Analysis of
Transmission Lines
Dr. H. Rahaman, Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication, BKBIET Pilani
Objective
Analysis of Transmission line model.
Coaxial and Planar transmission lines.
Modes of propagation.
Different parameters determination related to
particular mode.
Waveguide components
Waveguide – Basically it is a two metal conductors with coaxial type or
planar transmission line type.
Coaxial waveguide Different coaxial cables
Coaxial connectors RF filter using film technology
TEM mode
Transverse electric and magnetic (TEM)
modes or transmission line modes are
characterized by Ez = 0, Hz = 0.
Electric and magnetic fields are transverse to the direction of wave
propagation. TEM mode does not exist in hollow waveguides since it
requires two conductors such as coaxial line and two wire lines.
𝛽2 𝐸𝑦 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜖𝐸𝑦 ⇒ 𝛽 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖
Recall 𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌 𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 = 2𝜋/𝜆 ⇒ 𝒌=𝜷 Cutoff wave number is
zero for TEM waves .
𝛻 2 𝐸𝑥 + 𝑘 2 𝐸𝑥 = 0 or
𝜕 2 𝐸𝑥 + S rly for Ey is 𝜕2 𝜕 2 𝜕𝑥 2
2
𝜕𝑧 2 = −𝛽 𝐸𝑥 = i 𝜕𝑦 2
−𝑘 2 𝐸𝑥 m
𝜕2 𝜕2
+ il
a 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝐸𝑥 = 0
𝛻 2 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 =0 𝑡
𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
𝐸𝑦 = 0 𝟐 𝟐
𝜵𝒕 =
𝟐
+
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒚𝟐
TEM mode
𝛻 2 𝐸𝑥 + 𝑘 2 𝐸𝑥 = 𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
0 𝜵𝒕 = +
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝛻𝑡2 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
Laplacian operator in two
𝛻𝑡2 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 transverse direction
Laplace equation
𝛻𝑡2 ℎ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
In electrostatic, electric field is a 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝛻𝑡 𝜑 𝑥, 𝑦
gradient of a scalar potential
Laplace equation
In cylindrical coordinates, laplace
equation takes the form
1 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕2
𝜌 + 2 2 + 𝑘𝑐2 𝑒𝑧 𝜌, ∅ = 0
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕∅
1 𝑑 𝜌 𝑑∅ 𝜌, ∅ + 𝜌 𝑑𝜌
1 𝑑 2 ∅ 𝜌, ∅
=0
𝜌2 𝑃 𝑑∅2
TEM mode
1 𝑑 𝑑∅ 𝜌, ∅ 1 𝑑 2 ∅ 𝜌, ∅
𝜌 + =0
𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝜌2 𝑃 𝑑∅2
Using method of separation of variables.
∅ 𝜌, ∅ = 𝑅 𝜌 𝑃(∅)
1 𝑑 𝑑𝑅 1
𝜌2 + =0
𝑑 𝑃 𝜌𝑅 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌
𝜌2 𝑃 𝑑∅2
The two terms must be equal
2
to constants
2
1 𝑑2𝑃 1 𝑑 𝑑𝑅
𝜌 𝑃 𝑑∅2 = 𝜌 = −𝑘𝜌2
𝜌𝑅 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌
𝑘∅
−
𝑘∅2 + 𝑘𝜌2 = 0 …………..(ii)
The solutions
where 𝑘∅ = 𝑛 is an integer
By boundary condition, ∅ 𝜌, ∅ should not vary with ∅, so n must be zero.
It means 𝑘𝜌 must be equal to zero
𝑑 𝑑𝑅
𝜌 =0
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌
TEM mode
Subjected to boundary condition
The solution is obtained from 𝑑 = 0
𝑑𝑅 𝑑𝜌 𝜌 𝑑𝜌
∅ 𝜌, ∅ = 𝑅 𝜌 𝑃(∅)
or
Boundary condition tells Solve for C and D,
the solution is
The electric field can be expressed as a
gradient of the scalar field, ∅ 𝜌, ∅
The wave impedance of TEM mode is the ratio of
the transverse electric and magnetic fields.
The transverse magnetic field
can be expressed as
Planar Transmission Line
Transmission line in which conductors are essentially flat. The
conductors consists of flat strips and usually have one or more ground
planes parallel to the flat surface of the conductors.
w
w
b
er er h
Stripline Microstrip
w s
er g g h er h
Coplanar Waveguide Slot line
Stripline Transmission Line
Stripline is a planar type of transmission line with a conducting strip lying
between and parallel to two wide conducting plane. The region between two
conducting plane is filled with a uniform dielectric in which a thin
conducting strip is placed at the center.
Stripline assists in microwave integrated circuitry, miniaturization and
photolithographic fabrication.
Stripline has two conductors and usually a homogeneous dielectric medium.
Therefore, it supports TEM wave.
Stripline Transmission Line
Conducting strip has width W, Wide ground planes are separated by b and
the material is filled with a dielectric material.
An exact solution of the geometry is obtained by solving Laplace equation.
Generally the expression is given by a good approximation.
b
w b/ 2
e , , d
a
a b Electric Field
Magnetic Field
The phase velocity and propagation constant of the TEM mode in
the stripline is given by 1 𝑐
𝑣𝑝 =
= 𝜇𝑜 𝜖𝑜 𝜖𝑟 𝜖𝑟
𝜔 𝑝
⇒𝛽= 𝑣 =𝜔
𝜇𝑜 𝜖𝑜 𝜖𝑟 = 𝜖𝑟 𝑘0
Stripline Transmission Line
The characteristic impedance of the transmission line is
𝐿 𝐿𝐶 1
𝑍0 = = =
𝐶 𝐶 𝑣𝑝 𝐶
Laplace equation is solved to find the capacitance per unit length by using
conformal mapping. Conformal mapping is a complicated special function.
In order to make it simple, an empirical formula is used to find the
impedance of the line by curve fitting to the exact solutions.
30𝜋 𝑏
𝑍0 ==
𝜖𝑟 𝑊𝑒 + 0.441𝑏
we is the effective width of the center conductor
w
0 ; for 0.35
we w b
b b w 2 w
; 0.1 0.35
0.35
for
b b
This has an accuracy of 1% of the exact result.
Stripline Transmission Line
In general, one needs to find the width, W, for given characteristic
impedance, Z0, height, b and relative permittivity, εr.
Since stripline is a TEM line, there is attenuation due to dielectric loss.
There is also a conductor loss that depends on the thickness of the strip
width.
Microstrip Transmission Line
Microstrip line is the one of the most popular of planar transmission line
due to easy fabrication by photolithographic processes, easy
miniaturization and integration with both passive and active devices. A
metallic conductor of thickness, W is printed on a thin grounded dielectric
substrate of thickness d and relative permittivity, 𝜖𝑟 .
Microstrip line does not support a pure TEM: A phase matching condition
at the dielectric–air interface would be impossible to enforce.
𝑐
Phase velocity in dielectric 𝑣𝑝 Phase velocity in air 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑐
𝜖𝑟
=
Microstrip Transmission Line
Exact fields of a microstrip line is a hybrid TE-TM mode wave. In
practical, the dielectric thickness is very small (d << λ ), and therefore, the
fields are quasi-TEM. The phase velocity propagation constant can be
expressed as
𝑐
𝑣𝑝 𝛽 = 𝑘0 𝜖𝑒
𝜖𝑒
= e , , d w h
𝑒 is the effective dielectric constant of the microstrip line and depends on
𝜖substrate thickness, conductor width and the frequency. It satisfies
the relation
1 < 𝜖𝑒 < 𝜖𝑟
The characteristic impedance of the
microstrip line can be calculated as
Microstrip Transmission Line
In general, one needs to find the ratio, W/d, for given characteristic
impedance, Z0, and relative permittivity, εr.
Considering stripline as a quasi-TEM line, there is attenuation due to
dielectric loss. There is also a conductor loss that depends on the thickness
of the strip width.
Summary
Planar transmission line waveguides.
Modes of propagation: TEM mode/ TE ot TM mode.
Designing criteria using characteristic impedance.
Thank you !
