6 cm and that MN = 5 cm, find the angle L.

Given one ratio of an angle, to find the other ratios

: 12
Example 1. Given that sin A = 73? find tan A and sec A.
Draw the triangle ABC, in which the angle B
is a right angle and in which BC = 12, AC = 13.
: a2
Then sin A = 13"
By Pythagoras,
5 : AB? = AC* — BC*
= 13? — 12?
= 295.
AB = 5.
Oppaale
A ; B tan A = Adj. ae re
Bice 173s we Hyp. 13
Te Pe ager 5
Example 2. Given that secA = 4 find sin A and tan A.

Draw the triangle ABC, right-angled at B, in which AB = n, AC = m.

Then sec A = re

By Pythagoras, C
BOA AC* AB
=m? — n!
m

sin A = —— =
Hyp. m A n B
Opp. Vm? — n? Fic. 174
A=——= ;
a Adj, n

EXERCISES 24A

1. Given that sin A = 5?

: find tan A.

2. Given that cotx = 1-5, find cos x,

 COSECANT, SECANT AND COTANGENT; IDENTITIES 67
d 5
3. Given that tanx = 1?’ find sec x.

4. Given that tanx = - find cos x.

F Tt we ¢
5. Given that secy = find sin v.

EXERCISES 24B
3
1. Given that cos A = 5?
=, find tan A.

2. Given that cosec x = 2, find cos x.

12
3. Given that cosy = 7 13 find cot y.

: m
4. Given that cot x = ae find cos x.

5. Given that cosec y = Rsfind tan y.

Identities
If ABC is a right-angled triangle in which the angle B = 90°,
C

A B
Mien IAs

: BE. a AB
Ae
sin A = AC and cos A = Ac

sind BC/AC _ BCR GAC BC

at ieee dC. AB. an 8
stan A = S04 apie Ble has x)

nao AA ANAC A A A “ cotA= ae se

Again
:
sin
H 2/4
+ cos 2 A
=
a
(Gc)
BC\* 4
AC
AB ;
68 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
BC? + AB?
ori Penk we
Ae.
(by Pythagoras)
pee te,
= 1.
.. sin? A + cos? A= 1 A - 7 {ai}
AC\? CB\2
sec? A — tan? A = (Zs) — (za)

sz AG acres
ee eee
2
= oe (by Pythagoras)
==],
“se? A—tanr*-A=1. ’ = (iv)
mod CAN"
cosec? A 4 — cot? A
pepo pee) at AB\?
poe
(ce) (ca)

alGerAee
= he See oe
2
= ea (by Pythagoras)
= 1,

.“. cosec?A—cot??A=1 . 4 ~.22(9)

These five identities should be learnt by heart.

EXERCISES 25
Express the following as the ratio of an acute angle (questions 1 to 10).
sin 50° 2 :
sin 40°
; cos 40° 2. sin 40° 3. tan 24° cos 24°.

, oe
4, ane
sin 22 5. sec 30° sin 30°. 6. cot 25° sin 25°.
7. cosec 14° cos 14°. 8. sec 24° tan 66°. 9. sin 30° cosec 60°.
10. sin A sec A.
11. Simplify tan x cot (90° — x).
12. Simplify tan x tan (90° — x).
13. Given that sin x = p, find tan x.
: : tan x
14. Simplify tan (90° — x)"

15. Given that sec A = t find tan A.

 COSECANT, SECANT AND COTANGENT; IDENTITIES 69
. Evaluate sin? 20° + cos? 20°.
- Evaluate sin? 22° + sin? 68°.
. Evaluate cosec? 42° — cot? 42°.
. Evaluate cosec? 48° — tan? 42°.
. Evaluate sec? 22° — tan? 22°.
. Evaluate sec? 35° — cot? 55°.
sin? A
. Simplify sec? .4 —
cos? A’
1
. Simplify sin* « +
sec? x’
cos? x
. Simplify cosec? x —
sin? x"
1
. Simplify
sin?x tan? x
. Simplify (1 + cos A) (1 — cos A).
1 1 1
- Simplify (<<ft coe
+ Ae x cot 5)
. Simplify(sec x + 1)(sec x — 1).
is x? 2
. If x = asin0, y = bcos9, prove that a + Fa =1,

. If acosecx = p and bcotx =gq, find a relation between a, p,

q.
. If 3 sec 9 = x and 2 tan 6 = y, find a relation between x and y.
Prove that tan A is never less than sin A if A is acute.
Prove that cot @ is never less than cos 6 if 4 is acute.
. Verify Sei eae eae tables that sec? 60° — tan? 60° = 1.

. Given that =er a /3, find a value of x.

sinx . 2
. Given that cos x =<,oye find a value of x.
. Given that 4s
sin x = 3 cos x, find a value of x.
—b
If tan 0 = ato’
at find sin 0.

i Theos) =ea
as 3» find tan 0.
cos A a sin A
. Given that tan A = 3 evaluate without using
cos A + sinA

. If rcos@ = 3 and rsin@ = 4, find values for r and 90.

. For what acute angles is sin x greater than cos x.
Find a value of x if sin x = cos 2x.
. Find a value of « if cosec x = sec 4x.
. Find a value of y if tan 2y = cot 3y.
1 —COs, x
. Simplify <fm
sin’ x
 CHAPTER V1

THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS

A plane is a surface such that, if any two points in the plane are
joined by a straight line, then every point of this line lies in the surface.
For example, the floor of a room is a horizontal plane; every line
in the plane is horizontal.
The wall of a room is a vertical plane. It is perpendicular to any
horizontal plane but note that a line in a vertical plane is not necessarily
vertical.
Two planes, unless they are parallel, intersect in a line. (Consider
the intersection of the floor and a wall.)

Fic. 176.

_ A cube is a solid of 6 faces and 12 edges. Every face of the cube

is a square.
A cuboid has each of its six faces a rectangle.
A tetrahedron is the solid obtained by joining any four points in
space. It has 4 faces, each of which is a triangle, and 6 edges. A
regular tetrahedron has all its edges equal.

BIGo al77.

A pyramid with a square base is formed by joining all points

on the perimeter of a square to another point not in the plane of
the square. The other four faces of the pyramid are triangles.
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 71

Fic. 178.

A pyramid on a rectangular base is formed by joining all points

on the perimeter of a rectangle to another point not in the plane of
the rectangle.
Skew lines are lines which are not in the same plane. They
neither meet nor are parallel. ‘The angle between skew lines is equal
to the angle between parallels to the lines drawn so that they do meet.

The angle between a line and a plane

The angle between a line PO, which meets a plane ABCD at O,
and the plane ABCD is the angle between PO and its projection on

Fic. 179.

the plane. I[f PN is perpendicular to the plane, the angle between

the line and the plane is PON.
A line perpendicular to a plane is perpendicular to every
line in that plane.

The angle between two planes

The angle between two planes which meet in the line AB is the
angle between two lines, one in each plane, perpendicular to the line
of intersection, AB, of the planes.
72 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

The angle between

the two planes shown
is ROQ.

1
Fic. 180.

The line of greatest slope

If one of the given planes is horizontal so that OQ is horizontal,
then RO is said to be the line of greatest slope in the inclined plane.
All lines of greatest slope in a given plane are parallel.
The line of greatest slope of a hillside is the steepest path up the
hill.
Perpendicular planes
If two planes are perpendicular, note that every line of one plane
is not perpendicular to every line of the other plane.
There follow examples on the most common solid figures.

Example 1. AP, BQ, CR, DS are parallel edges of a cube of side

4 cm. Find
(i) the angle RAD;
(ti) the angle between RA and the plane ABCD;
(tii) the angle between the planes DRA and ABCD.
(i) REA,
—"PC2 CR
= 42.4 42 = 32.
“ RD = 732 =4Vv2.

RIG. 1316

AD is perpendicular to the plane RCDS.

-. the angle ADR = 90°,
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 73
From the triangle ARD,
tan RAD = a 21-414,
*, RAD = 54° 44’,
(ii) The foot of the perpendicular from R
R to the plane ABCD is C.
Therefore the angle required is RAC.
In the triangle RAC, the angle 4
RCA = 90°, RC = 4cmand AC =

*. tan RAC = 42 = aie = 0:7071 Fic. 182.

and RAC = 35° 16’.

(iii) The line of intersection of the planes is AD. The angle required
is therefore RDC, which equals 45°.

Example 2. ABCD 1s a regular tetrahedron of side 8m. Given that

N is thee F008 of the perpendicular from D to the plane ABC, find
(1) the length of DN;
(1) the angle DA makes with the plane
ABC;
(iii) the angle between the planes DAB
and ABC.
(i) By symmetry, if N is the foot of
the perpendicular from D to the
plane ABC, than Nis the centroid of
the equilateral triangle dBC. 'The
perpendicular NX, from N to AB,
bisects AB and NA bisects the
angle A.

pms)
Since AX = 14 m AN = 73:3 = V3 m

C D

A X B A 3 N
Fic. 184. Fic. 185.
74 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Because DN is perpendicular to AN, by Pythagoras

DN? = AD? — AN?
= 3? — (v3)"
=9-—3=6.
- DN = V6 m:
(ii) DN is the perpendicular from D to the plane ABC. ‘The angle
required is therefore DAN.

= 0:5774.
*. DAN = 54° 44’,
(iii) The line of intersection of the planes DAB and BAC is AB
The angle required is therefore DXN.
D From the triangle AXN,

aes = tan 30° = —,

ht i eae a
Ne aN na ve
2 = oe
From the triangle DNX,

DeN= v6 _ 26 =
ear N tan Vi atl 272

Fic. 186. = 2828

°. DRN = 70° 31’.
Example 3. ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 3m BC = 2m.
Given that P is a point such that PA = PB = PC = PD = 6 m, find
(i) the angle PAD;
(ti) the angle between PA and the plane ABCD;
(iti) the angle between the planes PAD and ABCD.

P P

6 6

Kee I--> D
Fic. 187. Fic. 1838
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 75

(i) PAD is an isosceles triangle in which PA =PD=6 m ?

AD =2m.
*, cos PAD = 4 = 0-1667.
. PAD = 80° 24’.
(ii) If O is the meet of the diagonals AC and BD, then by symmetry
PO is perpendicular to ABCD.
The angle required is PAO.
By Pythagoras, from the right-angled triangle ABC,
AC? = AB? + BC?
a 6H db OE) ce 11k)
sy AKC) 3
VALS =. SLAG rani,
AO= 1:803 m.
? a 1-803
From the triangle PAO, cos PAO = cages

= 0°3005.
* PAO = 72° 31%

: P

° vi35

A 1803. O xX 5S O
Fic. 189. Fic. 190.

(iii) The line of intersection of the planes is AD. If X is the mid-

point of AD, the angle required is PXO.
From Fig. 187, PX? = PA? — AX?
= 36 —1 = 35.
. PX = 35.
From the triangle PXO,

pebeo nae |Cae taeee

5 35

5-916
;

~ 15a
= 3-944,
rs PX O mea 9%
76 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Example 4. A desk makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. A

line in the plane of the desk makes an angle of 30° with the line of greatest
slope. Find the angle which this line makes with the horizontal.
Suppose that ABCD represents the desk and AD a line of greatest
slope.
If N is a point on DC such that NAD = 30°, we are asked to find the
angle that AN makes with the horizontal.

C N D

Fic. 191.

If AD =h, from the triangle NAD,

AN i 2
PR pao 30° = V3"

; 2h
’. AN = V3

D N

A
Fic. 192,

es DX is the perpendicular from D to the horizontal plane through

DX
ie ee
“. DX = th.
ABTheis height
th of D and therefore of N above
above the the hori
horizontal plane through
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 77

D N

h 2h
3 gh

[30
x= A Nae Y
Fic. 193. Fic. 194.
If NY is the perpendicular from N to the horizontal plane through
AB, the angle required is NAY.
th TAGyW3

V3
V3
a gy
= 0-4330
“. NAY = 25° 40’.
EXERCISES 26A
Questions 1 to 10 refer to Fig. 195 which represents a rectangular
room which AB =8 m, AD=4 m and AP =3 m. The plane
ABCD is horizontal.
= e Find the length of AR.
. Find the angle AR makes with
the horizontal.
. Find the angle AS makes with
the horizontal.
Find the angle between AR
and BS.
Find the angle between the
planes AQRD and ABCD.
Find the angle between the
planes SRB and SDAP.
Find the angle DRA.
. Find the angle between the planes SQBD and SDAP.
. Find the angle DRC.
po.SemNn
WWD Find the angle that the plane ASQ makes
JFF
HO
DH with the horizontal.
Questions 11 to 18 refer to Fig. 196 which represents a right pyramid
on a rectangular base. AB = 4m, BC =3 mand VA=VB=VC
=VD=8m.
11. Find the length of VN.
12. Find the angle between VA and the plane ABCD.
13. Find the angle between the planes VAD and ABCD.
14. Find the angle between the planes VAB and ABCD.
78 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

15. Find the angle AVD.

16. Find the angle AVC.
17. Find the angle between the planes VAD and VBC.
18. Find the angle between the planes VAB and VDC.
Questions 19 to 23 refer to Fig. 197 which represents a tetrahedron.
ABC is an equilateral triangle of side4cm. VA = VB=VC =6 cm.
VN is perpendicular to the plane ABC.
19. Find the length of AN. V
20. Find the length of VN.
21. Find the angle VA makes with the plane
ABC.
22. Find the angle between the planes AVB
and ABC.
23. Find the angle AVB.
24. A desk is inclined at an angle of 20°
with the horizontal. Find the angle which a
line on the desk, inclined at 10° to a line of
greatest slope, makes with the horizontal.
25. A hillside slopes at 1 in 10. Find the Fic. 197.
angle with the horizontal made by a path which
climbs at an angle of 30° with the line of greatest
slope.
26. A right pyramid of height 8 m has a hexagonal base of side 6 m.
Find the angle which one of the faces makes with the base.
27. The elevation of the top of a tower is 30° from each of two places,
one due east and the other due north of the tower. Given that the
two places are 180 m apart, find the height of the tower.
28. The elevation of the top of a tower from a point P due west of
the tower is 28°. ‘The elevation of the top of the tower from another
point Q due south of the tower is 32°. Given that PQ = 200 m,
find the height of the tower.
29. A circular lamp of radius 30 m is suspended in a horizontal posi-
tion by 5 chains fastened at equal intervals round the lamp. If the length
of oo chain is 45 cm find the angle which a chain makes with the
vertical.
30. A rectangle ABCD in which AB = 4 m, AD = 3 m, is rotated
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 79

through 30° about the line AB. Find the angle between the two
positions of AC.

EXERCISES 26B
Questions 1 to 10 refer to Fig. 198 which represents a rectangular
box in which AB = 12 cm, AD = 8 cm and AP = 6 cm.

Fic. 198.

Find the length of AR.

Find the angle AR makes with the plane ABCD.
Find the angle the plane ADRQ makes with the plane ABCD.
Find the angle DRA.
Find the angle between AR and BS.
Find the angle AS makes with the plane SRCD.
. Find the angle AS makes with the plane ABCD.
. Find the angle between the planes DSQB and ADSP.
NI
20
SO
OS
OR Find the angle DRC.
10. Find the angle between the planes ASQ and ABCD.
Questions 11 to 16 refer to Fig. 199 which represents a right pyramid
on a square base. AB = 2m and VN =3 m.

Fic. 199,

11. Find the

length VA.
12. Find the
angle VA makes with the plane ABCD.
13. Find the
angle between the planes VAD and ABCD.
14, Find the
angle DV A.
15. Find the
angle AVC.
16. Find the angle between the planes VAD and VBC.
80 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Questions 17 to 20 refer to Fig. 200 which represents a regular tetra-

hedron of edge 3 cm.

Fic. 200.

17. Find the length of AN.

18. Find the length of VN.
19. Find the angle between VA and the plane ABC.
20. Find the angle between the planes AVB and VBC.
21. A plane is inclined at 40° to the horizontal. A line in the plane
is inclined at 25° to the horizontal. Find the angle which this line
makes with a line of greatest slope of the plane.
22. A hillside slopes at 1 in 9. A path crossing the hillside slopes
at 1 in 12. Find the angle which this path makes with a line of
greatest slope.
23. From two points, one south-east and the other south-west of a
tower, the angles of elevation of the top of the tower are, in each case,
40°. Ifthe distance between the two points is 120 m, find the height of
the tower.
24, P is south and Q is east of a tower. ‘The angles of elevation of
the top of the tower from P and Q are respectively 40° and 30°. If
the distance PQ is 160 m, find the height of the tower.
25. A right pyramid has an octagonal base of side 2m. If the height
of the pyramid is 4 m, find the angle which a face makes with the base.
26. A rectangle ABCD in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 4cm,, is inclined
at 40° to the horizontal. Given that AB is horizontal, find the angle
AC makes with the horizontal.
27. Roofs slope outward from the sides AB, BC of a square court-
yard. If each roof makes an angle of 45° with the horizontal, find the
angle which their line of intersection makes with the horizontal.
28. An isosceles triangle in which AB = 8cm, AC = CB = 5 cm, is
rotated through 60° about the line AB. Find the angle which AC
makes with its original position.
29. Six points equally spaced on a horizontal circle are joined to a
point 60 cm vertically above the centre by equal strings. If the radius
of the circle is 30 cm, find the angle which a string makes with the
horizontal.
30. The face of a clock is inclined at 10° to the vertical. Find the
angle which the hour hand makes with the vertical at 2 o’clock.
 CHAPTER VII

THE RATIOS OF ANGLES GREATER THAN 90°

The coordinates of a point
WHEN we are drawing an algebraic graph, say of y = x + x?, we
take two perpendicular axes, the x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis
(vertical).
The coordinates of any point in the plane are the distances of the
point from the two axes. The x coordinate (or abscissa) of the point
is the distance measured parallel to the axis of x or the distance
from the y-axis. In Fig. 201, the x coordinate of P is the distance
PN. The y coordinate of P (or ordinate) is the distance measured
parallel to the y-axis and in Fig. 201 is equal to PM.

Fic. 201.
By convention, a point to the right of the y-axis has a positive
x coordinate; a point to the left of the y-axis has a negative x coordinate.
Similarly, a point above the x-axis has a positive y coordinate; a
point below the x-axis has a negative y coordinate.
The two axes divide the plane into four quadrants which are called
the first, second, third and fourth quadrants. In Fig. 201, the quad-
rants are numbered.
In the first quadrant, both x and y coordinates are positive.
In the second quadrant, the x coordinate is negative, the y coordinate
positive.
In the third quadrant, both x and y coordinates are negative.
In the fourth quadrant, the x coordinate is positive, the -y coordinate
negative.
81
82 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

The coordinates of a point are written in the form (4, — 3). The
x coordinate is always written first. So the point (4, — 3) must be
in the fourth quadrant. es
The point of intersection of the axes, O, is called the origin.
The trigonometrical ratios
With centre O and unit radius, draw a circle to meet the positive
x-axis at A. Rotating anti-clockwise about O from the axis of x,
draw an acute angle AOP equal to 6°, and let P be on the circle.

Fic. 202.

Draw PN perpendicular to the axis of x.

The x coordinate of P is equal to ON.
The y coordinate of P is equal to PN.
ON
But cos0 = ape ON, because OP is of unit length.
: PN : :
Also sin0 = OP = PN because OP is of unit length.
Therefore the cosine and sine of the angle are equal respectively
to the x and y coordinates of the point P.
We adopt this definition to apply to angles of any size.
The sine and cosine of any angle are therefore defined in the fol-
lowing way.
Measure the angle anti-clockwise from Ox.
If the arm of the angle meets the circle at P, then the x coordinate
of the point P is equal to the cosine of the angle AOP and the y
coordinate of the point P is equal to the sine of the angle AOP.
We then define tan@ as the ratio sin 0/cos 0.
 THE RATIOS OF ANGLES GREATER THAN 90° 83
Obtuse angles
Let AOP = 147°.
The angle PON is acute and equals 33°.
From the figure, cos 33° = or = ON (OP unity),
. ou oN
and sin 33° = OP = PN.

From tables, cos 33° = 0-8387

and sin 33° = 0-5446.
.. ON = 0:8387 and PN = 0:5446.

Fic. 203.

The coordinates of P are therefore (— 0-8387, 0-5446).

But these coordinates are by definition the cosine and sine of 147°
.. cos 147° = — 0-8387
and sin 147° = + 0-5446.
In general, we see that the cosine of an obtuse angle is negative
and the sine of an obtuse angle is positive. To find the magnitude
of either, look up the same ratio of the supplementary angle in the
tables.
In fact, cos (180 — 0)° = — cos 0°;
sin (180 — 0)° = + sin 6°.
By division, tan (180 — 0)° = — tan 6°.
Angles between 180° and 270°
In Fig. 204, the angle 0 is between 180° and 270°.
D
84 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Fic. 204.

The angle PON is acute.

a ON
cos PON = OP ON;

: NP
sin PON = OP NP.

But both coordinates are negative.

*. cos 9 = — cos PON
and sin 0 = — sin PON.
By division, tan@ = + tan PON.
So in the third quadrant, the sine and cosine are negative but the
tangent is positive.
Angles between 270° and 360°
In Fig. 205, the angle 0 is between 270° and 360°.
The angle PON is acute.
ON
cos PON = ore ON.
oe NP
sin PON = ON = NP.
The x coordinate is positive and the y coordinate is negative.
*, cos? = + cos PON;
and sin 9 = — sin PON.
By division, tan 0 = — tan PON.
 THE RATIOS OF ANGLES GREATER THAN 90° 85

Fic. 205.

So in the fourth quadrant the cosine is positive but the sine and
tangent are negative.
Generalisation
A ratio of an angle is equal numerically to the same ratio of the
acute angle which the arm makes with the axis of x. The sign of
the ratio is found by considering the quadrant in which the angle lies,
There is a device for remembering the signs of the three ratios,
cosine, sine and tangent, in each of the four quadrants.
a

Fic. 206.

Put one of the letters of the word CAST in each quadrant as shown
in Fig. 206.
C stands for Cos positive, sin and tan negative.
86 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
A stands for All positive.
S stands for Sin positive, cos and tan negative.
T stands for Tan positive, sin and cos negative.
We know that all the ratios are positive in the first quadrant, so
this fixes the position of the letter A. The word cast is then written
anti-clockwise.

Example 1. Using tables, find the value of sin 327°.

The angle 327° is in the fourth quadrant and therefore its sine is
negative. The acute angle the arm makes with the x-axis is 360° — 327°
or 33°. Therefore sin 327° = — sin 33° = — 0-5446.

Example 2. Express tan 307° as a ratio of an acute angle with the

appropriate sign.
307° is in the fourth quadrant and therefore tan 307° is negative.
The acute angle which the arm makes with the x-axis is (360° — 3079)
er 53°. Therefore tan 307° = — tan 53°.

Example 3. If tan x = 8/15 and x lies between 180° and 270°, find
sin x without using tables.
If PON is the acute angle which the arm makes with the x-axis,
tan PON = 8/15. Draw a right-angled triangle as shown in Fig. 207

se Fic. 207.

so that tan « = 8/15. By Pythagoras, the hypotenuse of the triangle

is 17 and so sin « = 8/17, and therefore sin PON = 8/17. But since
the angle x is in the third quadrant, sinx is negative and therefore
sinx = — sin PON = — 8/17.

Example 4. Simplify cosec (180° + x).

Consider first sin (180° + x).
This angle is in the third quadrant if x is acute and so its sine is
negative. ‘The angle which the arm makes with the x-axis is x and
therefore sin (180° + x) is negative and equals — sin x.
*, cosec (180° -+ x) = — cosec x.
 THE RATIOS OF ANGLES GREATER THAN 90° 87
EXERCISES 27A
Using tables, write down the values of the ratios in questions 1 to 20
1. cos 100°. 2esinbl20e. 3. tan 150°. 4. cos 190°.
5. sin 220°. 6. tan 260°. 7. cos 280°. 8. sin 300°.
9. tan 320°. 10. sin 140°. 11. sin 240°. 12. tan 300°.
13. cosec 95°. 14, sec 175°, 15. cot 220°. 16. cosec 320°.
17, sec 170°. 18, cot 170°. 19 sin355-5 20. tan 175°.

Express each of the ratios in questions 21 to 30 as the ratio of an acute

angle with the appropriate sign. (Example: tan 140° = — tan 40°.)
21. sin 260°. 22. cos 200°. 23. tan 240°, 24. cosec 250°.
25. sec 170°. 26. cot 320°. 27. sin 320°. 28. cot 175°
29. tan 95°. 30. sin 212°.

In which quadrant must the angle x lie in questions 31 to 35.

31. sin x positive, cos x negative.
32. sin x positive, tan x negative.
33. cos x positive, sin x negative.
34. cos x positive, tan x negative.
35. cos x negative, sin x negative.
36. If sin x = 4/5 and x is obtuse, find cos x without using tables.
37. If tan x = 3/4 and x lies between 180° and 270°, find cos x with-
out using tables.
38. If cos x = 15/17 and x lies between 270° and 360°, find sin x
without using tables.

Use tables to find two solutions of each of the equations in questions

39 to 44.
39, sin x = 0-6. 40. cosx = — 0°8.
41, tanx = — 1-2. 42. sec x = 1:3.
43. cosecx = — 14. 44, cotx = — 0-7.
45, Simplify sec (180° — x). 46. Simplify cot (180° — x).
47, Simplify cos (360° — x). 48, Simplify sin (180° + x).
49. Simplify cos (270° — x). 50. Simplify tan (270° + x).

EXERCISES 27B
Using tables, write down the values of the ratios in questions 1 to 20.
1. cos 105°. 94, C6 AS 3. tan 155°. 4. cos 185°.
5. sin 215°. 6. tan 257°. hs, 3 AME, 8. sin 308°.
9. tan 307°. 10. sin 146°. iesiny2520 12. tan 294°.
13. cosec 106°. 14. sec 178°. 15. cot 223°. 16. cosec 317°.
17. sec 167°. 18. cot 192°. 19. sin 346°. 20. tan 184°.

Express each of the ratios in questions 21 to 30 as the ratio of an acute

angle with the appropriate sign.
21. sin 253°. 22. cos 207°. 23. tan 236°. 24. cosec 256°.
25. sec 164°, 26. cot 315°. 27, sin 333°. 28. cot 183°.
29. tan 92°. 30. sin 209°.
 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

which quadrant must the angle x lie in questions 31 to 35,

. sin x negative, tan x negative.
. tan x positive, sin x negative.
. tan x positive, cos x negative.
. cos X negative, tan x negative.
. sin x positive, tan x negative.
. If cos x = — 4/5 and x is obtuse, find tan x without using tables.
37. If tan x = — 3/4 and x lies between 270° and 360°, find cos x
without using tables.
38, If tan x = — 8/15 andxlies between 270° and 360°, find cosv
without using tables.
Use tables to find two solutions of each of the equations in questions
39 to 44.
39. sin x = 0:53. 40. cos x = — 0°82.
41. tanx = + 0°76. 42. cosecx = + 1:5.
43. secx = — 158. 44, cotx = + 1-4.
45. Simplify cos (180° + x). 46. Simplify cos (270° + x).
47, Simplify sin (270° — x). 48. Simplify sec (360° — x).
49, Simplify cosec (180° — x). 50. Simplify cot (270° + x).
 CHAPTER VIII

GRAPHS
Graph of sin x°
To draw the graph of y = sin x°, for values of x between 0 and 90,
take values of x at intervals of 10 and find the corresponding values
of sin x.

x SH 0 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70

y = sin x°
(to2 decimal | 0 | 0:17) 0-34) 0-50 |0-64 |0-77 |0:87 |0-94 |0-98
places)

The graph of y = sin x° as x varies from 0 to 90 is shown in Fig. 208.

rl
20 30 40 50 60 70 8
Fic. 208.
89
90 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

As x varies from 90 to 180, sin x° is positive and decreases from

1 to 0; as x varies from 180 to 270, sin x° is negative and decreases
from Ore 1; as x varies from 270 to 360, sin x° is negative and
increases from — 1 to 0.
The graph of y = sin x° between x = 0 and x = 360 is shown in
Fig. 209.

10 y

= mi T t
| | T x

05 f
Efabstelel
a if rH t

0 x
10

705

— fet

HH :
-10
Fic. 209.

Graph of cos *°
ale find values of cos x° corresponding to values of x at intervals
(0) .

x mia babe! ood! 80 90

mie | | | |
PEEPS 1-00 0-98 |0-94 0-87 |0-77. a 0-50 0-34. 0-17| 0
aera |
i
| | i}See e| i |
|
| al.
The graph of y = cos x° as « varies from 0 to 90 is shown in Fig. 210.
Since sin (90° + x) = cos x, it follows that the sine and cosine
curves are of the same shape but that the two graphs are placed differ-
ently relative to the axis of y. The curves are said to be out of phase.
The graph of y = cos x° as x varies from 0 to 360 is shown in Fig. 211.
 GRAPHS

[ONO te O04 Ola SO GOT OnCOMn gO x

Fic. 210.

Fic. 211.
92 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Graph of tan *°
The following table shows corresponding values of x and tan x°.

x 0 |10 | 20 |30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 |80 |90

y = tan x° | | |
(to 2 decimal | 0 | 0-18 |0-36 0-58 0:84 1:19 1-73 2-75 5°67 foe)
places) | | | |

oan i
re) : See aad GCG En Gee eee cee eeoen ceeeeeee
10 20 30 40 SO’ 60-4 70'j- +80 90
Fre3212;

The graph is said to approach the line x = 90 asymptotically.

For values of x between 90 and 180, tan x° is negative.
When x is between 180 and 270, tan x° is positive.
When «x is between 270 and 360, tan x° is again negative.
The graph of y = tan x° between 0 and 360 is shown in Fig. 213.
 GRAPHS 92

10

= tan
5

q i 0

-5

-10
Fic. 213.

The graphs of cosec *°, sec x° and cot x°

The graphs of cosec x°, sec x° and cot x° are not so important as
those of sin x°, cos x° and tan x° but they are shown below so that
the reader may have an idea of what they look like.

4 a4

-3

-4
Fic. 214.
94 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

EHH

Fic. 215.

Fic. 216.
 GRAPHS 05
Applications
The most common problems soluble by graphical methods are the
Daa of trigonometrical equations and the finding of maximum
values.
The methods of solving equations are similar to those used in solving
algebraic equations.
For example, if we are asked to find the solutions of 2 sin x° + 3 cos x°
= x/60 which lie between 0 and 90 graphically, we have the choice
of two methods.
We can either express the equation in the form 2 sin x° + 3 cos x°
— x/60 = 0 and then graph the left-hand side against x as x varies
from 0 to 90 or we can use the method of intersecting graphs. In
the first method, the values of x at the points of intersection of the
curve with the axis of x, are the solutions required.
In the second method, draw the graphs of y = 2 sin x° + 3 cos x°
and y = x/60 using the same scales and axes.
The values of x at the points of intersection of the graphs are the
solutions required.
Two examples are worked to illustrate these methods.

Example l. Draw the graph of 3 sin x° + 4 cos x° for values of x from

0 to 90. From your graph find solutions of the equations
(1) 8sinx® + 4cosx° = 3-5; (ti) 3sinx® + 4c0sx° = 4:5.
Find also the maximum value of 3 sin x° + 4 cos x° in the range.

Put y equal to (3 sin x° + 4 cos x°) and find values of y corresponding

to values of x at intervals of 10 from 0 to 90.

x 0 10°} 120 130° "40 7) S50 7160" 70") 80) “90

3 sin x°
(to 3 decimal | O (0:521/1-026) 1-5 |1-928'2:298)2-598)/2-819/2:954, 3
places)

4 cos x°
(to 3 decimal |4 (3-939/3-759)3-464'3-064/2-571| 2:0 1:368\0-694| 0
places)

3 sin x°
(to fife 4 | 4-46) 4-78 |4-96 |4-99 |4-87 |4-60 |4-19 |3-65) 3
| |
places)
96 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Fig. 217 shows the graph of y = 3 sin x° + 4 cos x° for values of x

from 0 to 90.

5:0
y p Ze 5
y-3sin x+4c0sx
=57
45 ac=l0 and 6]

40

3-5 x=8l

3 T T r T T OG:
(0) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 8690

Fic. 217.

To solve the equation 3 sin x° + 4 cos x° = 3-5, find where the line
y = 3:5 cuts the curve. This line cuts the curve once only in the
given range and the only solution of the equation for values of x between
0 and 90 is x = 81.
To solve the equation 3 sin x° + 4 cos x° = 4-5, find where the line
y = 4-5 cuts the curve. This line cuts the curve twice and the solu-
tions of this equation for values of x between 0 and 90 are x = 10 and
= 61.
The maximum value of (3 sin x° + 4 cos x°) in the range is 5 when
x = 37 approximately.

Example 2. Find the solution of the equation 3 sin x° + 4 cos x°

= x/12 between x = 0 and x = 90 by the method of intersecting graphs.
We have already drawn the graph of y = 3 sin x° + 4 cos x° so we
shall draw the graph of y = x/12 using the same scales and axes.
When’ x= 36) +/12)=— 3.
When « = 60, x*/12 =5.
We know that y = x/12 represents a straight line so we draw the
straight line joining the two points (36, 3) and (60, 5).
We use the fact that the point (42, 3-5) lies on the line as a check.
The straight line meets the curve when x = 57 and so x = 57 is the
one er of the equation 3 sin x° + 4 cos x° = x/12 between x = 0
and x = 90,
 GRAPHS 97
EXERCISES 28A
1. Draw the graph of sin x° between x = 0 and x = 90 and use your
graph to solve the following equations:
(i) sin x° = 0-56; (ii) cos x° = 0:56.
2. Draw the graph of cos x° between x = 0 and x = 90 and use your
graph to solve the following equations:
(i) cos x° = 0-44; (ii) sin x° = 0-44.
3. Draw the graph of tan x° between x = 0 and x = 90 and use your
graph to solve the following equations:
(i) tan x° = 1-4; (ii) cot x° = 1-4.
4. Draw the graph of cosec x° between x = 0 and x = 90 and use
your graph to solve the following equations:
(i) cosec x° = 1:5; (ii) sec x° = 1°5.
5. Draw the graph of 3 sin x° + 2 cos x° between x = 0 and x = 90
and use your graph to read off the values of (3 sin x° + 2 cos x°) when:
(i) « = 38; (ii) « = 68.
6. Use the graph drawn in question 5 to obtain solutions of the
equations:
(i) 3 sin x° + 2 cos x° = 2:5; (ii) 3 sin x° + 2 cos x° = 3-1.
7. Draw the graph of sin x° + cos x° between x = 0 and x = 90 and
find the greatest value of cos x° + sin x° in this range.
8. Use the graph drawn in question 7 to find solutions of the
equations:
(i) cos x° + sinx® = 1:1; (ii) cosx° + sinx® = 1:3.
9. Draw the graph of sin 2x° for values of x between 0 and 90. From
your graph find two solutions of the equation sin 2x° = 0-7.
10. Draw the graph of cos (x° + 40°) for values of x from — 40 to
+ 50. Find solutions of the equation cos (x° + 40°) = 0-4 which lie
in this range.
11. Draw the graph of cos x° — sinx°® from x = 0 tox = 90. Find
solutions of the equations:
(i) cos x° — sinx® =0; (ii) cos x° — sin x° = 0-2.
12. Draw the graph of sin x° + sin 2x° for values of x between 0
and 90. From your graph, find solutions of the equations:
(i) sin x° + sin 2x° =0; (ii) sin x° + sin 2x° = 1.
13. Draw the graph of x cos x° from x = 0 to x = 90. From your
graph find a solution of the equation cos x° = 30/x. j
14, Find graphically a solution of the equation sin x° = sin 3x°.
15. Find graphically a solution of the equation 2 sin x° = sin 2°.
16. Find graphically a solution of the equation cot x° = x/30.
17. Draw the graphs of cosec (x° + 35°) and sec x° from x = 0 to
x = 60. Hence find a solution of the equation cosec (x° + 35°) = sec x®.
18. Draw the graph of sin? x° between x = 0 and x = 180.
19. Draw the graph of cos? x° between x = 0 and x = 180.
20. Draw the graph of cosec 2x° + sec 3x° for values of x from 10
to 30.
98 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
EXERCISES 28B
1. Draw the graph of sin x° between x = 0 and x = 90 and use your
graph to solve the following equations:
(@nsinvver—10225a (a0) cos x® =O or
2. Draw the graph of cos x°, between x = 0 and x = 90 and use
your graph to solve the following equations:
(@Rcos\x) == 0275-5) (Gi) resin —1 037.52
3. Draw the graph of cot x° between 0 and 90 and use your graph to
solve the following equations:
(i) cot x? = 1-4; |(i) tan x2 = 104:
4, Draw the graph of sec x° from 0 to 90 and use your graph to solve:
(i) sec x° = 1°5; (41) cosecx® = 1°5.
5. Draw the graph of 2 sin x° + 3 cos x° between x = 0 and x = 90
and use your graph to read off the values of 2 sin x° + 3 cos x° when:
G) « = 38; (i) x = 68.
6. Use your graph to question 5 to obtain solutions of the equations:
(i) 2 sinx° + 3 cosx° = 2:55 (ii) 2 sinx° + 3 cosx° = 3-1.
7. Draw the graph of 2 sin x° + cos x° between x = 0 and x = 90
and find the greatest value taken by 2 sin x° + cos x° in this range.
8. Use the graph drawn in question 7 to solve the equations:
(i) 2sin x° + cos x° = 1:6; (ii) 2sinx° + cosx° = 1:9.
9. Draw the graph of cos 2x° for values of x between 0 and 90. From
your graph find solutions of the equation cos 2x = 0-7 which occur in
this range.
10. Draw the graph of sin (x° + 30°) for values of x from — 30 to
+ 60. Find the solutions of the equation sin (x° + 30°) = 0-4 which
occur in the range.
11. Draw the graph of sin x° — cos x° fromx = 0 to x = 90. Find
solutions of the equations:
(i) sin x° — cos x° = 0:2; (ii) sin x° — cos x° = 0°3.
12. Draw the graph of cos x° + cos 2x° for values of x from 0 to 90.
From your graph find solutions of the equations:
(i) cos x° + cos 2x° = 0; (ii) cos x° + cos 2x° = 1.
13. Draw the graph of xsin x° from x =0 to x = 90. From your
graph find a solution of the equation sin x° = 20/x.
14, Find graphically a solution of the equation 2 sin x° = sin 3x°.
15. Find graphically a solution of the equation sec x° + cosec x° = 4,
16. Find graphically a solution of the equation tan x° = x/50.
17, Draw the graphs of sec (x° + 60°) and cosec x° between » = 0
and x = 30 and hence find a solution of the equation sec (x° + 60°)
= cosec x°,
18. Draw the graph of tan? x° between x = 0 and x = 180.
19. Draw the graph of sec? x° between x = 0 and x = 180.
20. Draw the graph of sec 2x° + cos 3x° for values of x from 20 to 70.
 CHAPTER IX

THE SINE AND COSINE FORMULAE;

SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE
WE have so far confined ourselves to the solution of right-angled
triangles but now prove two formulae, the sine formula and the cosine
formula, which apply to any triangle.

The sine formula

The sine formula states that, in any triangle,
CF ee ee
sn A sinB sinC
a, b, c are the lengths of the sides opposite the angles A, B, C
respectively.

(i) All angles acute

Draw AD perpendicular to BC.
From the right-angled triangle ABD,
SS =sinB. .», AD=csin B.

B 5 C
Fic. 218

From the right-angled triangle ACD,

a =sinC. *, AD=bsinC.
c
* bsinC=csinB or —~=-——;
sie sin8B ~ sinC
Similarly, by drawing the perpendicular from C to AB, we prove
99
100 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

aie V3 b
that
sn A snB
a b Cc
‘sinA sinB sinc

(ii) The angle A obtuse

b c
It follows as before that The perpendicular CE
sin B Sein C-
from C to the opposite side meets BA produced at E.

Fic. 219.

From the right-angled triangle BEC,

ze =sinB. “. CE=asin B.
From the right-angled triangle CEA,
GEb ot in Wat in (goes
But sin (180° — A) = sin A.
Therefore CE = bsin A.
: : b
Ste) asin B=bsinA
sin eth,
Of ams a an
nhaone
B

a b ie
In any triangle, apd ten aa

N.B. The sine formula should never be applied to a right-

angled triangle. It is true but unnecessarily complicated as the
triangle can be solved by using the definition of sine or cosine.

Example. In the triangle ABC, the angle B = 42°, the angle C = 37°
and a = 6-2 cm. Calculate b and c.
First find the angle A. Since the sum of the angles of the triangle
is 180°, A = 180° — (42° + 37°) = 101°.
 SINE AND COSINE FORMULAE; SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE 101

cs Seali
sineAe osine. snc 2
6:2 + b c
sin 101° sin 42° ~ sin 37°
A

Diseases 6:2 cm C
Fic. 220.

Remember that sin 101° = sin (180° — 101°) = sin 79°.

No. Log.
62 | 0:7924—
. pe 2 sin 42° sin 42° | 1-8255
epee sysin ge | 0-6179
= 4:23 cm (to 3 sig. fig.). sin 79° | 1-9919
4-227 <-| 0:6260
No. Log.
6:2 0-:7924
_ 6:2 sin 37° sin 37° | 1-7795
sin 79° -0:5719
= 3:80 cm (to 3 sig. fig.). sin 79° | 1-9919
3-802 < | 0-5800

The cosine formula

In any triangle ABC,
= a+ b? — 2abcosC.

(i) The angle C acute

Draw AD, the perpendicular from A to BC, and let CD =x,
A

Cy — -—x- --><<(ax)—>B
Fic. 221.
102 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
By Pythagoras, from the right-angled triangle ACD,
AD =) — Cit Be.
From the right-angled triangle ABD,
AD? = @ — BD? =e — (a= a).
*, BF — x? = c? — (a — x)?
= ¢2 — q? — x? + 2ax.
2. =a + b — 2ax.
From the right-angled triangle ADC,
7 = 008C. “. x= beosC,

and substituting c? = qa? + b? — 2ab cos C.

(ii) The angle C a right angle
The formula becomes c? = a? + 6? (Pythagoras).
It is never necessary to use the cosine formula for a right-angled
triangle.
(iii) The angle C obtuse
Let AD be the perpendicular from A to BC produced and let
CD:= x.
A,

Igieh PPA

From the right-angled triangle ACD,

AD = 8 — CP? =t* — x*.
From the right-angled triangle BAD,
AD? = 2 — BD? = c? — (a+ x).
. P— x2= ce? — (a+ xy
= c? — q? — x? — 2ax.
“ C= a+ b+ Zax,
From the right-angled triangle ACD,

.= cos ACD = cos (180° — C).

But cos (180° — C) = — cosC and so x = — beosC.
 SINE AND COSINE FORMULAE; SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE — 103
Substituting, c* = a? 4- b* — 2ab cos C, which formula is true for
all triangles whether the angle C be acute, a right angle or obtuse.
A frequent source of error in using the formula is forgetting to
subtract the differences in the cosine or log-cosine tables.
Note that the formula may be expressed in the form
at -- b% — ¢
cos C =
7,
which is worth remembering as it is the forrn used in calculating the
angles of a triangle given the sides.
Note, too, that the formula is equivalent to the following four
formulae:
he + Cc? — a
a=b*+c2—2bccos A or cosA=
2be :
iba tide Maen Ne
6? == a +c? — 2accosB or cos B= a+ é b d
2ac
N.B. ‘The cosine formula determines very easily whether an angle
of a triangle is acute or obtuse.
If c* < a? + b*, then cos C is positive and C is acute.
If c* > a* + b*, then cos C is negative and C is obtuse.
If cos C= 0 then the angle C is a right angle (Pythagoras),
Example 1. In the triangle ABC, the angle A = 22° 32’ .b = 2-6 cm
and c = 4:4 cm. Calculate the other side and angles.
q® = b* + c* — 2be cos A,
¢, BC? = (4-4)* + (2:6)? — 2(4-4)(2-6) cos 22° 32’.
No. | Log. 3
Zz, 03010
4-4 0:6435
26 |0-4150
cos 22° 32’ 1-9655° (subtract the
21:13 < |1-3250 difference
* BC? = 19-36 + 6°76 — 21:13
a= 4:99,
”, BC = 2:234 or 2:23 cm (to 3 sig. fig.).
A
22°32

4:4
2:6

B C
Fic. 223,
104 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Notice that the cosine formula is not an easy one to work with
as the plus and minus signs make logarithmic work cumbersome.
If possible, use the sine formula for preference.
To calculate the angles B and C, use the sine formula.
b xo Bf
sinB snA
2:6 2:234
+ sin Bs esii2 ae,
__ 2-6 sin 22° 32’
‘sin B= A ete oe

Ne. ie
2:6 0-415
sin 22° 32’ |1-5834
1-9984
2-234 0-3491
sin 26° 29’ < 1-6493
< B =.26, 29°,
C = 180° — A —B
= 180° — 22° 32’ — 26° 29’ = 130° 59’.

N.B. Notice that if we had used the formula “= —*— to

snC sind
calculate C, it would have been difficult to decide whether C was
acute or obtuse since the sine of 130° 59’ is equal to the sine of 49° 1’,
By considering the smaller of the two angles (the one opposite the
smaller side), which we know must be acute, we avoided the difficulty.
So if two angles of a triangle are to be calculated by the sine formula,
always calculate the smaller of the two first.
Such difficulty in discriminating between acute and obtuse angles
does not occur in the cosine formula as the cos of an obtuse angle
has a negative sign.

Example 2. A triangle ABC has all its sides given. If a = 12:2 cm

b = 4-6 cm and c = 9:5 cm, calculate the angles of the triangle. i
A

46 =
G IZ? B
Fic. 224.
3 ny |
cos A = eins ae
 SINE AND COSINE FORMULAE; SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE 105
4-62 + 9-52 — 12-22
2(4:6)(9:5)
21:16 + 90:25 — 148-8
= 2(4-6)(9°5)
37:39
™ ~ 2(4-6)(9-5)°
*. A = 180° — 64° 40’ (using logarithms)
= 115° 20’.
Also cos B = Pate
fae atl:
anid’
2ac
12-22 + 9-52 me 4-62

2(12:2)(9-5)
_ 148-8 + 90-25 — 21-16
2(12-2)(9-5)
217-9
~ 2(12:2)(9-5)°
*. B = 19° 55’ (using logarithms).

It is easier however, after finding A, to calculate B by the sine

formula.
6 a
sinB sinA’
#6 12:2 12:2
** sinB sin 115° 20’ sin 64° 40”
Pr agl 4-6 sin 64° 40’
- Sin B= ~~ 42-2

and B= 19° 55’ (using logarithms and knowing that B

must be acute).
It is therefore advisable to find the largest angle by the cosine
formula so that the angle found by the sine formula must be acute.
C = 180° — 19° 55’ — 115° 20’ = 45° 45’.

Solution of triangles
The sine and cosine formulae are together sufficient to solve any
triangle provided enough sides and angles are given to fix the triangle.
A triangle is fixed by any one of the following sets of information.
(1) The lengths of two sides and the size of the included angle.
(2) The lengths of all three sides.
(3) The length of one side and the size of two angles, provided
we are told which side and which angles are given.
We shall now show how to calculate the other sides and angles
in each of these three cases.
106 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

(1) Two sides and the included angle

Suppose we are given A, b and c.
First calculate a by the cosine formula.
We now know a, A, 6 and ¢ and next
we calculate the smaller of the angles B
and C, using the sine formula.
B
(2) Three sides Fic. 225.
Find the largest angle using the cosine formula.
Find a second angle using the sine formula.
Find the third angle using the angle sum property.
(3) Two angles and one side
First find the third angle using the angle sum property.
We now know all the angles of the triangle and direct application
of the sine formula will give the unknown sides.
Check. It is a good plan to find the third angle in cases (1) and (2)
by means of the sine or cosine formula. The fact that the sum of the
angles of a triangle is 180° then serves as a check to the working.

EXERCISES 29A
Find the remaining sides and angles of the following triangles.
1. As 45220) Bi 5 oanOme ——aatls
2.1a —16-23, boa es S04,
8h GS SiO, b= 3:24, Cr— 1007
AAT Sle S0 Gee 16° 10’, c = 4-25
5. a = 4-17, 3 BOE: ee 817:
6. b =\A815 Ci 95-23 Aa 42a Oe
7. A = 30° 40’ C = 42° 10GN6 ='6:23.
3 Cob ear CT) SAL = 62
9. a = 412, Mere Ge TAs 207
10. A = 58° 10’, B = 104° 20’, a = 4-47.

EXERCISES 29B
Find the remaining sides and angles of the following triangles.
1. A = 50° 10’, B = 63° 40’, c = 6:14.
2. a = 4-71, b = 6-03, geste
Sra OS bies:3'25: oy cae
A De ee 20° LORS ese iG:
5. a = 5:08, boa eerie
Os ES Beil = 6-42, A= 52a On
[peibes Bee 50’, C = 81° 10’, 6 = 5:82.
Swai—solie. b = 384, C—O 208
9. a = 480, b = 524, C = 103° 20’.
10. A = 47° 12’, B = 112° 15’, a = 5-48.
 SINE AND COSINE FORMULAE; SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE 107
The ambiguous case
Suppose that we are given the lengths of two sides of a triangle
and the size of an angle which is not included between them. The
triangle is not necessarily fixed by this set of measurements and it
may be possible to draw two triangles satisfying the conditions.
Suppose we are given the angle A and the sides a and c. Draw a
line AB of length c and through A draw another line making an angle
equal to A with it, as shown in Fig. 226.

(111) (iv)
Fic. 226.

With centre B draw an arc of radius a.

(a) In Fig. 226 (i), the arc does not cut the other side and so no
triangle is possible when a is equal to the radius of the circle drawn.
(5) In Fig. 226 (ii), the arc touches the other side and so, in this
particular case, one right-angled triangle is the only solution.
(c) In Fig. 226 (iii), the arc cuts the other side in two points both
on the same side of A and so two triangles are possible. _
(d) In Fig. 226 (iv), the are cuts the other side in two points, one
on each side of A, and so only one triangle is possible. The other
point will give a triangle in which one angle is the supplement of A
(e) Notice that if the given angle A is obtuse, it is impossible to
draw two triangles satisfying the conditions, because the arc could
108 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
not then cut the other side in more than one point in the correct
direction from A.

Figs 22%.

Summing up
The length of the perpendicular from B to AC (as in Fig. 226 (ii))
is csin A.
If the length of a@ is less than ¢sin A, no triangle is possible.
If the length of a is greater than c, as in Fig. 226 (iv), the arc cuts
AC in points on opposite sides of A and so only one triangle is possible.
The possibilities are tabulated below.
(a) If A is obtuse, not more than one solution is possible and there
may be none.
(6) If A is acute and a< csin 4, no solution is possible.
(c) If A is acute and a = c sin A, the only triangle possible is right-
angled at C.
(d) If A is acute and a>, there is one and only one solution.
(e) If A is acute and ¢c> a> csin A, there are two distinct solu-
tions, i.e. the two distinct solutions occur only when the given angle
is opposite the shorter of the two given sides.
Two distinct solutions
Let us now consider the case in which there are two distinct solutions.
C2

A Cc B
Fic. 228.
 SINE AND COSINE FORMULAE; SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE 109
The triangle BC,C, is isosceles and so the angles BC,C, and BC,C,
are equal. The angles AC,B, AC,B are therefore stpplementary.
Example. Solve the triangle C
ABC, given that a = 6:2,¢ = 7-2
and A = 45°,

\ 6-2

A aan hy ae B
Fic. 229,
3 a c No. | Log.
oe he prmula ing. gitC" 72 | 08573
6-2 7.2 sin 45° 1-8495
45o Cc 0-7068
eee 5cig 45 6-2 | 0-7924
SE ss aera ape6-2
ag ~1-9144
*. log sin C = 1-9144,
and C = 55° 12’ or (180° — 55° 12’).
C—O 5 al 2 Ont 24 Soi

Cz
124 48" em

A B
(ii)
Fic. 230.

Call the two triangles ABC, and ABC,.

From Fig. 230 (i), — No. _ | Log.
ABC, = 180° — 100° 12’ = 79° 48’. 6:2 0:7924
AC, 6-2 sin 79° 48’ | 1-9931
90 Ag’ = Gj ° 0-7855
Nas He me rouse sin 45° | 1-8495
and AC, = are 8-630 < | 0:9360

*, AC, = 8:63.
110 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
From Fig. 230 (ii), «>No. |) Log.
ABC, = 180° — 169° 48’ = 10° 12’. 6-2 0:7924
AC, 6-2 sin 10° 12’ | 1-2482
* Sin 10°12 ~ ain45°
a. be sin 10° 12’ sin 45°
0-0406
| 1-8495

and AC, = = Ame 1:552< 0-1911

= 1:55 (to 3 sig. fig.).
Alternative solution. It is perhaps worth solving the two possible
triangles by a different method.

In Fig. 231, let BN be the perpendicular from B to AC.

The angle ABN = 45° and AN = 7:2 sin 45° = 5-091.
BN = 7:2 cos 45° = 5-091.
From the right-angled triangle BNC,,

cos NBC, = ae a aa

" ”. NBC, = 34° 48’.

The angle NBC, also equals 34° 48’.
ABC, = ABN — C,BN
= 45° — 34° 48’
“ee IO? TAN
ABC, = ABN + NBC
= 45° + 34° 48’
= 79° 48’,
By Pythagoras, C,N? = 6:22 — BN?
= 6:2? — 5-091?
= 38-44 — 25-92
— 112528
“ ON = 3-539,
 SINE AND COSINE FORMULAE; SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE 111
Also (ORIN| 3 BK),
te AC, = AN nape C\N

= 5-091 — 3-539
= 1:552 or 1-55 (to 3 sig. fig.).
Also AG. — AN + NC,

= 5-091 + 3-539
= 8-63.

EXERCISES 30A
Solve all possible triangles satisfying the following conditions.
1. a =6-18, b = 8-42, A = 42°
Wea = 12). b= 15:9, A. 50°
Bs pees RLS
Wb = 586, c = 4-62) C = 52° 10’.
BMS = 362 ec" 2-84. B = 114°.
60a =15°58, ¢ = 4:72, ‘GC = 50° 28’.

EXERCISES 30B
Solve all possible triangles satisfying the following conditions.
Denia 238 Oe 91 OA — aoe,
Phy GS NOES, Uo ee WEDS VAN ees
Bn a ARSE 24S? B 271
4,6 = 5-72, c = 3-84, C = 61° 25’.
Beep) Sed, Ce 29D al OSs
6. a = 4°82, c =4- 66, C = 48° 25’.

Problems
Many problems are soluble by means of the sine and cosine formulae.
Two examples are given.
Example 1 (see also page 13, Example 2).
The angles of elevation of the top of a tree from two points P, QO on the
opposite side of a river are 12° and 15°. If PQ is in line with the foot of
the tree and the distance PO is 40 m, find the height of the tree.

Fic. 232.

From the figure. PTQ = 15° — 12° = 3°.

112 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Applying the sine formula to the triangle POT

EO Wh 70
sin PTQ sin TPQ
ee ee eS
esintse um sinele
40 sin 12°
and TQ =~ sin 3°

But
40 sin 12° sin 15°
Fy ot aro ee aR ee
Ssin 3°

N.B. Keep all the logarithmic working to one stage, if possible.

No. | Log.
401-6021
sin 12° | 1-3179
sin 15° | 1-4130
0-3330
sin 3° | 3-7188
41-13 < | 1-6142
5 1H OS Chi hottie So arly)

Example 2. Two points A, B are on the same level as the foot F of a

pole FT. The points A and B are respectively due south and south-west
of the pole. The angles of elevation of the top of the pole from A and B
are respectively 10° 30’ and 14°. If the distance AB = 40 m, find the
height of the pole.
T

45
F °

A
Rica 233. Fic. 234.

Remember that the bearings must refer to a horizontal plane so the

angle BFA = 45° (and not BTA).
Suppose the height of the pole is hk metres.
From the triangle ATF,
 SINE AND COSINE FORMULAE ; SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE 113

a = cot 10° 30’.

.. AF = h cot 10° 30’ = 5-396h.
From the triangle BTF,

a = cot 14°,
*. BF = hcot 14° = 4-011h.

B F B 40a eer
Fic. 235. Fic. 236.

Applying the cosine formula to the triangle ABF,

AB? = AF® + FB? — 24F.FB cos AFB.
©. 402 = (5-396h)® + (4-011h)? — 2(5-396h)(4-011h) cos 45°
5 vane + 16-09h2 — 30-61h? No. 3a
" . 2 0-3010
sega 21000 5-396 | 0-7321
“7 14-59 4-011 | 0-6032
and h? = 1600(0-06853), using reciprocal cos 45° | 1-8495
tables. 30-61 < 1-4858
*. h = 40(+/0-06853)
= 40(0-2618)
= 10-472 or 10-5 m (to 3 sig. fig.).

EXERCISES 31
1. A man walks 4 km due east and then 3 km on a bearing of
040°. Find how far he is from his starting point.
2. A boat sails 3 km on a bearing of 128° and then 2 km on a
bearing of 163°. Find the distance between the original and final
positions of the boat.
3. Two aircraft are flying side by side at a constant height when
one diverges at an angle of 30°. If their speeds are 600 km/h and
720 km/h, find their distance apart after 10 minutes.
4. Two points P and Q are 500 m apart. The foot of a tower F
114 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

is such that the angle FPQ = 42° 20’, and the angle FOP = 37° 10’.
Find the distance of the tower from the line PQ.
5. Two points A, B are on the same side of a tower FT and on the
same level as its foot F. Given that ABF is a straight line and that
the angles of elevation of T from A and B are 32° and 47° respectively,
find the height of the tower, if AB = 36 m.
6. In the triangle ABC, a = 5-8 cm, the angle B = 42° and the
angle C = 54°. Find the length of the perpendicular from A to BC.
7. Is the triangle with sides 3 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm acute, right-angled
or obtuse ?
8. A triangle has its sides equal to 5-7, 6-4 and 8-2. Find the greatest
angle of the triangle.
9. A vertical tower stands on a slope of 3°. A man 36 m down
the line of greatest slope from the foot of the tower notices that the
angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 10°. If the man’s eyes
are 1-5 m above the ground, find the height of the tower.
10. The ninth hole of a certain golf course is 400 m long. A man
drives his tee shot 220 m but pushes it out at an angle of 10° with
the direct line to the hole. How far is the ball from the hole after
his drive?
11. A fielder in a cricket match is 30 m from the batsman’s wicket
and 12 m from the other wicket. Find the angle through which
the batsman must turn the ball if he hits it straight to the fielder.
12. First slip is fielding 9 metres from the batsman’s wicket and at
an angle of 10° with the line of the pitch produced. How far is he
from the other wicket?
13. From a point P on level ground, the angle of elevation of the
top of a tower is 12°. The angle of elevation of the top of a flagstaff
which is on top of the tower from the same point is 16°. Ifthe point P
is 40 m from the base of the tower, find the length of the flagstaff.
14. From a point Q on level ground, the angle of elevation of the
top of a tower is 16°. ‘The angle of elevation of the top of a flagstaff,
6 m high, on the top of the tower is 17° 30’. Find the distance of
the point Q from the base of the tower.
15. At a hole 280 m long, a golfer hits his drive ‘240 m but his
ball is still 60 m from the hole after his drive. Find the angle which
his drive made with the direction of the hole.
16. Two ships leave port at the same time. One starts on a bearing
of 082° at 10 knots. ‘The other starts on a bearing of 110° at 12 knots.
How many sea miles are they apart after one hour?
17. If a = 2-1, b = 3-5, c = 4-9, find the angle C.
18, In the triangle ABC, AB=7 cm, BC =9 cm, and CA =8 cm.
Find the cosine of the angle C. Hence find the length of the perpen-
dicular from A to BC and the area of the triangle ABC.
19, In the triangle of question 18, find the length of the line joining
A to the point on BC which is 3 cm from B.
20. A man is standing 10 m from one post and 16 m from another
post. If the posts are 8 m apart, find the angle subtended by the
posts at the man.
21. Two searchlights 2 km apart are trained on an aircraft vertically
 SINE AND COSINE FORMULAE; SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE 115
above the line joining them. If the beams are inclined at 42° and 53°
respectively to the horizontal, find the height of the aircraft.
22. A boat sailing due south is 2 km away from a lighthouse and
on a bearing of 140° from the lighthouse. Half an hour later the bearing
of the boat from the lighthouse is 170°. Find the speed of the boat.
23. A man 180 cm high stands on a slope. When the inclination
of the sun is 50° and his shadow is cast up the line of greatest slope,
his shadow is 150 cm long. Find the angle of the slope.
24, An aircraft is scheduled to fly from A to C, a distance of 280
km. Owing to bad weather, the aircraft is diverted to fly from A
to B, a distance of 22 km, and then from B to C. If the angle
CAB = 40°, find the extra distance flown by the aircraft.
25. The hour hand of a clock is 2 cm long and the minute hand
3 cmlong. Find the distance between the tips of the hands at 4 o’clock.
26. Two circles of radii 7 cm and 8 cm have their centres 12 cm apart.
Find the angle between the tangents to the circles at one of their points
of intersection.
27. In the triangle ABC, a = 8 cm., B = 40° and C = 72°. Per-
pendiculars are drawn from B and C to the opposite sides and meet
at H. Find the length of BH.
28. Given that a:b: c =4:5:6, find cos A.
29. In the triangle ABC, sin A: sin B:sinC =4:5:7. Findcos A.
30. Given that the sines of the angles of a triangle are in the ratios
p:q:7, prove that p<q+r.
31. A and B are points on the same level as the foot F of a tree FT
and AFB is a straight line. If the angles of elevation of T from A
and B are 32° and 28° respectively and AB = 70 m, find the height
of the tree.
32. From two places,1 kilometre apart, on astraight level road running
due north, the bearings of a church spire are 042° and 068°. Find
the shortest distance from the church to the road.
33. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3:4:5. Find the ratio
of the sides.
34, In the triangle ABC, a =6 cm, }=7 cm and ¢ =8 cm.
Calculate the value of acos B + bcos A.
35. If O is the centre of the circle which passes through the vertices
of the triangle ABC described in question 34, calculate the size of
the angle AOB. :
 CHAPTER X

AREAS: TRIANGLES AND POLYGONS

Area of a triangle
THE area of a triangle is equal to half the product of one side and
the perpendicular to this side from the opposite vertex.
The conventional symbol to represent the area of a triangle is /.
In Fig. 237, A = ap.
From the right-angled triangle ABD, 4= sin B.
‘p= osm B
and A = ica sin B.

A
I
i )
pl
1
I
C
B ¢ Cc
Fic. 238.

It will be seen from Fig. 238 that if the angle B is obtuse,

= sin (180° — B).
Since sin (180° — B) = sin B, the same formula is still true.
Ce eeetiee
From the sine formula,
sinA sinB’
asin B = bsin A.
.. ¢casin B = 3c(a sin B)
= c(b sin A)
= tbe sin A.
Similarly, $ca sin B = fab sin C.
These alternative formulae could have been proved by taking AB
or AC as the base of the triangle instead of BC.
A = the sin A = 3casin B = fabsin C.
Or, the area of a triangle is a one half the continued product
 AREAS : TRIANGLES AND POLYGONS 117
oeany two sides and the sine of the angle included between these
sides.
Area of a parallelogram
The area of the parallelogram in Fig. 239 is equal to twice the area
of the triangle ABD,

Fic. 239.

.. area of parallelogram = 2(4ad sin A)

= absin A,
Since any two angles of a parallelogram are either equal or supple-
mentary, the area of a parallelogram is equal to the continued product
of two adjacent sides and the sine of an angle of the parallelogram.
Area of a trapezium
Suppose ABCD is a trapezium, in which AB and DC are parallel.
Suppose that AB = a, DC = b and the distance between the parallel
lines is h.
Join the diagonal AC. D 6 G
Area of triangle ABC = 3ah.
Area of triangle ADC = 40h.
By addition, area of trapezium
= th(a-+ 3).
-——>—
Therefore the area of a trape- A a B
zium is equal to the product of Fic. 240,
half the jsum of the parallel sides
and the distance between them.
Heron’s formula
Heron’s formula expresses the area of a triangle in terms of the
lengths of the sides. ‘This formula is most easily expressed in terms
of s, the semi-perimeter of the triangle.
From this definition, s = (a+ 6+ ¢).
B+ 2 — a@
From the cos formula, cos A = saci Tea
118 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Since cos? A + sin? A = 1,

sin? A = 1 — cos? A
b+ ce — a\2
a1 )

See
Rte a
Et a)
2be
a ae oe 2be + P+ ce— a
2bc
a — (b— cP (6+ cP —@
2be : 2bc
_ (a+ b—ofa—bt+e) b+e+alb+e—a)
2bc 2be
But 2=a+tboe.
., 2s—2a=b+c—a,
2s — 2b=a+c—b,
2s —2e=a+b—c.
4 — 25 = 6-2 — 5) 2s.2(5 — a)
Bt ae 2be ‘a Gube
4s(s — a)(s — b)(s — c)
a Bez
and = sin A = EAC — as — b)(s — c).
Therefore A = }besin A = Vs(s — a)(s — b)(s — c).
Angles of triangle, given the sides
This formula may be used in conjunction with the formula
A = 3ab sin C to calculate the angles of a triangle given the lengths
of its sides. By using this method, we avoid the cumbersome cosine
formula.

Example. Jn the triangle ABC, a=64, b=52 and c=38.

Calculate the angles of the triangle.
s = 46-4 + 5-2 + 3-8) = 7-7. No. | Log.
- s—a=1:3 7-7 | 0-8865
s—b=255 1:3 0-1139
s—c=39 2:5 0-3979
3-9 0:5911
and A = V7-7 x 13 x 2:5 x 39 product 1-:9894
= 9-879. 9-879 = root 0-9947
Since A is the largest angle, calculate B and C which cannot be
obtuse.
 AREAS: TRIANGLES AND POLYGONS 119
gacsinB= A.
No.
“. $(6-4)(3-8) sin B = 9-879 9-879 0-9947
3-2
sin B 9-879
0-5051
and
(3:2)(3:8)° 38
0:5798
*. log sin B = [-9098 1-9098
aad B = 54° 20’.
gabsinC = A.
Oo su) Logs te
*, $(6:4)(5-2) sin C = 9-879
9-879||0-9947—
0-5051
(3-2)(5-2)° 5-2 0:7160
*, log sin C = 1-7736 | 1-7736
and C= 36° 25’.
Since A + B + C = 180°,
A =180°* '|— 54° 20° — 36° 25’ == 89° 15’.

EXERCISES 32A
Calculate the areas of the triangles in questions i to 5.
Ih Stee, lh Se, CS WO
7 oS nid oh B = 48°.
6 GCS, [ee Ay, (CO) SS WE
Aa — 1520) = O76 = 7 As
Deas oles — llOo cr).
6. Find the angles of the triangle of question 4.
7. Find the angles of the triangle of question 5.

EXERCISES 32B
Calculate the areas of the triangles in questions 1 to ».
1. a =3°8, b = 4:6, C = 52°.
2. a = 8-4, c = 9-1, B = 104°.
Sy, 7 ca Sil, (ee ils (CS ZB
4, Fa Sh b = 4-7, ¢ = 8-2.
5. Ge 612) b = 8-34, Cele
6. Find the angles of the triangle of question 4.
7. Find the angles of the triangle of question 5.

Area of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle

If AB is one side of the polygon, the angle subtended by AB at
60°
the centre O is
If the radius of the circle is r, the area of the triangle AOB is
360°
$n? si
120 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

Fic. 241.

The area of the polygon is therefore $nr* sin = :

Area of a regular polygon of nm sides circumscribed about a

circle
If XY is a side of the polygon, the angle subtended by XY at the
’ . 360°
centre O of the circle is a

X T Y
Fic. 242.

If the point of contact of XY is T, the angle XOT = = :

From the right-angled triangle XOT, eas=tan a ‘

o. a =r tan - :
The area of the triangle XOY = 4X Y.OT or XT.OT.
*, area of XOY = r* tan a ‘4
 AREAS : TRIANGLES AND POLYGONS 121

The area of the polygon is therefore nr? tan = :

Example 1. Remember that an area may often best be found by

subtracting two or more areas as in the following example:
ABCD 1s a square of side 4cm. FP is the point on AB distant 3 cm from
A, Q is the mid-point of CD and R is the point on AD distant 1 cm from A.
Find the area of the triangle POR.

Fic. 243.

N.B. Do not find the sides of PQR and use the formula
Vv s(s — as — bs — c).
Area of triangle dAPR = 3(3)(1) = 14 cm’.
Area of trapezium PBCQ = 4CB(PB + CQ) = 34(4)(3) = 6 cm’.
Area of triangle ROD = 3(2)(3) =3 cm’.
The area of POR is equal to the area obtained by subtracting the
sum of these areas from that of the square.
*. area of POR = 16 — 14 —6 —3 = 5} cm’.

Example 2. The formula for the area of a triangle provides a

method of finding the length of an altitude as in the following example:
In the triangle ABC, a = 9 cm, b = 7 cm and c = 8 cm. Find the
length of the perpendicular from A to BC.
122 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

s=#(7 +849) =12 cm.

A = V12.5.4.3 =12¥5.
If the length of the required perpendicular is p cm,
A = 2(9)p.
_ Op = 12/5
BS _ 24Vv5 _= 8Vv5
and, pai

EXERCISES 33
1. Two sides of a triangle are 6-4 cm and 8-2 cm and the area is
20 cm?. Find the angle included between these sides, given that it
it is obtuse.
2. The paralell sides of a trapezium are 3 cm and4cm. Given that
its area is 14 cm’, find the distance between the parallel sides.
3. The parallel sides of a trapezium are3cmand5cm. ‘The sloping
sides are 2 cm and 3 cm. Calculate the area of the trapezium.
4. Calculate the angles of a rhombus given that its area is 4 cm
and that each side is 4 cm.
5. A regular hexagon is constructed equal in area to an equilateral
triangle of side 4 cm. Find the side of the hexagon.
6. A piece of wire 16 m long is bent to form a regular 8-sided figure.
Find its area.
7. A regular 10-sided figure is inscribed in a circle of radius 5 cm.
Find its area.
8. A regular 12-sided figure is circumscribed to a circle of radius
10 cm. Find its area.
9, Find the radius of the circle which circumscribes a regular hexagon
of side 8 cm.
10. Find the radius of the circle inscribed in a regular octagon of
side 4 cm.
11, The diagonals of a quadrilateral are 4 cm and 6 cm long and the
area of the quadrilateral is 10 cm®. Find the acute angle between
the diagonals.
12. In the triangle ABC, a = 6:2, b = 4:8, c = 7:2. Find the length
of the altitude through A.
13. 'T'wo circles of radii 4 cm and 6 cm have their centres 8 cm apart.
Find the length of their common chord.
14. ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 4 cm, BC =2 cm. P is
the mid-point of AB; Q is the point on CD whichis 1 cm from C; R is
the point on DA distant 1 cm from D. Find the area of POR.
15. A triangle POR has QR equal to 20 cm, the angle Q equal to
44° and the angle R equal to 55°. Find its area.
16. A kite consists of an isosceles triangle, whose base is 14 cm long
and whose vertical angle is 42°, and a semicircle on the same base but
on the side remote from the triangle. Find the area of the kite.
17, Find the area of the triangle XYZ in which XY = 4-6 cm,
YZ = 5-2 cm and the angle XYZ = 48°.
18. Two circles of radii 4 cm and 5 cm have their centres 6 cm apart.
Find the length of their common chord.
 AREAS : TRIANGLES AND POLYGONS 123
19, A parallelogram has sides 3cm and4cm. The distance between
ae sides of length 3 cm is 2°8cm. Find the distance between the other
sides,
20. The area of an acute-angled triangle is 1:2 cm? and two of the
sides are 2°8 cm and 1:4 cm. Find the angle between these sides.
21. Calculate the area of a regular octagon with each side 2 cm long.
22. In the triangle ABC, the angle B = 120°, AB = 2:8 cm and
AC =3:2 cm. Find the area of the triangle.
23. ABC is a triangle of area 19 cm?. X is the mid-point of BC
and Y is the point on AB such that AY = 4YB. Find the area of
the triangle BXY.
24, ABC is a triangle of area 18 cm*®. P is the point on AB such
that AP = $PB and Q the point on BC such that BQ = QC. Find
the area of the triangle APQ.
25. AB is a chord of a circle of length 8 cm. If the circle has centre
O and radius 10 cm, find the area of OAB.
26. The angles of a triangle are in the ratios 3: 4:5 and the shortest
side is 4 cm long. Find its area.
27. A parallelogram has sides 3 cm and 4 cmand the included angle
58°. Find the area of the parallelogram.
28. The vertices of a regular 8-sided figure lie on a circle. If each
side of the polygon is 4 cm long, find the radius of the circle and the
area of the polygon.
29. The area of the triangle ABC is 30 cm®. If AB =8 cm and
BC = 10 cm, calculate the area of the triangle APO where P, QO are
on AB, BC respectively and AP = 5 cm, BO = 6 cm.
30. ABC is a triangle right-angled at B. Find the length of the
altitude through B in terms of the sides AB and BC.

B*
 CHAPTER X1i

THE, CIRCLE AND) SPHERE

Length of circular arc
Equal arcs of a circle subtend equal angles at its centre. Therefore
the length of an arc of a circle is proportional to the angle it subtends
at the centre. For example, if the angle subtended by one arc at
the centre is double that subtended by another arc of the same circle,
then the first arc is double the length of the second arc. (Note,
however, that the length of the first chord is not double that of the
second.)

am Fic. 245.

The circumference of a circle is 2mr and the angle the whole cir-
cumference subtends at the centre is 360°. Therefore if an arc PO
of a circle of radius r subtends an angle of x° at the centre of the
circle,
arcPQ x
2nr «360
2nrx TUrx
and the length of the arc is 369 % igo"

Area of circular sector

Similarly the area of the circular sector POQ is proportional to
the angle x. ‘The area of the whole circle is zr?.
. area of sector POQ_ x
+ mr ~ 360’
ger?
and the area of the sector is ———
360
124
 THE CIRCLE AND SPHERE 125
Area of segment
The chord PQ divides the area of the circle into two parts, called
the major segment and the minor segment. The area of the minor
segment is equal to (the area of the sector POQ) — (the area of the
triangle POQ).
The area of the triangle POQ is 47? sin x (using }ab sin C).
mrx
.. the area of the minor segment POQ = — dr’ sinx
360
= (0 — sin *)

Example. A chord PQ of a circle of radius 5 cm subtends an angle of

70° at the centre. Find
(i) the length of the chord PQ;
(ii) the length of the arc PQ;
(iti) the area of the sector POQ;
(iv) the area of the minor segment cut off by PQ.
Let O be the centre of the circle and ON the perpendicular from
O to PQ.
Then WN is the middle point of the chord PQ, and NO bisects the
angle POQ.

Fic. 246.

(i) From the triangle PON,

x = sin 35° = 0-5736.
°. PN = 2-868
and the length of the chord PQ is equal to 5-74 cm (to 3 sig. fig.).
... The are PQ 70
Gi) ~“An(5) 360" _
i
“. the length of the arc PQ = 36
= 6:11 cm (to 3 sig. fig.).
126 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

a) n(5)2 = 360
x 25%
*, the area of the sector = 36
= 15-28 or 15-3 cm? (to 3 sig. fig.).
(iv) The area of the triangle POQ = 3(5)? sin 70
= 11-74 cm? or 11-7 cm?
(to 3 sig. fig.).
*. the area of the minor segment = 15-28 — 11-74
= 3-54 cm? (to 3 sig. fig.).

EXERCISES 34A
1. A chord PO of a circle of radius 4 cm subtends an angle of 50°
at the centre. Find the length of the minor arc PQ.
2. A chord XY of a circle of radius 6-2 cm subtends an angle of
38° at the centre of the circle. Find the difference in length between
the chord and the minor arc XY.
3. A chord PQ of a circle of radius 5-5 cm subtends an angle of 42°
at the centre O. Find the area of the sector POQ.
4. A chord AB of a circle of radius 10-4 cm subtends an angle of
35° at the-circumference. Find the area of the minor segment cut off
by the chord.
5. A chord of a circle of radius 12 cm is distant 5 cm from the
centre. Find the length of the major arc cut off by the chord.
6. A chord of a circle of radius 7 cm is 4:8 cmlong. Find the length
of the minor arc on which it stands.
7. A chord of a circle of radius 5-6 cm is 3:0 cm long. Find the ratio
of the areas of the segments into which the chord divides the circle.
8. Find the angles subtended at the circumference of a circle of
radius 8 cm by a chord 6 cm long.

EXERCISES 34B
1. A chord PO of a circle of radius 5 cm subtends an angle of 40°
at the centre. Find the length of the minor arc PQ.
2. A chord XY of a circle of radius 6-8 cm subtends an angle of
42° at the centre of the circle. Find the difference in length between
the chord XY and the minor arc XY.
3. A chord PQ of a circle of radius 6:2 cm subtends an angle of 52°
at the centre O. Find the area of the sector POQ.
4. A chord AB of a circle of radius 8-2 cm subtends an angle of
au:3 the circumference. Find the area of the minor segment cut off
y :
5. A chord of a circle of radius 18 cm is distant 6 cm from the
centre. Find the length of the minor arc cut off by the chord.
6. A chord of a circle of radius 8 cm is 4:2 cmlong. Find the length
of the minor arc on which it stands.
 THE CIRCLE AND SPHERE 127
7A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm is 4 cm long. Find the
a of the areas of the segments into which the chord divides the
circle.
8. Find the angles subtended at the circumference of a circle of
radius 4-8 cm by a chord 3:0 cm long.

Latitude and longitude

In Fig. 247, N and S represent the North and South poles of the
earth. The line NS is called the axis of the earth and O is the centre
of the earth.

Fic. 247.

The Equator is the line in which the earth’s surface is cut by a

plane through the centre perpendicular to NS.
A Great Circle is a section of the earth’s surface by any plane
through O. Its radius is equal to the radius of the earth, The
shortest distance along the earth’s surface between any two places is
the minor arc of the great circle passing through them.
A Small Circle is any other circle lying on the earth’s surface.
A Meridian of Longitude is a great circle which passes through
the poles.
The Prime Meridian is that meridian which passes through
Greenwich.
A Parallel of Latitude is a section of the earth’s surface by a
plane perpendicular to NS.
Suppose that any meridian of longitude, NPQS, cuts the equator
at Q and a parallel of latitude at P. The angle which PO makes
128 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

with the plane of the equator is called the latitude of P. In the

figure it is shown as the angle POQ (A).
All places on the same parallel of latitude have the same latitude.
The latitude of a place can vary from 90° N. (North Pole) to 90° S.
{South Pole).
If NAS is the prime meridian, the angle between the planes NPQS
and NAS is equal to the longitude of P. It is represented by the
angle PCD or by the angle QOA. All places on the same meridian
of longitude have the same longitude. The longitude of a place can
vary between 180° E. and 180° W.
Considering the triangle COD and calling
D the radius of the earth R, the radius of the
parallel of latitude A is CD.
Since C= cos A, the radius of the
parallel of latitude A is Rcosd. If 6° is the
longitude of P, then PCD = @°.
The length of the arc PD is
6
60 x 2nR cos A.

The nautical mile

The nautical mile is the length of arc of the meridian which sub-
tends an angle of 1 minute at the centre of the earth.
Taking the radius of the earth to be 6370 km,
3 1
1 nautical
tical mile
mile = ——_~— 370
60 x 360 x 22 X 6370 k
km

= 1-85 km.
A knot is a speed of 1 nautical mile per hour.

Local time
Local time at any place P depends on the longitude of P. Two
places diametrically opposite on the equator differ in time by 12 hours
and in longitude by 180°. The difference in time for 1° longitude
; 1 2x 60
is therefore or 4 minutes.
180

Example. Two places gee, both on the parallel of latitude 26° N.

differ in longitude by 40°. Find (i) the distance between them along their
ee of latitude; (ti) the shortest distance between them along the earth’s
surface.
The radius of the parallel of latitude = 6370 cos 26° km.
 THE CIRCLE AND SPHERE 129
(i) The distance between the places along their parallel of latitude
40 :
= 360 of the circumference of thise circle

40
= 360 x 2n x 6370 cos 26°

= 4000 km (to 3 sig. fig.).

(ii) The chord PQ subtends an angle of 40° at the centre of the
circle of latitude whose radius is 6370 cos 26° km.
_4PQ
GN6S70 cesDE OO) = sin 20,
oe 4PQ = 6370 cos 26° sin 20°.
Suppose that PQ subtends an angle of 2x° at the centre of
the earth.
Then sin a4) — = = cos 26° sin 20°.
“. log sin x = 1-9537 + 15341 = 1.4878
and x = 17° 54’,
The angle subtended by PQ at the centre of the earth is
2xLOLES Dea Ore
The minor arc of this great circle is the shortest distance
between P and Q on the earth’s surface.
ee 35° 48’ 35-8 x: 2 x 6370
This distance = 360°, * 2a X 6370 = — 360
= 3980 km
(to 3 sig. fig.).

EXERCISES 35A
(Take the radius of the earth to be 6370 km.)
1. Two places on the equator differ in longitude by 24°. What is
the distance between them?
2. Find the radius of the circle of latitude 60° N.
3. Find the distance along the parallel of latitude between two places
on the parallel of latitude 50° N. which differ in longitude by 36°.
4, The earth rotates on its own axis once in 24 hours. What is
the speed of a place whose latitude is 30° N.?
5. Find the difference in local time between Paris (48° 50’ N., 2° 20’ E.)
and Greenwich.
6. A ship sails 100 nautical miles due east. If her longitude changes
by 4°, find her latitude.
7. What is the distance over the North Pole between two places both
in latitude 60° N., if their longitudes differ by 180°?
8. Two places on the same meridian have latitudes 30° N. and 20° S.
Find the distance between them along their meridian.
9. Compare the distances travelled in an hour by two places of lati-
tudes 30° N. and 60° N. respectively.
130 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

10. Two places P and Q both in latitude 40° N. differ in longitude

by 30°. Find the distance between them measured along the parallel
of latitude.

EXERCISES 35B
(Take the radius of the earth to be 6370 km.)
1. Two places on the equator differ in longitude by 32°. Find
the distance between them.
2. Find the radius of the circle of latitude 30° S.
3. Find the distance along the parallel of latitude between two places
on the parallel of latitude 40° N which differ in longitude by 24°.
4. Find the distance moved in 30 minutes by a place whose latitude
is 40° S.
5. Find the difference in local time between two places both in latitude
35° S. if their longitudes differ by 26°.
6. A ship sails 100 nautical miles due north. Find the change in
her longitude.
7. Find the distance over the South Pole between two places both
in latitude 70° S. if their longitudes differ by 180°.
8. Two places on the same meridian have latitudes 40° N. and 50° S.
What is their distance apart along their meridian?
9, Compare the distances travelled in an hour by two places of lati-
tudes 30° N. and 20° S. respectively.
10. Two places P and QO both in latitude 60° N. differ in longitude
by 28° 20’. Find the distance between them measured along their
parallel of latitude.

EXERCISES 36
1. The minute hand of a clock is 2} cm long. Find the distance
moved by the tip in 35 minutes.
2. An arc of a circle of radius 5 cm is 4 cm long. Find the length
of the chord joining its ends.
3. A piece of wire in the form of an are of a circle of radius 10 cm
and subtending an angle of 50° at the centre is bent into the form of
a complete circle. Find its radius.
4. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius 5 cm.
Find the area of the minor segment cut off by one of the sides.
5. A piece of wire in the form of a square of side 4 cm is bent into
an arc of a circle of radius 10 cm. Find the distance between the ends
of the wire.
6. A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle of radius 5 em. Find
the area of the hexagon.
7. A regular octagon (8-sided figure) is inscribed in a circle of radius
10 cm. Find the area of the octagon.
8. A continuous belt passes round two circles of radii 3 em and 5 cm
whose centres are 10 cm apart. Find the length of the belt.
9. A sector of a circle of angle 40° is bent into the form of a cone.
Find the semi-vertical angle of the cone.
 THE CIRCLE AND SPHERE 131

Fic. 249.
10. A cone of semi-vertical angle 30° is bent into the form of a sector
of a circle. Find the angle of the sector.
11. If P and Q are two points on the parallel of latitude 60° S. such
that the difference in their longitudes is 90°, find the angle subtended
by PQ at the centre of the earth.
12. A sphere centre C is of radius R. Two points P, QO on its surface
are such that the angle PCQ is 20. Find the distance PQ measured
along the great circle joining them.
13. Find the distance, measured along the surface of the earth, of
the North Pole from any place in latitude 60° N.
14, A ship sails 100 nautical miles due east and finds that her longi-
tude has altered by 2°. Find her latitude.
15. Find the distance measured along their parallel of latitude be-
tween Greenwich (latitude 51° N.) and a place of latitude 51° N. and
longitude 90° E.
16. A chord XY of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends an angle of
80° at the centre O. Find
(i) the length of the chord XY;
(ii) the area of the minor sector XOY.
17. Two places P and Q both in latitude 40° N. differ in longitude
by 15°. Find
(i) the distance between P and Q measured along their parallel
of latitude;
(ii) the length of the straight line joining P to Q.
18. The ropes of a swing are 3-6 m long and the seat when stationary
in 60 cm above the ground. If, at the highest points of its arc, the seat
is 1-8 m above the ground, find the length of arc of the swing.
19. An arc of a circle of radius 5 cm is 4 cmlong. What angle does
the arc subtend at the centre of the circle?
20. Find the distance travelled in 1 hour due to the rotation of the
earth by a place whose latitude is 48° N.
21. A regular hexagon circumscribes a circle of radius 8 cm. Find
the area of the hexagon.
22. What is the area of the minor segment of a circle of radius 4 cm
cut off by a chord of length 5 cm?
23. A regular polygon of 8 sides is inscribed in a circle of radius
10cm. Find the difference in area between the polygon and the circle.
24. A sector of a circle of angle 60° is bent into the form of a cone
of semi-vertical angle 9. Find 4.
132 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
25. Find the distance measured along a meridian between the parallel
of latitude 30° N. and the equator.
26. Three observation stations X, Y, Z have latitudes and longitudes
as shown in the table:
Latitude Longitude
Xin he et ADCO, 1° W.
VY, Se d do 10" Ne 1° 30’ W.
ee 1° 30’ W.
Find
(i) the distance between X and Y measured along their parallel
of latitude;
(ii) the distance between Y and Z measured along their meridian.
27. Two places both in latitude 35° N. differ in longitude by 60°.
Calculate the distance between the two places measured along their
parallel of latitude.
28. A ship is in latitude 52° N., longitude 24° W. Find how far
the ship is from the North Pole measured along the meridian.
29. A regular octagon is circumscribed to a circle of radius 8 cm.
Find the area of the octagon.
30. What is the shortest distance over the earth’s surface between P
(32° N. 8° W.) and Q (40° N. 172° E.)?
 REVISION PAPERS
REVISION PAPER 1
1. In the triangle ABC, A = 90°, B = 48° andc =10cm. Find b.
_2. The vertical angle of an isosceles triangle is 48° and the equal
sides are each 12 cm long. Find the length of the base.
3. Write down the values of sin 24° 32’, cos 81° 16’, cosec 9° 20’.
4, Evaluate as shortly as possible:
. cos 20° ee COU
(iii) tan 20° cos 20°.

5. AB is a diameter of a circle of radius 4cm. C is a point on the

circumference such that the angle BAC = 42°. Find the length of
the chord BC.

REVISION PAPER 2
1, Find values for sin—1 0:32, cos—10:72, tan-1 1-42.

2. If tanA = -f and A is obtuse, find the value of cos A.

3. A man walks 4 km on a bearing of 020° and then 3 km on
a bearing of 170°. What is then his bearing from his starting point ?
4, Without using tables, evaluate:
(i) sin 30° cos 30°; (ii) 2 sin 45° cos 45°; = (iii) sec? 60° — tan? 60°.
5. Draw the graph of sin x° + cos x° from x = 0 to x = 90.

REVISION PAPER 3
1. Write down the values of cos 22° 34’, sin 38° 10’, log cos 28° 12’,
log cot 42° 13’.
2. If A is obtuse and sin A = 0:5, find cos A without using tables.
3. From two points A and B in line with the foot of a vertical tower
the angles of elevation of the top of the tower are complementary.
If the distance between the points A and B is equal to the height of
the tower, find the tangent of the larger angle of elevation.
4, Find acute angles to satisfy the following equations:
(i) log sinx = 1-4; (ii) 2sinx =3cosx; (iii) tanx + cotx =2
5. Put the following in terms of a single ratio of x:
: sin x pl AON marae one
(i) sin (90° — x)? (ii) mare Aa cot (90 x) COS x.
134 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

REVISION PAPER 4
1. Find a value of x such that: (i) sin (x + 10°) = 2 sin 20°;
(ii) sin 2x = cos 3x.
2. A tower 100 m away subtends an angle of 20° at a point on the
same level as the mid-point of the tower. Find the height of the tower.
3. ABCD is a square. P is the mid-point of CD. Calculate the
angle APB.
4, A chord AB of a circle, 5 cm long, subtends an angle of 42° at
a point on the circumference of the circle. Find the radius of the
circle.
5. A stick is 3 m long. Find the length of the longest possible
shadow cast by the stick when the sun is at an elevation of 40°.

REVISION PAPER 5
1. In the triangle ABC, A = 90°, a =12-1, b =6-2. Find the
angle B.
2. Find values for x given (i) tan x = 2 tan 26°; (ii) cot x = 2 cot 26°.
3. The length of a tangent from a point to a circle of radius 6 cm
is 8 cm. Find the distance of the point from the centre of the circle.
4, If tanx = } and tany = }, find tan(x — y).
5. Find a solution of the equation sin x = 3 cos x by drawing suitable
graphs.

REVISION PAPER 6
1. A boat sails 4 km on a bearing of 080° and then 3 km on a
bearing of 125°. How far south is it of its starting point?
2. A desk 1:5 m by 0:9 m has its 1-5 m sides horizontal. The 0:9m
sides are each inclined at 30° to the horizontal. Find the angle which
a diagonal of the desk makes with the horizontal.
3. Find a value of x to satisfy the equation sin? x + 2 cos? x = 1:25.
4. The angle of depression of a buoy from the top of a cliff 24 ft.
high is 22°. Find the distance of the buoy from the shore.
5. The angle between the legs of a pair of compasses is 22°. If
each leg is 6 cm long, find the radius of the circle drawn.

REVISION PAPER 7
1. Two circles, radii 6 cm and 8 cm, have their centres 20 cm
apart. Find the angle made with the line of centres by a direct common
tangent.
2. A lamp shade is in the form of a frustum of a cone. Its ends
are circles of radii 7-5 cm and 15 cm and the length of a slant edge
is 17-5 cm. Find the angle made by a slant edge with the axis.
3. If tan x = 3, calculate cosec x without using tables.
4. A room is 5:4 m long, 4:2 m wide and 3 m high. Find the angle
made by a diagonal of the room with the horizontal.
5. A regular pentagon is inscribed in a circle of radius 10 cm. Find
the area of the minor segment cut off by one side.
 REVISION PAPERS 185
REVISION PAPER 8
1. If rcosx = 3 and rsinwx = 4, find values for 7 and x.
2. A piece of wire 7 m long is bent to form an isosceles triangle of
which the largest angle is 70°. Find the length of the largest side.
3. A triangle XYZ is such that XZ = 10 cm, YZ = 14cm and the
altitude XT from X to YZ is such that TZ =6cm. Calculate the
angle YXZ.
4. From a balloon 800 m above flat country, the angles of depression
of two points P, Q at ground level are 42° and 28° respectively. If
P is due south and Q due east of the balloon, find the distance PQ.
5. ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 8 cm and BC = 6 cm.
Calculate the length of the perpendicular from B to AC.

REVISION PAPER 9
1, In the triangle ABC, b = 18-2 cm, c = 20-4 cm and the angle
A = 32° 54’. Calculate a and the area of the triangle.
2. A pyramid stands on a square base ABCD of side 8m. The
vertex O is vertically above the middle point of the square ABCD
which is horizontal. Given that OA = 6 m, calculate: (i) the height
of the pyramid; (ii) the angle OA makes with the horizontal; (iii) the
angle the face OAB makes with the horizontal.
3. Two places on the parallel of latitude 38° N. differ in longitude
by 25°. Find the distance between them measured along the parallel
of latitude.
4, Two circles, radii 2 cm and 3 cm, have their centres 4 cm apart.
Calculate the length of their common chord.
5. In the quadrilateral ABCD, the angles at A and B are right angles.
Given that 4B = 5 cm, AD = 6 cm and BC = 8 cm, calculate the
length of DC and the angle CDA.

REVISION PAPER 10
1, Draw the graph of sin x° + 3 cos x° between x = 0 and x = 90
and, from your graph, find a solution of the equation sin x° + 3 cos x®
5
2. AB is a chord of a circle of radius 8 cm and AB subtends an
angle of 51° 20’ at the circumference. Find the length of the chord AB.
3. The gradient of a hill is 1 in 10. A path on the hillside makes
an angle of 30° with the line of greatest slope. If the gradient of the
path is 1 in n, find zn.
4. In the tetrahedron VABC, VA = VB = VC =5m and AB = BC
= CA =4m. Given that the plane ABC is horizontal, calculate the
height of the tetrahedron and the angle VAB.
5. In the triangle ABC, AB = AC = 5cmandBC =6cm. Without
using tables, find the values of sin B and tan 34.
F
136 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL
REVISION PAPER 11
1. In the triangle ABC, BC = 10 cm, the angle A = 50° and the
angle C = 62°. The internal bisectors of the angles B and C meet
at I. Calculate the length of CI.
2. P is a point distant 8 cm from the centre of a circle of radius
6 cm. Calculate the angle between the tangents from P to the circle.
3. The minute hand of a clock is 4 cm long and the hour hand is
3cm long. Find the distance between the tips of the hands at 5 o’clock.
4. From the top T of a tower 24 m high, the angles of depression
of two points P .and Q on level ground are 40° and 30° respectively.
If P is due south and O south-east of the tower, find the distance PQ.
5. If sin x = 0-86 and x is acute, use tables to find cos (180° — x)
and tan (360° — 2x).
REVISION PAPER 12
1, In the triangle ABC, a = 10:2 cm, B = 42° and C = 54°. Find
b and c.
2. The sides of a triangle are 12 cm, 13 cm and 18 cm. Find the
area of the triangle and state whether it is obtuse-angled.
3. In the triangle ABC, AB = 8-4 cm, AC = 6:2 cm and the angle
A = 42°. Find the area of the triangle ABC. If D is the mid-point
of AB, find also the area of the triangle ACD.
4. A and B are two points both in latitude 42° N. If their difference
in longitude is 58°, calculate the shortest distance between A and B
over the earth’s surface.
5. Find the angle between two adjacent faces of a regular tetrahedron.

REVISION PAPER 13
1, ABCD is a horizontal rectangle in which AB = 4m, AD = 3 m.
P is a point 5 m vertically above A. Find the angle which the plane
PBD makes with the horizontal.
2. A ring of radius 60 cm is suspended horizontally from a point O
by five equal strings attached symmetrically to the ring and each of
length 120 cm. Find the angle between two adjacent strings.
3. A tower standing on level ground has a flagstaff 6 m high on
its summit. From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of
the top of the tower and the top of the flagstaff are 22° and 28° res-
pectively. Calculate the height of the tower.
4, Find the shortest distance of a place in latitude 48° 10’ N., longi-
tude 35° 20’ W. from the North Pole.
5. T'wo triangles ABC and XYZ are equal in area. Given that
AB =8 cm, BC =9 cm, CA =7 cm, and that XY =10 cm,
XZ = 12 cm, calculate the angle YXZ, given that it is obtuse.

REVISION PAPER 14
1, A man starting from a point P walks 3 km on a bearing of 040°
to Q. From Q he walks on a bearing of 300° until he is due north
of P. Find the total distance he walks.
 REVISION PAPERS 137
_ 2. By projecting the sides of an equilateral triangle on a suitable
line, prove that cos x + cos (x + 120°) + cos (w + 240°) = 0.
3. Prove that 1 — 3 cos? x + 3 costx — cos* x = sin® x.
4, A plane flies due north from a point on the equator in longitude
10° E. until it reaches latitude 40° N. It then flies due W. to the
meridian of longitude 40° W. How far has the plane flown (i) due
north; (ii) due west.
5. A pyramid vertex O has a rectangular base in which AB = DC
= 3m and AD = BC =2 m. Given that OA = OB = OC = OD
= 4m, calculate the angle between the planes OAB and ABCD.

REVISION PAPER 15

1. If sin A = 4/5, calculate the value of tan

ni A + cotaA without
iccacot out using
usi
tables.
; on Calculate the angles of a triangle whose sides are in the ratios
o73504,
3. Given that the sines of the angles of a triangle are in the ratios
2:3:4, find the ratios of the cosines.
4, In the triangle ABC, the angle B = 98°, c = 3:2 cmandb = 4:8 cm.
Find the angle C and the side a.
5. Calculate the largest angle of a triangle whose sides are 5 cm,
6 cm and 7 cm long and find its area.

REVISION PAPER 16
1. Two places on the parallel of latitude 40° S. differ in longitude
by 180°. Calculate the distance between these places measured along
their parallel of latitude. Find also the shortest distance between the
places measured along the earth’s surface.
2. A belt passes round two pulleys of radii 5 cm and 4 cm which
touch externally. Find the length of the belt.
3. If cos A = 8/17, find without using tables the value of sin?A
+ tan? A.
4, Draw the graph of 1 — sin 2x°, for values of x between 0 and 90.
5. Find a solution of the equation cos 2x = sin x.

REVISION PAPER 17
1. Find the smallest angle of the triangle ABC in which a = 12:6,
6b = 11-4 and c = 18:2.
2. Calculate the angles subtended at the circumference of a circle
of radius 8 cm by a chord 6 cm long.
3. Using tables, find acute angles to satisfy the equations: (i) cos A
= tan 20°; (ii) log tan B = sin 20°; (iii) sin? C = 3.
4, The diagonals of a parallelogram are 4 cm and 6 cm in length
and the acute angle between the diagonals is 60°. Calculate the lengths
of the sides of the parallelogram. ;
5. Aman walks 4 km from P on a bearing of 062° to a point Q.
138 TRIGONOMETRY AT ORDINARY LEVEL

He walks 3 km from Q on a bearing of 182° to a point R. Find the

bearing of R from P.

REVISION PAPER 18
1, A man walks along a road which is level and runs due north.
At one moment he observes that the angle of elevation of the top of
a tower is 20°. Some time later, the angle of elevation of the top of
the same tower is 15°. If the bearing of the tower from the man in
the first position is 041°, find the bearing of the tower from the second
position of the man.
2. Draw the graphs of sin x° and x/80 for values of x between 0
and 90. Write down a solution of the equation 80 sin x° = x.
3. Prove that sin x + sin (x + 120°) + sin (w + 240°) = 0.
4, ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 4m, BC =3m. The rect-
angle is held in a vertical plane with AB inclined at 20° to the hori-
zontal, and C above AB. Find the vertical height of C above A.
5. From the top of a hill, the angle of elevation of the top of a tower
is 39°, and the angle of depression of the foot of the tower is 18°. Find
the height of the tower, given that the shortest distance between the
top of the hill and the tower is 24 m.

REVISION PAPER 19
tan 64° 32’.sin 18° 26%
1. Find the value of
COSWaa 41
; 1 1
2. Given that tanx = a( -5) find sec x.

3. A straight road of length 3 km goes from P to Q. Another

straight road of length 2 km goes from P to R. Given that the angle
QOPR = 20°, find the distance OR.
4, A ship in latitude 48° N. sails 100 km due north. What is
her latitude now?
5. Calculate the radius of the circle circumscribing a triangle whose
sides are 13 cm, 13 cm and 10 cm.

REVISION PAPER 20
1, Find the height of a tripod whose equa! legs are each 36 cm long
and whose feet form an equilateral triangle of side 27 cm.
2. If b = 16:2, c = 13-4 and A = 62°, find B and C.
3. A blackboard slopes at 75° to the horizontal. Find the inclination
to the horizontal of a line drawn on the blackboard to make an angle
of 20° with the horizontal edge of the board.
4. A door 1-5 m by 1 m is opened to an angle of 30°. Find the angle
between the two positions of a diagonal.
5. Three points X, Y, Z are each 3 m from another point O in
their plane. If the angle YZY = 40°, calculate the length of XY.
 ANSWERS
EXERCISES 1A (p. 2)
1. (i) 0-3640; (ii) 3- yas (iii) 0-4557; (iv) 0-5243; (v) 0-8012; (vi) 2-983;
(vii) 2-004; (viii) 3-0
2. (1) 1° 2’; (ii) 9° 48’;on19° 24.> (iv). 48° 1°; (vy) 60° 25°; (vi) 67° 25°;
(vii) 71° 34’: (viii) 80° 1

EXERCISES 1B (p. 2)
1. (i) 0-4663; (ii) ce (iii) 2-798; (iv) 0-5392; (v) 0-7655; (vi) 9-788;
Ne 2-001; (viii) 3-003
may (a) 2° 5’; (i) 10° 24';Aad 20° 42’; (iv) 45°; (v) 60°; (vi) 67° 28’;
(vii) 73° 18’; (viii) 75°

EXERCISES 2A (p. 3)
1.11-9cm. 2.7:20cm. 3.4°52cm. 4.1-87cm. 5.3-77cm. 6.4:97 cm.
7.246 m. 8. 22:4 cm. 9. 3:20 cm. 10. 5-41 cm.

EXERCISES 2B (p. 4)
1. 8:39 cm. 2. 9-88 m. 3. 6:33 cm. 4. 3:51 cm. 5. 2-13 cm.
6. 5°58 cm. 7. 4:80 cm. 8. 2:28 m. 9. 5:38 cm. 10. 38:9 m.

EXERCISES 3A (p. 6)
Sin os 7S5ccme 4e5:07, cm. coe) 19°60 cm:
Ocm. 8. 88:3 cm. 9. 3-52 cm. 10. 12°38 cm.

EXERCISES 3B (p. 6)

1:5 em. 2. 5-47 m, 3. 8°32 cm. 4. 2:10 m. 5. 14-2 m.

57
ro cm. 7. 5:75 m. 8. 3:81 cm. 9. 2°83 cm. 10. 19:6 cm.

EXERCISES 4A (p. 8)
15540 od 51 3234 33.) 4.5950. Oo 2400 6.54° 30".
MOO 8. 30 5S i Opaee7 70 4 10.425) 4.

EXERCISES 4B (p. 9)
DaS Shee aZON oO. OD Lime A tz ee Os 40u,) OL02) 245 7740734,
Sr1167658 689,55 od7e 102.G6; 30%.
139
140 ANSWERS
EXERCISES 5A (p. 10)
1.26°. 2.6°. 3.5-1m. 4,39° 48°. 5. 47-9m. (6012-8 mm. 7. 123m,
8.150, 1m. 9. 57> SIAM Ie 1 e327,
EXERCISES 5B (p. 11)
1..37-1m: 2. ,9;53. ms. .3.:20:3'm, 4. 11-3em. (5.47 mm.) 6406 an,
7. 2:S0'mr Se 2°79 mM. "9144s > 610. Zio

EXERCISES 6A (p. 12)

127° 52; ¥2921° 40". 23e5S122 -4s35°385" 5. SPAS 6761" 14-
7. Wrong. 8. Wrong. 9. Right. 10. Wrong.

EXERCISES 6B (p. 12)

PSSS 8 Kaye 2O3OSy |S21 £9 SAO aS. FSP aha SG. AT ties
7. Wrong. 8. Wrong. 9. Right. 10. Wrong.

EXERCISES 7 (p. 14)

3x, 59° 2% 4, 41° 59’, 5. 6:38 cm. 6.9257 am.
7. 106° 14’. 8. 5°71 cm. 9. 21-8 sec. 10. 31-2 m.
11. 9-6 m. 12.°36" 52's 41°-49"< 545° 25.
13. 45°, 18° 26’; 100° 18’, 14, 3-22 cm; 2:52 cm; 1°60 cm.
155 3.cm: 36252'..16.. 7:5 “mm. 17. 9-8 m. 18. 56° 19’.
19, 23° 47’. 20. 73° 44’, 106° 16’. 21. 7:27 cm.
2221? 48" 23. 3-44 cm. 24, 73° 44’. 25. 3:05 m.
26. 4:47 cm. aoe a 28, 19 12 29. 17-4 m.
30. 5-48 cm. 31. 95° 30": 32. 1Sicnr.3) 56° 8". 33.535 12
34. 1-44 cm. 35.5.17:7,cm, 36. 16° 19’. 37. 2:14 cm.
38. 4 cm; 1. 39. 24/3.cm; 4/3. 7M ety
41. 1:76. 42. 4°. 43. 15:2 m. 44, 24-4 m.
45. 61 m.

EXERCISES 8A (p. 21)

1. (i) 05299; (ii) 0-5807; (iii) 0-8813; (iv) 0-9605; (v) 0-0872; (vi) 0-1768;
(vii) 0-3256; (viii) 0-9998; (ix) 0-7770; (x) 0-0009.
2. (i) 50°; (ii) 19° 6’; (iii) 27° 38’; (iv) 80° 8’; (v) O° 42’; (wi) 19° 28’;
(vii) 41° 49"; (viii) 44° 26; (ix) 48° 35’; (x) 21° 19’.
EXERCISES 8B (p. 21)
1. (1) 0-8660; (ii) 0°7949; (iii) 0-5875 ;(iv) 0-0398; (v) 0-3338; (vi) 0-7660;
(vii) 0-6077; (viii) 0- 6704; (ix) 0-6941; (x) 0: 9903,
23 (i) 46°33 (i) 2737; (iii)5S 252 1iy).12° 5053() 79° 43’; (vi) 64° 9’;
(vii) 30°; (viii) 61° 3’; (ix) 22" Q' (x) 56°2
 ANSWERS 141
EXERCISES 9A (p. 22)

1.12;7 m. 2.27-9 cm. 3. 256 m. 4. 10:7 m. 5. 374 cm. 6. 8:36 cm.

7. 67°77 m. 8. 89:9 cm. 9. 13-6 m. 10. 36:4 cm.

EXERCISES 9B (p. 22)

- 11-5 cm. 2. 43-7 m. 3. 335 cm. 4. 14:8 m. 5. 446 cm. 6. 16:3 cm.
- 31°55 m.
Ne 8. 90°83 cm. 9. 292 cm. 10. 86:2 m.

EXERCISES 10A (p. 23)

- 24:6 cm. 2. 18-5 cm. 3. 625 m. 4. 776 m. 5. 366 m. 6. 15:6 cm.
- 3760 m.
NI 8. 1120 m. 9. 5050 m. 10. 877 m.

EXERCISES 10B (p. 24)

1. 23:°3cm. 2.11-:1cem. 3.24-0m. 4.964m. 5.21:9cm. 6.8120
m.
7. 360 m. 8. 20:0 cm. 9. 6010 m. 10. 1730 cm.

EXERCISES 11A (p. 26)

Bee ee 425s Oa2i 45. 4.399127." 5.16250. 62.239 35.

741° 49". 8.69% 567.09. 54° 377° 10..24° 11,

EXERCISES 11B (p. 27)

1544° 25'. 2. 56° 15%. »-3. 20° 49". ©4..50° 32’. 5.42°'50% 6.50°.29".
Todd 020. SH845529 99202154") 105°362 052

EXERCISES 12A (p. 30)

WeO7 >) Tae ae oeo4- oon Onmt4ae S072ams 5°70 cms oO. GOmno Ze;
5em.0-0. 900 mi3/7 in. (7s 1S E420. 85 27459". 19522935 mi.
10. 5-7 m; 4:0 m; 59° 53’.

EXERCISES 12B (p. 31)

(1, WP i, 9, IO BRS By Weil aan, 44 Ada sens 7 sat. to A 1)’

EOleTiOe tori 2520 O20 O19) co 8 96 OS Os 10... 9°65 m5
2°6 m.
EXERCISES 13 (p. 33)

1.592 36 0-169] fe 24 les4Oe138oe1), 3527-4ime 9 421 215°48".

5. (a) 24° 50’; (b) 43° 10’; (c) 4° 5’. Cal 287
7. 16° 41’. 8. 48° 35’. 9, 22° 38’. 10. 4-95 km.
11. 46° 3’. Vet go, 1d 17-9 io J 14s 273, m,
15. 42-4 m. 16. 36° 52’, 48° 35’. 17. 26° 30’.
18. 35° 48’. 19. 5°74 cm. 20. 8° 38’.
142 ANSWERS
EXERCISES 14A (p. 37)
1. (i) 0-8480; (ii) 0-8141; (iii) 0-4726; (iv) 0-2784; (v) 0-9962; (vi) 0-9842;
(vil) 0:9455; (viii) 0-0157; (ix) 0-6296; (x) 0-7314.
2. (i) 50°; (ii) 17° 30’; (iii) 80° 40’; (iv) 27° 26’; (v) 65° 25’; (vi) 84° 37’;
(vii) 70° 32’: (visi) 48° 1175) Gx)s008 25icuGeye 75° 32 5 Gt)a62 055

EXERCISES 14B (p. 37)

1. (i) 0-5150; (ii) 0-3827; (iii) 0-9177; (iv) 0-1334; (v) 0-9986; (vi) 0-6691;
(vii) 08250; (viii) 0-9753; (ix) 0-7415; (x) 0-7997.
2. (i) 66°; (ii) 83° 30’; (iii) 15° 9’; (iv) 57° 25’; (v) 39° 49”; (vi) 88° 59’;
(vil) 27° 177s (viii), 77278’ 5.(ix) 2134 sa(x) 67 399 50(51) Sues

EXERCISES 15A (p. 38)

1. 33-2. D4; WES S45: Aaj-17 5. 687. 6. 57-4 cm.
7. 61:9 m. 8. 6:10 cm. 9. 50-6 cm. 10. 12-4 m.

EXERCISES 15B (p. 38)

5 2553 04: 3. 40). AL 201S 5.2521. 6. 7°76 mi.
26cm. 8. 22-6 cm. 9 51-9 cm. 10. 14-7 m.

EXERCISES 16A (p. 40)

1. 33°7. 2). 1498.) 3.5200) »4. 40.6 5. 9i-2am 66.. 14-3etcm,
7. 15,200 m. 8. 60:2 cm. 9. 2830 m. 10. 861 m.

EXERCISES 16B (—p. 41)

J. 4°61. 2. 77:1, 3. 254. “4. 285. 52408) 6.9257 cm. 72 530icm.

$3737:3 me O58 8sOume 108 576m:

EXERCISES 17A (p. 42)

1 42°37". 2.38° S75 390° ti 4.41515 Se6to Oy ee bac2 coe
Jel 25". BETS 3h ONG0F 30 1050: 20%

EXERCISES 17B (p. 43)

1,29°59" (2:44° 54". °3.47° 21". 4.63° 40". 5269919". 6.58" 507
FASOTZ. 8a62°035% GAS TRIS 10) 642 50%

EXERCISES 18 (p. 44)

LivoUi bole Oe bereGe, 3. 3-17 km. 4, 4-80 km.
5.367 32.5 6. 2:40 m. 7.36" 52). of 8. 36°1 ma375° 35%
 ANSWERS 143
I osUsesWg 10. 102° 38’. 9 11. 2:17 km.
12. (i) 3-76 km; (ii) 3-27 km. 13; 15-7-cm. 14, 5-48 cm.
15. 6:7 m. 16. 200-2 m. —17. 1:88 m. 18. 92-7 m.
a0. 41> 25", 20. 6-56 cm.

EXERCISES 19A (p. 50)

1. 24° 44’. 2. 4:24 cm. 3. 9-83 cm. 4. 8-08 cm. 5. 53° 8’, 53° 8’,
73° 44’. 6. 2°82 cm. 7. 2:31 cm. 8. 1:93 cm. 9. 66. 10. 62.

EXERCISES 19B (p, 50)

144" 2202; 5Olicnm, 3: 7-62 cm: “4. 4-44 em. 5. 122% 6’, 28° 57’,
28° 57’. 6. 2:47 cm. 7. 4:31 cm. 8. 14:9 cm. 9. 18. 10. 42.

EXERCISES 20A (p. 54)

(Bearings to nearest degree.) 1. 039°. 2. 6-08 km, 065°. SROORe
4. 493 km. 5. 151 km. 6. 7:96 cm. 7. 6:52 cm. 8. 4:58 cm.
O13; 128° Sv F105 047".

EXERCISES 20B (p. 56)

(Bearings to nearest degree.) 1. 063°. 2. 2-83 km, 311% 3. 257°.
a.4-S4 km. “5° 35'2 km." 6:8 cm. 7. 5°5*cm. 8.°7°77° cm;
9. 043°. 10. 11-4 cm.
EXERCISES 22 (p. 61)
1. 44° 2’. ze 1912 3. 1:70 cm. 421°! 36.
5. 9’ cm. 62524332 7. 1 metre 8. 6:93 cm?.
9. 6:06 m. 10. 60°. 11. 4-84 km. 12. 4000 m.
a3: 21° 55". 14. 44° 4’, 15, 70m, 16. 5°52 km.
47.7293". 18. 33° 34’. 19. 058°. 20; 5025502, 80°.
21. 21:4 cm?. 22. 4:81 cm; 6:39 cm. IBY PERT CSI
24. 5:35 cm. 25. 2-67 cm. 26.7111 m, 27. 8:94 cm.
28. 72°. 30.412 .25", 41? 25", 97° 10’.

EXERCISES 23A (p. 65)

1. (a) 3-120; (b) 2-459; (c) 1-6911; (d) 1-4849; (e) 10504. 2. (a) 1-0129;
(b) 1-0785; (c) 1:1570; (d) 3-356; (e) 5-759. 3. (a) 3-680; (6) 3-027;
(c) 1-826; (d) 05169; (e) 0-3603. 4. (i) 48°; (ii) 12°; (iii) 19°. 5. 1-5.
6. 6:73 cm. 7. 4:64 cm. 8. 3-49 cm. 9 50° 39’. 10. 26° 31’.
EXERCISES 23B (p. 65)
1. (a) 5-293; (b) 4-656; (c) 2-113; (d) 1-0511; (e) 1-0098. 2. (a) 10235;
(b) 1-0853: (c) 1-2120; (d) 18871; (e) 7-402. 3. (a) 6-968; (6) 3-047;
144 ANSWERS

(c) 1-868; (d) 0:6080; (c) 0:1968. 4. (i) 63°; (ii) 27°; (iii) 76°. 5. 4,
6. 10:7. cms. 73! 7-97..cm. |)8! 5258 cm. 194 31°. 41% 0.0652 33".

EXERCISES 24A (p. 66)

1. By -2,-0:832 3.22074 i VP if
+@2
q 5
5
Vm ss n
:

EXERCISES 24B (p. 67)

a ‘
£59) Vo Sd Aedes ne eee
is 2 : V m2 + n? VP —@

EXERCISES 25 (p. 68)

1. tan 40° 2. tan 50°. 3. sin 24°. 4. cosec 22°.

5. tan 30° 6. cos 25°. 7. cot 14°. 8. cosec 24°.
9. tan 30° 10. tan A. 11. tan? x. 12. 1e
p V1 — x?
13. We : 14, tan? x. 15. : A ihe

B71 218. Ve nl 9s 1 -207 tee 21 le 220. soi) 2a lee ee

2 2
26. sin? A. 27. 1. 28. tan? x. 30,a tees
6?
Ie
x2 oy?
31, Oe Cee 1. 35. 60°. 36. 33° 41’. O7.a6s0e4

33, aged By Abate erg we 41. 5; 53° 8’.

/2(a® + B®) min
42. 45° to 90°. 43. 30°. 44. 18°. 45. 18°.
46. tan x.
EXERCISES 26A (p. 77)

1. 9-43 m. 2 See oor S50, oe 4. 64°.

Ry VAP BK 6. 90°. PUP Ae Ae 8. 63° 26,
O69 2e2 7 = 10. soo59. 11. 7-60 m. 1255712 ASe
1% FASO He 14. 78° 50’. 1S vcheaGe 16. 36° 24’.
7s 29-e30k Lich, AP AI 19. 2:31 cm. 20. 5:54 cm.
21,672 122": 22. 70501 3K 23. 38° 56’. 24. 19° 41’,
25. 4° 58’. 26.. 57°. 27357335. m. 28. 81 m.
29. 41° 49°. 30. 17° 28’.
EXERCISES 26B (p. 79)
1. 15:6 cm. 2 22 Ou 3. 26° 34’. 4. 30° 49’,
5. 100° 24’. G29" Bi 12136 S02 8. 56° 19’,
9.63°'26". 10. 42° 2’, 11. 3:32 m. 12. 64° 46’.
 ANSWERS 145
13. 71° 34’, 14, 35° 6’. 15. 50° 26’. 16. 36° 52’.
1%. 1-73. cm. 18. 2-45 cm. 19. 54° 43’, 20. 70° 31’.
21. 48° 54’. 22. 41° 25’. 23. 71-2 m. 24. 76-1 m.
25, 58° 57’, 26. 23° 40’. 27. 30°. 28205 1%) 136
29. 63° 26’. 30. 60° 30’.

EXERCISES 27A (p. 87)

1. — 0-1736. 2. + 0-866. 3. — 0-5774. 4. — 0-9848.
5. — 0-6428. 6. + 5-671. 7. + 0:1736. 8. — 0-866.
9. — 0-8391. 10. + 0:6428. 11. — 0-866. 12. — 1-732.
13. + 1:0038. 14. — 11-0038. 15. +.1-:1918. 16. — 1-5557.
17. — 1:0154. 18. — 5-671. 19. — 0:0872. 20. — 0-0875.
21. — sin 80°. 22. — cos 20°. 23. + tan 60°. 24. — cosec 70°
25. —sec10°. 26. — cot40°. 27. — sin 40°. 28. — cot 5°.
29. — tan 85°. 30. — sin32°. 31. 2nd. 32. 2nd.
33. 4th. 34. 4th. 35. 3rd. 36. — 2.
37. — t. 38. — 5%. 3930°, 52, 143°°8'.
40. 143° 8’, 216° 52’. 41. 129° 48’, 309° 48’.
BOO pA ig S20. 17. 13.0225 5 sho lace 254
44, 125°, 305°. 45. — secx. 46. — cot x. 47, + cos x.
48. — sin x. 49. — sin x. 50. — cot x.

EXERCISES 27B (p.:87)

1. — 0-2588. 2. + 0:°8192. 3. — 0-4663. 4. — 0-9962.
5. — 0:°5736. 6. + 4:331. 7. — 0-0523. 8. — 0-7880.
9. — 1:3270. 10. + 05592. 11. —0-9511. 12. — 2-246.
13. + 1:0403. 14. — 1:0006. 15. + 1:0724. 16. — 1-4663.
17. — 1-0263. 18. 4-705. 19, — 0:2419. 20. + 0:0699.
21. — sin 73°. 22. —cos27°. 23. + tan56°. 24. — cosec 76°
25. —sec16°. 26. —cot 45°. 27. —sin27°. 28. + cot 3°.
29. —tan 88°. 30. —sin29°. 31. 4th. 32. 3rd.
33. 3rd. 34. 2nd. 35. 2nd. 36. — 3.
cybnie S 35 te, 39. 32°, 148°,
AO! 145°°5!) 214° 55, 41. 37° 14", 217° 14”, 42. 41° 49’, 138°'11"
43. 123°'45’, 236° 15’, 44. 35° 32’, 215° 32’, 45. — cose.
46. + sin x. 47. — cos x. 48. + sec x. 49. + cosec x.
50. — tan x.
EXERCISES 28A (p. 97)
1. (i) 34; (ii) 56. 2. (i) 645 (ii) 26. 3. (i) 54; (ii) 36. 4. (i) 425 (ii) 48.
5. (i) 3-45 (ii) 3-5. 6. (i) 10; (ii) 26 and 87. 7. 1-41. 8. (i) 6, 84;
(ii) 22, 68. 9.22,68. 10.26. 11.(i) 45; (ii)37. 12. (i) 0;(ii) 20, 90.
13. 38. 14. 45. 15.0. 16. 38. 17. 624.
146 ANSWERS
EXERCISES 28B (p. 98)

1. (i) 16; (ii) 74. 2. (i) 41; (ii) 49. 3. (i) 36; (ii) 54. 4. (i) 48; (ii) 42.
5. (i) 3-60; (ii) 2-98. 6. (i) 80; (ii) 64 and 3. 7. 2:24. 8. (i) 19;
(ii) 32. 9. 23. 10. —6. 11. (i) 53; (ii) 57. 12. (i) 60; (ii) 39.
13.-35.. 14:30. 15. 20 Gr 70. 16, 354" 17a.
EXERCISES 29A (p. 106)
C276 30, a= 542, b= 6472, A=49° 107 B= 4,
= $9°.50') .3.°A =150°S1, Bias 29° OF: 6:55. 4.5Ciee S27 207
a= 424,b6=1:19, 59 4= 30, B=, C=]76. Cla= se
B-= 62? 43’, (C= 75° 7. 71 BSAC 10a = 3°35, 0e ee tte.
8. 4 = 46°50 3B = 60°10. C= 73°. 9. = 52° SR Bia are
¢ =. 338) 10. b= 5:10 pe = 158, C= 17> 30.

EXERCISES 29B (p. 106)

1. C= 66" 105 a= 51570 = 602= 24 = 4017, B55
C= 83°54". 3.4 =.65° 40, B= 34° 205 = 9-68. 4 Cao cae
a= 493, b= 178) 5. A=3455 B= 40" 400) C= oF Ae
a= 5:25.B = 52° 59’, C= 74° S1') 7a@= 3°45, c= 63 Biz OG
8. A = 36°20’, B= 47°, C= 962 40". 9. A= 30 20, B= 40 cue
c= 788. 10. C = 20° 33°, b= 691, €= 2-62.

EXERCISES 30A (p. 111)

1. B= 65° 43%) C == 72" 17" e = 8:80 or B= 114° 17°C = 23" 4a
c= 3°72. 2. B= 82°48, c= 47° 12, c= 117 or Bao iy
C = 32° 48', ¢== 8-63. 3. A= 48°.-C = 84°) c= 6-96.54. Na
solution. 5. A == 20° 13°, C’="45° 47, a=1:37) 6. A= 657 455
B= 63°47, b'= 5-49 or A= 114° 15’, BS 15° 17 aed 6

EXERCISES 30B (p. 111)

1, B = 63° 39’, C= 71° 21’, ¢ = 9-69 or B = 116° 21’, C = 18° 39’,
c¢ = 3-27. 2. No solution. 3. A = 71°, C = 38°, c = 3-13. 4. No
solution. 5. A = 22° 18’, C = 47° 42',a=1-50. 6. A = 50° 41’,
B= 80° 54’, b= 6-15 or A = 129° 19’, B=2° 16’, b = 0-247.

EXERCISES 31 (p. 113)

1. 6:36 km. 2. 4-78 km. 3. 60-2 km. 4, 207 m.
5. 53-9 m. 6. 3-16 cm. 7. Obtuse. SS) 9s
Pee elo, 10. 187 m. Le 159° 57: 1222733 mm
13. 2:96 m. 14. 210 m. 15.:97)59% 16. 5-67.
Lae 1203, 18. 3; 5-96 cm; 26-8 cm?. 19. 6 cm.
20. 24° 9’, 21. 1070 m. 22. 11:5 km/h. 23. 29’,
 ANSWERS 147
24. 5-5 km, 25. 4-36 cm. IX, I Sey 27. 6°61 cm.
28. 3. 29. 24, 31. 20-1 m. 32. 1410 m.
33. (i+ V3): 1/6: 2° 34. 8 cm. ey GIO 22.

EXERCISES 32A (p. 119)

126-315 02,0 12-1 3, 4:00) 4. 16-9. 5.5.66:1, -6. A =—.42° 56’,
B= 61° 21’, C = 75° 43’. 7. A = 57° 24’, B = 55° 54’, C = 66° 42’

EXERCISES 32B (p. 119)

bee O89. bee 37-1. wont O91, 45 11-73, 5. 21-3. 6. A= 37° 24",
Bes32 39,0 = 110° 1’, 7. A = 56°30", B =.77° 43’ .C = 45° 47’.

EXERCISES 33 (p. 122)

1, 130° 20’. 2. 4 cm. 3. 7:94 cm?. 4, 14° 29’, 165° 31’
5. 1-63 cm. 6. 19-3 m?. 1PeESN 10 8. 321 cm?.
9. 8 cm. 10. 4-83 cm. 115-56" 26". 12. 4-74.
13. 5-81 cm. 14, 23 cm?, 15-115 cm?: 16. 205 cm?.
17. 8-89 cm?. 18. 6-62 cm. 19252)1ecm: 20.°37°:45'.
20. 19:3 cm”. 22. 0-834 cm?. 23. 64 cm?. 24. 3 cm’.
25. 36:7 cm?, 26. 9-46 cm?, =.27. 10-2 cm?.
ac
28205°23 cm.;cm.s- //:3 cm cm". 29. 11}+ cm cm?. 30,
Airc ani

EXERCISES 34A (p. 126)

| be 49cm. 2. 0-076 cm. 3.11-1 cm*. 4.:15-2 cm?. 5. 48-0 cm.

Ger OOrCMe soa ln Se ce 2 OF AST 58.

EXERCISES 34B (p. 126)

zi,‘49cm. 2.0111 em. 3.17:5cm?. 4. 25-6sq.cm. 5. 44-3 cm.
M2) CMe Je Solis Gud? 12),0161°> 48°,

EXERCISES 35A (p. 129)

122670) kim: 2. 3185 km. 3. 2570 km. 4. 1440 km/h.
5. 94 min. 6. 65° 22’. 7. 6670 km. 8. 5560 km. 9 1-73: 1.
10. 2560 km.
EXERCISES 35B (p. 130)

1. 3650 km. 2. 5520 km. 3. 2050 km. 4, 639 km.

5.1 hr.44min. 61°40’. 7.4450km. 8.10,000km. 91:09: 1.
10. 1580 km.
148 ANSWERS
EXERCISES 36 (p. 130)
1. 9-16 cm. 2. 3-89 cm. 3. 1:39 cm. 4. 15:3 cm?.
5. 14-3 cm. 6. 65-0 cm2, 7. 283 cm?, 8. 45:5 cm.
ON Ore 2oe 10> 1802 1d 4125 25%. 12. =
13. 3330 km. 14. 33° 34’. 15. 6300 km.
16. (i) 12-9 cm.; (ti) 69-8 cm?. 17. (i) 1277 km; (ii) 1274 km.
18. 6:06 m. 195.457 50". 20. 1120 km. 21. 222 em*
22.°2°99 cms 23.314 em", 24. 9-30". 25. 3330 km.
26. (i) 41-2 km; = (ai): 18-5 km. 27. 5460 km.
28. 4230 km. 29. 212 cm?. 30. 8000 km.
REVISION PAPER 1 (p. 133)
1. 11-1.em. 2.9-76 cm. 3. 0-4152, 0-1519, 6-166. 4. (i)
1;(ii) 2-747;
(iii) 0-3420. 5. 5-35 cm.
REVISION PAPER 2 (p. 133)

1). 183407 40°%57%, 542 51 eed 067? cra —

Pree 4
(ii) 15 (iii) 1.
REVISION PAPER 3 (p. 133)

1. 0-9235, 0-6180, 1-9452, 0-0423. 2. — ue dy 162. -4. 42332

5Ou9 Asses Eo tantemcotwem sin x:

REVISION PAPER 4 (p. 134)

kt. (i) 33°10’ ;{ii) 18°, *2.35m. 3.°53° 8’. “403-74 cm. 5.467 me

REVISION PAPER 5 (p. 134)

1230" 50") 2. (1) 44° 1755 GL 42% eos 10cm. nee ost

REVISION PAPER 6 (p. 134)

1. 1-03 km, 2. 14° 54% 3.602, 4.198 mi 5.2-290cm:,

REVISION PAPER 7 (p. 134)

DeS° 45% 22. 2523 Sue A. 28 Seo. 5-3 soni
REVISION PAPER 8 (p. 135)

lif = 5, ¥ ='53"5. > 2.255 mm. S. 81° 52), 4.51980 oe oom

 ANSWERS 149
REVISION PAPER 9 (p. 135)

Petit cm, 101 cmt. 23) (i) 2-4ms (Gi) 19° 28". (iil) 26° 344
3. 2190 km. 4. 2:90 cm. 5. 5-39 cm, 111° 48’.

REVISION PAPER 10 (p. 135)

1, 80°. 2. 12-5 cm, 3. 11:5. 4. 4:43 m, 66° 25’. 5. 4, 3.

REVISION PAPER 11 (p. 136)

1. 6°17 cm. 2. 97° 10’. 3. 6-77 cm. 4. 29-4 m. 5. — 0-5103, 1-832.
REVISION PAPER 12 (p. 136)
1. 6-86 cm, 8-30 cm. 2.77:9cm?; yes. 3. 17-4 cm?; 8-7 cm?.
4. 4700 km. 5. 70° 32’.
REVISION PAPER 13 (p. 136)
Bet64" 215 (2. 345100 13519 ms.) 42 A650pkm >) 15.-153%126%
REVISION PAPER 14 (p. 136)
1. 5-23 km. 4. (i) 4460 km; (ii) 4260 km. 5. 74° 21’,
REVISION PAPER 15 (p. 137)
BSA. 228 90°, 46" 3475104730". 8S. 141i 4, 44100194,
<916 em,--9. 78° 287, 14:7 ‘cm?.
REVISION PAPER 16 (p. 137)
1. 15,300 km, 11,1000 km. 2. 46-4 cm. 3. 4:29. 5. 30°.

REVISION PAPER 17 (p. 137)

P38) 37) Oe 22 lA 59153568 239,05; 32,450. | 4.2'65,0m,
4-36 cm. 5. 108°.
REVISION PAPER 18 (p. 138)
Peril eS 2. 75. 0a tLe MM. Oe 27) i,

REVISION PAPER 19 (p. 138)

1} 0:720. <2. a(?+5) 3. 1:31 km. 4. 48° 54’. 5. 734 cm.

REVISION PAPER 20 (p. 138)

Le 32-4ncm,| 200B = 07 9356 C SU rd acdsee: «18..| .4,,\8>,,15,
5, 3°86 m.
 Logarithms

lelslalslelzv|lsloleslas e6i7s9 a

0086 |0128 |O70 |0212 |0253 |0294 |0334 |0374/4 8 I2)/17 21 25]29 33 37

|-o4r4 0453 |0492 |0531] 0569 |0607 |0645 }0682|0719]0755]4 8 IL}I5 Ig 23|26 30 34
| -0792 |0828 |0864 |0899] 0934 |0969 |1004] 1038] 1072| I106]3 7 Io|14 17 21) 24 28 31
| L139
|1173 |1200 |1239] 1271 |1303 |1335 |1367 |1399 |1430] 3 6 10/13 16 19|23 26 29
}-146r
| 1492 |1523] 155311584 |1614 |1644] 1673| 17031173213 6 9/12 15 18|2I 24 27
1818 |1847}1875| 1903] 1931] 1959/1987} 2014]3 6G 8/II 14 17) 20 22 25
| -2041
|2068 |2095 |2122 42148 |2175 |2201] 2227 |2253|2279]/3 5 8|1I 13 16/18 2I 24
| -2304
| 2330 |2355 |2380 42405 |2430] 245542480|2504|2529]2 5 7/10 12 15|17 20 22
1 -255312577 |2001 |2625 |2648 |2672 |2690542718 |2742|2765]2 5 7| 9 12 14/16 I9 2I
: 3 2833 |285642878 |2900 |2923}2945]2967|2980|]2 4 7| 9 IL 13}16 18 20

*3010 | 3032 3054 | 3075 3096 |3118 |3139] 3160] 3181] 3201]2 4 6] 8 IL 13/15 17 19

"3222 |3243 |3263 |3284 /3304 |3324 |3345] 3365 |3385|3404|2 4 6| 8 10 12/14 16 18
3464 |3483 13502 |3522 |3541] 3560 |3579|3598]2 4 6] 8 Io 12/14 15 17
3655 |3074 |3692 |3711 |3729] 3747 |3766| 37842 4 6) 7 9 11/13 15 17
3838 |3856} 3874 |3892 |3909] 3927 |3945|306212 4 5] 7 9 II|I2 14 16
"3979 |3997 |4014 |4031 |4048 |4065 |4082] 4099 |4116| 4133)2 3 5| 7 9 IO|12 14 15
14150] 4166 |4183 |4200] 4216 |4232 |4249] 4265 |4281} 420812 3 5| 7 8 Io|II 13 15
"4314|4330 |4346 |4362 |4378 |4393 |4409] 4425| 4440/4456]2 3 5| 6 8 GQ) II 13 14
"4472|4487 |4502 |4518} 4533 |4548 |45941 4579 |4594] 4009]2 3 5| 6 8 g|Ix 12 14
|4024 |4939 |4054 |4069 |4683 |4098 |4713] 4728 |4742/4757] 3 4] © 7 9/10 12 13
4800 |4814 |4829 |4843] 4857] 4871 |4886| 4900]r 3 4| 6 7 9|1O II 33

“4914
|4928 |4942 |4955 |4969 |4983 |4997] 5011 |5024|5038]r 3 4| 6 7 8/10 Ir 12
"505T |5005 |5079 |5092 |5105 |5119 |5132] 5145] 5159/5172]2 3 4] 5 7 8| 9 IT 12
"5185 |5198 |5211 |5224] 5237 |5250 |52031 5270/5289] 5302/2 3 4| 5 6 8] 9 IO 12
"531515328 |5340] 5353] 5366 |5378 |5391] 5403 |5416] 5428]r 3 4] 5 6 8] 9 10 22
1544115453 |5405 |5478 |5490 |5502 |55141 5527/5539|5551]I 2 4| 5 6 7| 9 IO IL
"5593 15575 |5587 |5599 |5OIT |5623 |5635] 5047|5058| 5670/2 2 4] 5 6 7| 8 Io mr
5705 |572715729 |5740 |5752 |5763 |5775|5786]z 2 3] 5 6 7| 8 9 IO
9 |5821 |58321 5843 |5855 |5806] 5877|5888|5800/xr 2 31 5 6 7| 8 9g 1X0
2 |5933 |59445955 |5900 |5977] 5988 |5999] GCorojr 2 3) 4 5 7| 8 9 x0
6042 |6053 |6064 |6075 |6085} G096|6107|61r7]x 2 3] 4 5 6] 8 9 10
6149 |6160] 6170 |6180 |6r9or] 620r |6212|6222/r 2 3] 4 5 6] 7 8 S
6253 |6263] 6274 |6284 |6294] 6304 |6314] 632512 2 3) 4 5 61 7 8 .$
6355 |6365 |6375 |6385 |6395] 405 |0415 |6425;2 2 3) 4 5 6| 7 8 ¢
6454 |6464 |6474 |6484 |649316503 |6513) 0522]r 2 31 4 5 6| 7 8 ¢
6551 |6561 |6571 |6580 |6590] 6599 |6609] 6618}xr 2 3] 4 5 6| 7 8 :
6646 |6656 |6665 |6675 | 6684] 6693 |6702|6712]z 2 31 4 5 61 7 7 &
6739 |6749] 6758 |6767 |677616785 |6794|6803]r 2 31 4 5 5|6 7 &
6830 |6839 |6848 |6857 |06866] 6875 |6884|6803]r 2 3) 4.4 5) 6 7 &
6920 |6928 |6937 |6946 |6955] 6964 |6972 |698r]n 2 3] 4 4 51 6 7 &

7007 |7016 |7024 |7033 |7042] 7050|7059|70671r 2 3) 3 4 5) 6 7 &

7093 |7101 |7110 |7118 |7126] 7135|7143|7152]2 2 31 3 4 516 7 &
41771 7185/7193 |7202 |72101 7219 |7220/1 72351 2 2) 3945) 6 ie
7259 |7267 |7275 |7284 |7292 |7300 |7308 |7310] 2 21 3 4 5) 6 6 ¢
734° |7348 |7350 |7364 |7372
|7380 |7388 |7396]1 2 21 3 4 5) 6 © {
)
a/si[4a/s|e6|7|s]o|i nN P= ol fon) ~J i) rm
Logarithms

id] c=) ol {2p ©

5%)
NH
HNN
bd
NW

wb

HHHHHHNNN
WW
WWW
WW
WWW
NWW

wn ri iS) Q

ie nds
Bas
es NNN

Le
AS
are NNN

Ba RO
ae
Eee wb NNN
Nb NNR

a) Hi iS) nN AH
AAH
KH
WWR
WWW
W
WOW
WWW
WD

NNN

NNN

C00
HHHHRH
HHHNHN
HNN
HHH WWY
WWW
YNHYHN

(2) H H NNW
nN b

NNNNNN

000
000000
HH
HHA HH NNN
FI
HHH
MAH
RBeHAH NHNHNN
HHH Ww AN
Orr
HAH
HLH
AAHKR
AAD
PAH
HR
AAKR
WWK
WwW
W
WOW
WWW
WWWVAN
BAM
HR
BAR
AAR
HAL
HR
DAR
AAR
WWW
W
WWW
Aw
AdAO
A
AAR
Ana
AA
G
UAN
UN
BAR
BR
RAAB
RAR
BW
AARHO
HAO
AG
Or
UO
OU
RAH
HR
RAR
AAR
KLAR
WAR

N o
 152 Anti-Logarithms

olirlelslalslela7isiloh s ss
aslac6i7
*00] 1000 |1002 | 1005 |1007 |100g | IOL2 |LOL4 |L016 | Log | 1021 ° ° H H H H S) is) 1S)

“OL |1023 |1026 | 1028 | 1030 |1033 |1035 |1038 }1040 |1042 |1045
702] 1047] 1050] 1052 |1054] 1057 |1059 |L0u2 |1064 | 1067 |1009
03] 1072] 1074 |1076 |1079} L08r |1084 |1086 |108g | Logr |1094
*04} 1096] 1099 | L102 |1104] 1107 |T10g |III2]| 1114 |L117 | 1119
*O5 |1122] 1125 |1127 |L130} 1132 |1135 |1138 }1140 |1143 |1146
OO] 1148] L151] 1153] L150] 1159] LLOL |1164} 1167 |L169] 1172
0741175] 1178 |rr80 |1183] 1186] 1189 |L19I |1194 |1197 |L199
*08] 1202} 1205 |1208 |L211} 1213 |L216 |1219 |1222 | £225 |1227
09 |1230} 1233 |1236 | 1239}. 1242 |1245 |1247] 1250 |1253 |1256 000OOO
HHHHHH
HHH
HAHA
HAHAH
AHH HHH HNN
HHH
HAHAH NNNNNDHD
NNYKH
NHKNNN
HNN

10) 1259] 1262 |1265 |1268 |1271

|1274 |1276] 1279 |1282 |1285 ° H 4 H H 1S) n iS)

‘II |1288] 1291 |1294 |1297 }1300 |1303 |1306] 1309 | 1312 |1315
*12] 1318] 1321 |1324 |1327} 1330 |1334 |1337] 1340 |1343 |1340
*13 |1349] 1352 |1355 |£358] 1302 |1305 |1303 |1371 |1374 |1377
*14] 1380] 1384 |1387 |1390] 1393 |1396 |1400} 1403 |1406] 1409
*I5] 1413] 1410 | 1419 |1422 |1420] 1429 | 1432] 1435 |1439] 1442
"161 1445] 1449 |1452 |1455] 1459 |1402 |1406] 1469 |1472 |1476
*17] 1479 |1483 |1486 |1489 |1493 |1496 |1500 |1503 |1507 |1510
°18) 1514] 1517 |1521 |1524] 1528 |1531 |1535] 1538 |1542 |1545
"19 ]1549] 1552 |1556 |1500} 1563 |1567 |1570] 1574 |1578 |1581 O
0
OC HHH
ooo
OO HHHHHH
HHHHYHdNY
NHNHHK
NHNNdYNH
NHNNYNN
NYNNN

-20 1585 |1589 |1592 |1596] 1600 |1603 |1607} 1611 |1614 |1618 ° H Hw H n is)

-21 |1622] 1626 |1629 |1633 1637 |1641 |1644] 1648 | 1652 |1656
*22 |1060 |1063 |1667 |1671 11675 |-£679 | £683 |1687 | 1690 |1094
*23 |1698 |1702 |1706 |1710] £714 |1718 |1722] 1726 |1730] 1734
*24 1173811742 |1746 | 1750] 1754 |1758 |1762 |1766 |1770 |1774
*25| 177811782 |1786 |1791} £795 |1799 |1803] 1807 |1811 |L816
*2611820] 1824 |1828 |1832] 1837 |1841 |1845] 1849 |1854 |1858 HHH
*27 |1862 |1866 |1872 |1875] 1879 | 1884 | 1888 |1892 | 1897 |I901
°28] 1905] 1910 |rorg |1919] 1923 |1928 |1932] 1936 |ro4r |1945
*29 |1950] 1954 |1959 |1963] 1968 |1972 |1977] 1982 |1986 |I9g1 000HHHHHH
NNNNHwb
NNW
HNNbv

*30] 1995 |2000 |2004 |2009 |20r4 |2018 |2023 |2028 |2032 |2037 ° H H nN »

*31 |2042 |2046 |2051 |2056 |2061 |2065 |2070 |2075 |2080 |2084
*32 |2089 |2094 |2099 |2104 |2109 |2113 |2118 |2123 |2128 |2133
°33 |2138 |2143 |2148 |2153] 2158 |2163 |2168 |2173 |2178 |2183 eH
HH

*34 |2188 |2193 |2198 |2203 |2208 |2213 |2218 |2223 |2228 |2234
°35 |2239 |2244 |2240 | 2254 }2259 | 2265 |2270] 2275 | 2280 |2286
*30 |2291 |2296 |2301 |2307] 2312 2317 |2323 |2328 |2333 |2339
°37 |2344 |2350 |2355 |2360 |2366 |2371 |2377 |2382 |2388 |2303
*38| 2399] 2404 |2410 |2415] 2421 2427 |2432 12438 |2443 |2449
"39 |2455 |2400 |2406 |2472 |2477 |2483 |2489 |2405 |2500 |2506 OOO
HHHHHHHoH
NNN
HNN

"40 )2512} 2518 |2523 |2529 |2535 |2541 |2547 |2553 |2559 |2564 Nd nN

*A4I |2570] 2576 |2582 |2588 |2594 |2600 |2606 |2612 |2618 |2624
*42 |2030} 2036 |2042 |2049] 2055 |2661 |2667 |2673 |2679 |2085
*43 |2092 |2698 |2704 |2710] 2716 |2723 |2729 |2735 |2742 |2748
441275442761 |2767 |2773] 2780 |2786 |2793 |2799 |2805 |2812
*45 |2818] 2825 |2831 |2838 |2844 |2851 |2858 |2864 |2871 |2877
*40 |2884 |28901 |2897 |2904 |2911 |2917 |2924 |2931 |2938 |2944
"47 |2951} 2958 |2065 |2972 |2979 |2985 |2992 |2999 |3006 |3013
*48 |3020] 3027 |3034 |3041 |3048 3055 |3062 |3069 |3076 |3083
°49 |3090 | 3097 | 3105] 31124 3119] 3120] 3133 4arar | 2448] 2155 HHHHHHH
H HHH
NHH
WNN
WWW
HWWRPRW
HNH
WWW
W WWW
HNN
RAR
HR
W
WNHH
BAR
BAAR
WWW UG
AHW
HR
AARP
DAL
WWW
DAN
MAAR
W
WHW
UU HA
UN
WHHN
hAHLR
PAH
WWW
Ant
AAa
HAR
HR
WHWHW
NNN
WNHN
W
WHnw HB
AA
AW
DP
DA
UN
WW
HW
AD
NA
UM
NH
WW
W
HN
 H H S fo.)
On

NON

NNN
HON
HNN
HHH
HHH
HHH

HH hd

NNN
OS
NANNY
DANA
ADA
auw

BAHAR
HHH
HHH HYNY
PHY
YWN ODO
OMMW
WOO
Ay
NNN
SNA
AAA

H N II

HHH
HHH
HHA 09090
OND
OOM
O&O
wo
HHH

al Io

YNKY
YHNYN
ONN

iS)

YXN

NNN
NON
Ub
AAD
ADAH
HR
ABLW
WWW
WWW
WONN
W
WWW
NSTSINST
DAD
Ann
DN
AAD
Uru
Uno
BR
AAR
AAD
ADA
a
WWW
WWW
Www
w
WWW
WHNb
 154 Natural Sines

o |e 112'118124'1380'|86'|42'|49'/541] 1’/ 2’| 3° |4’ |&

_——— -§ | \ ———— |-—————- \{—$— | |} ————__f} —————_ | ————_—— {——

0 || -c000 |0017 | 0035 | 0052 |0070 0087 | O105 |0122 |OL40 |O157f 3 | 6 | 9 | 12] 15

I 0175 | 0192 0209 | 0227 |0244 | 0262 0279 | 0297 0314 |03321 3 | 6 | 9 | x2] 715
2 || -0349 |0366 |0384 |o4or |o4r9 |0436 |0454 |0471 |0488 |0506} 3 | 6 | 9 | 12] 15
3 0523 |0541 |0558 |0576 |0593 | COLO |0628 |0645 |0663 |C6SOf 3 | 6 | 9 | 12] 55
4|| +0698 |0715 |0732 |0750 |0767 |0785 |0802 |O819 | 0837 |0854} 3 | 6 | 9 | 12] 14
5 0872 |0889 |0906 |0924 |0941 |0958 |0976 f0993 |TOIT |1028} 3 | 6 | 9 | 12] 14
6 || -1045 |1063 |1080 |Tog7 jTIT5 | 1132 |1149} 1167 | 1184] 1201} 3 | 6 | 9 | 12] 14
7 {| sr2rg f 1236 | 1253 |1271 |1283 | 1305 |1323 |1340 | 1357] 13744 3 | 6 | 9 | 12] 14
8 || +1392 |1409 | 1426 |1444 |1461 |1478 |1495
|1513 |1530] 1547] 3 | © | 9 | 12 | 14
9 || +1564 |1582 | 1599 | 1016 } 1633 1650 | 1668 | 1685 |}1702 |1719} 3 | 6 | 9 | 11 “14
JO || +1736 |1754 |1771 |1788 1805 | 1822 |1840} 1857 |1874] 1891] 3 | 6 | 9 | Ir] 14

II 1908 |1925 | 1942 | 1959 |1977 | 1994 | 2011 |2028 |2045 |2062] 3 | 6 | 9 | Ir | 14
12 +2079 | 2096 | 2113 | 2130 | 2147 2164 |2181 |2198 | 2215 | 2233] 3 | 6 | 9 | 11] 14
13 || +2250] 2267 | 2284 | 2300 | 2317 | 2334 | 2351 |2368 |2385 |2402] 3 | © | 8 | IL} 14
14 || +2419 |2436 | 2453 | 2470 |2487 |2504 |2521 |2538 |2554 |2571] 3 | 6 | 8 | rr] 14
15 2588 | 2605 |2622 |2639 |2056 | 2672 |2689 |2706 |2723 |2740) 3 | 6 | 8 | rr | 14
16 || -2756 |2773 |2790 |2807 |2823 |2840 |2857 |2874 |2890 |2907] 3 | 6 | 8 | 11] 34
17 || +2924 |2940 | 2957 |2974 |2990 |3007 |3024 |3040 |3057 |3074] 3 | 6 | 8 | rr | 14)
I 3090 | 3107 | 3123 |3140 | 3156 | 3173 | 3190 | 3206 | 3223 |3239] 3 | © | 8 | rr | 14

19 || +3256 |3272 |3289 |3305 |3322 |3338 |3355 |3372 |3387 |3404] 3 | 5 | 8 | 1r | 14
20 |! +3420 |3437 |3453 |3469 |3486 |3502 |3518 |3535 |3551 |3567] 3 | 5 | 8 | 12] 14
21 || +3584 |3600 |3616 |3633 |3649 |3065 |3681 |3607 |3714 |3730] 3 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 14
22 || -3746 |3762 |3778 |3795 |3812 |3827 |3843 |3859 |3875 |3801] 3 | 5 | 8 | rr | 13
23 3907 |3923 |3939 |3955 |3972 | 3987 |4003 |4019 |4035 |4051} 3 | 5 | 8 | Ir | 13
24|| +4067 |4083 |4099 | 4115 |4131 |4147 4163 |4179 |4195 |4210] 3 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 13
25 || +4226 |4242 |4258 |4274 |4289 | 4305 |4321 |4337 |4352 |4308] 3 | 5 | 8 | ir] 13
126 || +4384 |4399 |4415 |4431 14446 |4462 |4478 |4493 |4509 |4524] 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13
27 || +4540 |4555 |4571 |4586 |4602 |4017 |4633 ]4048 |4604 |4079] 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13
28 || +4695 |4710 |4726 |4741 |4756 |4772 |4787 |4802 |4818 |4833] 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13
29 || +4848 |4863 |4879 |4894 |4909 | 4924 |4939 |4955 |4970] 4985] 3 | 5 | 8 | 10] 33
139 || +5000 |50I5 |5030 |5045 |5060 |5°75 |5090 |5105 |5120] 5135] 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13
131 *5150 | 5165 | 5180 | 5195 | 5210 | 5225 |5240 |5255 | 5270 5284] 2 5 71 0 es
32 || *5299 |5314 |5329 |5344 |5358 |5373 |5385 |5402 |5417 |5432] 2 | 5 | 7 | 10] 12
133 || °5446 |5461 |5476 |5490 |55054 5519 |5534 15548 |5503 |5577] 2 | 5 | 7 | 10] 12
34 || *5592 |5606 |5621 |5635 |5650 |5664 |5678 |5693 |570715721] 2 | 5 | 7 | 10] 12
135 || °5736 |575° |5764 |5779 |5793 |5807 |5821 |5835 |5850] 5864] 2 1 5 | 7 | 9 | 12
136 || +5878 |5892 |5906 |5920 |5934 |5948 |5062 |5976 |5990| 6004] 2 | 5 | 7] 9 | 12
37 6018 |6032 |6046 |6060 | 6074 | 6088 | Oror |6115 |6129 |6143] 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | x2
38 6157 |6170 | 6184 | O1g8 |6211 | 6225 |6239 |6252 |6206 |6280] 2 | 5 | 7 9 | II

39 || +6293 |6307 |6320 |6334 |6347 |6361 |6374 |6388 |6gor |Garg] 2 |4 7 9 ar
40 || +6428 |6441 | 6455 |6468 |O48r | 6494 |6508 |6521 |6534 |0547] 2 | 4 1 7 9 | II
4x || +6561 |6574 |6587 |6600 |66r3 |6626 |6639 |6652 |6565 |6678] 2 |4 | 7 | 9 |xx
42 6691 |6704 |6717 | 6730 |6743 | 6756 |6709 |6782 |6794 |6807} 2 | 4 | 6 9| II
43 6820 |6833 | 6845 |6858 |6871 |6834 |6896 |6909 | 6921 |6934} 2 | 4 | 6 8 | II
44 || +6947 |6959 |6972 |6984 |6997 |7009 |7022 |7034 |7046 |7059] 2 | 4 | 6 | 8] 10
‘Natural Sines

30’|36']42’/48'/54’|

AR
BK

aa

I:000 | I:0Cc0

|42’|48'| 54’
 Natural Cosines

30’|36’
— | ————— | —————_ | | ————__ | —_ —_— | ———— |_| |,——————— | ——_ |_| ———_ —— | "|

Oo 9999

9996
9990
9980
| 9968
9952|
9934
9912
9888 OO
HO
HHH HD
NNH
HH NH
HH

9860 iS)
ONAMUA
WHH
CS 9829 L
Sae) HOH bo Wh

9796
9759
9720
9677
9632
9583|
HHH
HH NNKH
HH
HHH RRW
WWHN
WW

Sled ana!
abh
BR
Ww

1s ez
an Pz
Ti |-2
zee
Sas:
Ties
I | 3
Lo e3
— | ——_| ———|—_— xX] quq—_ Joe _| ——_—___|}_____f _
_ —— | —_ ] ———__ | —__

HH Www AO
OAD
EN
NN
——|—— |———_—_ J ——<—_—. | ——<—_ | ———__ J —____ | —___ | __ pe es

HNN
NN
HHH WW HH
|WOW
AR
RHRW
WWW AUUNAUNa
rRER
RAR
1|wWwW
|[wWwW
HHH]
OH
| | a | ——— |-——-

AB 1O0
OO
OM
OHM

AA
DAAD]
BAR
ee || re | a |a ff ——

30’) 36’| i =
He
The black type indicates that the integer changes.
| INatUTal COsmes 157

30’|36'|42’| 48'|54’|1’| 2’| 3’ |4’ |5

7909 | 6997 |6984 |6972 |6959} 2 | 4 | 6 | 8] x0
6884 |6871 |6858 |6845 |6833] 2] 416] 8] x4
6756 |6743 |6730 |6717 |6704] 2 | 4 | 6 || ane
6626 | 6613 | 6600 | 6587 |6574] 2 |4 | 7 9 | II

6494 |6481 |6468 |6455 |644rf 2 |4 | 7 br

6361 | 6347 |6334 |6320] 6307] 2 |4 | 7 Q | II

6225 |6211 |6198 |6184 |6170] 2 | 5 | 7 9 | II

6088 | 6074 |6060 | 6046 |6032] 2 |5 | 7 Oiier2
5948 |5934 |5920 |5906 |5892] 2 | 5 | 7 | 9] 12
5807 |5793 |5779 |5764} 5750] 2 | 5 | 7 | 9] 12
5664 |5050 |5635 |5621 |5606] 2 | 5 | 7 | 10] x2}
S519 |5505 |5490 |5476 |5461} 2 | 5 | 7 | 10] 12
5373 |5358 |5344 |5329 |5314] 2 | 5 | 7 | 10] 12
5225 |5210 |5195 |5180 |5105] 2 | 5 | 7 | 10} 12]

5°75 |5060 |5045 |5030] 5015} 3 | 5 | 8 | 10] 33

4924 |4909 |4594 |4879 |4803] 3 | 5 | 8 | 10] 13
4772 |4756 |4741 |4726 |4710] 3 | 5 | 8.| 10] 13
4017 | 4002 |4586 |45711 4555] 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13
4462 |4446 |4431 |4415 |4309] 3 | 5 | 8 | 10] 13
4395 | 4289 |4274 |4258 |4242] 3 | 5 | 8 | ID] 13
4147 |4131 |4115 | 4099 |4083] 3 | 5 | 8 | IL | 13
3987 |3971 |3955 |3939 |3923] 3 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 13
3827 |3811 |3795 |3778 |3762] 3 | 5 | 8 | 22] 33
3665 | 3649 | 3633 |3616] 3600] 3 | 5 | 8 | In| 14

3502 |3486 |3469 |3453 |34377 3 | 5 | 8 | It |14

3338 | 3322 |3305 |3289 |3272] 3 | 5 | 8 | Ir] 14
3173 | 3156 |3140 | 3123 |3107] 3 | © | 8 | 12 | 14
3007 |2990 |2974 |2957| 2940] 3 | © | 8 [ 1n] 14
2840 | 2823 |2807 |2790] 2773] 3 | © | 8 | Ir | 14
2672 |2656 |2639 |2622 |2605] 3 | G6 | 8 | rr] 14
2504 |2487 |2470 |2453 |2430] 3 |6 |8 |r] 14
2334 | 2317 | 2300 |2284] 2267] 3 | © | 8 | IL | 14
2104 |2147 |2130 |2113 |2096] 3 | © | 9 | IL] 14
1994 |1977] 1959 |1942 |1925] 3 | © | 9 | IL | 14
1822 | 1805 |1788 |1772 |1754] 3 | © | 9 | IZ] 14
1650 | 1633 |1616 |15909] 15827 3 | © | 9 | IL] 14

1478 | 1461 |1444 |1426] 1409] 3 | © | 9 | 12] 14

1305 |1288 |1271 | 1253 |1236] 3 | © | 9 | 12] 14
1132 | LL15 |1097 |1080 |1063} 3 | © | 9 | 12] 14
0958 |094 |0924 |0906 |0889} 3 | © | 9 | 12] 14
0785 |0767 |0750 |0732 |}0715} 3 |© | 9 | 12] 14
0610 | 0593 |0576 |0558 |o54r } 3 | 6 | 9 | 12] 15
0436 | o419 |ogor | 0384 |0366] 3 |6 | 9 | 12] 15
0262 | 0244 |0227 |0209] o192f 3 | © | 9 | 12] 15

Morea heunodre et 0087 |0070 |0052 |0035 |cor7] 3 | 6 | 9 | 12] 15

30’|36’'|42’| 48’| 54’) 1’ | 2’| 3’ |4’| 5’

 Natural Tangents

24’|30’| 36’) 42’ 48’

0070 | 0087 | OT05 | o122 O140

0244 | 0262 | 0279 |0297 0314
041g | 0437 |0454 |0472 0489
0594 |O12 | 0629 |0047 0664
| 0769 |0787 |0805 | 0822 0840
0945 |0963 | 0981 | 0998 IO16
L122 | 1139 | 1157 |1175 I192
1299 | 1317 | 1334 | 1352 1370
11477 |1495 | 1512 |1530 1548

f 1655 | 1673 | 1691 | 1709 1727

OF
WAH
ONTAMA
CO
Hw 1835 | 1853 | 1871 |1890 1908 |
WwWwW
WWW
Ww
WW}
WH AAG]
AND|oow
ANAND
DDL
A OOO
wo
oo
| — | S| | | i | | | ——_ | ——

f 2016 | 2035 | 2053 |2071 2089

2199 | 2217 | 2235 | 2254 2272
2382 |2401 | 2419 | 2438 2450

Ww AND
WWW
WW AV HOUWO
OM
ooo
DANHR

— |__| ————— ] qu“ | q{— |—|—~— \ “| __

|
RAR
BR
WW
WWW

Sie NN
NN
ONIN
on;

hHRR
bhp
Ann wOaow
OO
woonon

an

9793 | 9827 |986r | 9806 Dann

| | _—$—$$—$$—$—<——— a _ ee | | | |

24’) 30’| 36’| 42’ =

~
| Natural Tangents

—— | ——S$| —_—_—__ J —__ | |

0247 | 0283 0319} 6 | 12] 18] 24] 30

0612 |0639 06867 6] 12] 18} 25] 31
0990 |} 1028 10674 6] 13] 19] 25] 32
1383 | 1423 1463} 7] 13| 20] 26] 33

1792 | 1833 1875% 7 | 14] 22] 28] 34

2218 | 2261 23051 7] 14] 22| 29] 36
e—— | | | | | | | | SS

2662 | 2708 2753) 8' 15] 23] 30] 384

3127 | 3175 32224 8 ( 16] 24] 3r] 39
3013 | 3663 37137 8 | 16] 25) 33] 41
4124 |4176 4229} 9] 17] 26) 34] 43
4059 |4715 4779] 9 | 18) 27) 36) 45
5224 | 5282
5818 | 5880
6447 |0512
7113 | 7182
7820 | 7893

8572 | 8650
9375 |9458
0233 | 0323
1155 | 1251
2148 | 2251
3220 | 3332
4383 |4504 4027] 20 | 40} 60) 79] 99
5049 |5782 5016 | 22 | 43] 65] 87)108

7934 | 7179 7326} 24 | 47] 73] 95|II9

8550 | 8716 8378 260 | 52} 78|104]130]

0237 | 0415 0595} 29 | 58] 87]116]144

2100 | 2305 2506 | 32 | 64] 97]129|LO1
4197 | 4429 4046 |30 | 72|108|144]180
6554 | 6806 7062 | 41 | 8£}122|163|203
9232 | 9520 9812 | 46 | 93]139]186}232
2303 | 2635 2972 | 53 |107| 160/214 |267
5804 | 6252 6646 } 62 |124 |186} 248 |310
0045 | 0504 0970 | 73 |140) 220 |293 |366

5026 | 5578 6140 | 87 {175 ]263]350| 438

6-107 |O°174 6243|
6855 |6-940 7-026}
7°806 |7-916 8-028 |
9°058 |9:205 9°357 |
10°78 | 10:99 Te2CT Differences
13°30] 13°62 13°95] untrustworthy
17°34 |17°89 18-46] here
24:90 |26:03 27°27 |
44°07 |47°74 52:08 |
IQI:0 |286°5 573°
5A! 1|2" 3’ |4’ |B’
— || | —— | ——————— | | ———__ |

36'|42’| 438’
 Log. Sines

24’'| 30'| 36’ 42’ 438’ |54’

| | — ff — | — | — ———— f —————— | —_—__—_—_ | ———_—_

90 3'941 2:020 2-087 2-145 |2196

4181 4401 4725 4973 |5208

6401 6571 6736 6894 | 7046
7865 7988 8107 8223 | 8336
8960 9056 gI50 9241 | 9331
9836 9915 9992 0068 | 0143
0567 0633 0699 0764 | 0828
1194 1252 I310 1367 | 1423
WNH
ONAMAR 1745 1797 1848 1898 | 1948

2236 2282 2328 2357/4)| 2429

2680 2722 2764 2805 | 2846 “I
Co

3085 3123 3162 3200 | 3237

3458 3493 3529 3564 | 3599
3804 3837 3870 3993 | 3935
4127 4158 4189 4220 | 4250
4430 4459 4488 4517 |4546
4710 4744 477 4799 |4826
4987 5014 5040 5066 | 5092
5245 527° 5295 5320 |5345 OU
HAM
AAA

5491 5516 HSL, 5563

O17. Doe 5773 5796 es

5954 5976 5998 6020

6172 6194 6215 6236
6383 6404 6424 6445
6587 6607 6627 6647
6785 6804 6824 6843
6977 6996 7°15 7934
7105 7183 7202 7220

7348 7366 7384 7492 Wh

WW
WWW NNN
DAANN
(eRe)
Noli

7526 7544 7562 LID

7701 7739 7736 7753 Www aD wo

7873 7890 (O27, 7924

8042 8059 8075 8092
8208 822 8241 8257
8371 8388 8404 8420
8533 8549 8565 8581
8692 8708 8724 8740
8850 8865 8881 88907
go06 9022 S37 9°53 WWWAN
WW UMN
Ua

OQI6L 9176 9192 9207

9315 9330 9346 9361 Ww nau

9408 9483 9499 9514

962I 9636 9051 9666
9772 9788 9803 9818
9924 9939 9955 997° &®
WWW Manan
| | | | |

24'| 30’ 36’ 42’ 43’ eh N Q

The black type indicates that the integer changes.
 ‘Log. Sines

| nn | fe |e | fe |
= ce a =

-——|——_
| —_| —__|__

Ww RAN

WwW AR An
!aAnD
A
—— | ——S | ———_ | ——_- |-—-_

HH
HHH HH
| |
NNoHbvw
NNN WW NNW
WWW

HH NN oe
Ww
AAR
wk
| "| ————— q— | uqjK —_—\c“€— — q_j|—|—_|—|—

I
I
x
z
I
£
6
ce) HH
HHH NNN
NH
HNN HHH
NN
WWW

0° HH HH iis)

307070)HHH
©O:
OROECT HH HH
HHH ANN
HW
HHH

[ren
mom
vee]
laa
|
[ara
pe
re
mmo
wou
ww
pow
au
aun

Ai 2 bS A’

The black type indicates that the integer changes.

 162 Log. Cosines

48’ vl2 |3’ 4|5

Oo O:0000 | OOOO | COCO 0000

I || 1-9999 }9999 |9999 9998

2 || 1°9997 } 9997 | 9997 9995
3 || 1°9994 |9994 | 9993 9990
4 || 1-9989 |9989 | 9988 9985
5 ||1-9983 | 9983 | 99582 9978
6 || 1-9976 |9975 | 9975 9969
7 || 1:9968 |9907 | 9966 9960 ° fe) fo) I I
8 ||1-9958 |9956 |9955 9949 oo, 0]: | 7
9 || 19946 |9945 | 9944 9936 Oo { O-| Lyer iie
10 || 1-9934 |9932 | 9931 9922 o|:O) r jor ie
II || I-g919 | 9918 | 9916 9907 ey jl ee I I I
12 || 17-9904 {9902 | g90I 9891 ° I I I I
13 || 19887 | 9885 | 98384 9873 OR] es ¥ I ee
14 || 1-9869 | 9867 | 9865 9853 Oo} ©) 2 |ox vi
I5 || 1-9849 |9847 | 9845 9833 o;r)|r)r} 2
16 || ¥-9828 | 9826 | 9824 9811 cea ee= xX | i he
17 || 1-9806 }|9804 | 9801 9787 ° I I 2 1s
18 || 1-9782 | 9780 | 9777 9762 O-|. 4°] r | 27h

19 || 1°9757 | 9754 | 9751 9735 ° I I 2 2

20 || 1-9730 |9727 |9724 97°97 Oo }-L.| 2 |2 oie
2I || I-9702 |9699 | 9696 9678 ° I I 2 2
22 || I-9672 |9669 | 9066 9647 I I 2,2)
23 T-9640 | 9637 9634 9614 I. |- i h2" 2a
24 || I-9607
| 9604 | 9601 9580 I i] 2 | 2
25 || 1-9573 |9569 | 9566 9544 ri irl 2] 2:3
26 ||1-9537 |9533 |9529 9506 |r| 2+ 3a
27 || 1:9499 | 9495 | 9491 9467 tj =|) 2° |\S3 ee
28 || 1-9459 |9455 |9451 9427 ri} r|/2)30a
29 || 1-9418 |9414 |9410 9384 Ti} it) 2)3 i
39 || 1°9375 |9372 | 9367 9340 rj]/2rj]2 3\i
31 ||1-9331 |9326 |9322 9294 r|2)2]3 [i
I 32 || 1-9284 |9279 | 9275 9246 tr | 27/2 | 3am
33 || 19236 |9231 | 9226 9196 I} 23 ) 33m
134 || 12-9186 }o18z |9175 9144 Ir} 2);31)3 1m
35 |] 19134 |9128 | o12 9091 tr }2:) 3) 4a
36 || I-9080 |9074 |9069 9035 I | 2) 3 |
37 ||1:9023 9018 | 9012 8977 ue iz 3 | 4°85
38 || 1:8965 | 8959 | 8953 8917 ril2z2|/3})4_
39 ||18905 |8899 |8893 8855 r|2| 3 ve
40 ||£3843 |8836 |8830 ae z1a43 |aie
41 || 18778 |8771 | 8765 8724 rq |.2 | 3 4.40
42 ||1-8711 |8704 |8697 8655 t|21°3 |\su
43 ||18641 | 8634 |8627 8584 riz eg) | eon
44 || 1:8569 |8562 | 8555 8510 I} 24 | 5a

On 16") |Paz 43’ 1’ | 2° | S | 40s

The black type indicates that the integer changes.
 Log. Cosimes

——
| ——_____._ | —_
Saag] bee red (eg Peer pee be es

|| SY] Www
Ww
—_ |—_——_———_—_ | | J

bed (ec pe fe ee Jee

| | SY] EO ao eee omer a ee

aA Na

2
2
8}
3
3
3
5)
3 DAD
Ann
An OOD
BO
OYN~Y

OMA!
wow
NNY

|
NANA
DAAN
AAA
RW

ON

Differences
je | ee ee ee) eee ee untrustworthy
here

A |2) 3 [a |5!
The black type indicates that the integer changes.
 164 Log. Tangents

6’
hieA 42'|48'|54’

3:242 |3°543|3 2087 |2-145 |2-196

2832 | 3210 4723 |4971 | 5206
5640 | 5842 6731 | 6889 | 7041
7330 |7468 8098 | 8213 |8326
8543 | 8647 9135 |9226 |9315
9489 | 9573 9970 | 0046 | 0120
0264 |0334 0670 |0734 |9797
0920 | o981 I27Z | 1326 | 1381
1489 | 1542 1797 | 1847 | 1895

9 IQQI | 2038 2266 | 2310 |2353] 8 | 15 30. | 3a

Io 2439 | 2482 2687 |2727 |2707] 7 | I4 27 | 34

II 2845 | 2883 3070 | 3107 | 3143] 6 | 12 25 | 31

12 3214 | 3250 3421 | 3455 |3488] 6 | IL 23 | 26
13 3554 |3586 3745 |3775 |3806] 5 | 22 21 | 26
114 3867 | 3897 4044 |4073 |4102] 5 | 10 20 | 24
15 4158 |4186 4323 |4350| 4377] 5| 9 18 | 23
16 4430 |4456 4584 |4609 |4634] 4] 9 17 | 22
17 4709 4829 |485314870] 4] 8 16 | 2Q
18 4946 5060 | 5082] 5104} 4| 8 I5 | 19

19 5170 5278 |5299| 5320] 4] 7 14 | x8

20 5382 5484 |550415523] 3] 7 14 | 17
21 5583 5679 |5698 |5717] 3| 6 | 10} 13 | 16
22 5773 5865 |5883 |590r} 3] 6] 9] 12} 35
23 5954 6042 |6059] 6076} 3} 6} 9] 12] 15
24 6127 6210 | 6227 | 6243] 3] 6] 8] xr] I4
25 6292 6371 |6387} 6403} 3] 5) S| ir] 13
26 6449 6526 |6541 |6556] 3] 5] 8} 10] 33
27 6000 6673 |6687 |6702} 2] 5| 7 | Io jz
28 6744 6814 |6828 |6842] 21 5] 7] 9 | 12

29 6883 6950 | 6963 |60771 2| 4] 7 | 9 \ aE

30 7016 7080 |7093 |7IO6} 2] 4) 6| 9 | IE

er 7144 97205 | 7218 |7230] 2| 4] ©} Saxe

32 7206 7326 |7338 |7349] 2] 4! 6] 8] ro
33 7384 7442 |7453 |7404] 2] 4] 6] 8] To
34 7498 7553 |7594] 7575] 2] 41 6| 7] 9
35 7607 766r |7671 |7682} 2) 4) 51 7] 9
| 36 7713 7794 |777417785] 2) 315 |. Aime
137 7815 7864 |7874 |7884} 2] 3] 5] 7] 8
138 7913 7960 |7979| 7979} 2] 3} 5}. 6} 8
39 8007 8053 |8063 |8072} 2] 3] 5| 6] 8
40 8099 8143 |8x52, |8r6r] =} 3} 4) 6 1g

AI 8187 8230 | 8238 |8247] I] 3] 4] 6 I

42 8272 $313) |8322:|/ 8330) Z|) 3) 4a)e6 7
43 8354 8394 |8402|84r0} rT} 3] 4] 5] 7
44 8433 8472 |8480 |8487] 1} 3] 4] 5] ©

12’ 42'|48'| 54’) 7’) 2’| 3’ | 4’ | B’

The black type indicates that the integer changes,
 Log. Tangents 165
24’ 30’! 36’| 42’ 48’ 2’ 3 4’ 5’

oo6L 0076 oOr06 O©2t Salon eLOners

0212 0228 0258 0273 |) Rogen |) are:
0304 ©0379 0410 0425 Sl Sa) Tom 73
O517 0532 0578 Salon PLOnWerS
0670 0685 0731 Saeco LOM ar
0839 0885 Syleca|prOu 23
0994 IO4I Sa ecn aOulenS
1150 1197 53 |) <3.) Ske) |) 563
1308 ‘| 1356. Fee Saretle pans
1467 I516 S| se | sae |} ae
1629 1677 5 SLI ery
1792 1842 GH |) | aig || ae
1958 2008 |] $5 |psad | ie
2127 2178 WW
WWW jh ie) ||Sas I) oy

2299 2351 || toy) 3e3 |) se

2474 2527 tow OF On 12a ers
2652 27097 Oui G) |)52) 503
2835 2891 Gill @ ae | seg
3023 3080 6] 9] 13] 16]
3215 3274 7 | 10] 13] 16
3413 3473 Gf || ON 533 | ae
3617 3679 To LOn ELAR Te
3828 3892 PP SSE || See Nh ae}
4046 4113 7 | 42) 15) 19

4273 4342 32 SIZ ersmlero

4509 4581 PT
BRR
RARW
WWW
WH Su PT2 a XOne2O

4755 4831 3: //13) | 17 |)2u

5013 5993 Gy |) seed ae} i] oa
5284 5368 9] 14] 19} 23
557° 5659 IO} 15] 20] 25
5873 5968 Io | 16 | 21 | 26
6196 6298 BH nee ||45 |) ors
6542 6651 I2 | 18 | 24 | 30
6915 7933 UN
DAD
UAB13 | 19 | 20 | 32

7320 7449 14 | 21 | 28 | 35
7794 7906 Cony TOMP23|esiaeso

8255 8413 17 |26 | 35 | 43

8806 8985 20 | 29 | 39 | 49
9433 9640 22 |34 |45 | 56
0164 0409 26 | 40 | 53 | 66
1040 1341 32 | 48 | 65 | 81
2135 2525 42 | 63 | $3 [104
3599 4155
5819 6789 Differences
untrustworthy
2+059 2*150] 2-281 2°457 here

30'| 36'| 42’ 48’ iz|3|4]5

The black type indicates that the integer changes.
 a 44% ?2 ee eal fDi e me - : 7

' Fe Oo) pes? | pare b heme Ves fro

!
; ‘ i
; i as sas aT 5
i
; '
Lie! PAs
a Fbhas ¢a
F Toler
= =
Pte i.
7 ah :

1 oi nz
w) , ;
ie ) sree
dybtm
Dar ~~
be
; = See =
b i | my ere bo < ai ‘ 4 »
i, j AT, Ad Peg] 1 Tees |
( Ore tA ees 2 ee Haziz. -
1 tte T 4 i
i ‘ a | qe if O07) exes cg 9 r
: i * ¢ ° : 7 iA

f re
4 .
“
of oad
0 } : (es | ves
| : aaA A 2
. '
: vi si > | ows
oud

}* j ps4 \y 4 ‘eo <4

‘ j = = hs 2
} ]
if 4 og 785 é ae
fi { | ;

it = 4 ‘<3 eT

£ Ril ht ;
4 5 A j 5
1 ‘4 he a S.

FS This
; . } ' Mb A ,
3 ‘ ie - {
a kK 4 ¢ 7 ie
' o: i se
|
5% at

Hh 4 7
i a v
1 m4 4 ~ ad lia

‘, *
on: ; P
i |

ah ie | Vatdetal ’ ; Fees eee

a; a i. | ids f
9 , 6 sai i
hs?) Ts
Dt: a ‘ h bu |
Ai.
ot 3

pee. Yaar bx ow, - -

i | r pe ‘ Hl \ 7
e e
- a ©A f . ais } 1
: Af Pog
jie um : : “Te is Sd ekg
j i :
. a arts noon PSG.
“lop | pub | eet A? ae & be ay) i
| class ele eae j >¢ Ph ed

i a1 ae,, or! - gs:

ey Bbnda ae
bs atmensieh tottos ty

ome mage aces r

[=
be ; 7 . $
“25
———