BP- 1 09

1 Water is added to a sample of purple powder in a test-tube. The contents of the test-
tube are shaken, then filtered. A blue solid is left on the filter paper. After evaporating
the filtrate, red crystals are left. Which of the following can be deduced from this
analysis?

A The blue solid is an element.

B The red crystals are a mixture.
c The purple powder is a mixture.
D The purple powder is a compound.

2 Which of the following statements is true about ions?

A Positively charged ions have gained protons.

B Negatively charged ions have gained electrons.
c Atoms lose electrons to become negatively charged ions.
D Atoms lose protons to become positively charged ions.

3 The table shows details of four particles.

Atoms/ ions Number of neutrons Number of electrons

17 18
x 16 16

I
Y- 20 18
z 20 17

Which of the following atoms is an isotope of W?

A x
B
c z
D None of the above

4 The diagram below shows the arrangement of electrons in the outer shells of the atoms
in the compound LMz.

x Electrons of L
o Electrons of M

Which pair of elements could be L and M?

L M
A Calcium Fluorine
B Carbon Sulfur
c Orygen Hydrogen
D Sulfur Chlorine

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5 An organic molecule has the structural formula shown.

H H H
I I I

H c c c H

H
How many electrons are not used for bonding?

A ?
B 4
c 6
D I

6 Two experiments, Experiment 1 and 2, are set up to demonstrate the diffusion of

gases. What would happen to the water levels at P and Q in both experiments?

Oxygen -"r Hydrogeft-'

Beaker Eeaker
P a P a
Porous tbe Po{ol]sh..,e
corta;rdr€ corlainirE
lEtun helun

Experiment I Experiment 2

Experiment 1 Experiment 2

A P and Q remain the same P and Q remain the same

B P and Q remaln the same P is higher than Q
c P is higher than Q P is higher than Q
D P is higher than Q Q is higher than P

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7 A paper chromatogram of two compounds A and B is shown in the diagram

below:

Solvent front

Compound A '-a
z

Compound B +a'-- v
I x
Start line I
Which statement regarding the paper chromatogram is correct?

A Compound A has a lower & value than compound B.

B Compound A is less soluble in the solvent than compound B.
c The Rr value of A is I .
z
D The solvent level is placed above the starting line.

8 Which mixture of gases would not change the colour of damp red litmus paper?

A Carbon dioxide and chlorine

B Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen
c Hydrogen and ammonia
D Neon and chlorine

9 Which element is most likely to be carbon in the form of graphite?

Melting poinU oC Electrical conductiYity

A 30 Good
B 119 Poor
c 2600 Good
D 3500 Poor

10 The pH value of 0.1 mol/dm3 of ethanoic acid is 3.7 whereas the pH value of
0.1 mol/dm3 of nitric acid is 1.

Which statement explains the difference in pH values?

A Ethanoic acid is a stronger acid than nitric acid.

B Ethanoic acid produces more hydrogen ions in water.
c Nitric acid dissociates completely in water.
D Nitric acid has fewer hydrogen atoms than ethanoic acid.

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't'l A mixture may be separated by evaporation. Which of the following is a

disadvantage of this method?

A The solute recovered may contain impurities.

B It always required heating.
c The substances must have close boiling points.
D It cannot be used for a solid with a low melting point

12 The diagrams show the arrangement of particles in three different physical states
of substance X.

oo o
O
oo
o c
oo o
state I slate 2 state 3

Which statement about the physical states of substance x is correct?

A The substance in state 3 has a fixed volume.

B State 1 changes to state 2 by diffusion.
c Particles in state 1 vibrate about fixed positions.
D State 2 changes directly to state 3 by condensation.

13 What happens when a

hydrogen atom becomes a hydride ion in the ionic
compound sodium hydride, NaH?

A The hydrogen atom gains an electron.

B The hydrogen atom gains a positive charge.
c The atomic mass of the hydrogen atom increases.
D The number of electrons of the hydrogen atom remains the same.

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14 Which of the following diagrams is the conect representation of the bonding in

rubidium bromide?

A +

15 The graph shows the change in temperature with time when ice at -20 'C is
heated to 100 "C.
o P
100

80

Temperature/ 60
.c
40

20

0
MN
-20
L Time /min
Which of the following can be deduced from the graph?

A Between L and M, the average energy of particles remains constant.

B Between M and N, ice is melting.
c Between N and O, volume of steam is increasing.
D Between O and P, only steam is present.

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16 The formulae of some oxides are shown below.

Na2O MgO AlzOg soz CO

Which of the following gives the correct number of each type of oxide?

Number of each type of oxi de

Acidic Amphoteric Basic
A 1 I 2
B 2 0 3
c 2 1 2
D 1 1 3

17 Which statement explains why sodium chloride, NaC/, has a lower melting point
than magnesium oxide, MgO?

A Sodium chloride contains weak covalent bond but magnesium oxide

contains strong covalent bond.
B Sodium is more reactive than magnesium.
c The electrostatic attraction between Na* and Cl is weaker than that
between Mgz' 3n6 9z-.
D The melting point of sodium is lower than that of magnesium.

18 An element P exists in three isotopic forms as shown below:

1sop lssp 157p
lsotope
lsotopic abundance 50% 250k 25%

What is the relative atomic mass of element P?

A 't50
B 152
c 153
D 156

,t9 Which of the following salts is incorrectly matched with its method of preparation?

Salts Method of preparation

A Silver nitrate Add excess silver to warm dilute nitric acid
B Mix aqueous lead(ll) nitrate with dilute hydrochloric
Lead(ll) chloride
acid
c Titrate aqueous ammonium carbonate with dilute
Ammonium nitrate
nitric acid
D Add excess mppe(ll) carbonate to warm dilute
Coppe(ll)sulfate
sulfuric acid

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20 Element P has proton number n. lt is virtually unreactive under most conditions. Another
element Q has proton number (n+2). What is the formula of the oxide of Q?

A QO
B QOz
c QzOs
D QOs

21 The structural formula of caffeine is represented by

H
oH\ I H
H C-
H I il ,
C C\
H N. c'
lt
N\
4C-IJ
g#C**-C* N
I

H-'f',*H
H
What is the total number of electrons shared in all the double bonds shown?

A 2
B 4
c I
D 16

22 Which of the following oxides dissolves in water to form an acidic solution?

A SOz
B SiOz
c Mgo
D ZnO

23 Phenylhydrazine has the formula NHzNHCoHs. lt has similar properties to ammonia

Which property will phenylhydrazine have?

A It tums moist red litmus paper blue when dissolved in an organic solvent.
B It reacts with ammonium salt to produce ammonia gas.
c It reacts with alkali to produce salt and water.
D It dissolves in water to give hydrogen ions.

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24 The diagram shows the anangement of ions in an ionic crystal.

Which compound cannot have this anangement of its ions?

A Calcium oxide, CaO

B Copper (ll) sulfate, CuSOr
c Magnesium chloride, MgC/z
D Sodium chloride, NaC/

25 An element R has p protons and n neutrons in its nucleus.

Which row gives the conect number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a negative
ion of an isotope of R?

Drotons neutrons electrons

A p n+1 p+1
B p n p-1
c p+1 n p+1
D p+1 n+1 p-1

26 Which of the following shows the conect property and explanation for graphite?

Property Explanation
Can conduct Each carbon atom only uses 4 electrons in its bonding
A and has I valence electron delocalised.
electricity
B Hard Atoms are held by strong covalent bonds.
High melting and A large amount of energy is required to break the strong
c covalent bonds between the layers of carbon atoms.
boiling points
The layers of carbon atoms have weak forces of
D Soft and slippery
attraction.

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27 J, K and L are three different elements in the Periodic Table.

The dot and cross diagram below shows the bonding present in the compound formed
between J, K and L. Only the valence electrons were shown.

2-
2+

A student wrote three statements about the compound shown above.

I Element L is hydrogen.
ll Element J belongs to Group ll of the Periodic Table.
lll Elements J, K and L are bonded together by ionic bonds only.

Which of the statements shown above is/are conect?

A lll only
B I and ll only
c ll and lll only
D All of the above

28 Since the discovery ol gnphene, scientists have been able to convert it to another
material known as graphane (shown below) by attaching one hydrogen atom to each
carbon atom as shown below:

o Hydrogen aloms

o Carbon atoms

Graphane has the same honeycomb structure as graphene, and retains most of its
properties too.

Which property of graphene is not likely to be shared by graphane?

A It is insoluble in water.
B It is very strong and rigid.
c It has a high melting point.
D It is an electrical conductor

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29 Y and Z are elements belonging to Group I and Vll respectively.

Which of the following describes the compound formed by Y and Z?

A An ionic compound with formula YZ.

B An ionic compound with formula YZz.
c A covalent compound with formula YZ.
D A covalent compound with formula YzZ

30 Which statement is not true for all alkalis?

A They can act as electrolytes.

B They tum universal indicator purple.
c They form precipitate with salt solutions.
D They react with ammonium salt to give ammonia gas.

31 To reduce atmospheric pollution, powdered calcium carbonate is used to remove acidic

waste gases from a coal-burning power station.
Which waste gas will not be removed by the powdered calcium carbonate?

A Carbon monoxide, CO
B Nitrogen dioxide, NOz
c Sulfur dioxide, SOz
D Sulfur trioxide, SO:

32 A student heats some solid ammonium chloride in a test tube as shown in the figure
below.

Solid Red litmus paper

ammonium E
chloride Blue litmus paper

h€et
What will be the colour change(es) observed?

A Moist blue litmus paper tums red and no further change is observed.
B Moist blue litmus paper tums red first before both litmus tum blue.
c Moist red litmus paper tums blue and no further change is observed.
D Moist red litmus paper turns blue first before both litmus turn red.

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33 Which pair of reagents can be used in the setup shown below to prepare a salt?

Burette

Conical flask

A Dilute hydrochloric acid and silver chloride

B Dilute sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide
c Dilute magnesium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
D Dilute calcium oxide and aqueous ammonia

34 Which of the following equations best represents the ionic equation for the reaction
between aqueous lithium carbonate and aqueous silver nitrate?

A Lr+NOt)LiNOs
B Li +Ag')Li'+Ag
c co32- + 2Ag') Ag2Co3
D Cos2- + 4Ag* )
4Ag + Co: + 02-

Refer to the following information to answer questions 35 and 36.

I

Mercury can form a crystalline salt with chlorine. The ionic compound has the formula Hg2C/2.

35 What is the formula of the mercury cation in the compound?

A Hgr'
B Hg"
c Hg22'
D Hg'*

36 What is the total number of electrons in the mercury cation in the compound?

A 158
B 159
c '160
D 162

37 An element X reacts with iron to form two different compounds with the formulae FeX
and Fe2)G.

What is the proton number of X likely to be?

A5
B7
c8
D9
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38 Calcium reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Which of the
following shows the chemical equation for this reaction?

A Ca+HzO)CaH+OH
B Ca+HzO)CaOH+H
G Ca+(HzO)z)Ca(OH)r+2H
D Ca+2H2O)Ca(OH)z+Hz

39 The diagram shows the pH at which a change in colour occurs for the indicators methyl
orange and methyl red.

red yellow
methyl orange I

2 3 4 6 14
pH

methyl red red yellow

Which pair of solution can likely be distinguished using methyl orange and methyl red?

A Aqueous ammonia and aqueous sodium hydroxide

B Aqueous calcium hydroxide and water
c Dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute ethanoic acid
D Dilute nitric acid and dilute sutfuric acid

40 Hydrogen chloride was bubbled into hexane, an organic solvent. This mixture was
added to magnesium metal. However, no visible reaction took place. What is a likely
explanation for this?

A A coating of insoluble magnesium chloride formed around the metal.

B Hydrogen chloride did not ionise in hexane.
c Hydrogen chloride is insoluble in hexane.
D Magnesium is not a reactive metal.

END OF PAPER

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Section A [50 marksl
Answer ALL the questions in the spacas provided.

A1 Table below gives some properties of frve substances A to E.

Substance Density Melting Boiling Electrical

(g/cm3) point / oC point / oC conductivity
Solid Molten
A 3.22 1083 3570 Yes Yes
B 2.15 98 881 Yes Yes
c 2.89 2852 3600 No Yes
D 0.88 -80 -60 No No
E 2.03 16't0 2230 No No
Using any letter once, more than once or not at all, state the letter of a substance which

(a) is a metal.

(b) could be magnesium oxide.

(c) could be silicon dioxide.

(d) has a simple molecular struc.ture.

(e) consists of widely-spaced particles at room temperature and pressure.

(0 exists as a liquid at 2500 oC.

[Total: 6]

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A2 (a) A student set up the apparatus below to investigate the relative molecular mass of three
unknown gases, A, B, C and Argon as compared to air.

GasA GasB GasC Argon

Poaous
containei
filled with air

Water

(D Which gas has the smallest molecular mass?

t1l

(ii) Which gas is likely to be nitrogen?

t1l

(iii) Explain the presence of effervescence in the set-up using gas A and gas B.

l2l
(iv) Why did the student place the container of argon the opposite way compared to the
others?

l2l
(b) The diagram below shows a method used to determine the melting point of a powdered solid,
which melts between 50 'C and 80 'C.

Thermometer

Stirrer
Boiling tube

Water
Powdered
solid

(D Explain why the water must be stirred continuously?

111

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(iD What observation could be made about the thermometer reading when the solid is
melting?

t1l

(iiO Explain why this experiment could not be used to determine the melting point of a solid,
which is between 120 'C and 130'C? Suggest how the experiment could be modified
for this purpose.

l2l

[otal: 10]

A3 A pure substance Z has a melting point of 120 oC and a boiling point of 190 oC. lt was cooled
in an enclosed container where heat was drawn away at a constant rate.

(a) lf the starting temperature was 200'C and the ending temperature was 100 "C, sketch the
cooling curve, showing how the Temperature/ oC of substance Z changes with Time/ min.

lndicate cleady on the graph below, the starting temperature, ending temperature, melting
and boiling points clearly.

t31

(b) Mark on the graph, the regions solid, liquid and gas where the substance exists in only one
physical state.
l2l

(c) Mark on the graph the regions P and Q where there are two physical states of matter co-
existing. t1l

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(d) Name the states present in region P and Q.

P &.................
o .... &.. l2l

(e) Draw the particle anangement of substance Z at 191 oCand 120'C.

191 0C 1200C

121

[Total: 10]

A4 Carbon dioxide can be prepared in the laboratory using the apparatus shown below.

Carbon
dioxide
B

1"1
Hydrochloric acid -l

Marble chips
(Calcium carbonate)

(a) State the name of the pieces of apparatus labelled A and B.

121

(b) State and explain whether the volume of carbon dioxide collected in B is lower, higher or the
same as expected.

l2l

[Total:4]

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A5 Aspirin is a form of an acid. Although its formula is complicated, it can be represented by

H'A', where A' is the anion and H* is the cation. Aspirin is not very soluble but its sodium
salt, NaA, is. Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to this soluble sodium salt, NaA, will cause
the aspirin to precipitate.

(a) (i) Write an equation, with state symbols, to show the precipitation of aspirin dlen
hydrochloric acid acts on the soluble sodium salt of aspirin.

t21

(ii) Explain what the low solubility of aspirin tells you about its strength as an acid.

l2l
(iii) When a person takes the soluble sodium salt of aspirin, the precipitation only occurs in
the stomach. Suggest why.
t1I

(b) An antioxidant is a substance that prevents oxidation from taking place. Ascorbic acid,
CsHsOo, is a common antioxidant used in the food industry to prevent food from oxidising.
When ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant, it is changed to a new chemical called
dehydroascorbic acid with a formula CoHoOo.

(i) Which atoms are lost when asmrbic acid acts as an antioxidant?

t1l

(ii) Oxidation happens when a substance reacts with oxygen and water in the air. Suggest
how ascorbic acid is able to act as an antioxidant to prevent food from being oxidised.

Ill
ffotal:4

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A6 Electrodes A and B from 2 lead-acid batteries are tested to see if they are from the same
manufacturer. ln order to compare the impurities present in the electrodes, samples from the
electrodes were dissolved in a suitable acid and the resulting solutions were
chromatographed, together with solutions containing five known metal ions.

After treating with a locating agent, the chromatograms were as shown below

Metal ion solutions Electrode A Electrode B

cm cm
13 t3
Solvent 12 l2
front t.l 11
10 o o o t0
0 9
8 8
7 7
6 o o o I
5 5
1 o 4
3 o o o 3
2 2
I o 1
Start 0 0
line cu2' FeP. Pb2* Ni2+ Snzr

(a) Based on the above chromatograms, provide a reason why the two electrodes are from
different manufacturers.

t1l

(b) (i) Calculate the & value for Cuz*.

t1l

(ii) Add to the diagram above the "spot" for Fe2', which canies an & value of 0.75. t1l

[otal:3]

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A7 Table 7.1 below gives some information of six gases. All the volumes are measured at room
temperature and pressure.

Name of gas Molecular formula Relative molocular Volume occupied

mass by 1 g of gas /cm3
Oxygen Oz 32 750
Sulfur dioxide SOz 64 375
Carbon dioxide COz 44 550
Hydrogen bromide HBr 8'l 300
Methane CHr '16 1500
Argon Ar 40 600

Table 7.1

(a) (0 Which of the gases in the above table would diffuse the fastest? Give a reason for your
answer.

12)

(ii) Describe a test to confirm the presence of sulfur dioxide gas

t21

(iii) Hydrogen bromide is a gas at room temperature and pressure. It dissolves in water to
form hydrobromic acid. Describe the bonding in hydrogen bromide and deduce its
boiling point.

t3I

(b) Phosphorus is in the same Group of the Periodic Table as nitrogen.

Phosphorus trichloride, PC/e, is a liquid with a boiling point of 76oC. lt can be prepared by
passing pure, dry chlorine over heated phosphorus. Phosphorus trichloride reacts vigorously
with water producing phosphoric acid, HgPOe, and hydrogen chloride.

For the reaction of phosphorus with dry chlorine, it is carried out in a fume cupboard.

(i) Give a reason why it is necessary to use dry chlorine

tll

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(ii) Suggest a reason why the experiment has to be canied out in the fume cupboard.

t1]

(iii) Describe what you would observe when phosphorous trichloride is added to a blue
litmus solution.

t1l

lfotal:10]

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10

sEcTlON B [30 marksl

Answer three questions from this sec{ion.

The last question is in the form either/ or and only one of the altematives should be attempted

BE Read the following article about freezing point depression and salting roads during extreme
cold weather.

Salfinq Roads to Save Lrves

Adding salt to water lowers the fteezing point below zero. This phenomenon is known as
freezing point depression.

During extreme cold weather in some countries, workers spread salt on the roads. As
snowflakes melt, the salt dissolves in the liquid water. This produces a solution of 'salty
water', which has a lower freelng point than pure snow. As a result, the additional snow
might cool the road, but the temperature will not be cold enough to freeze the salt solution.

Salting is also effective when ice has already formed on roads. The salt causes salt solution
to form on the surface of the ice. Although this is slow in the beginning, the growing solution
continues to dissolve more salt and melt more ice. Passing vehicles also help to speed up
this process. Salting allows drivers to be able to travel more safely on roads during exreme
cold weathers.

Phase diagram lor l{a0l

B The eutectic temperature is
30
the lowest temperature at
Salt Solutlon
-5
which at least part of the
20
mixture can stay liquefied.
.10
For NaCi and water, the
eutectic temperature is
10 -21.1"C.
lca { 15 t"rp,
TamP.
("n 0
S.lt rolutlon
('cl The effective melt
temperature is the lowest
{ -21
temperature at wttich a salt
-10
Solid sall -25
solution is able to lower the
+ lce freelng point of ice.
-20
-30
5 t0 15 20 2325

Salt rolutlon concantratlon (% by mass of salt)

The phase diagram above shows how the salt solution concentration affects the freezing
point of water. Table 8.1 shows the effective temperatures for three commonly used salts.

Effective melt Eutectic

Salt
temperature ('C) temperature ('C)
NaC/ -10 -21.1
CaClz -32 -56
MqC/, -15 -JJ
Table 8.1

Adapted frcm safting Roads', ChenMatters

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(a) The phase diagram helps workers determine the mass of salt to be added onto roads.

(D Describe how the freeze point of water is related to the satt solution concentration.

t11

(ii) Use the phase diagram to determine the freeze point (in 'C) of a salt solution that has
a concentration of 15% by mass of salt.

t1l

(b) ln one sample of salt solution, the concentration was found to be 20% by mass of salt. Draw
in the box below to show how the particles are arranged at a temperature of -5'C.

Water particle

o Salt particle

lll

(c) ln some parts of Alaska, temperatures may drop to -20'C. Name the salt that can be used to
salt the roads effectively.

I11

(d) ls salting effective in prolonged periods of cold weather? Explain your answer

t2t

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(e) The instructions for preparing hydrated crystals of magnesium suJfate are given below:

Add one spatula full of magnesium carbonate to 50 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid. When it has
reacted, add further amounts until no more maqnesium carbonate will dissolve. Then filter
the mixture. Evaporate the filtrate to about half its volume Allow the filtrate to cool. Filter
off the crystals. Dry them on filter paper.

Explain the importance of the four instructions that are underlined.

141

lrotal: 10]

Bg Boron nitride is found to exist in two possible forms, hexagonal boron nitride and cubic boron
nitride as shown below.

ll
tl o Boron atom
tl

o Nitrogen atom
tl I
ll I
tt I

Hexagonal boron nitride Cubic boron nitride

(a) Carbon can also be found in two different forms (allotropes).

Name the allotropes of carbon which has a similar structure as

(i) hexagonal boron nitride

t11

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(ii) cubic boron nitride

111

(b) Based on the structures shown, explain the difference in one physical property of
hexagonal and cubic boron nitride other than electrical conductivity.

t3l

(c) The melting points of hexagonal boron nitride and two other compounds of nitrogen are
given below.

Melting point / oC
Compound
Hexagonal boron nitride 2973
Aluminium nitride (AN) 2200
Hydrazine (NzHr) 2

(i) Draw the'dot and cross'diagram to represent the bonding in aluminium nitride.
Show only the valence electrons.

t2t

(iD Both hexagonal boron nitride and aluminium nitride have very high melting
points. Explain why, in terms of ths bonding and sauctures, are present in both
substances.

t31

fiotal: 10]

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Either
B1 0 Camphor is a white solid used in some skin ointments. An impure sample of camphor is
found to be contaminated with traces of carbon, iron and iron(lll) oxide. The effects of three
solvents on four substances are shown in Table 10.1 below.

Solubility in dilute
Substance Solubility in ethanol Solubility in water sulfuric acid
Dissolves to give a
Camphor lnsoluble lnsoluble
colourless solution I

Carbon lnsoluble lnsoluble lnsoluble

Reacts to give a
lron lnsoiuble lnsoluble green solution and a
coloudess gas

Reacts to give a
lron(lll) oxide lnsoluble lnsoluble
brown solution

(a) Use the information in Table 10.1 to explain how to obtain a pure and dry sample of camphor
from the impure sample.

t4l

,19
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15
(b) A mass spectrometer determines the mass of a molecule by measuring the mass-to-charge
ratio (m/z) of its ions. lons are generated by either losing or gaining a charge from a neutral
species. Once ions are formed, they are directed into a mass analyser where they are
separated according to m/z and finally detected. The result is a mass spectrum that can
provide molecular mass and even structural information.

ln 1861, Bunsen and Kirchoff found that rubidium has two naturally orcuning isotopes,
rubidium-8S and rubidium-87. Figure 10.1 below shows the percentage abundance of the
different isotopes of rubidium from a mass spectrum of an analysed rubidium sample.
too
ao
Relatlve
abundance
60

40

20

o
ao a5 90 95
Relative isotopic mass

(0 State one similarity and one difference between the compositions of the nuclei of
the two isotopes of rubidium.

Similarity

Difference

121

(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of rubidium.

Relative atomic mass: l2l

(iiD lsotopes have different physical properties. State and explain how the density of
rubidium-87 differs from rubidium-85.

l2l

fl'otal: 10]

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OR

810
(a) In 1991 a Japanese chemist discovered that a layer of graphite could be rolled into a
tube- These tubes, 50,000 times thinner than a human hair, are called carbon
nanotubes, as shown below.

Carbon nanotubes are extremely lightweight and strong. They can conduct electricity
much better than metals. Due io these properties, chemists believe that nanotubes will
have important future uses.

(i) Explain, in terms of struc'ture and bonding, the physical state of carbon
nanotubes at room temperature.

l2l

(iD State one similarity and one difference in the structures between graphite and
carbon nanotube.

Similarity

Difference

l2l

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(ii0 Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, if carbon nanotubes are good
conductors of electricity.

t2t

(b) Covalent substances, such as carbon nanotubes and graphite, have giant structures.
Metals too have giant structures.

With the help of a labelled diagram, explain how the bonding and structure in sodium
allow it to conduct electricity.

t4l

[-otal: 1 0]

END OF PAPER

GESS 3EXP CHEM P2 MYE 19 CMT

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