‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.

com -‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫‪.1.1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ؟‬

‫‪.1.1.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ )‪ (GIS‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﺉﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻲﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻜﺲ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ )ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ( ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻳﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء‪ .‬ﻳﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻄُﻠﻖﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﺧﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ"‪ .‬ﻳﺤﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞﺭﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ = ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎًﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎً ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺭﺳﻤﺎً ﺧﺮﺍﺉﻄﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪.1.1.2‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪،‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪،‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪،‬‬

‫‪.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ(‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ‪ VECTOR‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻲ )ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ‪ X‬ﻭ‪ ،(Y‬ﻭﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ )‪ X‬ﻭ‪ (Y‬ﻭﻣﻀﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ)‪ (X,Y‬ﻣﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺎﺭﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻳﺔ )ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻻﻣﺒﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻓﻖﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻖ(‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﺎﺕﻣﺜﻞ ‪ AutoCAD DWG‬ﻭ‪ DXF‬ﻭ‪ MapInfo MIF/MID‬ﻭ‪ Geological Survey USGS DLG‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ ArcView Shape file‬ﻭ‪ .ArcGIS‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔﺑﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮﺃﻣﺮﺍً ﺳﻬﻼ ًﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ﻭﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ‪ Shape File‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑـ ‪ ESRI‬ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻷﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻭﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺬﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻠﻒ ‪ SHP‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ )ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻠﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻠﻒ ‪ DBF‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟـ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ )ﻣﻠﻒ ‪DBF‬‬
‫‪ - DBase‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﺮﺍءﺗﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ‪ (Microsoft Excel‬ﻭﻣﻠﻒ ﻓﻬﺮﺱ )‪ (SHX‬ﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪ ،PRJ.‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊ‪ RASTER‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ‪ ،RASTER‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺴﻞ )ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ(‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻒ ‪ RASTER‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ‪) RGB‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮﻭﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 8‬ﺑﺘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡﻣﻦ ‪ 0‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 0 .255‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻭ‪ 255‬ﻟﻮﻧﺎً ﻧﻘﻴﺎً‪ .‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ 0‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻴﻀﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ 255‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻄﺎﺕﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻢﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ‪) Haguenau‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ (1998‬ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔﻣﻊ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 2‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ‪ ،Push broom‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻃﺎﺉﺮﺓ‬
‫‪.ARAT‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ )ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﺉﻂ(‬

‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ )ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ(‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺢ ‪.25‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺴﻞ ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ)ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ(‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺴﻞ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ؟" ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ؟ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ؟‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ)‪ ،(MCD‬ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﻧﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻯ‪،‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫– ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ‪ polysemes‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫– ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫‪-‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ )‪(5A‬‬

‫ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺪﻭﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺃﺭﺷﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺴُﺘﺨﺪﻡﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭﺻﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻳﺪﺓ‬

‫‪.2‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻮﺍﺫ‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺉﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﺭﻗﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬

‫‪.3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻧﺤﻦﻧﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ)ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺅﻩ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪) .‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﻤﻊﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻀﻠﻌﻴﻦ(‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ)ﻛﻠﻴﺐ(‬
‫ﻳﺘﻴﺢﻟﻚ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ًﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻠﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ)ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ(‬
‫ﻳﺘﻴﺢﻟﻚ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺳﻤﺔ ﺗﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺘﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ)ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ(‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﺳﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻀﻠﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻤﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ )ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ(‬

‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺳﻤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎءﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎءﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎءﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻧﺎﻗﻼﺕ‬

‫ﺧﻄﻴﺔ‪Strahler‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻟﻲ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ( ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ < ‪ .2 10‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ < ‪ 10‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ < ‪ .3 5‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ <= ‪1/01/1994‬‬
‫‪.4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ < ‪ 10‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ > ‪ 5‬ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ <= ‪1/01/1994‬‬
‫‪).5‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﺽ = "ﺩﻭﺑﻮﻧﺖ" ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻐﻞ = "ﺩﻳﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪ"( ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ < ‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻐﺔﺇﺿﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪) SQL‬ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺣﺪﺩ * ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻭﺩ" ﺣﻴﺚ "‪s2_km2" <200‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﺉﻂ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪14‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬

‫‪15‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫‪.5‬ﺍﻷﺭﺷﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺗﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺭﺑﻂﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪-‬ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻬﻢ‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ARCGIS‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺪ‪ ArcGIS‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎً )‪ .(GIS‬ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬ﺗﺼﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺛﺎﺉﻖ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻢﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎً )ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ ،IGN‬ﺻﻮﺭ ﺟﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ( ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ )ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ(‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ArcGIS 10.3 Desktop‬ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‪ArcMap ArcGlobe ArcScene :‬‬

‫‪:ArcCatalog‬‬

‫‪:ArcCatalog‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻠﻚﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ WINDOWS‬ﺃﻭ ‪) DOS‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺬﻑ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‪،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ(‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ ArcCatalog‬ﻟﺤﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔﺑﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ‪ ،Windows Explorer‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺉﻴﺎً‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻚ‬
‫‪ ArcCatolog‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺭﻛﻤﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ .ArcGIS‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ)ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ArcMap .‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻺﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ArcView. 5‬‬

‫ﺁﺭﻙﺟﻠﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺁﺭﻙ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺲ‪:‬ﺑﻴﺉﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻞﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﻳﻈﻞﺍﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻞ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﻠﻞ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺭﺳﺎﻡﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﺑﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻊﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ArcGIS‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺉﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬ﻟﻠﺒﺪء ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﺑﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﺪﺩﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ )‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻓﻲﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻮﻳﺐﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ )‪ ،(2‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪،‬ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬
‫)‪(3‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺉﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻵﻥﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻭﻙ ﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ)ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ – ‪ (GCS‬ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫)ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻄﺔ – ‪ .(PCS‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ ﻣﻊﻧﻌﻢﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﻢﺍﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻛﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ(‪.‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
‫ﺭﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪LMD‬‬
‫ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ .ArcMap‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻥﺍﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ‪ .ArcMap‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺮﻃﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
 ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻂﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕﺍﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲﻳﺴﺘﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺃﺿﻒ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﻢﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮﻕ؛ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺧﻀﺮﺍء‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺮﺭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻟﺼﻮﺭﺗﻚ‪.‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ‪ ،ArcGIS‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻠﻒ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (Shapefile‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺁﺧﺮ )ﻣﻠﻒ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪ ،gdb.‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ‪ .ArcCatalog‬ﺛﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ‪.Arcmap‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻠﻔﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ‪ Catalog Tree‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪.ArcCatalog‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻠﻒ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻔﻚﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺅﻩ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺕﻧﻘﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻂ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻀﻠﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭ‪MultiPatch‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
 ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ‪ MultiPoint‬ﻭ‪ MultiPart‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬﻣﺜﺎﻻ ًﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺉﻴﺎً ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍً‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕﺑﻴﻦ ‪ MultiPoint‬ﻭ‪ MultiPart‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮﻁ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻠﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻠﻔﻚ ﺃﻣﺮﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻮﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪،‬ﻓﻲ ‪ ArcGIS‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ )‪(GCS‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮﻕﻳﺤﺮﺭﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ‪.XY‬‬

‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂﻋﻠﻰﺍﺧﺘﺮ )‪(1‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً ﻓﻲ ‪.ArcGIS‬‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺧﺮﺍﺉﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ LMD‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ _ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪2017/2018‬‬

‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂﻋﻠﻰﺍﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ )‪(2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺤﻮﺯﺗﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂﻋﻠﻰﺟﺪﻳﺪ )‪(3‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻫﻠﻴﻠﺠﻲﺃﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺮﻯ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬