SP321 – Social and Professional Issues Leonard T.

Boctil
Professional (History) 3.Respect and Courtesy: treat colleagues, clients, and
The original meaning of professional derived from the: stakeholders with respect, courtesy, and professionalism.
4.Confidentiality: must maintain confidentiality to protect the
-Middle English profes, an adjective meaning having privacy and interests of clients, patients, or organizations.
professed one's vows. 5.Accountability: should take responsibility for their actions,
decisions, and outcomes, acknowledging mistakes, and taking
-which itself derived from Late Latin professus, past appropriate corrective measures when necessary.
participle of profiteri which meant to profess, confess. 6.Communication: Effective communication is essential for
professionals to convey information clearly, listen actively, and
The idea was that professionals were those who 'professed'
collaborate effectively with others.
their skill to others, and vowed' to perform their profession to
7.Punctuality and Reliability: should demonstrate reliability by
the highest standard. meeting deadlines, fulfilling commitments, and arriving
Professional (Adjective) - Having the type of job that is punctually for appointments, meetings, or work-related
respected because it involves a high level of education and obligations.
training and having the qualities that you can connect with 8.Professional Appearance: Maintaining a professional
trained and skill people such as effectiveness, skill, organization appearance, including appropriate attire and grooming, "
and other serious matter. 9.Continuous Learning: engaging in lifelong learning to stay
Professional (Noun) - Someone who has worked hard in the abreast of developments in their field, adapt to changing
same type of job for a long time and has become skilled at circumstances, and enhance their skills and knowledge.
dealing with any problem that might happen. A person who 10.Respect for Diversity and Inclusion: should value diversity
does a job that people usually do as a hobby. and promote inclusivity by fostering an environment that
respects and embraces differences in culture, background,
beliefs, and perspectives.

Types of Professional

1. Medical Professionals: Doctors, nurses, surgeons, Professionals differ from amateurs because professionals can
pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals. typically prove a high level of competency by undertaking
2. Legal Professionals: Lawyers, judges, paralegals, and legal education and training. Amateurs may perform tasks or
assistants. activities as an interest or a hobby, sometimes intending to turn
3. Financial Professionals: Accountants, financial advisors, them into a career.
bankers, and investment analysts.
How to act Professionally at work
4. Engineering Professionals: Civil engineers, mechanical
engineers, electrical engineers, and software engineers. 1. Respect Others
5. Education Professionals: Teachers, professors, school 2. Communicate Effectively:
administrators, and education specialists. 3. Maintain Integrity
6. Information Technology (IT) Professionals: Software 4. Be Reliable and Punctual
developers, network administrators, cybersecurity experts, and 5. Take Responsibility
IT support specialists. 6. Dress Appropriately
7. Business Professionals: Executives, managers, marketers, 7. Collaborate and Cooperate
and human resources professionals. 8. Manage Conflicts Professionally
8. Creative Professionals: Artists, writers, designers, musicians, 9. Adapt and Learn
and actors. 10. Uphold Confidentiality
9. Social Services Professionals: Social workers, counselors, 11. Stay Positive and Professional
therapists, and community organizers. 12. Demonstrate Initiative
10. Scientific Professionals: Researchers, scientists, biologists,
chemists, and physicists. Nonprofessional Vs. Professional Jobs

Standards of Professionals • Workers in professional jobs are typically paid an

annual salary.
- It encompasses a set of guidelines, behaviors, and expectations that • Professional Requires Advanced Learning
individuals are expected to adhere to in their respective fields. These standards
help maintain integrity, competence, and ethical conduct within professions. • Professional job customarily requires a bachelor's,
master's degree or Ph.D.
1.Ethical Conduct: to act with honesty, integrity, and fairness • Nonprofessional Often Means Hourly Wages.
in all interactions • Nonprofessional jobs often require additional
2.Competence: must possess the necessary knowledge, skills,
knowledge and skills
and qualifications to perform
SP321 – Social and Professional Issues Leonard T. Boctil
WHAT IS ETHICS? - branch of ethics which consists of the analysis of specific,
controversial moral issues such as abortion, animal rights, or
- Ethics refers to a set of standards, norms, principles that
euthanasia. It helps to use knowledge of moral principles to
the society places over itself against which the actions of
present dilemmas.
an individual is judged from the view point of rightness or
wrongness or goodness or badness. What Is Computer Ethics?

DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS - is a field of applied ethics that addresses ethical issues in

the use, design and management of information
1. META ETHICS - defined as the study of the origin and
technology and in the formulation of ethical policies for its
meaning of ethical concepts, the term "meta" means after or
regulation in society.
beyond, and, consequently, the notion of Meta ethics involves
a removed, or bird's eye view of the entire project of ethics. The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics:

- It is a branch of ethics that seeks to understand the • The use of computers to hurt others is forbidden.
nature of ethical properties statements attitudes and • You must refrain from interfering with others' computer
judgments itself is. work.
• You must not look into other people's files.
- Also, it is a branch of analytic philosophy that • You may not commit crime using a computer.
explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral • You must not fabricate evidence using a computer.
values, properties, and words. Whereas the fields of • You may not use or copy software that you did not
applied ethics and normative theory focus on what is purchase.
moral, meta-ethics focuses on what morality itself is. • The use of another person's computer resources without
their permission is illegal
2. PRESCRIPTIVE ETHICS/NORMATIVE ETHICS:
• You must not use someone else's intellectual creation as
- Normative ethics is also called as prescriptive ethics. It is your own.
the study of ethical theories that prescribe how people • You must consider how the programs you create will affect
society.
ought to act. It examines standards for the rightness and
• You must conduct yourself when using a computer with
wrongness of actions. Normative ethics suggests
respect and dignity.
punishment when a person deviates from the path of
ideals. Profession is a disciplined group of individuals who adhere to
- Aristotle's virtue ethics, Immanuel Kant's deontological ethical standards and who hold themselves out as, and are
ethics, JS Mill's Consequentialism (Utilitarianism) and the accepted by the public as possessing special knowledge and
Bhagwat Gita's Nishkam Karma yoga are some of the skills in a widely recognized body of learning derived from
theories in Normative Ethics. research, education and training at a high level, and who are
prepared to apply this knowledge and exercise these skills in
Golden Rule is a classic example of a normative principle: "We the interest of others.
should do to others what we would want others to do to us"
Professional ethics are principles that govern the behavior of a
Normative ethics can be of following types: person or group in a business environment. Like values,
professional ethics provide rules on how a person should act
• Deontological Ethics - Actions are judged based on their towards other people and institutions in such an environment.
adherence to moral principles, regardless of their
Professional Ethics' best example can be the one doctors’ take.
consequences.
The Hippocratic Oath, taken by doctors when they are
• Teleological Ethics - evaluates the morality of actions rewarded the degree in medicine.
based on their outcomes or consequences.
• Virtue Ethics - focuses on the character traits or virtues of Ethical Principles
individuals and how these virtues lead to moral behavior.
• Honesty
3. DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS: • Trustworthiness
• Loyalty
- deals with what people actually believe (or made to believe) • Respect for others
to be right or wrong, and accordingly holds up the human • Adherence to the law
actions acceptable or not acceptable or punishable under a • Doing good and avoiding harm to others
custom or law. • Accountability.

4. APPLIED ETHICS Ethical Failures

SP321 – Social and Professional Issues Leonard T. Boctil
• Competing interests COMMON KNOWLEDGE - Facts that can be found in numerous
• Misaligned incentives places and are likely to be widely known.
• Clashing cultures
INTERPRETATION - You must document facts that are generally
• Leaders led the way
or that interpret facts.
Responsibilities of a professional
QUOTATION – using someone's words directly. When you use
• Master your work a direct quote, place the passage between quotation marks,
• Enhance your communication skills and document the source according to a standard
• Act as a leader documenting style.
• Be honest and confidential PARAPHRASE - using someone's ideas, but rephrasing them in
• Embrace a positive attitude your own words. you will use your own words to paraphrase.
• Collaborate and cooperate with others you must still acknowledge and cite the source of the
• Possess ambition information.
• Whistle blower
Plagiarism has legal implications. While ideas themselves are
Profession not copyrightable, the artistic expression of an idea
automatically falls under copyright when it is created. Under
Its original Latin meaning was "to profess," which signified
fair use, small parts may be copied without permission from
one's willingness to make a public declaration of something
the copyright holder. However, even under fair use- in which
that was important-and what usually was important was
you can use some parts of the material for academic or none
religion.
of purposes - you must attribute the original source. What is
Profession (Noun) - Any type of work that needs special
considered fair use is rather subjective and can vary from
training or a particular skill, often one that is respected because
country to country.
it involves a high level of education.
Profession (Verb) - To declare oneself skilled or expert in; claim What Does Ethical Issues Mean?
to have knowledge of, make (a thing) one's profession or
business. - Ethical issues arise when actions conflict with societal
moral principles, affecting both individuals and
Attributes of Profession businesses. These conflicts can lead to legal implications
and negative reactions from third parties. To navigate
1. Work requiring sophisticated skills, judgment, and
such dilemmas, professional associations have developed
discretion, not easily mechanized.
ethical codes, providing guidance and support in decision-
2. Membership necessitates extensive formal education, not
making.
just practical training.
3. Special societies or organizations, controlled by members,
set standards for admission and conduct, and enforce
them. • The ISSUES - Concept is an ethical decision-making
4. Practice of the profession results in significant public good. framework applicable across personal, professional, and
organizational levels. It acknowledges the inevitability of
ethical conflicts and emphasizes direct engagement with
involved parties for resolution.
Professional Responsibilities

• Confidentiality and the safeguarding of proprietary Identify issue and decision-making process
information – is a fundamental principle in professional Study the facts
practice, applicable across various fields including Select reasonable options
medicine, law, and IT. Understand values & duties
• Conflict of Interest - A conflict of interest occurs when an Evaluate & justify options
individual's personal interests may interfere with their Sustain and review the plan
professional obligations. There are three main types of
Organizational Ethics ISSUES
conflicts of interest to consider.
Identify the Ethical Issue and Decision-making Process:

- Engage in reflective practice to consider personal biases

ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION and intuitions.

PLAGIARISM - Using other people's words and ideas without Study the facts:
clearly acknowledging the source of the information.
- In complex situations, all stakeholders should share their
views respectfully in an open environment, considering
context and evidence.
SP321 – Social and Professional Issues Leonard T. Boctil
Key points to consider:

- Stakeholder Perspectives: Allow input from all parties

involved, including staff, community, patients, and
partners.
- Evidence: Evaluate risks, benefits, impacts on quality, and
best practices.
- Emergent Questions: Address any new questions that
arise during discussions.
- Evaluation Plan: Implement a formal plan to monitor
progress and identify opportunities for improvement.
- Contextual Features: Consider internal and external
directives, legal aspects, past cases, cultural factors, and
public opinion.
- Resource Implications: Assess human and financial
resources required.
- Reasonable Options: Generate multiple options through
brainstorming, considering both ideal and realistic
solutions
SP321 – Social and Professional Issues Leonard T. Boctil