 Q :

WhatI
sfi
reandgassy
stem

Ans :TheFire&Gassy st
em inanyplanti
sa“ Saf
etySystem”inordertosafeguar
dthe
personnelandplantandEquipment.Thesystem prot
ectspersonnelf
rom toxi
cgasesas
wellaspossibl
ef i
rehazard.Thesyst
em prot
ectstheplantfr
om possibl
efireand
consequentdamage.

Thesystem prov i
desal armsint heeventofpotent
ialhazar
df r
om toxi
cenvir
onmentor
fi
rehazard.Furtherthesy stem shutsdownplantsint heev
entofimpendingdisast
er
suchaspossi bleFir
e( duetohi ghlevelofcombustibl
egases).Thesystem i
salways
associ
atedwi thcontrol act
ionssuchasTr ipofdevices/plant
s.

 Q Expl
: ainI
ngr
esspr
otect
ion(
IP)

Ans :
I
NGRESSPROTECTI
ON(
IP)CODES
TheIPcodeconsi
stsof2digi
tsXY.Thef ir
stnumer alXstandsfor
prot
ectionagainstsol
i esandt
dbodi hesecondnumer al
Yst andsforprotecti
onagainstl
i
quid
bodies.ThisIPcodei si
ntendedf
orelect
roni
cencl osures,juncti
onboxes, panelsandsoon.
Exampl e:I
P65st andsforequi
pmentisdust-
tightandpr otectedagainstwaterjets.

I
P66st
andsf
orequi
pmenti
sdust
-t
ightandpr
otect
edHeav
yseas

I
P67st
andsf
orequi
pmenti
sdust
-t
ightandpr
otect
edEf
fectofi
mmer
sion

I
P55st
andsf
orequi
pmenti
sDustpr
otect
edandpr
otect
edWat
erj
ets

 Q :
Howmuchandexpl
aincal
ibr
ati
onMet
hanegasmi
xtur
e

Ans :
TheLELofMet haneis5%ofgasinair.NowCombusti
bleGasdetect
orsarecali
brat
edi
n
ter
msof%ofLELi .
e.0to100%LEL.ANYCOMBUSTI BLEGASCANBEI GNITEDONLYAT
100%LELBELOW 100%LELTHEGASCANNOTBEI GNITEDASEXPLAI NEDABOVE.
5%ofMethaneinairi
.e.5unit
sofMethaneand95unit
sofairi
nami xt
ureof100unitsform
LELf
orMet hane(
forothergasesEt
hane,pr
opaneandsoontheLELmaybedi ff
erent
).

TestGasesar
eusedtocali
brateCombusti
bleGasDetect
ors(0to100%LEL).5%ofMethane
for
ms100%LEL, i
fatestgasismarked(ontheoutsi
deofthetestcy
li )2.
nder 5%ofMethane
byVolumeitfor
ms50%LEL, simil
arl
yifatestgasi
smar ked(ontheoutsi
deofthet
est
cyl
inder
)2%ofMet hanebyVol umeitfor
ms40%LEL.

 Q :
Expl
ainwor
kingpr
inci
pleoff
lame(
UVI
R)det
ect
or

Ans :
Themodel
FL-
3101i
saf
lamedet
ect
orwhi
chcont
ainsanul
tr
avi
oletuvphot
otubewhi
ch
respondst ouvr adiati
oninthe185t o260nm r egion.Whenr adi ati
onf r
om af l
amer eachest he
cathodepl atewithi
nt heuvdetectortube,
electronsar eejectedf rom thecathodeplate.These
electronsar eacceleratedtowardsthepositi
v elychargedanodeoft hetube.Theycolli
dewi th
mol ecul esofani onzablegas,wit
hwhi chtubei sfil
led.Thisemi tsmor eelectr
onsandpr oduces
anav al anchecondi ti
on.Moreelectronsar
er eleasedwhi chcr eatesamoment aryelectr
onf low
from thecat hodetot heanode.Thismoment ar ycurrent(
pulse)r ecursatarateproportionalto
theint ensityoftheuvr adi
ati
on.

 Q :
Expl
ainwor
kingpr
inci
pleofh2sdet
ect
or

Ans:
Gener
almoni
tor
susesapr
opr
iet
arymet
aloxi
desemi
conduct
or(
MOS)

Fi
l
m ont
hesensorf
ordet
ect
ingH2S.
TheMOSf
il
misdeposi
tedont
oa

Subt
ractbet
weent
woel
ect
rodes.Wi
thnogaspr
esent
,themeasur
edr
esi
stance

Bet
weent
heset
woel
ect
rodesi
sver
yhi
gh(
Megaohms)
.AsanH2Sadsor
bsont
o

Thef
il
mther
esi
stancebet
weent
het
woel
ect
rodesdecr
eases(t
oKohms)
.Thi
sdecr
ees

I
nresi
stancei
slogar
it
hmi
cal
l
ypr
opor
ti
onal
tot
heconcent
rat
ionofH2St
hati
spr
esent
.

Thechangei nresi
stancei sconv ertedtoachangei nv ol
tage,andampl i
fi
edbyt he
i
nputCi rcui
t.Thisampl if
iedsi gnal i
sf edtoanAnal ogt oDigitalconvert
er,
convertedtoa
digi
tal
Signal andsendt oami croprocessortobepr ocessed.Thepr ocessofH2S
absorbingont otheMOSf il
mi smostef f
ect
iveatanel evat
edt emp.Ont heouteredgeof
thesubst r
ateisaheat erRi ng.Thet empoft hi
sheat err i
ngismeasur edwitha
thermistor,
andkeptconst antbyaci r
cuit
Locateinsidet hebodyoft hesensor.AsH2S
absorbsont othefil
m, electronsmov emor efreel
yf rom oneel ectr
odet ot
heother /
This
i
sr epr
esent edasadecr easei nr esist
ance.Thepr ocessofH2Sabsor bi
ngont otheMOS

Fil
mi scompletel
yrever
sibl
e.Astheconcentr
ati
onofH2Sdecr
eases(
H2Sdesor
bs)
,the
resi
stanceBetweentheelect
rodeswil
li
ncrease.

Expl
 Q : ainwor
kingpr
inci
pleofSmokedet
ect
or(
ioni
zat
ionandopt
icalt
ypes)

Ans :
IONI
SATI
ONSMOKEDETECTOR

Thesensi
ngpar toft
hedet
ectorconsi
stsoftwochamber s-anopen,out
erchamberandasemi
seal
edrefer
encechamberwit
hin.Mountedintheref
erencechamberisalowact i
vit
yradi
oact
ive
foi
lofameri
cium 241whi
chenablescurr
enttofl
owbet weentheinnerandouterchambers
whendetectori
spoweredup.

Assmokeent ersthedetector,i
tcausesareduct
ionofthecurr
entflowi ntheouterchamber
andhenceanincreaseinthev olt
agemeasuredatthejuncti
onbetweent hetwochamber s.The
volt
ageismonitor
edbyt heelectroni
ccir
cuit
rywhi
cht r
igger
sthedetectorintot
heal ar
m stat
e
atapresett
hreshol
d.Anext ernall
yvi
sibl
eledwil
ll
ightupwhenthedet ectorchangestoalarm
stat
e.
 Ani
ntegr
ati
ngi
oni
zati
ondet
ect
orsui
tabl
eforusi
ngar
easwher
etr
ansi
enthi
ghl
evel
sof
smokemaybeexpect
edisal
soavai
l
abl
e.

OPTI
CALSMOKEDETECTOR:

Opt
icalsmokedet ect
orincor
porat
eapulsi
ngledlocatedinalabyr
int
hwi t
hi nthehousingofthe
det
ector.Thelabyri
nthi
sdesignedtoexcl
udeli
ghtfrom anyexter
nalsource.Atanangl etot
he
l
edisaphot odiodewhichnormall
ydoesnotregi
sterthecolumnofli
ghtemi tt
edbyt heled.

I
nt heeventofsmokefrom afi
reenter
ingthelabyri
nththel
ightpulsefrom t
hel
edwillbe
scatt
eredandhenceregist
eredbythephotodiode.Ifthephot
odi ode“sees”smokeonthetwo
fol
lowingpulses,
thedet
ectorchangestothealarm st
atewhent heindi
catorl
edwil
ll
ightup.

Thedet
ect
orhousi
ngisi
denti
calt
ot hatoft
hei
oni
zati
onsmokedetect
or.I
tisdist
ingui
shed
fr
om t
hist
ypebyhavi
nganindi
catorledwhi
chi
scleari
nqui
escentst
atebutproducesredl
ight
i
nalar
m.

Theopt
icaldet
ector
sar
eeasyt
odi
sassembl
eandcl
eanwi
thoutt
henecessi
tyofr
etur
ning
t
hem t
othefactor
y.

Expl
 Q : ainwor
kingpr
inci
pleofbi
met
all
ict
ypeheatdet
ect
or
Ans:
Bimet
all
ic

Whent womet al
shav ingdifferentcoef f
ici
entsoft hermal expansionarebondedt ogetherand
thenheat ed,diff
erentialexpansi oncausesbendi ngorf l
exingtowar dthemet alhavi
ngt hel ower
expansi onr ate.Thisact i
oncl osesanor mall
yopenci r
cuit.Thel owexpansi onmet alcommonl y
usedi sinv ar,analloyof36%ni ckel and64%i ron.Sev eralalloy
sofmanganese- copper-nickel,
nickel-
chr omi um-ir
on, orstainlessst eelmaybeusedf orthehighexpansi oncomponentofa
bi-metal assembl y.Bi-metalsar eusedf ortheoper ati
ngel ement sofav arietyoff i
xed
temper aturedet ectors.Thesedet ectorsaregenerallyoft wot ypes-bi-
met alstr
ipandbi -
met al
snapdi sc.Dev i
cesusi ngabi -met al stri
poperateasf ol l
ow: Asst r
ipisheated, i
tdeformsi nthe
directi
onoft hecont actpoint.Wi thagi venbi-
met al,t
hewi dthofthegapbet weent hecont acts
det er
minest heoper atingtemper ature.Thewi derthegap, thehighertheoper ati
ngpoi nt

 Q :Explai
ndifferbetweenESDsy stem andF&Gsy st
em
Ans: ForanESD, aprocessupsetwilli
napr ocessshutdown.ESDsystemsare
prev
entati
velayersofprotect
ion,meaningthattheyacttoprev
enthazardousev
entl
i
kea
chemicalr
elease,fi
re,orexpl
osionfrom occur
ring.

AFGSi sami t
igati
ngl ay
erofpr otecti
onbecauset hepurposeist oreducethe
consequencesev erit
yofsuchanev entwhenitoccurs.Whenacombust i
blegas,
atoxicgas,smoke, fl
ame, orheatisdetected,
thentheFGSwi llrespondby
annunciati
ngaudi bl
eandv isualal
armsandi ni
ti
ateawat erdeluge,fir
e
suppressionsystem, orapr ocessshutdown.Intheev entofagasl eak,theFGS
canactt opreventitfrom becomi ngaf i
reorexplosi
onbyi sol
ati
ngt heleakand
i
gniti
onsour ces.
 Q:
Expl
ainDel
ugesy
stem

Ans:ADel
ugeSy stem i
safixedf
ireprotect
ionsystem i
nwhichthepipesy
stem i
s
emptyunt
ilt
hedel ugeval
veoperatestodistr
ibut
epressur
izedwaterfr
om open
nozzl
esorspri
nklers

 Q:
Draw2outof3l
adderl
ogi
c

Ans:

I
fany2i
nputhi
ghoutal
sohi
gh

 Q :
Expl
ainDRYandWETpi
peDel
ugesy
stem

Ans:
WETpi
pesy
stem (
Wat
eri
nsi
depi
pel
i
ne)

Awetpi pespr
inkl
ersystem i
sasprinkl
ersyst
em employ
ingautomati
csprinkl
erheads
at
tachedtoapipi
ngsystem cont
aini
ngwaterandconnectedtoawatersupplysothat
waterdi
schar
gesimmedi at
elyf
rom spri
nkl
ersopenedbyheatfr
om afi
re.

DRYpi
pesy
stem (
airi
nsi
depi
pel
i
ne)

Adr ypi
pespr
inklersyst
em isspr i
nklersystem employi
ngautomat i
cspri
nkl
erst
hatare
att
achedtoapipingsystem contai
ningairornitrogenunderpr
essure,t
herel
easeof
which(asf
rom theopeningofaspr inkler
)permitsthewaterpressuret
oopenav al
ve
knownasadrypi pevalv
e,andt hewat erthenfl
owsi nt
othepipingsyst
em andoutthe
 openedspri
nklers.
Drypipespri
nklersyst
emsareinstal
l
edinar
easwherewetpi
pesystemsmaybe
i
nappropri
atesuchasar easwherefr
eezi
ngtemper
atur
esmightbeexpect
ed.

 Q :Expl
ainSafetyintegri
tyl
evel
Ans:SafetyIntegri
tyLevel(SI
L)isdefi
nedasar el
ativ
elevelofr
isk-
reduct
ionprov
ided
byasafety
function,ortospeci
fyatargetl
evel
ofr i
skreducti
on.I
nsimpleterms,SI
Lisa
measurementofper for
mancer equi
redforaSafety
Instr
umentedFuncti
on(SIF)
.

SafetyInt
egri
tyLev
el.Oneoff ourpossibl
edi scretelevel
sforspecif
yingt
hesafety
int
egrit
yrequi
rementsofthesaf etyfunct
ionst obeal l
ocatedtothesafet
y-r
elat
ed
systems.SIL4hasthehighestlevelofsafetyintegri
ty;
SIL1has
t
hel
owest.

I
nourkocGCf
ir
eandgassy
stem wef
oll
owedSI
L3

Q:
Expl
ainhotcol
dandwar
mredundancy

Ans:
Coldredundancyisf
ornon-
cri
ti
cal
processeswher
eti
mei
snotahi
ghpr
ior
it
yandhuman
i
nter
venti
onisacceptabl
e.

Asanexampl e,ifapressi
ngmachinefai
l
s, t
heautomati
onsyst
em shouldnot
if
ytheoperat
or
andissueanalarm.Asi mpler
esponsemaybet ocutthepowersuppl
yanddispl
ayi
ngar ed
al
arml i
ght.Theoperatorcanr
esumeoper at
ionbysi
mplystar
ti
nganotheruni
tandrequest
ing
ser
viceforthefail
i
nguni .
t

WARM r
edundancy

Whenti
meandresponsetoafai
lurei
smorei
mportantbutnotcr
it
ical
,awar
mredundancy
st
rat
egymaysuf
fi
ceifatemporaryout
agei
sacceptabl
e.

Asanexampl
e,i
fav al
vefai
l
stooperat
eonafl
uidtransfersyst
em,thepumpcanbedisabl
ed
andt
hesyst
em shutdown.Dependi
ngont
heprocess,theproductmayhaveafi
nit
eperi
odin
whi
chi
twi
l
lnotbedamaged,
cont
ami
nat
edorst
artt
odet
eri
orat
e.

Thecy cl
ecantoler
ateafewsecondsorminut
esofint
err
upti
onbutt
hepr
ocessmustbe
rest
oredquickl
yandautomati
cal
lytoavoi
danyint
egri
tyi
ssues.

PLCredundancyi
nwarm sy
stemsusual
lyoperat
einshadowmodewher et
heyr
unt
hei
dent
ical
sof
twareandshareaheart
beatsi
gnalf
rom t
heprimarytot
hesecondar
y.

Aninter
rupti
onincontr
olwi
ththepr
imar
ywil
lresulti
nthesecondaryassumi
ngcont
rol
.
Dependingontheprocesst
rai
n&component
s, ext
raarbi
tr
ati
oncircui
tr
ymaybeneededtomux
contr
olsignal
s.

HOTr
edundancy

War
m &hotr
edundancyar
esi
mil
ari
nar
chi
tect
urebuthotr
edundancyt
hatof
fer
sinst
ant
pr
ocesscor
rect
ionwhenaf
ail
urei
sdet
ect
ed.

Forexampl
e,i
naminingororeoper
ati
on,i
fapr
imar
ycontr
oll
erforaconveyorf
ail
s,abackup
oneshoul
dimmedi
atelyassumecontr
olt
oavoi
danydel
aysinthetr
ansfer
.

ThePLCprogr
ammi ngsoftwar
e&hardwarecoordi
nat
ionmustbesol
i
dtoall
owforconst
ant
messagi
ngbetweenprocessor
sandaccesstocommondatatoall
owforasmoothtr
ansi
ti
on.

Datacanbet
ransferr
edbet
weenprocessor
soraccessedthr
oughacommondatabaselocat
ed
onthenet
work.Ei
therway,
thesecondar
yprocessmusthaveknowl
edgeofev
eryl
ogiccycl
eas
towheret
heprimarylef
tof
f.

 Q :
Expl
ainI
ntr
insi
cal
lysaf
eci
rcui
ts
Ans:Theelect
ri
calequipmentwhi chi
sinstalledint
hehazardousar
eahastohav
eonly
i
ntri
nsi
call
ysafecir
cuit
s.Acircuitisi
ntr
insicall
ysaf
e,whennosparkorheati
sablet
oigni
tean
expl
osiveatmosphereunderfixedconditions.Thesepredefi
nedcondi
ti
onsi
ncl
udethenormal
operat
ionandcert
ainfail
uremodes.

 Q:
WhydoIneedNFPA72compl
iancei
nfi
reandgassyst
em

Ans:NFPA72i sapr escr ipti

vestandardthatappl iestoFireAl
arm Systems.Whi l
etheNFPA72standar
dmak
noment i
onofgasdet ect i
on,manyclientsar eappl y
ingNFPA72st andar dsandr equi
rement
stobothfi
reand
gasdetectionsy st
ems.Ther eareseveraladvantagest oNFPA72cer t
ifiedsystemsthati
ncl
ude:
1.All
owsf orthecombi ni
ngofbot hfirealarm andgasdet ecti
onfunct ions
i
ntoasi nglesafetysy stem
2.Ensur esthatlocal "authori
ti
eshavingjur i
sdicti
on"likef
ir
emar shalsor
fi
reauthorit
ieshav eassur ancethatthesy stem compl ieswit
htheappl i
cablecodesandst
andar
ds
3.All
owst heend- usert olowertheiri
nsur ancecost sbecausetheyar e
usi
ngacer t
ifi
edsy stem
4. ANFPA72cer ti
fiedsol uti
onensurest hatyouar ecomplyi
ngwi t
ht he
bestpracti
cesi nthei ndust r
yasdraftedbyt heNFPA

 Q:Expl
ainf ailsafemodeand howt heyaresupervisi
onallloops( EOLr esi
stor
)i nfi
re
andgassy stem
Ans:Theunder l
yingpr
inci
pleoff ai
l
-safedesi
gnassumest hatapr ocessori t
em of
equi
pmentcanbedesi gnedt otaketheprocesstoasaf est
atusonequi pmentfai
lureor
poweri
nterruption.Thi
sappr oachrequir
esthatt
heswi t
chto“ saf
est ate”bepossible
wit
houtpowerandt hatthe“normal oper
ati
ngstate”oftheequipmentut il
i
zeenergized
cont
rolci
rcuits.
 Almostalldetect
ion,extingui
shingandnot ificat ioncircuitsofaFireAlarm system are
notnormal l
yenergi
zedandar enot“ f
ail-
safe” .Inor dertobesur ethesefireci
rcuitsare
i
ntactandr eadyforusewhenneededt heseci rcuitsare“ supervi
sed”.Supervisi
oni s
normallydoneusingasmal lcurrentorvolt
agepassedt hroughaf i
eldcircui
tdevice
call
edan“ endofl i
nedev ice”.Thissmal l
cur rentorv oltageiscontinuouslymoni tor
ed
toveri
fythatthecircuiti
sintactandr eadyforoper at
ion.Fi r
eAlarm systemsi nmany
casesneedt oactiv
at esuppressionornot i
ficat ionequi pmenti ntheev entofa
hazardousconditi
onandt hesesy st
emsr equi repowerbeav ai
labletodoso.Thi sisthe
pri
mar yargumentsbehi ndtheNFPA72r equi rement sassoci atedwi t
hbackuppower
systemsandbat t
eries.

EOLr
esi
storusi
ngi
nkoc5.
6kohms,6.
8kohms

 Q :
whyt
heyusi
ngsepar
atePLC sy
stem i
nfi
reandgas

Ans:
NFPA72st
andar
dsay
sneedsepar
atepl
csy
stem i
nfi
reandgassy
stem

PLCsarebestsuit
edf ormedi
um tolargesi
zegasdet ect
ionsystems(25+pointsofgas
det
ecti
on).Forver
ylargesyst
ems, PLCshav et
headv ant
ageofscali
ngfair
ly
i
nexpensiv
elytoaccommodat elar
gepointcounts.PLCsoffert
headdedbenef i
tof
ext
ensiv
econnectivi
tyopti
onsforcommuni cat
ingwithotherDCSorESDsy st
ems.

 Q:
whyt
heyusi
ngt
imedel
ayt
oco2f
ir
esuppr
essi
ondel
ugesy
stem

Ans :30Secst
imedel
ay

1.Manescapi
ngt
ime

2.Toshutdownv
ent
il
ati
onf
anandequi
pment
’s

 Q:
Hotr
epl
acementi
nicst
ri
plex

Ans:HotRepl
acementTheabi
l
ityt
oremov
eandr
epl
acemodul
es

Wi
thoutr
emov
ingpowerorst
oppi
ngsy
stem oper
ati
on.

 Q :
Expl
ainMTTRi
nfi
reandgassy
stem

Ans:MTTRmeansMeant
imet
orepai
r

8Hr
sti
met
otr
oubl
eshoot
ingf
aul
tin(
2out3and1out2)v
oti
nggr
oup

Ot
her
wiseF&Gsy
stem wi
l
lgi
vet
ri
psi
gnal
  Q :
Whati
sRedundancyi
npl
csy
stem

Ans:
Theemploy
mentoftwoormor
edev
ices,
eachper
for
mingt
hesamef
unct
ion,
in
or
dert
oimpr
overel
i
abi
li
ty.

 Q :
TMRmeansi
nicspl
csy
stem

Ans:
Tri
pleModul
arRedundancy
.

 Q :
NFPAst
andar
dini
cspl
csy
stem

Ans: The8000sy stem i scer tifiedt obeusedi nNFPA86compl i

antsy stems.
Thesy stemsshoul dbei ntegr at edi naccor dancewi t
hNFPA86.I npar ti
cul arthe
foll
owi ngshal lbeappl ied.
•Thesuppl ieroft heappl icat ionsof twar ef orthepr ogrammabl econtroll
ershal l
providet heenduserandt heaut hor it
yhav ingjurisdi cti
onwi t
ht hedocument ation
neededt ov erifyt hatal lrelat edsaf etydev icesandsaf etyl ogicar efunctional
beforet hepr ogr ammabl econt rollerispl acedi noper ation.
•Intheev entofapowerf ailur e, thepr ogr ammabl econt roller(hardwar eand
softwar e)shal lnotpr ev entt hesy st em f rom r ev ertingt oasaf edefaultcondi tion.A
safecondi t
ionshal lbemai ntai nedupont her est orat i
onofpower .
•Thecont rol syst em shal lhav easepar at emanual emer gencywi t
ch, i
ndependent
ofthepr ogr ammabl econt roller ,thati nitiatesasaf eshut down.
•Anychangest ohar dwar eorsof twar eshal lbedocument ed,appr oved,and
maint ainedi naf i
leont hesi te.
•Syst em oper ati
onshal lbet est edandv er ifi
edf orcompl iancewi t
ht hi
sst andar d
andt heor iginal desi gncr i
ter iawhenev ert hepr ogr ammabl econt roll
erisr eplaced,
repaired, orupdat ed.
•Whenev erappl icat i
onsof t
war et hatcont ainssaf etylogi cordet ectionlogi cis
modi fied, syst em oper at i
onshal lbev erifiedf orcompl iancewi ththisstandar dand
theor iginal desi gncr i
teria.
•TheNFPAcer ti
ficat i
oni sonl yappl icabl ewher et hesy st em isappl i
edi n
accor dancewi t
ht hesaf et ymanual andNFPA86r equi rement s.
•Apr ogr ammabl econt rollernotl istedf orcombust ionsaf etyserviceshal lbe
permi ttedt omoni t
orsaf etyi nt erlocks, ort opr ov idebur nercont r
ol f
unctions,
providedt hati tsusecompl ieswi thbot hoft hef ollowi ng:
(1)Thepr ogr ammabl econt rollershal lnoti nterferewi thorpr eventtheoper ationof
thesaf et yinter l
ocks.
(2)Onl yi solat edpr ogrammabl econt rollercont act s( notdi rectlyconnectedt oa
powersour ce)shal l beper mi ttedt o

 Q :
Typesofpl
clanguages

1.Ladderl
ogi
c

2.Funct
ional
block
 3.Sequent
ial
funct
ional
char
t

4.St
ruct
uredt
ext

 Q :
OPCser
vermeans

Ans:
OLEpr
ocesscont
rol

O-
obj
ect
,L-l
i
nki
ng,
E-embeddi
ng

Thi
sser
verusedf
orcommuni
cat
ewi
th3r
dpar
typl
ctomai
nsuper
visorcont
rol
l
er(
dcs)

 Q:
Expl
ainbasi
cfeat
uresofI
CSpl
csy
stem

Ans:

1.Wor
kingunderSI
L3l
ogi
c

2.Tr
ipl
i
cat
edci
rcui
tswi
theachmodul
e.

3.Li
nemoni
tor
ingsy
stem

4.Eachanal
ogi
nputchannel
hast
ri
pli
cat
eda/
dconv
ert
ers

5.1msecr
esol
uti
on

6.Sel
f-
faul
ttol
erancesy
stem

7.Hotr
epl
acementmodul
es

 Q :Dr
awl
ogi
cgat
es

Ans:
  Q :
Drawt
ri
pler
edundancypl
csy
stem di
agr
am

Ans:
  Q :
Drawdoubl
eredundancysy
stem di
agr
am

Ans :

 Q :
Expl
ainLELandUEL

Ans :

LELandUEL

LELmeans“ l
owerexplosiveli
mi t”andUELmeans“ upperexpl osiveli
mit”.Thenumberi s
expressedinpercent
,andmeanst hevolumeper centofv apor( orgas)i
nai r.Forexampl e,
pentanehasaLELof1. 50%andaUELof7. 8%.It
sflashpoi ntis–57oF.Ithasaboi li
ngpoi ntof
97oF.TheNFPAcl assif
iespent aneasaCl assIAFl ammabl eLiquid.Ift
hev olumeper centof
pentaneinairi
slessthan1. 5%, t
hemi xtureisconsideredtool eantoignite.Ifthevolume
percentofpentaneinairisgreaterthan7.8%, t
hemi xtureistoor eachtoigni t
e( notenough
oxygen).Theactuali
gniti
onwi lltakeplacewithexplosiveviolenceespeciallyifthe
concentrat
ionofpentaneinai rissomewhatmi dwaybet weent heUELandLELnumber s.
The1.5%concentrat
ionofpent
aneinairi
sequi
val
entt
o15,000par
tspermi
l
li
on(
ppm)
concent
rat
ion.The7.8%conentr
ati
onisequi
val
entt
o78,000ppm.

TheLELandUELper centagesar ef
ormi xt
uresofthepur
egasorvaporinair.Ift
hemi xt
urei
s
enri
chedwithoxygen,thespr eadbetweenthesetwonumberswil
lbegreater,perhapsmuch
great
er.I
notherwords, theLELwi l
lbelessthan1.5%andtheUELwil
lbegr eaterthan7.
8%.The
sameistrueifot
heroxi dizer
sarepresent.

Q :
Whatar
etheExt
ingui
shi
ngsy
stemsusedi
nFi
reandGasSy
stem andwhyi
tis necessar
y?

Exti
ngui
shi
ngsyst
em i
snecessar
ytoprot
ectVal
uabl
eequi
pment
sandhuman.Hal
on
System,
CO2,FM 200,
DCP,Foam,Wateret
c.

 Q: Whatt
ypeofcabl
esusedi
nFi
reandGasSy
stem?

Ans:
MICC(Miner
alI
nsul
atedCopperConductor
),Heatresist
antCabl
es(
Pir
ell
i
),
LeadSheat
hedCabl
esandXLPE( Cr
ossLinkedPolyEthylene)

 Q :Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenaddr
essabl
eandnon-
addr
essabl
esy
stem

Ans :
addr
essabl
edet
ect
ormeanswecaneasi
l
yident
if
yandaccessi
mmedi
atel
yin
l
oop

Nonaddressabl
emeanswecani
dent
if
yar
eaonl
ynotpar
ti
cul
arl
ocat
ionorr
oom i
n
bui
l
ding

 Q :
Drawr
esi
stancei
nser
iesandpar
all
el

Ans :
Resi
stancei
nser
iesconnect
ionandcal
cul
ati
on

Resi
stancei
nparal
lelconnect
ionandcal
cul
ati
on
 Q :Cl assi
fi
cat
ionofzones.

Zone0–Hazar
douszonei
nwhi
chf
lammabl
eat
mospher
eiscont
inuousl
ypr
esentf
or
l
ongper
iodormor
ethan1000hr
/year
.

Zone1–Hazardouszonei
nwhichfl
ammabl
eat
mospher
eisl
i
kel
ytooccur
sunder
normal
oper
ati
onsor10to1000hrs/
year
.

Zone0–Hazardouszonei
nwhichfl
ammableatmospher
eispr
esentonl
yabnor
mal
condi
ti
onorbr
eakdownsorty
pical
l
y10hr
/year
.