IOPIC 1:INTRODUCTION TO PORTS AND TERMINALS

Meaning of a port
A port can be defined as a harbor or an area that is able to provide shelter to numerous boats and
vessels (transferring people or cargo), and can also allow constant or periodic transaction of
shipment. In layman's language, a port is a place to facilitate loading as well as unloading of
vessels.

Iypes of ports

1.Inland ports
2.Fishing port
3. Dry port

Exam quiz: Factors to consider when establishing a dry port

4. Warm-water port
5. Seaport
Cruise home port
Port of call
Cargo port

Functions of port
1Nodal functions
Ports are one of the principal interfaces between land and sea, and the main entry and exit points in the
global transport system which links the world's nations with more than 70 per cent of the Earth's surface.
2.Logistics Functions
Ports are a component of freight distribution as they support export and import activities. They are points
of convergence (collection) of inland and coastal (shot sea) transportation systems, defining a port's
hinterland.

3. Nautical function:

4.Terminal service function

Other functions
5.1 Economic Function - Generates revenues to a country from the facilities available for
berthing and pilotage. by the levy of Port Dues. Berthing &Pilotage charges, Light
house dues etc. Also Customs Duty is charged for cargo and warehousing activities
S2. Commercial Function - Facilitates cargo handling, transit, delivery Bonding
warehousing of cargo, and handling passengers and providing related services.
5.3 Industrial Function - Ports provide terminals for handling liquid & solid bulk cargoes
for industry. Also for the export of industrial products.
5.4 Transport Function - Provides transport links by land, sea, air, Inland waterways, rail
& pipelines.
 Port management
Involves overseeing all commercial and technical components of theshipping industry.
Eunctions of port management
Cooperating with other ports
Coordinating deliveries with ships
Overseeing port development
Advertising and promoting the port
Enforcing security
Environmental protection initiatives.

Terminals

While some of the ports may handle only specific cargoes, a vast majority of the ports around the
world handle multiple cargoes within the same port.
These demarcated areas handling different types of cargoes are known as Terminals.
Types of terminals
Container Terminal
Ro-Ro (Roll On-Roll Of) Terminal (popularly known as Car Terminal)
Oil& Gas Terminal
Bulk Cargo Terminal
Multi-Purpose Terminal
Functions of Terminals
Receiving involves container arrival at the terminal, either as an import or export, recording its
arrival, retrieving relevant logistics data and adding it to the current inventory.
be
Storage is the function of placing the container in a known and recorded location so it may
retrieved when it is needed.
the
Staging is the function of preparing a container to leave the terminal. In other words
containers that are to be exported are identified and organized so as to optimize the loading
process. Import containers follow similar processes, although staging is not always performed.
An exception is a group of containers leaving the terminal via rail.
Finally, the loading function involves placing the correct container on the ship, truck, or other
mode of transportation. In this work the emphasis will be put on internal logistics chain of
container terminal (i.e. vessel-truck-yard and opposite direction respectively).
TOPIC 2: PORTS AND TERMINAL LAYOUTS

Meaning of a port layout

Meaning of a terminal layout

Port and terminal facilities

Port and terminal planning

Terminal Planning Methodology
The planning of terminals requires thorough analysis of the existing situation, expected future traffic
forecast scenarios, local circumstances and port management models. Rather than directly starting to
apply extensive simulation models for the logistical processes, port and terminal planning can often be
carried out using queuing theory or empirical methods.
Service level versus investment and operational costs
Based on client's traffic forecast and vessel arrival patterns and(parcel) size expectations, the required
number of berths, size of open and closed storage areas and facilities, number of gate lanes, parking
space, railroads, inspection and service areas, quantity and performance of quay cranes and yard
equipment etc. are determined for various scenarios. In-house developed models are used to balance
service levels towards different terminal users (such as shipping and trucking companies, custom's and
freight forwarders) against investment and operational costs. Various KPI's (Key Performance Indicators)
can be calculated to assist the client in planning investments against market expectations.
Yard size versus dwell-time

The Yard size of a terminal is largely determined by cargo dwell time, stacking density and manoeuvring
space. Dwell time is effected by logistical processes both inside and outside the terminal, customs
procedures, as well as market prices and client's strategic goals, and cannot be fully controlled by the
stevedore. Average dwell times for different types of cargo (import/export/transhipment) are determined
together with the client based on international benchmarks and expected country-specific developments.
Optimization of land
The required stacking density, stacking methods and maneuvering space are determined based on
optimum use of available land. Yard equipment requirements for stacking and horizontal transport are
calculated based on average occupancy assumptions as well as peak situations, including internal
transport for added value activities (stuffing, stripping, mixing, sieving. packing, etc.).

Importance of port and terminal planning

 Geographical-coastal, riverport, ria port
Operational-Transshipment, hub ports, feeder ports
Ownership models-Landlord, public, private, tool
Generation-first, second, third, fourth
Usage,public,private

Advantages and disadvantages of each port model

Types of terminal classification

According to use i.e. civil, military.passenger
According to generation, i.e. modern
According to cargo

Exam quiz: Challenges faced by ports and terminals in their operations

TOPIC 4: PORT ADMINISTRATION

Port administration is the day to day running of activities within the port.

Port legal framework

Port rules and regulations

Port legislation often focuses on port authorities' own sectoral concerns, and even where
environmental mnanagement responsibilities are addressed, they are often expressed only in
general terms. Port legislation should address all stages of development and define a mix of
regulatory and non-regulatory approaches including voluntary measures, co-ordinating
mechanisms and partnerships to enable the port to meet both national environmental and
commercial goals in a balanced way. Port authorities must comply with relevant national
legislation and regional and international conventions that address sustainable use of the
coastal and marine environment

Objectives of port rules and regulations

1.Coordinate, streamline, improve and optimize the planning, development, financing.

construction, maintenance, and operation of ports, port facilities, port physical plants,
and all equipment used in connection with the operation of a port;
2. Ensure the smooth flow of waterborne commerce passing through the country's ports,
whether public or private, in the conduct of international and domestic trade:
3. Promote regional development through dispersal of industries and commercial
activities throughout the different regions;
4. Foster inter-island seaborne commerce and foreign trade.
5. Redirect and reorganize port administration beyond its specific and traditional
functions of harbor development and cargo handling operations to the broader function
of total port district development including encouraging the full and efficient utilization
of the port's hinterland and tributary areas;
 for the use
6. Ensure that all income and revenues accruing out of dues, rates and charges
and accounted
of facilities and services provided by the Authority are properly collected the
for by the Authority, that all such income and revenues will be adequate to defray
cost of providing the facilities and services (inclusive of operating and maintenance cost,
administration and overhead) of the port districts, and to ensure that a reasonable return
on the assets employed shall be realized.
Port organizational structure
A great number of employees and managers. There are various definitions of port
employees at both national and international levels [13: 14]. Due to such differences in
being state or private enterprises, the fields dealt with, scope and size, being local or
international; there may be differences in terms of the organizational structure. Fig. I
reveals that a port management is carried out through a president or general manager at
the very top, a financial and an operation manager under this top and sum management
divisions under these executive officers. In many different port enterprises, the managers
like for technical affairs, human resources and purchase sales departments
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Human resource management in ports

Responsibilities ofHRM in ports

Compensation and Benefits
Recruiting and Staffing...
Safety and Compliance. ..
Training and Development. ..
Talent Management.
Responsibilities of port Managers
Responsible for planning, administering and reviewing the operations on a port terminal
in order to optimize resource use, minimize costs and maintain quality standards.
Lead the safe, effective, efficient and profitable production operation of a port terminal
facility by managing all aspects of the terminal to meet customer and throughput
commitments
Develop and deliver on business plans to meet port terminal commitments
Oversee terminal budget
Handle coordination with rail carriers on delivery of product (minimize of rail
demurrage)
Manage vessel tug, barge switching and fleeting operations
Responsible for safety and health throughout the terminal, including proper handling of
dangerous goods
Lead, develop and implement strategic and operational planning for a port terminal
facility
Liaison with industry stakeholders and represent the company on external committees
and associations
Supervise shipping process and inventory management ensuring that freight arrives at its
destination in a timely manner
Monitor computerized automation system, to ensure that all equipment is ope rational,
and production levels are met and maintained in accordance with goals and objectives
Oversee coordination and distribution of all products to maximize efficiency of port
terminal space, expedition of loading vessels, along with the blending of grains to meet
grade standards while maintaining the best possible profit margins
Role trade Unions in port administration
I. where appropriate, maintain jointlywith management and other trade
unions effective arrangements at industry or local levels for
negotiation, consultation, and communication and for settling
grievances and disputes:
2. take all reasonable steps to ensure that their officials and members
observe all arrangements;

3. provide for the training of delegates in the scope of their powers

and duties and the day-to-day operation of the unions;
4. provide adequate educational opportunities for the advancement
of their members;

5. be properly staffed to serve the needs of their members, and

allow for effective lines of communication between such staff and the
rank and file membership;
6. encourage members to take part in their activities by adopting such
means as would best allow them to do so, including the compilation
and distribution of information;
 7. make available information pertaining to the rules and policies of
the union;

8. provide adequate advisory services for their members and in

particular assist them to understand the terms and conditions of their
employment;
9. identify trends in industrial relations to help their members to
anticipate and keep abreast of change."
Statutory bodies in port administration

" Ministries of transport, labor, finance, economics, and planning.

" Port authorities.
" Port labor representatives.
" Main port customers and users, including exporters, importers, carriers and agents, freight
forwarders, and multimodal transport operators.
" Private investors, terminal operators, and cargo handling and stevedoring companies.

Roles of a Transport Ministry

In a market-oriented economic system, the ministry of transport typically performs a variety of functions at a
national level. With respect to coastline and port issues, the main tasks and responsibilities of the ministry can
be summarized as follows:

Policy making: The ministry develops transport and port policies related to:
-Planning and development of a basic maritime infrastructure, including coastline defenses (shore
protection), port entrances, lighthouses and aids to navigation, and navigable sea routes and canals.
- Planning and development of existing and new port areas (location, function, or type of
management).

- Planning and development of port hinterland connections (roads, railways, territorial waterways,
and pipelines).
- Legislation: The ministry drafts and implements transport and port laws, national regulations, and
decrees. It is responsible for incorporating relevant elements of international conventions (for
example, the International Convention of Safety for Life at Sea [SOLAS), United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
[MARPOL)) into national legislation for signature members.
International relations: Specialized departments of the ministry represent the country in bilateral and
multilateral port and shipping forums. The ministry may also negotiate agreements with neighboring
cOuntries relating to water-borne or intermodal transit privileges.
- Financial and economic affairs: Aministerial department is usually responsible for planning and
financing national projects. In many countries, a ministry of transport also finances basic port
infrastructure as well as roads, waterways, and railways connecting ports with their hinterland. It
should be able to carry out financial and economic analyses and assess the socioeconomic and
financial feasibility of projects in the context of national policies and priorities.
LIMITATION OF PORT LIABILITY
Port liability
Ports & Terminals Liability protects companies involved in the carriage, handling or
storage of cargo against legal liabilities arising out of the conduct of their business.
Port Liability limitations

Importance of port service delivery charter

Port delivery ccharter;
Port charter. Avoyage charter is a contract to carry goods from a loading port or a range
of ports to an agreed destination.

When the vessel arrives at the agreed destination various events take place, for example
the Notice of Readiness is given by the master or the agents and this can trigger off the
commencement of laytime. When the agreed destination is a named port the ship is
treated as an "arrived ship" when it arrives in aparticular arca in which there is aberth at
which the ship will load and/or discharge cargo.
Port Conmmunity-based systems
Is aneutral and open electronic platform enabling intelligent and secure exchange of
information between public and private stakeholders in order to improve the competitive
position of the sea and airports communities.
-Single window
-Operating systems
Port performance indicators
-Service time
-Waiting time
-Berth occupancy
-Dwell time

Topic 5: PORT PLANNING

Meaning of port planning
In a port planning context, the port authority has to define the long-term direction of port
development, including, among other things, defining the future port size (land and water
areas), the portfolio of commodities to be served, and the related destination use of
various facilities.

Describe port design and layout

 Explain the purpose of port planning
Better utilization of infrastructure, equipment, and resources.
Revision and expert opinion from the strategic and operational point of studies provided by other
consultants.

Effective Supervision and management of projects.

Full control over operations like information availability, interfaces, port and terminal capacity,
shortest possible delays, best possible turnaround time (vessel-truck-train).
Port planning principles
1.Compatibility with national plans: All new port development must be compatible with national port
development plans and coastal zone management plans
2. Environmental responsibility: National legislation that provides the mandate for port and harbour
development should also authorise the port development agencies/ authorities to discharge their
mandate in an environmentally responsible manner

3. High standard environmental performance:A port or harbour is most successful when it recognises
that enhancing environmental performance is a part of its mission and adopts necessary measures
within its management and operational policies
4. The conduct of an environmental impact assessment (ElA) is an essential step early in the planning
phase

5. Planning, site selection and design phases of port and harbour development offer considerable
opportunity to minimise negative social and environmental impacts
6. Integrating sound environmental management practices into daily operational activities can
derive long-term commercial advantages
7. Environmentally responsible technology should be adopted during all dredging operations and
management of dredged material

8. Design with nature: All coastal engineering structures should be designed such that they do not
significantly disrupt the sediment budget or lead to aggravated coastal erosion in adjacent areas
9. Regional and international co-operation and strategic partnerships promote improved
environmental performance

10. Sustainable port and harbour development requires a culture of dialogue, consensus building,
partnerships and co-operatio