‫االقتباس‬Quotation

Reasons for quotation:

1- To support the researcher's position on a particular issue.

2- To deny an opposing opinion.
3- Quotation may be necessary to build a logical proof system.
4- If the quoted text contains terms that are difficult to find an alternative to.
5- If the quoted text presented by the researcher in a better way.

General guidelines in quotation:

 Accuracy in the selection of sources quoted from by being preliminary in the subject as much as possible, and that
the author can be trusted and rely on .
 Accuracy in transportation.
 Not to quote too much, as a lot of it and misplaced presence indicates to the researcher's lack of confidence in his
ideas.
 Avoid distorting the meaning intended by the previous researcher (quoted from him) and this is from the scientific
honesty and the preservation of ownership of ideas, opinions and sayings.
 Every word he writes has a reference, I can write a page at the end of the empirical study and at final conclusion
where I write my results and start to interpret it unless I will mention someone to show that I disagree with

Quotation has many forms, the most important of which are:

(a) Textual quotation (direct ).

(b) Quotation by summary.
(c) Quotation by paraphrasing (indirect).
a) Direct quotation and conditions:

It is the transfer of the writer's phrases in their text without any disposition in them, with the intention of supporting a
point of view, or highlighting the error of the author of the text.

Text quotation conditions:

1) Ensure the accuracy of the attribution of the text to its saying, by referring to its original source.
2) Put the quoted text in quotations to distinguish it from the words of the researcher
3) In the event that the size of the quoted text increases to five lines, the quoted text is distinguished by writing it in
smaller letters than normal, and by narrowing the space between the lines and leaving a white space on both sides
of the page (5 spaces)
4) When deleting part of the quoted text for a need, put in place of the deleted part a number of points like this: ( ...)
and when adding to the text , In the event that the researcher corrects what he quotes or adds a word or words to
it, he puts his correction or addition in square brackets like this:] [
5) coordination between the quoted texts, so as not to contradict the text, and taking into account the harmony
between what the researcher quotes and what he writes before the quoted text and what he writes after it.
6) The researcher maintains his personality between quotations, by prefacing the quoted text and commenting on it,
explaining the difficult texts in it, and comparing the texts to each other, and not just cutting and pasting.
7) Mention in the margin (or in the text before or after the quotation) the name of the book from which the text is
quoted from , the name of its author, the page number, the date of printing and its place (i.e. documentation).
8) In the case of taking a certain definition from the author of an article that he had taken from a third person, in this
case it belongs to the third person because he may took the text wrongly

B – Quotation by summary:
1) The researcher relies in his research on what was written by his predecessors, and then tries to add to it new, but if
the researcher goes to present all the opinions and their conclusions as they are in his research, this would have led
to an increase in the volume of his research . and from here the researcher takes another path to avoid this defect,
which is the way of summary, where he summarizes multiple pages in limited lines, Finally, it refers to the reference
and the rest of the data on all persons
2) It is resorted to reducing the size of the research
3) when the opinions are many and I do not want to increase the volume of the search and at the same time I want to
reach the results directly
4) If I go back to many people and want to summarize what they said in order to reach a result of my own

c. Indirect Quotation:

 The researcher may need to reformulate the text if he finds it difficult for the reader, so he rewrite it in his own
style. It clarifies the mysterious and invisibility in it, after understanding and absorbing it to facilitate understanding.
And in this case I will not put a quotation or a page

What is meant by the use of this method is:

1- Reduce the textual quotes in the research where there is no need for.
2- Highlighting the researcher's abilities in understanding texts and their good use.
3- Control and comment on the needed places .

It seems appropriate to point out the following:

 The purpose of quoting texts is not to collect them and increase the size of the research with them, but rather to
evaluate them and deduce what can be deduced from them, and thus reach a new idea on them
 Scientific research is characterized by intellectual originality, and the scientific researcher is not a collector of
information or collector of science, he is original researcher does not take ideas on their fault, but rather sifting
them and chooses what is valid and useful for his research only.

Writing references in the Harvard way

References in the research are written in the following cases:

1. End of research.

2. The body of the research (within the research).

Writing references in the body of the research

 In this method, the reference is indicated between brackets in the middle of the research, and this is by mentioning
the name of the author, the year, and the page number.
 This is based on the fact that the full reference data will be mentioned at the end of the search in the reference list.

Example of writing a reference:

1- The theory of constraints emerged as a reaction to the development of production scheduling programs, which was
called the ideal production technology (Abdel Motaal, Heba, 2004, pp. 39-42), as a production scheduling system.
2- The idea of margin accounting is based on five basic measures of performance appraisal (Rochman, R.R., 2002, pp.3-
5), these five measures are financial and operational measures.

In the case of a mention that he sees or says or said so and writes the name before the brackets

3- Bassiouni (2020, p. 15) believes that the method of cross-distribution is the best way to distribute the costs of
service centers to the beneficiary centers.
 In the case of one researcher: (Abd al-Nabi, 2004, pp. 30-40)
  In the case of four researchers: (Abd al-Nabi, Yahya, Basant, Ahmed, 2004, pp. 30-40)
 In the case of more than 4 authers: (Abd al-Nabi et al., 2004, pp. 30-40)
 If one definition has more than one source (Abd al-Nabi et al., 2004; Yahya, 2005)
 Et al is written inside but at the end of the references I write the full name
 (,) Between the name and a year
 (; )Between references

Footnote What is written in it and how is it written?

1- A number is written next to the quoted paragraph (1) or intended to be documented, then the same number is
written in the margins and the reference data (author's name, year, book name, publication extension, publisher
name, page or pages that were quoted from me) are written
2- In the case of referring to the same reference or a previous reference, write in the margin( the name of the author,
previous reference, p. )
3- In the case of referring to the same reference and there is no reference separator, write( the previous reference, p.)

Writing references at the end of the research

There are many references and sources on which the research depends, and the most important of these references and
sources are as follows:

1. Books.

2. Periodicals.

3. Unpublished research such as master's theses.

4. Conferences and others (Proceeding).

5. References from the Internet (Web resources).

The following is a statement of how to write references (Harvard)

I arrange them alphabetically and in the case of the same letter I take the second letter

Books

Writing books used as references in research: When written as a reference, the book takes the following order:

1. Author's Name

The family name is first (Family name) and then the author's name, and the author's first name and middle name are
usually abbreviated, and they are expressed in the first letters only then dot

• In the event that there is more than one author of the book:

1. Write the names of the authors in the case of two, three or four authors.

2. If the number of authors exceeds four, the name of the main author shall be written accompanied by the word et al.

• et al means and others, from the Latin word et alii

2. Publication Date (Year of Publication) : If there is no publication date, it is written (without a publication date).
3. Book Title : Bold Title Italic
4. Edition number, if any.
5. The name of the city of publication : If there is no name of the city of publication on the book, it is written (without
publish city ).
6. Name of the publisher : If there is no name for the publisher on the book, it is written (without a publisher).
They are separated by a point

Examples of writing books used as references

• One author

Mansfield, E., 1996. Managerial Economics: Theory, Applications, and Cases. 3rd ed. New York: W.W.Norton &
Company, Inc.

• More than one author till four authors.

Horngren, C.T., Foster, G. & Datar, S.M., 1997. Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis. 9th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-
Hall, Inc.

• More than four authors.

Horngren, C.T., et al., 1997. Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis. 9th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Patrols

Write the published research periodically and used as a reference in the research as :

:
 1. Name of the researcher.
2. The date of issuance of the periodical.
3. Research title.
4. Name of the periodical : Write the title of the periodical in italic
5. Volume number (if any). (Vol.)
6. Subject number in the folder. (No.) number of issue
7. Search page numbers.

Ex : Bacon, P.W., 1977. The Evaluation of Mutually Exclusive Investments. Financial Management, 6(2), pp. 55-58.

Unpublished Research

Write unpublished research used as a reference in the research:

1. Name of the researcher.

2. Year of research.
3. Research title (marked by writing italic).
4. Research degree (Master's, PhD, unpublished research).
5. The location of the university or body.
6. The name of the university or body.
Ex:

• Bassiouni, Salah, 2001. Recent trends in control systems and cost limitation in industrial facilities. Unpublished
research. Cairo: Faculty of Commerce - Cairo University.
• Gurses, A.P., 1999. An activity – based costing and Theory of Constraints model for product mix decision.
Unpublished Master Thesis. Virginia: polytechnic institute and university.

Study or research presented at a conference

When written as a reference, the research takes the following order:

1. Name of the researcher.

2. Research history.

3. Research title.

4. Conference title (marked by italic).

5. The location of the conference.

6. Date of the Conference.

7. The organizer of the conference.

8. The headquarters of the organizer of the conference.

9. Search page numbers.

Ex:

Ali, Abdel Moneim El-Sayed, 2009. The future and stability of the capitalist system in light of global financial crises and
financial globalization. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Scientific Conference of the Arab Association for Economic Research,
Arab Economies and Post-Global Economic Crisis Developments. Beirut, Lebanon, 19-20 December 2009. Arab Society
for Economic Research: Cairo. pp. 42-65.

Kopf, E.W., 1927. The early history of the annuity. 13th Proceeding of casualty actuarial society. Virginia, USA 1927. CAS:
Virginia. pp.225-266.

References from the Internet

When written, the reference takes the following order:

1. The name of the source or entity to which the reference is attributed.

2. History.

3. Research title (marked by writing italic).

4. Website.

5. Date of access to the Site.

Ex:

Government Printing Office: Washington, 1982. Economic report of the president.

Available at:

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/publication/?pid=45

[Accessed 16 March 2011].

 I arrange them all together in alphabetical order groups without separating them.

Lec 10 jjj

Technical aspects and final image of the research

The topics of this lecture aim to support and develop the researcher's ability to write the research correctly i

The elements are as follows: (writing the margin, output of the research, method of writing the research, punctuation
marks and quotation marks)

1- Margin

 It means the space at the end of the page under the text separated by a short line starting with the beginning of the
line with a length of 4 cm or 5 cm
 It is preferable not to increase the margins so as not to interrupt the reader ideas and meanings and left in the body
of the margin with an asterisk (*) and not a number and this is better or referred to by the number (1,2,3 ..)

When to use margin :

a. To explain some vocabulary, concepts or terms

b. To alert to a point previously discussed or a subsequent point
c. To record an idea mentioned in the text may interrupt the basic idea

2- Research Writing Style

• The importance of good style in writing the research, strength of the phrase, accuracy of wording, sequence of
ideas, and away from dwelling in minor details away from the main research topic and distracting the reader
• It is preferable for researchers in general and beginners in particular to take into account the following:
1) Use short sentences
2) Adopting clarity in the phrases and avoiding confusion in understanding them
3) Minimize passive verbs as much as possible
4) Careful and strongly attention from falling into linguistic, grammatical, typographical and spelling errors in writing
5) Observe punctuation and quotation marks
6) Do not over quote
7) Use the appropriate illustrative means in the research (image, tables, maps ..)
8) Use of addresses and logical branches in the research
9) Lack of certainty of opinions that are still controversial
10) Do not use the pronoun of the speaker or speakers (do not use the word glorification) we said, we say, see, we
notice

3- Output of the research

 Write the research carefully and produce it well (a title for the researcher on the one hand and a show of the
scientific value and research importance of the research on the other hand)
 The following are some considerations that the researcher must take into account to produce the research in a good
way:
1- Printing paper: Good white size A4 and writing on one side only and the margin on left side with a distance of 3.5 cm
for the possibility of package and the rest of the margins with a width of 2.5 cm
2- Printing line: Arabic traditional type size 20 for the middle headlines of the page, size 18 for the body of the study
and side headings, 14 for tables, 12 for margins . English size 14 for the board and 10 for the margin
3- Paragraphs and headings:
1) 1 cm from the beginning of the line
2) Line space on a single mode
3) Paragraphs are 0,6 apart.
4) The main and middle headings on the page are 1 cm away from the preceding and subsequent paragraphs
4- Title page
1) At the top of the page from the right, write the name of the university, college and department
2) In the center of the page, the title of the research is written in large font
3) In the center of the page below the title, write the name of the researcher
4) Then write the name of the supervisor
5) In the middle of the page at the bottom write the date

The title page is as follows

5- Search order
1) Title page followed by white page
2) Gifting, if any
3) Thanks and gratitude, if any
4) Research abstract
5) Table of Content
6) List of tables
7) List of shapes
8) List of photos if any
9) Then the content of the research (introduction - chapters - conclusion)
10) -References
11) Appendices, if any
12) Abstract in English
6- Pagination

Numbering the pages in the middle bottom in alphabetical letters in what precedes the body of the research, including
the title page without showing its numbering

Numbering the pages of the body with numbers in the middle bottom (1,2, or -1- or (1)) without showing the numbers of
the chapters titles

7- Numbering of research tables and shapes

- Sequential numbering with each chapter with two digits right (chapter number )and left (figure or table number)

1) 1-1 or 1/1 figure 1 in the first chapter

2) 1-2 or 1/2 Figure II in the first chapter
3) you take serial numbers from the beginning of the search to the end 1,2,3 ... And so on, but the first method is more
commonly used
4) Font writing titles tables and shapes size 18 draft
8- Research Titles

Take into account the coordination between the headings and subheadings in terms of size, font and distance from the
beginning of the line

9- Research Branches
 The need to follow a unified method in the branches, for example, first and second ..... etc , It is first divided into (a,
b, c..) , A is divided into 1,2,3 or a B is divided by a condition – or a star *
 Taking into account the decline of the subparagraphs in writing from the beginning of the line according to their
dividing level
10- The length of the chapters and research topics

- The need to achieve a balance between the chapters, in the number of pages, so that the chapter or section is not 5
pages and the next 30 pages

- many chapters incentive to a large degree is an inappropriate appearance and does not meet with acceptance