МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

ДЕРЖАВНИЙ ВИЩИЙ НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ЗАКЛАД

“УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ДЕРЖАВНИЙ ХІМІКО-ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИЙ
УНІВЕРСИТЕТ”

МЕТОДИЧНI ВКАЗIВКИ
ДЛЯ АУДИТОРНОЇ ТА САМОСТІЙНОЇ РОБОТИ
З ГРАМАТИКИ
З ДИСЦИПЛІНИ АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА ЗА ПРОФЕСІЙНИМ
СПРЯМУВАННЯМ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
133, 131, 144

Затверджено на засіданні
кафедри іноземних мов
Протокол № 7 від 08.06.2016

Дніпро ДВНЗ УДХТУ 2017

 Методичні вказівки для аудиторної та самостійної роботи з граматики з
дисципліни англійська мова за пофесійним спрямуванням для студентів
спеціальностей 133, 131, 144 / Укл.: І.М. Анатайчук.– Дніпро: ДВНЗ УДХТУ,
2017. – 37 с.

Укладач І.М. Анатайчук

Відповідальний за випуск А.С. Михайлова

Навчальне видання

Методичні вказівки для аудиторної та самостійної роботи з граматики з

дисципліни англійська мова за пофесійним спрямуванням для студентів
спеціальностей 133, 131, 144

Укладач АНАТАЙЧУК Інна Миколаївна

Авторська редакція
Комп’ютерна верстка Т.М. Кіжло

Підписано до друку 20.06.17. Формат 60×841/16. Папір ксерокс. Друк різограф.

Умов. друк. арк. 1,68. Обл.-вид. арк. 1,75. Тираж 100 прим. Зам. № 667.
Свідоцтво ДК № 5026 від 16.12.2015
ДВНЗ УДХТУ, 49005, м. Дніпро-5, просп. Гагаріна, 8
Редакційно-видавничий відділ

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 Unit 1

Дієслово to be

I Am I'm = I am I'm
He not = I am not
She is He's = He is He
It from Ukraine isn't = He is not
We She's = She is She
You are isn't = It is not
They
We're = we are we
aren't = we are not
You’re = you are you aren’t = you are not
They're = they are they aren't = they are not

Question with question words

is his job? Yes, he is
What
is her surname?
No, she isn't
is she
Where from?
are you Yes, it is

Who is she? No, I'm not

No, we aren't
How old is he ?

Yes / No question Negative

Is he hot? I am
she He
it She is from
Are you married It not
the States
they We
You are
they

Вправа 1. Поставте наступні речення в Past Simple або Future Simple

додаючи, де необхідно, слова last/next week, last/next year, tomorrow, yesterday і
т.д.
1. I am very busy today. 2. They are in the reading-room now. 3. It is a cold day
today. 4. We are students of one of the Kyiv’s Universities. 5. You are late for the
lecture. 6. Mary is a good student. 7. The students have four exams in January. 8.
Today they have time to go to the cinema. 9. We have some English magazines. 10.
The book has many diagrams. 11. I have good news. 12. She has a map of England.

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 Вправа 2. Поставте наступні речення в Past і Future Simple, додаючи слова
yesterday, tomorrow і т.д.
1. There is a large reading-room in our university. 2. There are thirty students in
our group. 3. There is a new film in our club today. 4. There is one telephone in our
office. 5. There are many students at the lecture.

Вправа 3. Поставте наступні речення в Past або Future Simple, додаючи

слова last/next year, yesterday, tomorrow, last/next week, last/next summer і т.д.
1. We study five days a week. 2. I go to the university every day. 3. My friend lives
in a hostel. 4. Usually I get up at 7 o'clock. 5. My studies begin at half past eight. 6. We
have four lectures every day. 7. After lectures we go to the dinning room. 8. We do our
homework for the next day. 9. At night I read and watch TV. 10. On Sunday I visit my
friends.

Вправа 4. Заповніть пропуски дієсловами to be, to have у відповідному часі.

1. Kyiv ... the capital of Ukraine. 2. There ... many educational institutions in
Dnipro. 3. The oldest of them ... The Mining Academy. 4. Our University ... one of
the oldest technological institutes in the country. 5. It... founded in 1932. 6. It... old
and new buildings. 7. There ... laboratories, workshops and libraries in our institute.
8. Every faculty ... its own computer center. 9. Our library ... a great number of books
and magazines in all branches of science and technology. 10. Last year we ... at
school, next year we ... the second year students. 11. We ... industrial training in the
third year.

Вправа 5. Напишіть відповіді на питання за наступним зразком:

Are there two presidents in the United States? No, there are not. There are not two
presidents in the United States. There is one president in the United States.
1. Are there thirteen months in a year? 2. Are there eight days in a week? 3. Are
there fifty minutes in a hour? 4. Are there seventy seconds in a minute? 5. Are there
forty days in a month? 6. Are there thirty days in February? 7. Are there thirty-two
days in January? 8. Are there five seasons in a year?

Вправа 6. Виберіть відповідні займенники.

А. 1. (We, us) all went with (their, them) to the dean's office. 2. My friend came
to see (I, me) last night. 3. Victor gave Peter and (I, me) a book and we went to the
reading-room with (he, him) and his friend. 4. He told Mary and (me, I) to go with
(he, him) and his sister. 5. They know all about my friend and (I, me). 6. I came to the
Institute with Michael and (her, she). 7. An old man asked (we, us) to come and see
(him, his). 8. Go with David and (her, she) to visit (they, them).
B. They invited me to (them, their) party. 2. He could not answer (his, her)
teacher. 3. They were (your, you) former students. 4. You are (us, our) colleagues. 5.
This is (my, me) brother. 6. Ann went to (his, her) room and put on (his, her) new
dress because she was going to a dance given by (his, her) company. 7. Where is the
dictionary? (He, it) is in (his, its) place on the table.

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 C. 1. Your dictionary is new, but (my, mine) is not. 2. She says that this
dictionary is (her, hers). 3. You can do it without my help, but not without (theirs,
their). 4. Will you help me to sort out the things? I cannot tell which are (your,
yours) and which are (our, ours). 5. He is an old friend of (me, mine). 6. Do you
know your lesson today? He does not know (him, his). 7. This is your notebook and
this is his, but where is (her, hers)?

Вправа 7. Дайте відповідь на запитання.

1. How old are you now? 2. Where were you born? 3. What city did you come
from? 4. Where did you go to school? 5. What foreign language did you study at
school? 6. How long did you study at school? 7. Why did you enter this institute? 8.
What are your favourite subjects at the institute? 9. Where do you live? 10. Do you
live with your family? 11. How do you usually spend your Saturday and Sunday? 12.
What did you do last weekend? 13. What are you going to do next weekend? 14.
What is your favourite sport? 15. What is your hobby? 16. Where do you usually
spend your summer vacation? 17. When do you usually get up in the morning? 18. At
what time do you usually leave home? 19. How do you usually get to the institute?

Unit 2

Прикметники - Adjectives
Порівняльні та найвищі ступені
Comparatives and superlatives

Прикметники Порівняльний ступінь Найвищий

ступінь
Односкладові прикметники Adjective Comparative Superlative
old older the oldest
safe safer the safest
big bigger the biggest
Прикметники, що noisy noisier the noisiest
закінчуються на - y - dirty dirtier the dirties
Прикметники, що, мають 2 boring more boring the most boring
або більше складів the most
beautiful more beautiful beautiful
Прикметники виключення good better the best
bad worse the worst
far farther,further the
farthest,furthest
little less the least
many,much more the most

Вправа 1. Дайте відсутні ступені порівняння.

(the) biggest, longer, faster, (the) hardest, (the) heaviest, thinner, narrower, lower,
(the) greatest, newer, colder, (the) hottest, (the) shortest, less, (the) worst, more.

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 Вправа 2. Поставте прикметники в порівняльному або найвищому ступені.
1. Our University is (large) University in Europe. 2. Strength of materials is (difficult)
than chemistry. 3. Is it (interesting) to study at the institute than at school? 4. My friend
works (hard) at his English than I. 5. My brother is (old) than I but he is (short). 6. The
University is one of the (tall) buildings in Dnipro. 7. Days in summer are (long) than in
winter. 8. This group studies (good) than that one. 9. Oxford is (old) University in
Britain.

Вправа 3. Дайте відповідь на наступні питання.

1. Which is the most difficult subject for you? 2. Which is the easiest subject? 3.
Which of the subjects is more difficult: physics or mathematics? 4. Who is the tallest in
your group? 5. Which is the most interesting subject for you? 6. Is English as difficult as
mathematics?

Вправа 4. Заповніть пропуски словами than, as ... as, not so ...as.

1. In winter days are ... long ... in summer. 2. Chemistry is... difficult ... physics. 3.1
study English ... long ... my friend. 4. My sister is older ... I. 5. English is ... so difficult...
mathematics. 6. Kyiv is bigger ... Tallinn. 7. This machine is ... old ... that one. 8. The
new transistor is more powerful... the old one. 9. The task of school education is ...
important... that of higher education. 10. John is ... tall ... his brother, but he is ... tall ... his
father.

Вправа 5. Перекладіть звороти в порівняльному ступені відповідно до зразка:

The longer the nights, the shorter the days. Чим довші ночі, тим коротші дні.
1. The harder we study, the more we know. 2. The more you work, the better you
know English. 3. The more we study nature, the more we know about it. 4. The nearer
the earth is, the denser the atmosphere is. 5. The stronger the wind, the harder the
conditions of work for weather observers. 6. The quicker we finish, the sooner we will go
home.

Вправа 6. Знайдіть у кожному рядку прикметники в порівняльному ступені й

перекладіть їх:.
teacher, taller, thermometer, thinker worker, weather, worse, writer bomber, brother,
brighter, barometer
darker, driver, denser, dancer bigger, best, builder, better father, farther, foreigner,
faster earlier, easier, eater, engineer compressor, computer, colder, closer meter, mover,
more, motor

Вправа 7. Перекладіть речення із сполучниками порівняння.

1. The bigger the cities are, the greater the pollution is. 2. The more computers and
robots are used in industry, the quicker technological progress will be. 3. The more
automobiles appear in the streets, the worse the air in the cities is. 4. The more effective is
the technology, the quicker is the development of this country. 5. The quicker we joint our
efforts in protecting the environment, the quicker the ecological problems are solved.

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 Вправа 8. Розкрийте дужки.
A. When Peter was a child, he had two drawing books. One of them was (large)
than the other. His elder brother bought the (large) one for him. Peter liked it (well)
because the drawings in it were (large) and simple. He drew something every day. Each
new day his drawing was (good) than the one he had made the day before. The last page
was much (good) than the first one.
B. After graduating from the institute Mike went to Siberia to a small industrial
town. It was (difficult) for him to begin his work as an engineer than he thought that it
would be. He moved to (important) city than the first one. He was not (successful) there
than before, however, and sometimes he was even (unhappy). However, he was (happy)
about one thing, he was becoming a (useful) specialist.
C. New York is the (large) city in the US. Perhaps, with all its suburbs (пригород),
it is the (large) city in the world. It is one of
the (important) industrial cities in the country. Some of the (old) and historic buildings
are there. Some of the buildings in New York City are the (high) buildings in the whole
world. New York City is not only the (large) city in the US; it is also the (important)
industrial center. Perhaps, the (expensive) office buildings in the world are there. It has
the (great) number of factories, the (large) banks and post offices. It sends out many
letters and receives the (heavy) mail bags. It is truly the (important) business city.

Вправа 9. Прочитайте текст і дайте йому заголовок

The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest -і 29,002 feet high. The largest
ocean is the Pacific having a total area of 63,986,000 square miles. The Atlantic Ocean,
the next largest, is only 31,530,000 square miles, the Indian Ocean with 28,350,000
square miles comes third. The longest river is the Nile which is more than 4,000 miles
longer or about twice the distance by air from London to Beirut. The biggest island is
Greenland which belongs to Denmark and is about 840,000 square miles in extent. The
largest lake is the Caspian Sea. Geographers consider it as a lake because it is not
connected with any of the great oceans. It has an area of about 170,000 square miles.
Which is the deepest sea? So far, as we know at present the greatest depth is in the
Pacific Ocean near the Philippines and goes down to 37,000 feet, which is much more
than the height of Everest. The biggest volcano is in Ecuador, South America. It is still
active and 19,612 feet high. There is another one between Argentina and Chile and it is
more than 3,000 feet higher.

Unit 3

Simple Tenses
Прості часи

Прості часи / Simple Tenses/ виражають дії, що регулярно повторюються в

теперішньому / Present Simple/, що відбулися у минулому / Past Simple/ чи
відбудуться у майбутньому / Future Simple/. На вживання Simple Tenses
вказують наступні прислівники часу Present Simple: always, often, sometimes,
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every day, usually, from time to time, never, rarely; Past Simple: yesterday, a few
days ago, last year; Future Simple: next year, soon, tomorrow, etc.

Positive Negative Yes/No Special

I I do not Do You live Where Do You live
You You live We why We
We live We They They
They They

He He does He live How Does He live

She lives She not live Does She She
It It It It
I I I I
You Lived You live You live Where You live
He He go Did He go Why Did He gome
did
Past

She Went * She come She come How She go

not
It It It It
We Came * We We We
they they they they
I I I I
You You You You
Future

He Live He will live He Where He live

will

She Go She not go Will She live Why Will She go

It come It come It go How It come
We We We come We
they they they they

* Irregular verbs - неправильні дієслова, що утворюють Past Simple іншим

способом (див. табл. Неправильних дієслів, друга колонка)
Скорочення, що вживаються в Simple Tenses:
Do not = don't
Does not = doesn't
Did not = didn't
Will not = won't

Вправа 1. Поставте присудок у негативній формі.

1. Today our lectures begin at 10 o'clock in the morning. 2. We were school-children
last year. 3. We had four entrance exams in summer. 4. Yesterday the first-year students
saw the institute laboratories. 5. We took all the necessary books from the library. 6. I got
excellent marks for my entrance exams. 7. He knows the meaning of the word
«engineering» (техніка, машинобудування, інженерна справа). 8. The students of our
group will meet in the laboratory. 9. The librarian gave us all the necessary books.
Вправа 2.
А. Розкрийте дужки, поставивши загальні питання.
1. (You do) ... anything interesting last weekend? 2. (He works) ...at the institute
every day? 3. (They will come) ... to see you soon? 4. (We studied) ... at school last
year? 5. (She will go) ... to the theatre next week? 6. (The students worked) ... in the
laboratory yesterday? 7. (Ann gets up) ... at 7 o'clock? 8. (There are) ... many
laboratories at our institute? 9. (There were) ... many students at the lecture? 10.
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(There will be) ... a library in the new building? 11. (We have)... two lectures today?
12. (The book has) ... many diagrams? 13. (You had) ... four exams last semester?

В. Вставте відповідні питальні слова.

1. ... is your name? 2. ... doesn't understand this grammar rule? 3. ... of you
studies French? 4. ... is the answer to my question? 5. ... do you live in Dnipro? 6. ...
were you born? 7. ... lectures you on mathematics? 8. ... do you study? 9. Here are the
books. ... is yours? 10. ... knows the answer to this question?

Вправа 3. Поставте питання до кожного члена речення й дайте негативну

форму.
1. Не entered the Aviation Institute last year. 2. My sister studies at the university. 3.
The third-year students will have industrial training next summer.

Вправа 4. Висловте згоду або незгоду.

1. Do you study at school? 2. Are you a student of the third year? 3. Do you
study many subjects? 4. Did you pass your entrance exams well? 5. Do you live in
Kharkiv? 6. Do you live far from the institute? 7. Is English your favourite subject? 8.
Will you go to the concert tomorrow? 9. Were your books taken from the library? 10.
Do you live in the hostel?

Вправа 5. Поставте дієслова у потрібну форму.

1. Еctronics (to be) the science that (to study) the principles and technology of
electronic and ionic devices. 2. Electronics (to be) the basis of modern automation. 3.
It (to solve) the most complicated problems in automation. 4. It (to be) possible to use
this method. 5. It (to be) necessary to solve this problem long ago. 6. The discovery
of radio by A. Popov (to give) a powerful stimulus to the development of electronics.
7. The first two-electrode valves (to be made) in 1904. 8. The use of a grid (to make)
it possible to use the three-electrode valve as an amplifier. 9. The development of
electronic amplifiers (to make) it possible to utilize a number of familiar physical
phenomena. 10. The photoelectric effect (to be discovered) by Stoletov. 11.
Photocells (to be used) in sound films. 12. Great progress (to be achieved) in the field
of electronics

Unit 4

Подовжені часи
Continuous Tenses

Подовжені часи / Continuous Tenses / виражають дію, що відбувається у

момент мовлення чи в даний час (Present Continuous) дію, що відбувалась у
якийсь конкретний момент у минулому (Past Continuous) чи відбуватиметься у
конкретний момент у майбутньому.
Continuous Tenses виражають процес, який підсилюється наступними
словами: now, at the moment, this time, etc.
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 Дієслова стану / State Verbs
Існують дієслова, що зазвичай не вживаються в Continuous Tenses:
- дієслова, які виражають розумову активність: believe, think, understand,
suppose, expect, agree, doubt, know, remember, forget, mean, imagine,
realize, deserve, prefer.
- дієслова, що виражають емоції та почуття: like, love, hate, care, hope,
wish, want, admit.
- дієслова, що виражають належність чи буття: belong, own, have, possess,
contain, cost, seem, need, depend on, weigh, come, from, resemble, appear.
- дієслова, що виражають відчуття: look, hear, taste, smell, feel .
I believe you
Do you understand?
I don’t care
I like black coffee
The food smells good
He has a lot of money

Continuous Tenses
Questions
Positive - Negative Yes – no questions special-questions

I Am Am I Am I going
he going
outside he
She Is Is
She Why She going
It Is Going
not It Where It
outside
etc.
We
We
You are We are You going
they are You they
they
he
I
he was was I
he
I What She going
was She
She Where It
It
It going why
not Going
outside We
We You
We
You etc. were they going
You were
were they
they
I I
I
She She
She
he he
he be going
Future

It It be
It will not will be will
We Where We going
We outside going
You why You
You outside
they
they
they

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 Вправа 1. Поясніть вживання часів групи Continuous, перекладіть речення.
1. I am at my English lesson. I am sitting and doing my exercises. My friend is not
sitting, he is standing at the blackboard and looking at me. 2. It is getting cold now, isn't it?
Look out. Is it raining now? 3. You are late. What were you doing? – I was translating a text.
4. When I came home my parents were having supper and at the same time they were
watching TV. 5. What was he doing when I rang up an hour ago? He was looking through a
newspaper when I rang up. 6. Tomorrow we shall be preparing for a test for the whole
evening. 7. In July they will be taking their exams for the whole month. 8. What will you
be doing tonight at 10 o'clock? Will you be working? No, I shall be reading a book at
this hour.

Вправа 2. Виберіть правильну форму дієслова.

1. We (are translating, translate) a technical text now. 2. We usually (are not
translating, do not translate) stories. 3. She (does not look, is not looking) through all the
newspapers every evening. 4. He (looked, was looking) through a newspaper when the
telephone rang. 5. What (were, was) you doing a minute ago? I (was watching, watched)
television. 6.1 (watch, am watching) television every day. 7.1 had a late night, I (worked,
was working) until midnight. 8.Yesterday he (worked, was working) a lot. 9. The students
(had, were having) an interesting discussion when the teacher came in. 10. The students
often (have, are having) interesting discussions after lectures. 11.When he comes they
(will be taking, will take) a test. 12. They (will be taking, will take) a test next week. 13.
Where is Ann? She is in the coffee shop. She (has, is having) a cup of coffee. She always
(has, is having) a cup of coffee in the evening.

Вправа З. Поставте дієслово у відповідному часі залежно від обставини часу.

This student (study) physics (at present, every day, last semester, when the telephone
rang, tomorrow at this time, next semester).

Вправа 4. Знайдіть речення з дієсловом-присудком в Present Continuous,

перекладіть.
1. Water and air are becoming more and more polluted. 2. At present computers are
more widely used in the sphere of education. 3. Where were you at six o'clock? We were
studying in the reading-room. 4. There are government and public organizations that are
analysing data on land, forest and air. 5. New courses of education such as management
are being organized in many institutes. 6. What will you be doing in the laboratory tomorrow
morning? We shall be watching the operation of a new device. 7. Measures are being taken
to save Lake Baikal. 8. The situation in the Crimea is remaining very serious. 9. Much
attention is being paid at present to the development of international scientific contacts.
10. Science is becoming a leading factor in the progress of mankind.

11
 Unit 5
Perfect Tenses
Доконані часи

Доконані часи виражають дію, що відбулася на момент мовлення (Present

Perfect), що відбулася раніше іншої минулої дії (Past Perfect) або відбудеться на
конкретний момент у майбутньому ( Future Perfect).
Для виразу завершеності дії використовуються наступні прислівники й
сполучники:
Never, ever, just, already, since, yet (у заперечних, запитальних реченнях),
by…...
Questions
Positive - Negative Yes – no questions Special - questions
Have I been have I
I You You
You We We
We have They They
They not been Where been
to Has He to He
He Turkey She Turkey has She
She has It It
It

Вправа 1. Поясніть вживання часів групи Perfect, перекладіть.

1. This is a very good book, I have just read it with pleasure. 2. He has been absent this
week. He has been ill. 3.1 haven't seen you for a long time. Where have you been all this
time? 4. We haven't heard about her since 1989. 5. By the beginning of the lecture the
laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams. 6. Before we came to the next
lecture we had studied the material of the first one. 7. Have you already finished your
diploma work? No, I shall have finished it by the end of June. 8. They will not have
passed their exams by the time you return. 9. Many students have been enroled into
universities this year. 10. The translation has not been finished yet. It will have been
finished by the end of the month. 11. Have you brought these journals with you? No,
these journals had been brought by my sister before I returned from Lviv. Don't you
know that?

Вправа 2. Виберіть правильну форму присудка.

1. Не (has graduated, graduated) from the University this year. He (graduated, will
have graduated) from the University in 6 years. 2. She (saw, has seen) us in the morning
yesterday. She (saw, has seen) us this morning. 3.1 (have met, met) him last year. I never
(had met, have met) him before. 4. Our group (will do, will have done) a lab work
tomorrow. 5. This problem (is discussed, has been discussed) much in the press lately. This
problem (was discussed, had been discussed) yesterday.

12
 Вправа 3. Прочитайте та перекладіть речення.
1. Look! Dick has bought a record. 2. Pat hasn't given me the book yet. 3. I've just
come from a very important meeting. 4. He has not thought about university yet. 5.
They have received a lot of letters. 6. He has forgotten her name. 7. John is hungry
because he hasn't had any breakfast. 8. We have done exercise No 2. 9. I have just
spoken to my boyfriend on the phone. 10. She has planned an expensive holiday. 11. I
haven't written to my wife yet. 12. My parents have just gone out for the evening. 13.
Bill has asked me for some money. 14. Helen has brought the mail. 15. Our team has
won the game. 16. He has paid a lot of money for his house. 17.Oh, dear, it's going to
rain and I've left my umbrella at home. 18. The course has already begun. 19. I have
drunk three cups of coffee. 20. Oh, I've cut my finger. 21. I have not sent a letter to my
mother yet. 22. She hasn't seen her parents yet. 23. I have never met him before. 24.
Andrew has chosen a good present. 25. I've been to Paris, but I haven't been to London
yet. 26. George has taken a lot of books from the library. 27. Victor has told us an
interesting story. 28. Mr Robinson has taught us English. 29. He has spent his holidays
in the Caucasus. 30. They have sold their car. 31. I have made a lot of mistakes in my
test. 32. Roger has lost his ticket. 33. I remember that I have put the magazine on this
shelf. 34. Lucy has drawn a nice picture. 35. I have broken my umbrella. 36. Robert
has become an engineer. 37. I haven't read the article yet. 38. Have you eaten your
steak? 39. Have you heard this opera before? 40. Have the police found the man yet?
41. Has he lent you any money? 42. Has Bill shown you his new car? 43. Have you
signed the documents? 44. Have you caught much fish today? 45. Have you ever
swum in the Atlantic Ocean?

Вправа 4. Перекладіть речення.

1. Ви коли-небудь, грали в шахи з Віктором? Він добре грає? - Не знаю. Я
ніколи з ним не грав. 2. Як поживає Аня? Я її не бачу останнім часом.- Спасибі,
добре.- А як ваш син? Він уже закінчив школу? - Так, він уже студент. 3. Я
повинна впакувати валізу.- Не турбуйся, я її вже впакував. 4. Моєму
племінникові тільки 5 років, але він уже навчився добре читати. 5. Ви коли-
небудь, бували в Англії? - Так, я був там два роки тому. 6. Що трапилося? - Я
розбила свою улюблену чашку. 7. Ми купили новий телевізор. Мені він дуже
подобається. 8. Ніна дуже розстроєна. Вона не здала іспит. 9. Микола прийде на
вечірку? - Ні, він виїхав у відрядження. 10. Будемо дивитися сьогодні ввечері
телевізор? - Я його ще не полагодив. 11. Ви вже підписали документи? - Так, ви
можете їх забрати.

Unit 6

The Passive

Всі часи, розглянуті в Unit 3-5 мають форму пасивного стану (окрім
Future Continuous). Пасивна форма дієслова вживається тоді, коли підмет не є
виконувачем дії, а дія виконується над ним.

13
Порівняйте:
Підмет виконує дію
The Active I write a letter - Я пишу листа.
Дія виконується над підметом
The Passive The letter is written by me. - Лист написаний мною.
The Passive утворюється за допомогою дієслова to be, що змінюється для
утворення різних часових форм, та форми past participle змістового дієслова.
Підмет / Subject Присудок / Predicate Час / Tense
Форма to be Past participle
змістового дієслова
Is Simple
was
will be
It Is being Continuous
was
Has been Perfect
Had
Will have mended
They Are Simple
were
Are being Continuous
were
Have been Perfect
Had
Will have
Ми вибираємо the active чи the passive залежно від того, у чому ми більше
зацікавлені. The passive дуже часто вживається у технічних текстах, так як їм
притаманні безособові структури.
Ex. : It is known . . . . . . - відомо
It is suggested . . . . - запропоновано
It is reported . . . . . . - повідомляється
It is proposed . . . . . - пропонується
etc.
Вправа 1. Перекладіть речення, поставте їх у питальній і, де можливо, у
негативній формі.
1. The books are taken from the library. 2. He was asked to help one of our students.
3. Many newspapers and magazines are published in this country. 4. That problem was
discussed at our meeting. 5. The diagrams were brought by our monitor. 6. The exams
will be taken in January. 7. They were told to do their work quickly. 8. The study of
theory is accompanied by practical training. 9. A new laboratory was opened last year.
10. We shall be given a new task tomorrow. 11. Every institute is headed by the Rector.
12. In summer you will be sent to a big plant for your industrial training. 13. This work
must be done quickly. 14. Many complex problems can be solved with the help of
computers. 15. Lomonosov may be called the founder of higher education in Russia. 16.
Books on this subject can be found in every library. 17. Many basic subjects must be
14
studied by the first and second-year students.
Вправа 2. Порівняєте речення в дійсному і пасивному стані, перекладіть їх.
1. Students asked the lecturer many questions. The lecturer was asked many
questions. 2. The monitor told the first-year students to come to the laboratory. The
first-year students were told to come to the laboratory. 3. Usually a lab assistant
shows the equipment to the students. Usually the equipment is shown to the students
by a lab assistant. Usually students are shown the equipment by a lab assistant. 4.
Students watched the process with great attention. The process was watched with
great attention. 5. Tomorrow our teacher will give us a new task. A new task will be
given tomorrow. We shall be given a new task tomorrow. 6. Practice accompanies
theory. Theory is accompanied by practice. 7. He asked me to bring a dictionary. He
was asked to bring a dictionary. 8. The teacher told the students to sign their
drawings. The students were told to sign their drawings. 9. The dean will send the
students to a big plant in summer. The students will be sent to a big plant in summer.
10. He taught us to use the lab equipment. We were taught to use the lab equipment.
Вправа 3.
А. Переробіть речення з дійсного в пасивний стан.
1. You open the door. 2. We asked questions. 3. He will finish his project next
week. 4. He can do this exercise. 5. They invited me to their conference. 6. I saw a
new film. 7. My sister writes letters regularly. 8. Universities develop new methods
of students' training. 9. After graduating from the University the students may get a
still higher degree. 10. The study of foreign languages, history and economics must
improve the curricula of technological universities.
В. Перекладіть речення в пасивному стані, дайте варіанти, де можливо.
1. Mathematics, strength of materials, mechanics, elements of machines as well
as engineering physics are studied at technological institutes. 2. The development of
science is closely connected with the development of higher education. 3. Students
are provided with hostels, well-equipped laboratories and libraries. 4. Any country
must be provided with good specialists in all branches of science and technology for
its further development. 5. Large sums of money are spent by the state to train highly-
qualified engineers. 6. Much attention must be paid to improve the standards of
higher education. 7. Students of technological institutes are trained to analyse various
facts and theories. 8. The scientific and technological progress of a country is
determined by the qualification of specialists. 9.Some institutes of technology are
reorganized into universities. 10.The country must be provided with specialists
capable of working with the technology of tomorrow effectively.

Вправа 4. Виберіть правильну форму.

1. Entrance exams (held, are held) in summer. 2. More than 20 new
technological institutes (were founded, founded) in the last decade. 3. Basic
engineering subjects (studied, are studied) in the first and second years. 4. Highly-
qualified specialists (trained, are trained) at higher schools. 5. More than a million
students (enroled, were enroled) to the institutes and universities of this country last

15
summer. 6. The training of specialists (will be improved, will improve) as a result of
restructuring in the next few years.
Вправа 5. Поясніть вживання часів групи Continuous, перекладіть речення.
1. New Metro lines are being built now in Kyiv. 2. What is going on? A new film is
being discussed. 3. What grammar was being explained when you came in? 4. What
questions were being discussed at that time? 5. New methods of research are being used
in our lab. 6. Much is being done to improve laboratory methods.
Вправа 6.
А. Знайдіть речення з дієсловом-присудком в Continuous Passive, перекладіть.
1. Cambridge University was formed in the 12th century. 2. The solution of ecological
problems may be achieved only by joint efforts of all countries. 3. Great changes in people's
lives and work were brought about by the scientific and technological progress. 4. The
theory of interaction of atmospheric and oceanic processes is being developed to determine
the weather of the planet. 5. The teachers at Cambridge are called «dons» or «tutors». 6.
Computers and lasers are being widely introduced at plants and factories. 7. The most
important ecological problems must be considered at the government level. 8. The training at
Cambridge and Oxford is carried out by tutorial system.
В. Переробіть речення з дійсного в пасивний стан.
1. Не is writing a letter at the moment. 2. John was preparing report all day yesterday.
3. We are learning grammar now. 4. At present mankind is making considerable
investments to eliminate air pollution. 5. Today the changes in the global climate and
water balance are bringing about serious changes in the environment. 6. Many scientists
are constantly carrying out experimental work to solve the problem of environment
protection. 7. The company is making plans for the future.
C. Переробіть речення з дійсного в пасивний стан.
1. The students have done their homework very well. 2. Bob has left his notebook at
home. 3.1 have told you about a lecture. 4. The laboratory assistant had prepared the
experiment by 2 o'clock. 5. She had finished her test when we came. 6. The teacher
will have corrected our dictation by the end of the week. 7. They have not made any
mistakes.
Вправа 7. Визначте час і стан дієслова-присудка, перекладіть речення.
A. 1. I have not cleaned the window yet. I am cleaning it now. I have cleaned it. 2.
But Bob has a different idea. 3. Last year she passed school leaving exams. 4. We will be
studying for our exams at the end of the term. 5. While we were having supper, all the
lights went out. 6. Will people speak the same language all over the world? 7. People will
land on Mars in the 21st century. 8. I think cars will be powered by electric batteries in
five years' time and they will not be powered by atomic power in 100 years' time. 9. The
Earth is getting warmer because of the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
B. 1. It is evident that electricity will be the energy of the future. 2. The
transformer was invented and the first electric lines and networks were set up at the end
of the 19th century. 3. New powerful electric stations must be built because it is electricity
that offers improved standards of life and work. 4. A combination of electric lines and
networks are being set up throughout the country. 5. Electric power has become universal

16
6. Electricity is transmitted to distant parts of this country by a combination of electric
networks. 7. Our power stations have been connected by high voltage transmission lines
into several networks.

Unit 7

Modal Verbs
Модальні дієслова

Modal Verbs відрізняються від інших дієслів тим, що не виражають діі.

До них відносяться can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should,
ought to; а також дієслова have, be можуть мати значення модального дієслова.
Модальні дієслова відрізняються від інших дієслів тим, що вони:
1. Не мають категорії часу;
2. Не мають закінчень;
3. Не мають допоміжних дієслів;
Після них вживаються дієслова без частки to ( окрім ought to, have to, be
to). Ці дієслова мають первинне та вторинне значення. У своєму первинному
значенні вони виражають:

Modal Verbs /
Модальні дієслова Meaning /Значення Example/Приклад

I can swim
Фізична та розумова
Can/ could I can read
здатність
чи прохання
You may go out today
May/ might Дозвіл робити, що-небудь
May I take your book?
You must finish your work
must Обов’язок чи наказ
soon
Визначає неозначену I'll probably go there
Will/shall
майбутню дію You'll help her next time
Виражає запрошення,
Would Would you like a cup of tea?
пропозицію
You should invite her to the
Should,
Виражає пораду чи думку party.
Ought to
You ought to apply for this job.
Виражає вимушену We had to meet once more
Have
необхідність because of unsolved essues.

Виражає заплановану They are to meet at 6 p.m. after

Be
необхідність, домовленість work.

17
 Для того, щоб модальні дієслова вживалися у майбутньому чи минулому
часі, використовують їх еквіваленти:
Модальні
Еквівалент Приклади
дієслова
I'm able to help you
Can To be able to You were able to be in time
He'll be able to be a good father
May To be allowed to You’ll be allowed to take my car
I had to do this experiment twice
Have to
(виражає вимушену необхідність)
must I am to meet him at 5
Be to ( виражає заплановану
необхідність)

Вправа 1. Замініть модальні дієслова відповідними еквівалентами.

1. Students must take exams in January. 2. She can speak French well. 3. You may
take this book till tomorrow. 4. We must learn new words every week. 5.1 live not far
from my work. I can go by bus or I can walk. 6. You may come in. 7. We can take this
book from the library. 8. She cannot do this work in time. 9. He must go to St.
Petersburg for a few days. 10. We can see electrical devices everywhere.

Вправа 2. Поставте речення у питальній і заперечній формах.

1. We were able to read that article in the library. 2. Some students will be
permitted to take exams in December. 3. You have to read this book. 4. We shall be
able to skate in winter. 5. My friend is to take part in the conference. 6. The students
of our group had to go to the plant last week. 7. They were allowed to continue their
research.

Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на переклад модальних дієслів.

1. Everyone should know a foreign language. 2. To make supercomputers, we
need highly developed electronics and new materials. 3. One should do one's work in
time. 4. The students ought to know the history of their institute. 5. The development
ofnew materials does not mean that old materials should lose their significance. 6.
Marie Curie needed a laboratory and equipment for her research. 7. Every institute
ought to be proud of their famous graduates. 8. One should know that «roentgen» is a
unit (одиниця) of radiation.

Вправа 4. Виберіть правильне модальне дієслово або його еквівалент.

можна обчислити - (must, can, should) calculate; могти виконати - (have to,
be able to, be allowed to) carry out; не можна передбачити - (can't, needn't, be not
able to) predict; повинні початися в 10 - (have to, may, be to) begin at 10; варто

18
знати - (should, may, need) know; не потрібно створювати - (may not, needn't,
should not) create; необхідно використати - (must, be allowed, may) use; можна
взяти цю книгу - (must, can, may) take this book; не бажати зробити - (need,
wouldn't, must) do.

Вправа 5. Перекладіть речення.

1. Він може читати й писати по-англійському. 2. Вона повинна зробити цю
роботу наприкінці місяця. 3. Тепер студенти можуть увійти в аудиторію. 4.
Вона може займатися тут. 5. Він повинен прочитати цю статтю. 6. Можна мені
взяти ваш підручник? 7. Я повинен піти в бібліотеку й взяти книги. 8. Можна
мені поїхати з вами? 9. Уміє (може) ця дитина ходити? 10. Ви повинні
повернути книгу завтра.

Вправа 6. Виберіть відповідне модальне дієслово.

1. Do you live far? (Can, must) we meet here at 7 o'clock? - We certainly (may,
can). - I'll see you later this evening, then. 2. Bill, would you help me? Sure, I'd be glad
to help you. What (may, can) I do for you? 3. (Can, may) I take your pen? I've broken
mine. 4. Do you know when Bob comes back from the University? I am afraid he (can,
may) be very late. He has an examination tomorrow. He (can, must) study for the
examination. 5. Do you have a stamp (марка)? - No, I'm afraid I don't. You (may, must)
go to the post office for this. 6. I'm very much interested in environment
problems. I think we (must, may) learn to live in harmony with nature.

Вправа 7. Вкажіть речення з модальними дієсловами, що виражають необхідність

здійснення дії. Перекладіть.
1. As telegraph wires couldn't be hung over the ocean, cables had to be laid on the
floor of the Atlantic Ocean. 2. In the next few years engineers are to develop computers of
more than 2 billion operations a second. 3. A new kind of telephone may be called a video-
phone. 4. One must know that we shall need a lot of specialists that will be able to work and
live in space for a long time. 5. To see distant objects clearly, one should change the focus.
6. Within a few coming years a quantity production of various materials is to begin in space.
7. Some liquid mixture components would immediately separate on Earth because of
different density. 8. It should be said that special space vehicles are necessary for industrial
production of space materials. 9. Our group will be allowed to use new laboratory equipment
next term. 10. One can see that there is no principal difference between iron and copper
as conductors.

Вправа 8. Знайдіть речення, де to have to, to be to є модальними.

A. 1. Television has a great number of uses nowadays. 2. Morse discovered that
telegraph messages did not have to be written, they could be sent as a sound. 3. That part of
this country has become a highly industrial one. 4. Why couldn't you do it yesterday? -
Because I had to go home earlier than usual. 5. This important problem had been solved
by the end of 1980. 6. In the past messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship. 7.
Some materials with useful qualities will have to be produced in space. 8. A historian has
to study a lot of various facts to be able to reconstruct the far past.
19
 B. 1. Such metals as iron, cobalt, nickel and some alloys are much more magnetic
than any other substances. 2. In the next few years Russian engineers are to complete the
work on supercomputers. 3. The main aim of this article is to explain methods and
means of space industrialization. 4. We are living in an electronic world. 5. A number of
TV stations are to be linked up into a network. 6. Experiments for industrial production
of materials in space are being carried out in many countries. 7. Weightlessness is
created on Earth, but only for a few seconds. 8. The quality of these metal parts is to be very
high. 9. It was found that the acceleration rate on board such vehicles was to be reduced to
a minimum.

Вправа 9. Виберіть англійський еквівалент українського речення із

запропонованих варіантів.
1. Він повинен іти додому.
Не may go home. He must go home. He had to go home.
2. Він повинен іти додому о 5 годині.
Не must go home at 5 o'clock. He is to go home at 5 o'clock. He may go home at
5 o'clock.
3. Він може йти додому о 5 годині.
Не may go home at 5. Не can go home at 5. He must go home at 5.
4. Він повинен буде йти додому раніше.
Не must go home earlier. He should go home earlier. He will have to go home
earlier.
5. Йому варто йти додому.
Не should go home. He may go home. He had to go home.
6. Він може дуже швидко ходити.
Не can walk very quickly. He will be able to walk very quickly. He could walk very
quickly.
7. Йому дозволять іти додому після трьох.
Не is permitted to go home after 3. He was permitted to go home after 3. He will
be permitted to go home after 3.
8. Йому не потрібно йти додому відразу.
Не is not allowed to go home at once. He could not go home at once. He needn't go
home at once.

20
 Unit 8

Participle
Дієприкметник

Вивчить таблицю форм Participle та зразки їх перекладу:

Active Passive
translating being translated
She made a mistake when translating The book being translated very fast deserves our
the article. high appriciating.
Вона зробила помилку, коли Книга, яку переклали дуже швидко, заслуговує
перекладала статтю. на нашу високу оцінку.
Simple

taking being taken

Taking a key out of his pocket he Something being taken without allowance is called
opened the door. stealing.
Витягнувши ключа із кишені, він Щось взяте без дозволу, називається
відчинив двері. крадіжкою.
having found having been found
Having found a hotel? We looked for Having been found the damage was eliminated.
Perfect

somewhere to have dinner. Коли пошкодження знайшли, його

Коли мі знайшли готель, мі відремонтували.
шукали місце де повечеряти.

Having heated Having been heated

Having heated the material to a Having been heated to 100 0C the water turned into
definite temperature we discovered steam.
Perfect

its new properties. Нагріта до 100 0С вода перетворилася на пару.

Коли матеріал нагріли до
зазначеної температури, ми
відкрили його нові властивості.

Вивчіть таблицю з Participle та Participle та порівняйте їх

переклади.

Participle Participle
1. The student using this new material 1. The example used in the exercise
proves us its advantages. explained a new rule.
Студент, що використовує цей новий Приклад, використаний у вправі,
матеріал, доводить нам його переваги. пояснював нове правило.
2. Some substances being heated under
pressure melt at a lower temperature. 2. Most of the goods made in this factory
Деякі речовини, що нагріваються під are exported.
тиском, плавляться при більш низькій Більшість товарів, зроблених на цьому
температурі. заводі, експортуються.
3. When feeling tired, I go to bed early. 3. When learnt, the experiment appeared
Коли я втомлююся, то лягаю рано. to be interesting.
При вивченні, експеримент виявився

21
 цікавим.
Незалежний дієприкметниковий зворот

Уважно вивчіть таблицю функцій Незалежного дієприкметникового

звороту. Зверніть увагу на його переклад.

Функції Приклади Переклад

Обставина Atoms being the smallest Через те, що атоми —
причини particles, its impossible to see найменьші частинки, їх
them with naked eye. неможливо побачити
неозброєним оком.
Обставина A rare element having been Коли використали рідкісний
часу used, the cost of the material елемент, ціна матеріала
became extremely high. стала занадто високою.

Вправа 1. Знайдіть дієприкмкетники, перекладіть речення.

A. 1. We need highly developed electronics and new materials to make
supercomputers. 2. New alloys have appeared during the last decades, among them a
magnesium-lithium alloy developed by our scientists. 3. We are carried by airplanes,
trains and cars with built-in electronic devices. 4. Computer components produced
should be very clean. 5. Many countries have cable TV, a system using wires for
transmitting TV programs. 6. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion
operations a second will become available in the near future. 7. A video phone has a
device which allows us to see a room and the face of the person speaking. 8. New
technologies reduce the number of workers needed.
B. 1. Driving a car a man tries to keep steady speed and watch the car in front
of him. 2. Having stated the laws of gravity, Newton was able to explain the structure
of the Universe. 3. Being more efficient than human beings, computers are used more
and more extensively. 4. Having graduated from Cambridge, Newton worked there
as a tutor. 5. Having been published in 1687, Newton's laws of motion are still the
basis for research. 6. Being invented the digital technology solved the old problems of
noise in signal transmission. 7. Having published his book about space exploration in
1895, Tsiol- kovsky became known all over the world. 8. Built in the middle of the
last century, the British Museum is situated in central London.

Вправа 2. Визначте, яку функцію виконує слово із закінченням -ed, і перекладіть

речення.
1. The first television set produced quite a sensation in 1939. The first television
set produced in 1939 was a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box. 2. Newton's great work
published in 1687 is called «Principia». Newton published his great work
«Principia» in 1687. 3. The Russian Chemical Society organized more than a century
ago is named after Mendeleev. The Russian Chemical Society organized an
international conference devoted to the latest achievements in organic chemistry. 4.
The energy possessed by the body due to its position is called the potential energy.
The new material possessed good properties. 5. The equipment required to carry out
laboratory experiments was very complex. The equipment required further
22
improvement. 6. The car model developed a speed of 50 miles an hour. The car
model developed by our student design bureau will be shown on TV.
Вправа 3. Перекладіть виділені словосполучення.
1. When completed in 1897, Jefferson's building was the largest and costliest
library in the world. 2. Though being a school teacher of mathematics all his life,
Tsiolkovsky concentrated his attention on man's travel into space. 3. If compared to
today's TV program, the first black-and-white pictures were rather bad. 4. While being
a teacher of deaf people Bell became interested in sound and its transmission. 5.
Though discovered, Newton's mistake had no influence on his theory. 6. While
working at a new transmitter for deaf people Bell invented a telephone. 7. If heated
to 100°C, water turns into steam.
Вправа 4. Знайдіть підмет незалежного дієприкметникового звороту, перекладіть
речення.
A. 1. The room being dark, we couldn't see anything. 2. The book being
translated into many languages, everybody will be able to read it. 3. Peter having
passed his exams, we decided to have a rest in the country. 4. We went for a walk,
our dog running in front of us. 5. The testwork having been written, he gave it to the
teacher and left the room. 6. They having arrived at the station early, all of us went
to the cafe. 7. My friends decided to go to the park, the weather being warm and
sunny. 8. Our library buying all the new books, we needn't buy them ourselves. 9.
The fuel burnt out, the engine stopped. 10. Many scientists worked in the field of
mechanics before Newton, the most outstanding being Galileo.
B. 1. Numerous experiments having been carried out at the orbital stations, it
became possible to develop new methods of industrial production of new materials.
2. President Jefferson having offered his personal library, the foundation of the
Library of Congress was laid. 3. Anthony Panizzi designed the Reading Room of the
British Museum, the Reading Room being a perfect circle. 4. A beam of light being
transmitted forwards, it is possible to measure the distance between the car and the
other cars in front of it. 5. The distance having been measured, the computer adjusts
the car's speed. 6. Two metallurgists produced a new superplastic metal, the new steel
showing properties identical to Damascus steel. 7. The young physicist having
discovered Newton's error, other scientists confirmed it. 8. The first TV sets having
been shown in New York, the news about it spread throughout the world.
С. 1. With the first steam engine built in the 17-th century, people began to use
them in factories. 2. The inventor was demonstrating his new device, with the
workers watching its operation attentively. 3. With his numerous experiments being
over, Newton was able to write his work very quickly. 4. With the current being
switched on, the machine automatically starts operating.
Вправа 5. Перекладіть речення на англійську мову.
1. Читаючи книгу, він звичайно робить нотатки (make notes). 2. Прочитавши
текст, ми обговоримо його. 3. Відповідаючи на питання, він зробив кілька
помилок. 4. Відповівши на запитання викладача, ми почали перекладати новий
текст. 5. Будучи гарним провідником електрики, мідь широко використається в

23
промисловості. 6. Побачивши зелене світло, ми перейшли (cross) вулицю. 7.
Купуючи газету, він загубив гроші. 8. Купивши газету, він пішов до метро.
Вправа 6. Знайдіть дієприкмкетники й перекладіть речення.
1. Studying Newton's work «Principia», a young physicist discovered a mistake
in the calculations. 2. Having designed a car radar, the engineers started complex
tests. 3. While driving a car one should be very attentive. 4. A new electronic
instrument will calculate how far one can drive on the fuel left in the tank. 5. The
engine tested showed that it needed no further improvement. 6. Scientists are
experimenting with a system allowing drivers to see better after dark. 7. The system
being tested will increase the safety and fuel efficiency of a car. 8. Having been
tested, the computer system was installed at a plant. 9. Soon the night-vision system
designed will be available. 10. The synthetic magnet has a lot of valuable qualities
that can be changed, if desired. 11. Recently there have appeared battery-powered
cars. 12. The radar used was of a completely new design. 13. Having been heated, the
substance changed its properties. 14. Being provided with batteries an electric car can
develop a speed of 50 miles an hour. 15. When mass produced, electric cars will help
solve ecological problems of big cities. 16. A defect undetected caused an accident.
17. Though first developed for military purposes, radar can be used in modern cars.
Вправа 7. Знайдіть речення із незалежним дієприкметниковим зворотом,
перекладіть.
1. The first engines appeared in the 17th century and people began using them to
operate factories, irrigate land, supply water to towns, etc. 2. The steam engine
having been invented, a self-propelled vehicle was built. 3. The supply of steam in
the car lasting only 15 minutes, the vehicle had to stop every 100 yards to make more
steam. 4. After the German engineer N. Otto had invented the gasoline engine, the
application of this engine in motor cars began in many countries. 5. The cars at that
time were very small, the engine being placed under the seat. 6. Motorists had to
carry a supply of fuel, because there were no service stations. 7. Brakes having
become more efficient, cars achieved greater reliability. 8. Cars with internal
combustion engines having appeared, the automobile industry began to develop
rapidly. 9. By 1960 the number of cars in the world had reached 60 million, no other
industry having ever developed so quickly.
Вправа 8. Замініть підрядні речення дієприкметниками за зразком.
Зразок: While Ann was cooking dinner, she cut her finger. – While cooking
dinner Ann cut her finger.
1. While Boris was driving home, he saw an accident. 2. After we had talked
with Peter, we felt much better. 3. When John arrived at the station, he saw the train
leave. 4. After he had left the house, he walked to the nearest metro station. 5. When I
looked out of the window, I saw Mary coming. 6. As we finished our part of the work,
we were free to go home. 7. As Ann had had no time to write us a letter, she sent a
telegram.

24
 Unit 9

Gerund
Герундій
Gerund – це віддієслівна форма, що включає в собі властивості дієслова і
іменника. Gerund утворюється подібно Participle I за допомогою закінчення –
ing, що додається до основи дієслова. На відмінну від Participle І, Gerund може
виконувати в реченні функції підмета і додатка. Основна ознака герундія у
реченні – це прийменник, іменник у присвійному чи об’єктному відмінку,
присвійний займенник або дієслово, що йдуть перед дієслівною формою із
закінченням – ing.
Герундій найчастіше вживається після ряда дієслів і прийменників.
Запам'ятайте їх:
- to account for пояснювати - to hear of чути про
- to begin починати - to keep on продовжувати
- to continue продовжувати - to mind заперечувати
- to depend on залежати від - to result in приводити до
- to give up відмовлятися, кидати - to stop зупиняти
- to go on продовжувати - to succeed добитися, зуміти
- to require потребувати - to suggest пропонувати
- to think of думати про
Прийменники, після яких вживається герундій:
- apart from - окрім
- because of - через
- due to - завдяки
- in spite of - не зважаючи на
- instead of - замість
- on account of - через
Вивчить таблицю: Gerund
Active Passive
Simple 1. He scientist insisted on making the 1. After all the data being obtained
experiment. they stopped the experiment.
Вчений наполягав на проведенні Після отримання всіх даних, вони
експерименту. припинили експеримент.
2. Heat may be produced by burning 2. I heard of a variety of machines
coal, gas or any other fuel. being produced by the plant.
Тепло можна отримати, спалюючи Я чув, що завод випускає різні
вугілля, газ або інше пальне. машини.

Perfect After having discovered this substance I remember having been shown
they started to use it widely. this article.
Після відкриття цієї речовини, вони Я пам'ятаю, що мені показали цю
почали її широко використовувати. статтю.

25
 Вправа 1. Знайдіть у реченнях герундій по його ознаках, перекладіть.
1. On detecting danger on the road the computer signals the driver. 2. Detecting
an object in front of a car in the dark is the purpose of the «night vision system». 3.
One of the main problems of a driver on the road is keeping the speed constant and
watching the cars ahead. 4. A new device for monitoring and adjusting air pressure in
tires has recently been developed. 5. Before starting a car one must examine it
carefully. 6. Computers are widely used for controlling all kinds of processes. 7.
Alexander Bell's being a teacher of deaf people influenced his interest in sound and
its transmission. 8. Samuel Morse's hobby was experimenting with electricity. 9.
Driving a truck in the city is difficult.

Вправа 2. Визначте форми й функції герундія.

1. One of the best ways of keeping the speed steady is using a computer for this
purpose. 2. Newton's having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on
his theory. 3. On being turned on the radar will warn the driver of stationary or slow-
moving objects on the road. 4. Upon being heated the molecules begin moving very
rapidly. 5. The white line in the centre of the road is one of the most effective means
of controlling traffic. 6. On graduating from the University S.P. Korolev began
working in the field of rocket design. 7. The function of a car computer is detecting
and summing up the information about the road conditions. 8. Monitoring and
adjusting air pressure in tires is one of the new developments of the car designers. 9.
It is difficult to solve some of the present-day scientific and technological problems
without using supercomputers. 10. On seeing a red light on a panel and on hearing a
warning sound the driver should decrease the speed. 11. By picking up infrared rays
emitted by objects ahead of the car an image-processing system produces different
images of objects. 12. On studying for half an hour before an exam one should switch
over to some other activity.

Вправа 3. Знайдіть герундії у реченнях і перекладіть їх.

1. Flying from Los Angeles to Tokyo on board a new supersonic craft will take
two hours. 2. On examining the car before starting on a long journey a driver can be
sure that he will get to his destination without accidents. 3. By summing up the
information about the speed and distance of various objects on the road, the computer
detects all possible dangers. 4. A superliner of a new kind will be capable of flying at five
times above the speed of the sound. 5. The only way of overcoming the great air resistance at
high velocities is flying higher. 6. At low speeds the engine can use turbines for
compressing the air before mixing it with fuel in the combustion chamber. 7. In the
future, in switching over to the new Earth satellite a driver can be sure of coming safely to
his destination. 8. Cryogenic fuels will vaporize before being injected into combustion
chamber. 9. In flowing over the aircraft's surface the fuel cools its skin. 10. On reaching
its cruising speed the supersonic liner will fly at 100,000 feet above the Earth. 11. By using
supercomputers it is possible to avoid making mistakes in extremely complicated
thermodynamic computations. 12. A new carburetor offers easier starting in cold weather.
13. By using the automatic guidance system a driver will be able to make long journeys

26
without concentrating on the road conditions. 14. It is impossible to solve economic
problems without using the achievements of the scientific and technological progress.

Вправа 4. Знайдіть герундій у парах речень, перекладіть їх.

1. Overcoming these difficulties is not so easy as it may seem. Overcoming these
difficulties the designers can increase the fuel efficiency. 2. Setting a problem the scientist
makes the first step to its solution. Setting a problem is the first step to its solution. 3.
Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours this superliner
develops a speed five times above the speed of sound. Covering the distance between
Tokyo and Moscow on board a superliner requires about two hours. 4. Putting the
discovery into practice the engineers will solve a complicated technological task. Putting
the discovery into practice sometimes requires more effort than making it.

Вправа 5. Прочитайте текст, знайдіть герундії і дієприкметники. Перекладіть

текст.
In most capital cities built long before the time of the private car there is, rarely
enough space for moving traffic, and certainly not enough for parking vehicles. Buses
move slowly because of the great volume of traffic, thus encouraging more people to
give up (відмовитися) using public transport. Banning traffic from some areas may
help, but such a solution may not actually make less the number of cars coming into
the city. The new city cannot survive (вижити) without building a series of ring
roads. During the working hours at the day time, there is the constant noise of traffic,
but at night the center is almost empty.
The most environmentally-friendly way of solving traffic problems is to rise more
widely public transportation. Buses require fewer parkimg lots, make less noise and
use less road space per passenger than private cars. They consume less fuel, causing
less air pollution.
Some environmentalists dream of turning parking lots into parks and replacing
cars with bicycles. In some countries there are extensive networks of bicycle paths,
which make cycling a safe and enjoyable form of transportation.

Unit 10.

Infinitive
Інфінітив

Simple Infinitive Active to read

Passive to be read
Continuous Infinitive Active to be reading
Passive -------
Perfect Infinitive Active to have read
Passive to have been read

27
Функції та варіанти перекладу інфінітива на українську:

Підмет To study sciences is interesting.

Вивчати науки цікаво.
It is necessary to finish this experiment.
Необхідно закінчити цей експеримент.
Частина Their task is to examine the substance
присудка obtained.
Our apparatus needs to be repaired.
Наш прилад треба відремонтувати.
Додаток We wanted to continue our investigations.
Ми хотіли продовжити наші дослідження.
They proposed us to show their work.
Вони запропонували нам показати свою
роботу.
Означення The material to be examined was very
radioactive.
Матеріал, який досліджували, був дуже
радіоактивний.
He was the first to sum up the results of this
experiment.
Він був першим, хто підрахував результати
цього експеріменту.
Обставина Some molecules are large enough to be seen in
the electron microscope.
Деякі молекули достатньо великі, щоб їх
можна було побачити в електронний
мікроскоп.
To get salts we have to know some methods of
their preparation.
Щоб отримати солі, нам потрібно знати
деякі методи їх приготування.

Вправа 1. Визначте функції інфінітива в реченнях і перекладіть їх.

1. Тo develop a new submersible craft with a manipulator is not an easy task. 2.
To develop the supercomputer, highly developed electronics and new materials were
required. 3. One of the best ways to keep the car speed steady is to use a computer. 4.
Experiments helped Mendeleev to discover the properties of new chemical elements.
5. Francis Chichester was the first to sail round the world by himself. 6. Some
materials with new useful properties may be produced in space. 7. A special electronic
device signals the engine to stop. 8. Radar may control the brakes to avoid collisions
with other cars. 9. High temperature alloys make it possible for jet engines to be
operating under severe conditions for a long period of time. 10. Recently a radar to be
mounted on cars has been developed. 11. In a new Japanese car the information to be
received by the driver will come through a navigation earth satellite. 12. To help
helicopters and aircraft find the capsule, its upper part is covered with special paint
which can be detected by radar. 13. To detect objects at a distance such as ships,
aircrafts, buildings, mountains, etc. is of great importance for navigation both at sea
28
and in air. 14. The radar detects the stationary objects ahead of the car to warn the
driver about them and slow down the speed. 15. We had fresh water to drink. 16.
They returned to listen about our accident and help. 17. He asked permission to leave.

Вправа 2. Знайдіть речення з інфінітивом у функції означення й доповнення,

перекладіть.
1. Тo design, construct and operate a laser system is a great technological
achievement. 2. To protect the water resources, forests and atmosphere, several laws
were passed in Russia in the 1970s. 3. A very interesting problem is to produce a
practically limitless source of energy. 4. There are projects to use lasers for long
distance communication. 5. Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new
sources of energy. 6. To combine laser and thermonuclear reaction is a very
interesting problem for the scientists in many countries. 7. To conduct physical
experiments with laser beams, Russian physicists have developed large laser
installations. 8. Some Western experts consider that it is practically impossible to
protect big cities from pollution. 9. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will
transform solar radiation into laser beams. 10. A special design bureau in St.
Petersburg was the first in the world to develop production of superlong escalators.
11. To put some projects with lasers in operation, great technological difficulties
must be overcome. 12. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is
to lighten the aircraft by using new composite materials. 13. Signals to be measured
must be strong enough.

Вправа 3. Визначте функції інфінітива в реченнях, перекладіть.

a) 1. Present day standards of experimental techniques make it possible to obtain
antiparticles in laboratory conditions. 2. Scientists have set up a centre for launching
meteorological rockets in the Antarctic to cover an extensive programme of research
into the upper layers of the Antarctic atmosphere. 3. Construction of iron and steel
works is to be completed in the current five-year-plan period. 4. People of all ages
use the reading room. They come here to prepare for exams, wor on a thesis for a
degree, keep up with the latest publications in their field or look at rare editions. 5.
The piece of metal to be tested is in the laboratory. 6. This experiment is too serious
to be explained in a few words.
b) 1. To irrigate deserts we build canals. 2. To drive a car in a big city is very
difficult. 3. The pieces of metal to be joined were white-hot heated. 4. To use welding
for joining metal parts means to obtain products which possess higher strength, better
quality and lower cost. 5. Much is being done to develop methods of automating
tractor driving with the aid of radio, cable remote control and mechanical devices.

29
 Unit 11

Infinitive Constructions
Complex Object
Complex Object складається з двох основних елементів: займенника (чи
іменника) в об'єктному відмінку і інфінітива змістового дієслова.
Complex Object вживається після ряду дієслів:
1. Дієслова, що виражають розумову активність: to know, to believe, to expect,
to think, tell, advise, etc.
ex: I know her to have gone home. Я знаю, що вона пішла додому.
2. Дієслова, що виражають бажання: to want, to wish, to beg, to ask, to allow, to
permit, to let, to make, etc.
ex: He begged her to stay. Він благав її залишитись.
3. Дієслова, що виражають чуттєве сприйняття: to see, to hear, to feel, to smell,
to notice, etc.
Після дієслів третьої групи та дієслів to let й to make (у значенні примушувати)
конструкція вживається без частки to.
ex: She saw him leave work. Вона бачила, як він йшов з роботи.
Але: I see that you are busy. Я бачу, що ти зайнятий. (see = understand)
Let her go home.

Complex Subject

Complex Subject складається із займенника (іменника) у називному відмінку

та інфінітива дієслова.
ex: She is expected to answer him soon. - Очікується, що вона незабаром йому
відповість.
Або: Вона, як очікується, незабаром йому відповість.
Наступні дієслова вживаються is Complex Subject: to expect, to suppose, to
believe, to think, to report, to understand, to know, etc.
Вони завжди вживаються в пасивній формі.
ex: The film is supposed to be very good. - Передбачується, що фільм дуже
добрий.
She is said to work 16 hours a day. - Кажуть, що вона працює по 16 годин у день.
Two people are reported to have been injured. - Повідомляється, що двоє людей
було травмовано.
Наступні дієслова вживаються у дійсному/активному стані is Complex
Subject: to appear; to happen; to seem; to prove; to chance; to turn out.

ex: 1.They seem to be good friends. Здається, вони добрі друзі.

2.The work turned out to have been successfully completed. Виявилось, що
роботу було успішно завершено.

30
 Complex Subject може вживатись із наступними словосполученнями:
- to be likely схоже
- to be unlikely не схоже
- to be sure бути впевненим
- to be certain бути впевненим
ex: She is likely to pass her exams very well. Схоже, що вона складе екзамени
дуже добре.
He is sure to use this new device in his experiment. Він напевно використає
цей новий прилад у своєму експерименті.

Вправа 1. Перекладіть речення із Complex Object

.
1. We know Morse to have been a painter by profession. 2. Scientists expect
lasers to solve the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. 3. M. Faraday
supposed a beam of light to reverse its polarization as it passed through a magnetized
crystal. 4. Designers expect dirigibles to be used for exploration of new territories. 5.
Japanese designers believe a new ceramic engine to replace the conventional one. 6
Engineers suppose a new «night vision» system to enable drivers to see better after
dark. 7. Scientists believe new laser devices to be widely used in medicine. 8. We
know the first digital optical disks to have been produced as disks for music. 9. They
believed him to be capable.

Вправа 2. Знайдіть інфінітив у реченнях, перекладіть.

А. 1. Hundreds of radio navigation stations watch the airplanes find their
destination and land safely. 2. Twice a year people see birds fly south and north, but
we don't know how they find their way. 3. At the Paris Exhibition people watched the
cargo airplane «Ruslan» carry a great amount of cargo. 4. When you stand near a
working engine you feel it vibrate. 5. Making experiments with electric telegraph
Morse noticed a pencil make a wavy line when connected to an electric wire. 6.
Nowadays people watch on television cosmonauts work in space and Olympic games
take place on the other side of the globe.
B. 1. A force applied to a body causes it to move in a straight line. 2. The
unsatisfactory results of Bell's experiments forced him to change the method of
testing. 3. The excellent properties of Damascus steel made metallurgists of the
whole world look for the lost secret of the steel. 4. Very high temperatures often
cause certain materials to break. 5. Bad weather conditions make pilots switch over to
automatic control.
Вправа З. Зверніть увагу на інфінітивний зворот, що складається із
прийменника for, доповнення й інфінітива.
1. It was the only thing for us to do. 2. The students were waiting for the lecturer
to describe the properties of a new composite material. 3. It is for you to decide
which of the two methods to use. 4. It is necessary for the students to know the
properties of various alloys. 5. A system of satellites is provided for people to watch
the central TV program.
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 Вправа 4. Перекладіть речення зі складним підметом.
A. 1. Students of Cambridge are supposed to wear gowns at lectures. 2. The first
pocket-size colour television sets were reported to have been developed. 3. Today's
aircraft is expected to be replaced by a new model of hypersonic aircraft in a few
years. 4. Intensive research on optical-electronic computer is said to be going on in a
number of US companies. 5. A method for recording information on crystal by
means of a laser is known to have been developed by this researcher. 6. The annual
output of personal computers is expected to reach millions in the near future. 7. The
laser is known to be a device producing an intensive beam of light by amplifying
radiation. 8. Optical technology has been found to be cost-effective. 9. The optical
equivalent of a transistor is reported to have been produced.
B. 1. Our present-day life seems to be quite impossible without telephone,
radio, and television. 2. Nowadays the principle of radio operation seems to be quite
simple. 3. The term «radar» is known to be composed of the first letters of «radio,
detection and ranging». It happens to reflect its basic principle, that is, the location of
an object at a distance. 4. About 50 per cent of Lake Baikal water proved to have
been polluted since the Baikal plant has begun its work. 5. Lasers appeared to be highly
useful for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction and communication. 6.
A system of Earth satellites appears to have solved the problem of transmitting the
central TV program to any part of the world. 7. Electricity proved to be able to travel
instantly over a long piece of wire.
С. 1. Dirigibles are likely to be used for taking tourists to distant and beautiful places.
2. Lasers are unlikely to be used in our everyday life soon. 3. Superconductivity is certain
to bring about new discoveries in science and technology.

Вправа 5. Порівняйте пари речень, перекладіть їх.

1. Designers report a new manned craft to be able to submerge to the depth of
21,000 feet. A new manned craft is reported to be able to submerge to the depth of
21,000 feet. 2. We know radio navigation stations to be located at different places
around the world to guide the pilots. Radio navigation stations are known to be located
all over the world to guide the pilots. 3. People considered dirigibles to be too slow
and unreliable, that is why they were not used for a long time. Dirigibles were
considered to be slow and unreliable. 4. Experts expect the new submersible craft to
move round the ocean floor like a sports car. The new submersible craft is expected
to move round the ocean floor like a sports car. 5. Scientists in many countries
consider propeller engines to be much more economical. Propeller engines are
considered to be much more economical. 6. We know propeller planes to fly slower
than jet planes, therefore, a new ventilator engine with a propeller has been built. But
as propeller planes are known to fly slower than jet planes a new ventilator engine
with a propeller has been built.

Вправа 6. Знайдіть речення із Complex Subject, перекладіть їх.

1. The phenomenon of superconductivity appears to have been discovered as
early as 1911. 2. Before 1911 superconductivity was assumed to be impossible. 3.
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Recent discoveries in superconductivity made scientists look for new conducting
materials and for practical applications of the phenomenon. 4. The latest
achievements in the field of superconductivity are certain to make a revolution in
technology and industry. 5. Recommendations from physicists will allow the
necessary measures to be taken to protect the air from pollution. 6. Lasers are sure to
do some jobs better and at much lower cost than other devices. 7. M. Faraday
supposed a light beam to reverse its polarisation as it passed through a magnetised
crystal. 8. Superconductors are likely to find applications we don't even think of at
present. 9. A Dutch physicist found a superconducting material to return to normal
state when a strong magnetic field was applied. 10. Properties of materials obtained
in space prove to be much better than those produced on Earth. 11. There are
prospects for lasers to be used in long distance communication and for transmission
of energy to space stations. 12. The electrical resistivity of a mercury wire was found
to disappear when cooled to – 269 °C. 13. Additional radio transmitters let the pilot
make his approach to an airport by watching his flight instruments. 14. There seems
to be a lot of alloys and compounds that become superconductors under certain
conditions.

Unit 12

Conditionals
Умовні речення

Існують декілька типів умовних речень (Types of Condition):

Real If I find this information I will Якщо я знайду цю
call you. (1) інформацію, я подзвоню
вам.

Unreal present If I found the information I Якби я знайшов інформацію,

would call you. (2) я б подзвонив вам.
Unreal past If I had found the information Якби я знайшов вчора
yesterday I would have called інформацію, я б подзвонив
you. (3) вам.

В умовних реченнях окрім сполучника if можуть вжитися сполучники unless, as

long as, provided, as soon as.

ex: You can use my car as long as you drive carefully. – Ти зможеш взяти мою
машину, за умови, якщо будеш їхати обережно.
Provided she studies hard, she’ll pass her exams. – За умови, що вона старанно
навчатиметься, вона здасть екзамени.
We’ll be late unless we hurry. - Ми запізнимось, якщо не поспішимо.

Частини умовного речення можуть вживатися окремо:

ex: If only I could help you! - Якби я міг тобі допомогти!
I would eat something. - Я б щось з'їв.

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Вирази типу I wish ... виражають співчуття чи жаль відносно теперішнього чи
минулого часу.
ex: I wish I knew Paul’s phone number. - Шкода, що я не знаю телефону Пола.
I wish there weren’t so many people. - Шкода, що так багато людей.
I wish I had been at home then. - Шкода, що мене не було удома тоді.

Вправа 1.
А. Визначте тип умовного підрядного речення, перекладіть їх.
1. If we look around, we can see that electricity is serving us in one way or
another. 2. If I were free, I should help you with pleasure. 3. If we had tested this
material, we should have used it in our work. 4. If ordinary gases are greatly
compressed, they become liquids. 5. If supercomputers had not been used for
thermodynamic calculations, designers would have spent all their lives on
computations. 6. If you think that a computer never makes mistakes, you are wrong.
7. If extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction were not so high, a
hypersonic craft would not require complicated cooling measures. 8. If we had been
told about the lecture on reliability in spacecraft production, we should have come by
all means. 9. Superconductivity can be obtained in some materials if the temperature
is very low and close to absolute zero.
В. Поставте дієслово в дужках у відповідну форму.
1. If you (to know) English well, you will be able to read books in the original.
2. If I get this book, I (to be) very happy. 3. You (to become) much stronger if you
did your morning exercises regularly. 4. If she went to work in France, she (to learn)
French very quickly. 5. If he (to see) her, he would have spoken to her. 6. I (to help)
them if I had been at home. 7. You (to write) the testwork well if you have learnt
grammar. 8. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I would have told her about it. 9. If we had
not been present at the lecture, we (not to understand) the new approach to the
solution of the problem.
С. Закінчить речення.
1. I would work much better if... . 2. Life would be much simpler if... . 3. Use
every opportunity to practice English if.... 4. I would have started to study English
earlier, if... . 5. I would have had more opportunities, if... .

Вправа 2.
А. Змініть речення відповідно до зразків:
If I were free, I would help you. - Were I free, I would help you.
If he had known about the lecture, he would have come. - Had he known about the
lecture, he would have come.
1. If it were possible, we should begin this work at once. 2. If he had had all the
necessary books, he would have made his report in time. 3. If the books had been
available in our library, we could have done this work much earlier. 4. If there were
no computers, space flights would be impossible. 5. If drivers were more attentive
while driving, there would be less accidents on the road.
В. Перекладіть безсполучникові умовні підрядні речення.

34
 1. Had he used new materials, the device would have been more reliable. 2. Were
electric motors used, cars would not pollute the air, would be practically noiseless
and very easy to control. 3. Had they applied the new method, the result would have
been much better. 4. Were the design of cars improved, the fuel consumption would
be greatly reduced. 5. Had a less explosive gas been used in dirigibles at the beginning
of the century, they would have been in operation since that time. 6. Were it possible
to learn how birds find their way, people would use the principle to develop a
navigation system for aviation.

Вправа З. Перекладіть речення й запам'ятаєте значення дієслова to provide і

сполучника provided.
1. The experiments conducted provided very good results. 2. Russian technological
achievements that provided the launching of rockets are known all over the world. 3. A
tire pressure display provides informatioii for front and back pairs of tires. 4.
Provided new composite materials are used, it will be possible to reduce overall
aircraft weight. 5. Provided with a new vacuum-controlled carburetor this car model
has several important advantages. 6. Superliners could develop a higher speed
provided some special cooling measures were used. 7. An aircraft pilot can get all the
information he needs provided he contacts a radio navigation station. 8. The work
done provided us with new data. 9. Having measured the distance between two
points, it is possible to calculate the time during which a car can cover it provided we
know the car's average speed. 10. Our laboratory has been provided with the latest
equipment.

Вправа 4. Знайдіть умовні підрядні речення друго і третього типу.

1. If a scientific research is closely linked with practice, the results are always
good. 2. If you looked at the equipment of 1946, you would notice the difference with
that available at present. 3. If there is a pressure change in the tires, a transmitter
signals to adjust the pressure. 4. If we were to make a journey in a plane to the nearest
star, we should have to travel for several thousand centuries. 5. Were traffic controlled
by computers, cars could travel with safety and speed. 6. Had submersibles been
developed since the time of Alexander the Great, mankind would have used natural
resources from the ocean floor and cultivated plants and fish there. 7. Had all
submersibles had autonomous principle of operation, they would have become much
more useful. 8. If fire-arms had not been invented, the secret of Damascus steel
would not have been lost. 9. If we could make a non-stop flight around the sun in an
airplane at a speed about 300 km per hour, it would require 565 days to encircle it at
the equator. 10. If the satellite speed is less than necessary, it will go down from the
orbit and enter the atmosphere.

Вправа 5. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів

provide, if (whether).
1. Specialists reported that a miniature video camera provided the latest
submersible with vision. 2. The speed of a satellite would be less provided it moved
at a greater distance from the Earth. 3. Drivers don't know yet whether radars will be
35
mounted on the next car models. 4. If the weather is too bad for flying, passenger
airplanes don't leave airports. 5. It was very important to find out if electricity could
be used for long distance communication. 6. During the entire flight, the pilot is
provided with all the necessary information about weather conditions. 7. Modern
submersibles can remain at the depth of 20,000 feet for eight hours or, if needed, as
long as two or three days. 8. A new system for motor cars can be provided with
infrared sensors that can detect a human figure at night. 9. If underwater tourism
continued to develop at the present rate, the number of passengers could grow up to
millions in only a few years.

Вправа 6. Перекладіть речення із сполучником unless і запам'ятаєте

особливості його перекладу.
1. Isaac Newton stated that a body would continue moving unless some force
was applied to stop it. 2. Space flights would be impossible unless special materials for
space vehicles were produced. 3. We should have no radio, telephone, television or
computers unless there were electricity. 4. The earth temperature would increase
indefinitely unless heat were radiated. 5. Unless the temperature rises, the speed of
the molecules will not increase. 6. It would have been impossible to send satellites
into orbit unless Newton's laws of motion had been studied. 7. With heat generated
by friction of the air on aircraft surface, the temperature inside the cabin would
increase to almost 1,000 °C unless it were cooled by mechanical means.

Вправа 7. Прочитайте й перекладіть текст

Finding a fault in a car
If your car doesn't start in the morning, you should check three things first: the
battery, the fuel level and the spark plugs (свіча запалювання). It is easy to repair
these faults. If the battery is flat, you should recharge it. If this doesn't work, you
should replace it. If the petrol tank is empty, fill it up. If the spark plugs are dirty,
clean them, and if the gap in a spark plug is too narrow or too wide, adjust it to the
correct width.
If your car still doesn't start, the petrol pump may be broken, or the fuel pipe may
be blocked. If the pump is broken, it must be repaired or replaced. If the fuel pipe is
blocked, take it off and unblock it.
If there is a loud click when you turn the key, the starter motor may be jammed
(заклинювати). If it is, you can try to release it by pushing the car forwards and
backwards (in 2nd gear). If the car still doesn't start, the starter motor should be
repaired or replaced.

Вирази типу I wish ... виражають співчуття чи жаль відносно теперішнього чи

минулого часу.
ex: I wish I knew Paul’s phone number. - Шкода, що я не знаю телефону Пола.
I wish there weren’t so many people. - Шкода, що так багато людей.
I wish I had been at home then. - Шкода, що мене не було удома тоді.

36
Вправа 8. Перекладіть речення із виразом I wish.

1. Mary wishes she could drive a car. 2. I wish that, for just a day, I were President of
the United States. 3. I wish I had not spent so much money yesterday. 4. I wish when
a boy I had studied French instead of English. 5. John wishes he had been a mechani-
cal engineer. 6. I wish I had a car. 7. I wish you had mentioned this fact to me before.

Вправа 9. Закінчіть речення

1. I wish you …….. 2. If I were you I…….. . 3. She would be a good specialist
if……4. If she could drive…… .5. I would invite yo to the party if …….. .

СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ

1. Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С., Скубриева А.И. Учебник

английского языка для студентов технических университетов и вузов. – 6-е
изд., стереотип. (Иностранный язык в техническом университете). – М: Изд-во
МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2006. – 448 с.
2. Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. Практическая грамматика английского
языка с упражнениями и ключами. 8-е изд. – К.: Методика, 2003. – 672 с.
3. Murphey R. English Grammar in Use. – К.: ТОВ «ФОЛІО ЛТД», 1998. – 350 с.

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