SMART FALL DETECTION SYSTEM FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE

ABSTRACT

Falling down is among the most common causes of medical attention

required by the elderly people. Elderly people often injure themselves from falling
down more especially when they are living alone. After a fall occurs, medical
attention needs to be provided promptly in order to reduce the risk of victim.
Several technologies have been developed which utilize webcams to monitor the
activities of elderly people. However, the cost of operation and installation is
expensive and only applicable for indoors... Current commercialized device
required user to wear wireless emergency transmitter in form of wristwatch. This
method will restrict the user movement and produce high false alarm due to
frequent swinging and movement of the device.

This project proposed a fall detection system which is cost effective and reliable to
detect fall and alert relatives for help and support. For fall detection, accelerometer
and gyroscope was used to detect acceleration and body tilt angle of the faller
respectively. By coupling accelerometer with gyroscope, the accuracy of the
system was improved due to reducing in false positives and true negatives... Alert
system in form of Short Message Service (SMS) was transmitted to the concerned
authorities. Moreover, this wearable device requires less implementation cost and
provides a quick response. As a result, this fall detection and alert system has the
sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 90% respectively. However, the limitation of
this device is unable to detect a user falling against a wall and falling end in sitting
position. Recommendation for future work is to develop an interactive display
which enables users to input relative’s phone number.
 CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

Fall is the most significant causes of injury for elderly. These falls are because
many disabling fractures that could eventually go in front to death due to
complications. Most elderly (over 75 years old) have fallen at least once a year,
and 24 % of them have severe injuries [1]. This is a serious public health problem
with a substantial impact on health and healthcare costs [2]. The cost and burden of
caring for older adults is steadily increasing [3].Among people affected by
Alzheimer’s disease, the probability of a fall increases by three times. Elderly care
can be improved by using sensors that monitor the vital signs and activities of
patients, and remotely communicate this information toothier doctors and
caregivers. The consequences of a fall can vary from scrapes to fractures and in
some cases lead to death. Even if there are no immediate consequences, the long-
wait on the floor for help increases the probability of death from the accident. For
this reason, fall detections an active area of research. In the recent years, passive
monitoring solutions have penetrated into health monitoring systems in homes,
assisted living environments, and nursing homes. They provide timely
interventions in case of emergency [4, 5].Most of the research on falls in which
accelerometers issued focus on determining the change in magnitude of
acceleration. When the acceleration value exceeds a critical threshold, the fall is
detected [6, 7]. The use of wearable and active sensors provides better monitoring
ability [8].A contribution is made towards such standardization by collecting the
most relevant parameters, data filtering techniques and testing approaches from the
studies done so far. State-of-the-art fall detection techniques were surveyed,
highlighting the differences in their effectiveness at fall detection. A standard
database structure was created for fall study that emphasizes the most important
elements of a fall detection system that must be considered for designing a robust
system [9], as well as addressing the constraints and challenges. In addition, fall
activity patterns are particularly difficult to obtain for training systems. These
systems successfully detect falls with sensitivities. However, focusing only on
large acceleration can result in many false positives from fall-like activities such
assisting down quickly and running. Furthermore, previous studies used complex
algorithms like support vector machine (SVM) [10] and Markov model [11] to
detect the fall

However, accuracy of these systems has not been proven to be highly effective.
They also use excessive amounts of computational resources and cannot respond in
real time. In this paper we propose a new device based on microcontroller
(Adriano-UNO) and the sensor is MPU6050 Accelerometer and Gyro Chip.

1.2 Overview & Benefits

PROJECT PERSPECTIVE In order to reduce the risk of elderly people getting

harm from fall, medical attention needs to be provided immediately. Therefore, a
reliable fall detection system can help to detect fall in elderly people and contact
the nearest healthcare service for help and support. The fall detection system need
to be user friendly which means it is easier to be used by the elderly people. The
system also must not interfere and disturb activities of daily living of elderly
people. The system needs to be cost-effective and durable. The MPU6050 sensor
module has built-in a gyroscope and an accelerometer sensor. The gyroscope is
used to determine the orientation and the accelerometer provides information about
the angular parameter such as the X, Y, and Z-axis data. We interface this sensor
with arguing microcontroller and keep different acceleration thresholds to check
whether any false triggering is happening or the user has really fallen. If values
exceed thresholds then we via Blink app we get notification in our android device

PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS

To develop an intelligent and effective fall detection and alert system using
Smartphone and wireless sensor node To develop a reliable and cost efficient fall
detection and alert system To develop a fall detection system that is user friendly
and without causing disturbance to activities of daily living of elderly people
 CHAPTER – II

BLOCK DIAGRAM

This project was divided into 5 stages namely planning, design,

implementation, testing and evaluation. By splitting into 5 different stages, the
flow of the project was more organized and systematic. The first stage of this
project is planning. In order to complete the project on time with limited budget, a
proper planning is required. During this stage, information such as acceleration and
orientation of a person falling was directly referred to previous research paper.
Designing stage involves brainstorming ideas and solution to overcome the
problem statement by this project. After conducting research during planning
stage, multiple ideas are generated and become alternatives which each can be used
to overcome the problem. By taking consideration of factors and limitation such as
budget, time, and components availability, the best design was selected. In order to
understand the process of the fall detection and alert system, a flow chart and
pseudo code was designed and prepared. Components are selected based on their
cost, availability, quality and compatibility. Positioning of the fall detection device
on a person body is determined based on previous research paper and
experimentation. After finalizing the design and components selection, the next
stage was the implementation stage. Components was purchased and arrived in
expected time to avoid delay in the project. In this stage, fall detection and alert
system was fabricated into a prototype. Besides that, programming code or
algorithm is designed to be programmed into the microcontroller which in this case
is ArduinoUNO. It is important for the algorithm to be simple and easy to
understand because it is easier to troubleshoot when errors occurred. Besides that,
programming code or algorithm is designed to be programmed into the
microcontroller which in this case is ArduinoUNO. It is important for the
algorithm to be simple and easy to understand because it is easier to troubleshoot
when errors occurred. Testing stage involves performing multiple of different test
with the prototype. In order to ensure the prototypes working as per design, several
numbers of tests are performed includes front fall, back fall and side fall. During
testing phase, acceleration and orientation data are acquired and to be compared
with the acceleration value from previous research paper. Necessary modification
and adjustment was done during this stage to achieve the best result
 CHAPTER – III

MODULE DESCRIPTION

3.1 POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply block consists of following units:

 Step down transformer.

 Bridge rectifier circuit.
 Input filter.
 Voltage regulators.
 Output filter.
 Indicator unit.

3.1.1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:

The step-down transformer is used to step down the supply voltage of 230v
ac from mains to lower values, as the various IC’s used in this project require
reduced voltages. The transformer consists of primary and secondary coils.
To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain
less number of turns in its secondary core. The outputs from the secondary coil
which is center tapped are the ac values of 0v, 15v and 15v. The conversion of
these ac values to dc values to dc values is done using the full wave rectifier unit.
3.1.2 RECTIFIER UNIT:

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four diodes connected in a bridge

circuit. That provides the polarity of output voltage of any polarity of the input
voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion of alternating
current (A.C) input into direct current (D.C) output, it is known as a bridge
rectifier. The diagram describes a diode-bridge design known as a full wave
rectifier. This design can be used to rectify single phase A.C. when no transformer
center tap is available.
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to
achieve full wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with
individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the
diode bridge is wired internally.

For both positive and negative swings of the transformer, there is a forward
path through the diode bridge. Both conduction paths cause current to flow in the
same direction through the load resister, accomplishing full-wave rectification.
While one set of diodes is forward biased, the other set is reversing biased and
effectively eliminated from the circuit.
3.1.3 INPUT FILTER:

Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the dc voltages are removed
and pure dc voltage is obtained. The primary action performed by capacitor is
charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the ac voltage and it
will discharge in negative half cycle. So it allows only ac voltage and does not
allow the dc voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Capacitors used
here are of the value 1000uF.
3.1.4 REGULATOR UNIT:

Regulator regulates the output voltage to a specific value. The output

voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input dc voltage.
Whenever there are any ac voltage fluctuations, the dc voltage also changes, and to
avoid this regulators are used.
3.1.5 REGULATORS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:

1. POSITIVE REGULATOR, WHICH REGULATES THE POSITIVE

VOLTAGE (7805, 7812)

1. Input pin.

2. Ground pin.

3. Output pin.

2. NEGATIVE REGULATOR, WHICH REGULATES THE NEGATIVE

VOLTAGE (7912).
1. Ground pin.

2. Input pin.

3. Output pin.

3. REGULATORS USED IN THIS APPLICATION:

 7805 which provides 5v dc.

 7812 which provides 12v dc.
 7912 which provides -121v dc.
3.1.6 OUTPUT FILTER:

This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found
ripples in the output received finally. Capacitors used here are of value 10F.

3.2 ARDUINO:
Arduino interface boards provide the engineers, artists, designers, hobbyists and
anyone who tinker with technology with a low-cost, easy-to-use technology to
create their creative, interactive objects, useful projects etc., A whole new breed of
projects can now be built that can be controlled from a computer.

Fig 3.2: ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is a open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible,

easy-to-use hardware and software .It’s intended for artists, designers, hobbyists,
and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. It’s an open-
source physical computing platform based on a microcontroller board, and a
development environment for writing software for the board.

In simple words, Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug to

connect to your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired up
to external electronics, such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser diodes,
loudspeakers, microphones, etc., They can either be powered through the USB
connection from the computer or from a 9V battery. They can be controlled from
the computer or programmed by the computer and then disconnected and allowed
to work independently.

Anyone can buy this device through online auction site or search engine. Since
the Arduino is an open-source hardware designs and create their own clones of the
Arduino and sell them, so the market for the boards is competitive. An official
Arduino costs about $30 and a clone often less than $20.

The name “Arduino” is reserved by the original makers. However, clone

Arduino designs often have the letters “duino” on the end of their name, for
example, Freeduino or DFRduino. The software for programming your Arduino is
easy to use and also freely available for Windows, Mac, and LINUX computers at
no cost.

3.2.1 MICROCONTROLLER:
Microcontroller can be described as a computer embedded on a rather small
circuit board. To describe the function of a microcontroller more precisely, it is a
single chip that can perform various calculations and tasks, and send/receive
signals from other devices via the available pins. Precisely what tasks and
communication with the world it does, is what is governed by what instructions we
give to the Microcontroller. It is this job of telling the chip what to do, is what we
refer to as programming on it.
However, the uC by itself cannot accomplish much; it needs several
external inputs: power, for one; a steady clock signal, for another. Also, the job of
programming it has to be accomplished by an external circuit. So typically, an uC
is used along with a circuit which provides these things to it; this combination is
called a microcontroller board. The actual microcontroller at its heart is the chip
called Atmega328. The advantages that Arduino offers over other microcontroller
boards are largely in terms of reliability of the circuit hardware as well as the ease
of programming and using it.

3.2.2 OPEN-SOURCE HARDWARE:

Open-source hardware shares much of the principles and approach of free
and open-source software. The founders of Arduino wanted people to study their
hardware, to understand how it works, make changes to it, and share those changes
with the world. To facilitate this, they release all of the original design files (Eagle
CAD) for the Arduino hardware. These files are licensed under a Creative
Common Attribution Share-Alike license, which allows for both personal and
commercial derivative works, as long as they (people) credit Arduino and release
their designs under the same license.
The Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java
environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ microcontroller libraries are
under the LGPL

3.2.3 HISTORY OF ARDUINO:

While teaching a physical computing class at the Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea in 2005, Massimo Banzi’s students were unwilling to spend the 76 euros for
the BASIC Stamp microcontrollers commonly used in such applications.
Banzi and his collegues looked for alternatives, finally settling on the wiring
platform developed by one of Banzi’s students. In his own words:
“…we started to figure out how could we make the whole platform even simpler,
even cheaper, even easier to use. And then we started to essentially reimplement
the whole thing as an open source project.”
Once they had a prototype, a student wrote the software that would allow
wiring programs to run on the new platform. Upon seeing the project, visiting
professor Casey Reas suggested that there might be wider applications than just
design schools for the new product. The prototype was redesigned for mass
production and a test run of 200 boards was made. Orders began coming in from
other design schools and the students looking for Arduino, and the Arduino project
was born and Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles became its
founders.”ARDUINO” is an Italian word, meaning “STRONG FRIEND”. The
English version of the name is “Hardwin”. As of May 2011, more than 300,000
Arduino units are “in the wild”.

3.2.4 DESIGN GOALS:

 Work with a Mac (as most design students use one)

 USB connectivity (Mac Books don’t have serial ports
 Look nice
 Cheap (about 20 euros, the cost of going out for pizza in Europe)
 More powerful than a BASIC stamp
 Something you could build/fix yourself

3.2.5 BUSINESS MODELS:

Since the entire project is open source, anyone can build and sell Arduino-
compatible devices. So in this sense, the Arduino project relies heavily on its
branding for its financial success. Other projects manufacture compatible and
cheaper boards; however people are loyal to the Arduino branded boards because
they associate quality and a certain image to the final product.

By the Numbers
Year Units Sold
2005 200
2006 10 000
2010 120 000
2011 300 000

3.2.6 COMPETITORS:
Before Arduino, the largest players in the design/hobbyist market segment
were the PIC microcontroller family (made by Microchip) and the BASIC Stamp
(made by Parallax). Since the introduction of the Arduino, other large companies
have tried to enter the hobbyist market, including Texas Instruments, and even
Microsoft. However, the open-sourced tools of the Arduino and the size of its
community are large barriers for new platforms to overcome.

3.2.7 COMMUNITY:

As the project is aimed at students and hobbyists who may not have any formal
electronics background, there are many excellent guides online covering
everything from making a light blink to creating a laser harp. The official forum
has almost 60 000 registered users, and along with helping users with their
projects, is extremely active in developing new libraries to extend the functionality
of the Arduino. The open-source share and share alike sentiment is very strong,
and the vast majority of users freely publish the code to their projects.
 Fig 3.2.7: GOOGLE trends comparing ARDUINO with its biggest competitors

3.2. 8 PHYSICAL COMPUTING:

Physical Computing is an approach to learn how humans communicate
through computers that starts by considering how humans express themselves
physically.

3.2.9 HARDWARE:

3.2.9.1: ARDUINO BOARD LAYOUT:

Fig 3.2.9.1: ARDUINO board layout

3.2.9.2: ARDUINO PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig 3.2.9.2: ARDUINO pin diagram

3.2.10 ATMEGA8 (MICROCONTROLLER):

 16 MHz
 8 Kbyte Flash RAM(1K taken by the boot loader)
 1 Kbyte RAM(e.g. for auto/local variables and stack)
 14 digital Input/ Output Ports
 Fig 3.2.10: ATmega8

Single chip USB to async. Serial data transfer interface

 USB 2.0 compatible
 Transmit and receive LED five signals
 256 Byte receive,128 Byte transmit buffer
 Data transfer rate from 300bits/sec to 2 Mb/sec

3.2.11THE OFF-THE SHELF ADAPTER

 must be a DC adapter (i.e. it has to put out DC, not AC)
 should be between 9V and 12V DC
 must be rated for a minimum of 250mA current output, although you will
likely want something more like 500mA or 1A output, as it gives you the
current necessary to power a servo or twenty LEDs if you want to.
 must have a 2.1mm power plug on the Arduino end, and the plug must be
"centre positive", that is, the middle pin of the plug has to be the +
connection.
3.2.12 CURRENT RATING:
Since you'll probably be connecting other things to the Arduino (LEDs, LCDs,
servos) you should get an adapter that can supply at least 500mA, or even 1000
mA (1 ampere). That way you can be sure you have enough juice to make each
component of the circuit function reliably.
The Arduino on-board regulator can actually handle up to 20V or more, so you
can actually use an adapter that puts out 20V DC. The reasons you don't want to do
that are twofold: you'll lose most of that voltage in heat, which is terribly
inefficient.
Secondly, the nice 9V pin on the Arduino board will actually be putting out
20V or so, which could lead to potential disaster when you connect something
expensive to what you thought was the 9V pin. Our advice is to stick with the 9V
or 12V DC adapter.

Fig 3.2.12: Different Flavors of ARDUINO with their

3.2.13 CONFIGURATION

3.2.1.3.1: BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN ARDUINO:

3.2.13.1(a) ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC):
 The process of Analog to digital conversion is shown in figure.
 The Arduino has 10 bits of Resolution when reading analog signals.
 2 power 10=1024 increments
 Influence also by how fast you sample
3.2.13.2: PULSE WIDTH MODULATION(PWM):
 The Arduino has 8bit of resolution, when outputting a signal using PWM.
 The range of output voltage is from 0 to 5 Volts
 2power 8=255 Increments
 Average of on/ off (digital signals to make an average voltage) Duty cycle
in 100% of 5Volts.
3.2.14 LANGUAGE REFERENCES:
The Microcontroller on the board is programmed using the
Arduino programming language (based on wiring) and the
Arduino development environment (based on processing).
3.2.14.1: ARDUINO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
(APL) (BASED ON WIRING):
The Arduino programming language is an
implementation of Wiring, a similar physical computing platform, which is based
on the Processing multimedia programming environment.
WIRING:
Wiring is an open-source programming framework for microcontrollers.
Wiring allows writing cross-platform software to control devices attached to a
wide range of microcontroller boards to create all kinds of creative coding,
interactive objects, spaces or physical experiences. The framework is thoughtfully
created with designers and artists in mind to encourage a community where
beginners through experts from around the world share ideas, knowledge and their
collective experience. There are thousands of students, artists, designers,
researchers, and hobbyists who use Wiring for learning, prototyping, and finished
professional work production.
3.2.14.2: ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (BASED ON
PROCESSING):
PROCESSING:
Processing is an open source programming language and environment for
people who want to create images, animations, and interactions. Initially developed
to serve as a software sketchbook and to teach fundamentals of computer
programming within a visual context, Processing also has evolved into a tool for
generating finished professional work. Today, there are tens of thousands of
students, artists, designers, researchers, and hobbyists who use Processing for
learning, prototyping, and production.

3.2.15: SOFTWARE:
The software used by the Arduino is Arduino IDE. The Arduino IDE is a cross-
platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the
Processing programming language and the Wiring project. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax
highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of
compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is
typically no need to edit make files or run programs on a command-line interface.
Although building on command-line is possible if required with some third-party
tools .

The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the project
of the same name), which makes many common input/output operations much
easier. Arduino programs are written in C/C++, although users only need define
two functions to make a run able program:

 setup() – a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings
 loop() – a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

PCB FABRICATION

` The PCB manufacturing process involves use of expensive equipments,

but homebrew PCB fabrication is less expensive .It requires Intel Pentium PC,600-
1200dpi laser printer with premium-quality paper or butter-paper and
miscellaneous items like single side copper laminated board, Lacquer thinner, sand
paper and others. The various steps involves in PCB fabrication are

PC BASED ARTWORK

The PC based artwork consists of drawing the conductor pattern. For

putting artwork on the component side of the board, flip the whole image before or
while taking the print. When the pattern has been drawn, take the print out in 600
to 1200 dpi on a translucent or butter paper. Keep the paper side on which the
toner is deposited facing down over the copper laminated boards copper side and
then when the board is turned component side up, the pattern on the conductor will
be found properly aligned with the components. Finally we take the printout of the
PCB.
TAKING THE PCB LAYOUT PRINT USING A LASER PRINTER

Take the printout of the circuit layout from a laser printer. The idea is to
use a coated paper so that the toner comes loose when heated which would transfer
a sharp black print on to copper laminate. Print for each of the required layers
should be taken on separate paper.

TRANSFER OF THE CONDUCTOR PATTERN

Scrub The Copper Side Of The Copper Clad Laminated Used For The
PCB Board With A Sponge. The Scrubbing Involves Removes Oxidation, Stains,
Etc. And It Also Makes The Copper Surface Some-What Rough Which Helps The
Toner To Adhere To The Copper Surface. The Next Step Is To Degrease The
Board Thoroughly Using A Paper Towel Soaked With Acetone Solvent. Keep
Doing It Until No More Discoloration Is Seen On The Paper Towel. Rub Hard And
Keep Switching To Clean Parts Of Towel. Place And Align The Paper On The
Copper Side, Using An Iron Box To Maximum Setting On The Back Of The Paper
For At Least Half A Minute. If You Don't Apply Enough Heat, The Film Or Toner
May No Stick Or Be Dark Enough. The Removal Of Paper From PCB Is Done By
Putting It Into Hot Water For 10 Or More Minutes. Check Whether It Has
Transferred Properly Onto Copper Plate.
Dig The Bristles On The Tip Of A Smooth Tooth Brush Into The Holes, Remove
The Paper Part From The Tight Areas Like Drill-Holes. Now Cut The PCB To
Required Size By Using A Hacksaw.

ETCHING

Etch the unwanted copper from the board using the ferric chloride
solution for 20 or more minutes. One pint can etch at least 3.6 sq. meters of the
28gm board. Heating the etchant will speeds up the etching process. The PCB is
attached to a wooden piece and dip in to the solution. Lift the PCB up and Check
whether all the unwanted copper is removed. Then it is immersed in to cold water
to clean. When etching is complete, board is removed from the solution and rinse it
under running tap water .Acetone or lacquer thinner is used to remove the
toner .Lacquer thinner is used as a solvent in painting industry. Wash the board in
lacquer thinner solvent, rubbing with a paper towel, to remove the toner instantly.

DRILLING AND CLEANING

In this we had used a PCB hand drill .Use 0.8mm PCB drill bit to drill out
all of the component holes. After drilling the holes scrub sponge is used to clean
before soldering .After drilling and cleaning, wash the board in cold water and then
dry it.

CAUTION

Lacquer thinner is extremely volatile, inflammable and explosive. Acetone

can irritate eyes and respiratory system .Ferric chloride is corrosive, so avoid skin
and eye contact.
 PIC16F877A PCB DESIGN

SOLDERING
 Soldering is the process of joining metals by using lower melting point metal
to wet or alloy with the joined surfaces. Solder is the joining material. It melts
below 427’C. Soldered joints in electronic circuits will establish strong electrical
connections between component leads. The popularly used solders are alloys of tin
and lead that melt below the melting point of tin.

In order to make the surfaces accept the solder readily, the component
terminals should be cleaned chemically or by abrasion using blades or knives.
Small amount of lead coating can be done on the cleaned portion of the leads using
soldering iron. This process is called tinning. Zinc chloride or ammonium chloride
separately or in combination are the most commonly used fluxes. These are
available in petroleum jelly as paste flux. A solder joint can at first glance to be
okay, but under close examination it could be a ‘Dry Joint’. A dry joint is when
either the circuit board or the leg of the component has not been properly heated to
allow the solder to flow between the surfaces freely. This creates an intermittent or
no electrical connection. This can also be caused by a lack of flux or if you reuse
old solder.

Quite often, reheating a bad join will cure the problem but in a lot of cases,
the old solder will need to be removed and some new solder applied. The residues,
which remain after the soldering, may be washed out with more water,
accompanied by brushing.

Soldering iron is the tool used to melt the solder and apply at the joints in the
circuit. It operates in 230V mains supply. The iron bit at the tip of it gets heated up
within a few minutes. 50W and 25W soldering irons are commonly used for
soldering purposes.

PROCEDURE
 Make a layout of the circuit.

Straighten and clean the component leads using blade or knife. Apply a
little flux on the leads. Take a little solder on soldering iron and apply the molten
solder on the leads.

Mount the components on the PCB by bending the leads of the

components using nose-pliers.

Apply flux on the joints and solder the joints. Soldering must be done in
minimum time to avoid dry soldering and heating up of components. Wash the
residue using water and brush.
ADVANTAGES

 Reduce the manual power

 Low cost and Reliable

 MEMS ACCELEROMETER
 An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration ("g-force").
Proper acceleration is not the same as coordinate acceleration (rate of change of
 velocity). For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will
measure an acceleration g= 9.81 m/s2 straight upwards. By contrast,
accelerometers in free fall orbiting and accelerating due to the gravity of Earth
will measure zero.
 Accelerometers have multiple applications in industry and science. Highly
sensitive accelerometers are components of inertial navigation systems for
aircraft and missiles. Accelerometers are used to detect and monitor vibration
in rotating machinery. Accelerometers are used in tablet computers and digital
cameras so that images on screens are always displayed upright.
Accelerometers are used in drones for flight stabilisation. Pairs of
accelerometers extended over a region of space can be used to detect
differences (gradients) in the proper accelerations of frames of references
associated with those points. These devices are called gravity gradiometers, as
they measure gradients in the gravitational field. Such pairs of accelerometers
in theory may also be able to detect gravitational waves.


 Single- and multi-axis models of accelerometer are available to detect
magnitude and direction of the proper acceleration (or g-force), as
 a vector quantity, and can be used to sense orientation (because direction of
weight changes), coordinate acceleration (so long as it produces g-force or a
change in g-force), vibration, shock, and falling in a resistive medium (a case
where the proper acceleration changes, since it starts at zero, then
increases). Micromachined accelerometers are increasingly present in portable
electronic devices and video game controllers, to detect the position of the
device or provide for game input.
 An accelerometer measures proper acceleration, which is the acceleration it
experiences relative to freefall and is the acceleration felt by people and
objects. Put another way, at any point in spacetime theequivalence
principle guarantees the existence of a local inertial frame, and an
accelerometer measures the acceleration relative to that frame. [1] Such
accelerations are popularly measured in terms of g-force.
 An accelerometer at rest relative to the Earth's surface will indicate
approximately 1 g upwards, because any point on the Earth's surface is
accelerating upwards relative to the local inertial frame (the frame of a freely
falling object near the surface). To obtain the acceleration due to motion with
respect to the Earth, this "gravity offset" must be subtracted and corrections
made for effects caused by the Earth's rotation relative to the inertial frame.
 The reason for the appearance of a gravitational offset is Einstein's equivalence
principle,[2] which states that the effects of gravity on an object are
indistinguishable from acceleration. When held fixed in a gravitational field by,
for example, applying a ground reaction force or an equivalent upward thrust,
the reference frame for an accelerometer (its own casing) accelerates upwards
with respect to a free-falling reference frame. The effects of this acceleration
are indistinguishable from any other acceleration experienced by the
instrument, so that an accelerometer cannot detect the difference between
sitting in a rocket on the launch pad, and being in the same rocket in deep space
 while it uses its engines to accelerate at 1 g. For similar reasons, an
accelerometer will read zero during any type of free fall. This includes use in a
coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the
Earth, an airplane in a parabolic "zero-g" arc, or any free-fall in vacuum.
Another example is free-fall at a sufficiently high altitude that atmospheric
effects can be neglected.
 However this does not include a (non-free) fall in which air resistance produces
drag forces that reduce the acceleration, until constant terminal velocity is
reached. At terminal velocity the accelerometer will indicate 1 g acceleration
upwards. For the same reason a skydiver, upon reaching terminal velocity, does
not feel as though he or she were in "free-fall", but rather experiences a feeling
similar to being supported (at 1 g) on a "bed" of uprushing air.
 Acceleration is quantified in the SI unit metres per second per second (m/s2), in
the cgs unit gal (Gal), or popularly in terms of g-force (g).
 For the practical purpose of finding the acceleration of objects with respect to
the Earth, such as for use in an inertial navigation system, a knowledge of local
gravity is required. This can be obtained either by calibrating the device at rest,
[3]
or from a known model of gravity at the approximate current position.
 APPLICATION:
 Accelerometers can be used to measure vehicle acceleration. They allow for
evaluation of overall vehicle performance and response. This information can
then be used to make adjustments to various vehicle subsystems as needed.
 Accelerometers can be used to measure vibration on cars, machines, buildings,
process control systems and safety installations. They can also be used to
measure seismic activity, inclination, machine vibration, dynamic distance and
speed with or without the influence of gravity. Applications for accelerometers
that measure gravity, wherein an accelerometer is specifically configured for
use in gravimetry, are called gravimeters.
 

CHAPTER – IV

CONCLUSION

The several fall-feature parameters of the 6-axes acceleration were introduced and
applied according the algorithm. Possible falls were chosen through the simple
threshold and then applied to the MPU to solve the problems such as deviation of
interpersonal falling behavioural patterns and similar fall actions. The test of the
proposed device studied along a different 350 case studies. The parameters of
upper and lower of acceleration and velocity have adjusted to give best fall
detection with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy which were over than 95 %.
These results demonstrate the reduction of the computing effort and resources,
compared to those of using all the events applied. Then the proposed algorithms
were very simple because it dependson a simple sensor (measure the angle) and the
program calculates the angular velocity and acceleration. They can be implemented
into an embedded system such as an 8051-based microcontroller with 128 Kbyte
ROM. In the future, if the proposed algorithms are implemented to the embedded
system, its performance will be tested in a real time.
 CHAPTER - V

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