AIMS COLLEGE LODHRAN COMPUTER DEPARTMENT NOTES ICS COMPUTER (PART 1)

Prepared By: Rana Muhammad Fiaz M. Phil (CS)

Email: [email protected]

Whatsapp No:- 0300-7366785

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Important Short Questions

Unit 1: Basics of Information Technology

Q1: What is Data?

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Page | 1
A collection of raw facts and figures, collected for a specific purpose is called data. The data may be
in the form of text, numbers, images, video clips and audio etc.

Q2: What is Data Processing?

The process of converting data into useful information is called data processing. Data processing is
also called computing.

Q3: Define information? (Lahore Board 2012)

The processed data is called information. As it gives clear and proper meaning, so it can be used for
decision making.

Q4: What is Information Technology?

Information technology is the use of modern technology. This term is used for storage, processing,
analysis and high speed communication of information. Information can be represented by computer
in any form like text, photos, audio and video etc.

Q5: What is digital convergence?

The electronic merging of different organizations, industries and institutions to exchange information
between them is called digital convergence.

Q6: What is Artificial Intelligence?

It is a latest technology which is used in some electronic machines. These machines can think, decide
and communicate like humans.

Q7: What is computer? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

A compute is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data, process it into useful
information and also store it for later use.

Q8: Define hardware?

The physical components of a computer are called hardware. Mouse and keyboard are examples of
hardware.

Q9: Define Software?

A set of instructions given to the computer to solve a particular problem or to perform a specific task
is called software. There are two types of software called system software and application software.

Q10: What is system software?

A program or set of programs that is specially designed to control different operations of computer

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system is called system software. It controls the working of different parts of the computer. Operating
system and device drivers are some examples of system software.

Q11: What is application software? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

A program or set of programs that is specially designed to solve the specific problem of a user is
Page | 2 called application software. It is also known as application package.

Q12: What is customized software?

The type of application software that is developed for a particular organization or a customer is called
custom-built software. It is also known as customized software. A software developed for a particular
university is an example of customized software.

Q13: What is package software?

Package software is a type of application software that is developed for sale to the general public. It is
also known as off-the-shelf software. MS Word is an example of package software.

Q14: What do you mean by Input?

Anything given to the computer is called input such as data or instructions.

Q15: What do you know about input devices?

The devices that are used to enter data and instructions into the computer are called input devices.

For example, keyboard, mouse and microphone etc. are input devices.

Q16: What is direct input?

In this method, data goes directly to the computer from the source. For example, a speech enters into
the computer directly through microphone.

Q17: What is indirect input?

In this method, some intermediate handling is required to enter data. The data entered in computer
through keyboard and mouse which are examples of indirect input.

Q18: Define Keyboard?

The important input device to enter data or instructions into the computer is keyboard. A standard
arrangement of keys is the QWERTY arrangement.

Q19: What are pointing devices?

A pointing device is an input device. It is used to control the movement of pointer or cursor on the
screen. Some common pointing devices are: - Mouse, Trackball, Pointing stick, Joysticks, Touch pad,
Touch screen, Light pen etc.

Q20: What is the function of mouse?

Mouse is a pointing device. It is an input device used to select, point, open or drag any type of icon.

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It is small hand held unit with two or three buttons. It rolls over the small ball. It is also used to draw
pictures or to play games in computer.

Q21: What is trackball?

Trackball is a pointing device used as an alternative to a mouse. The user can control the cursor on the
Page | 3 screen by rolling a plastic ball with a fingertip or wrist. The body of the trackball is not moved.

Q22: What is touch pad or track pad?

Touch pad is a pressure-sensitive pointing device. It is also known as track pad. It is also stationary
device like trackball but it has no moving part. It has small surface over which we slide our fingertip
to move the pointer on screen.

Q23: Define light pen?

The light pen is handheld pointing input device. It is a light sensitive stylus, or pen like device. It is
connected by a wire to the computer. The pen sends information to the computer when user touches
the pen on specific areas of a specially designed screen.

Q24: What is stylus?

Stylus is a ballpoint like electronic pen. It is used to create sketches and images on a specially
designed graphics screen or digitizer. Styles is used in graphical applications such as Computer Aided
Design (CAD)

Q25: What are source-data entry devices?

The devices that are used for direct data entry to the computer system are called direct data entry
devices. These devices are also known as direct input devices. The commonly used source data entry
devices are barcode reader, MICR, fax machine etc.

Q26: What is joystick?

It is a pointing device mostly used for playing games. It consists of a base and a stick. The stick can
be moved in any direction to move an object around the computer screen.

Q27: What is touch screen?

It is a video display screen that receives input from the touch of finger. The screen is covered with
plastic layer and invisible beams of infrared light are present behind it. It is commonly used in ATM,
departmental stores and supermarkets.

Q28: What is pointing stick?

It is a pressure sensitive pointing device. It is similar to a pencil eraser and exists between keys on the
keyboard. The cursor on the screen moves when the user pushes the pointing stick. It is normally used
with notebook computers.

Q29: What is digitizer/graphics tablet?

It consists of a flat pad (the tablet) connected by wire to a stylus or puck. A stylus is a pen-like device
used to create sketches and images. A puck is a copying device used to copy an image.
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Q30: Define mark and character recognition devices?

These devices are used to read information printed on paper. These devices convert this information
into a form that can be processed by the computer.

Q31: Define MICR?

Page | 4
It stands for Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition Reader. It is used to read text printed with
magnetized ink. It is used by bank for check processing. Each check contains MICR characters at
lower-left edge. These characters represent check number, bank number and account number.

Q32: Define OCR?

It stands for Optical Character Recognition. It reads printed characters in particular font and converts
them into digital code. Most OCR devices use a small optical scanner to read characters. OCR
characters appear on utility bills and price tags in departmental stores.

Q33: Define OMR?

It stands for Optical Marks Recognition. These devices use light beam to read data. The data is
converted into digital signals. The signals are then sent to the computer for further processing. These
devices are used to check test such as SAT and GRE etc.

Q34: What are Magnetic Strip Cards?

Magnetic Strip Card has a magnetically encoded data on its back. The Magnetic Strips are used in
many plastic cards such as personal identity cards. The Magnetic Strip can store the personal details
of the card owner. It can be used to access secure information such as bank account details etc.

Q35: What are Smart Cards?

Smart Card is similar to credit card or ATM card. It contains thin microprocessor and memory chip
that is embedded in the card. The card is inserted into a specialized card reader. Mobile SIM card and
ATM card are examples of smart cards.

Q36: What is bar Code? (Multan Board 2012)

Bar code is a unique identification code. It is in the form of light and dark vertical lines or bars with
spaces between them of different widths. Bar code is printed on most of the manufactured products.
The most popular and commonly used bar code is UPC (Universal Product Code).

Q37: What is bar code reader?

A Bar-Code Reader is a special scanning device. It is used for reading bar codes printed on the
products or Books.

Q38: What is facsimile?

A fax machine is also known as facsimile transmission machine. A fax machine is used to send and
receive information through telephone line.

Q39: What is Dedicated Fax Machine?

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It is a normal fax machine. It can send information to another fax machine. It can also receive
information from another fax machine.

Q40: What is Fax Modem?

It is a circuit board inside the system unit. It can send and receive information to and from another
Page | 5 computer. It can also send information to a fax machine.

Q41: What is audio Input?

The process of entering any sound into the computer is known as audio input. It may include speech
and music etc. Audio can be entered through microphone.

Q42: What do you know about audio input devices? (Lahore Board 2012)

The devices that are used to enter/record sound into the computer are called audio input devices.
Microphone is most commonly used as an audio-input device. The main purpose of audio input
device is to provide digital input for multimedia computers.

Q43: What is video Input?

The process of entering video data into a computer is called video input. Video input consists of full-
motion images that create action and movements.

Q44: What do you know about video input devices?

The devices that are used to enter video input into the computer are called video input devices. Mostly
these devices are used for recording movies and video images. VCR and Video camera are examples
of Video input devices.

Q45: What is digital camera? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

A digital camera is an input device. It is used to take pictures in digital form. It does not use
traditional camera film. The pictures taken with digital camera can be transferred to a computer.

Q46: What is meant by output?

The processed data into a useful form is called output. The user can receive output from the computer
on a screen or print on the paper through printer.

Q47: Define softcopy output? (Multan Board 2012)

The output received on the display screen such as monitor or LCD is called softcopy output. It can be
easily modified and duplicated without cost.

Q48: Define Hardcopy output? (Multan Board 2012)

The output printed on the paper is called hardcopy. It may be in the form of text and graphics. The
output devices to produce hard copy are printers and plotters.

Q49: What are output devices?

A hardware component which is used to receive the output from computer is called an output device.
It takes information from computer and converts it in a form that is understandable by user.
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Q50: What is display screen (Monitor)?

Display screen is commonly used output device. It is used as softcopy output device. The output may
be in the form of text, graphics and video. Display screen is also referred as monitor or simply screen.

Q51: What is VGA?

Page | 6
VGA stands for Video Graphics Array. It supports 16 to 256 colors, depending upon screen
resolution. It supports 16 colors for a screen having resolution 320 x 200 pixels. It supports 256 colors
for a screen having resolution 640 x 840 pixels. It is called 4-bit color.

Q52: What is SVGA?

SVGA stands for Super Video Graphics Array. It has higher resolution than VGA. It has two graphics
modes such as 800 x 600 pixels and 1024 x 768 pixels. It supports 256 colors. It is called 8-bit color.

Q53: What is XGA?

XGA stands for Extended Graphics Array. It supports up to 16.7 million colors at a resolution of

1024 x 768 pixels. It is called 24-bit color or true color.

Q54: What is CRT monitor?

CRT stands for Cathode-Ray Tube. The most common of display screens is the CRT monitor. It looks
like TV set screen. It contains a cathode ray tube. A cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube. It creates the
image of the output and displays on the screen. The front of the tube is the screen.

Q55: What is flat panel monitor?

Flat-panel displays are used in portable computers. They are much thinner, weightless, and consume
less power than CRT. Flat-Panel displays are made up of two plates of glass. These plates contain a
substance in between them.

Q56: What is LCD Monitor?

LCD uses liquid crystal between the glass plates. The output image is formed by liquid crystal. When
an electronic current passes through liquid crystal, its molecules line up in such a way that lighting
behind the screen is blocked or allowed to create an image.

Q57: Write three technologies used in flat panel monitor?

There are three types of technologies used in Flat-Panel Display screen.

1. 1. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 2. 2. Electro-Luminescent Display (ELD

3. 3. GAS-Plasma Display

Q58: What do you know about Gas Plasma Display?

This display uses gas plasma technology. It is like a neon bulb. Gas plasma display uses gas between
the plates. The gas emits light when an electric current is supplied.

Q59: What is the use of Printer?

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A printer is an output device that prints characters, symbols and graphics on paper. The printed output
is generally referred to as hardcopy.

Q60: Define Impact Printers?

The printers that produce output on paper with striking the paper are known as impact printers.
Page | 7
Examples of Impact printers:

1. Dot Matrix printer 2. Daisy Wheel Printer 3. Line printer.

Q61: Define non-impact printers?

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The printers that produce output on paper without striking the paper are known as non-impact
printers.

Some examples of non-impact printers are:

1. Laser Printer 2. Inkjet printer 3. Thermal Printer

Q62: Define dot matrix printers?

Dot matrix printer is an impact printer. It has tiny pins arranged to hit the ribbon on the paper. Each
latter is formed with the combination of dots. Dot matrix printers have 9, 18, 24 or 32 pins arranged
vertically in a print head. These printers can print normally 50 to 600 characters per second.

Q63: Define daisy wheel printers?

Daisy wheel printers use a flat disk or wheel with petal like projections. The wheel rotates to bring the
desired character into position. A character is formed when hammer strikes the petal under it. Daisy
wheel printer is slower then dot matrix printer.

Q64: Define line printers?

Line printers can print a complete line at a time. These are high speed printers developed to satisfy the
needs of large computer systems. They are further divided into drum printer and band or chain
printers. They produce 3000 lines per minute.

Q65: Define Inkjet printers?

Inkjet printers work in the same way as dot matrix printer except that ink jet printers have fine nozzles
instead of tiny pins used in dot matrix print head. Nozzles spray a stream of ink on the paper.

Q66: Define Laser printers?

The process used by laser printer is similar to that of office copying machine. Laser printer produces
variety of letters, graphics and diagrams by a pattern of very fine dots by the action of laser beam. The
laser beam writes the image on the surface of a drum or band in the form of pattern of electric
charged. Laser printers are capable of printing about 10 to 15 pages per minute.

Q67: Define Plotters?

Plotter is a special output device that produces graphics output in black and white or in different
colours form.
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Plotters produce large drawings or images such as construction plans of buildings or aircraft design
etc. They work just like inkjet printers.

Q68: What are Flatbed Plotters?

Flatbed Plotter is used to plot or draw images. It contains pens for drawing images. The paper is
Page | 8 placed on table-like surface. Software instructs the pens to move down on the paper. The pen then
moves on the paper for creating images.

Q69: What do you know about Drum Plotter?

It uses a rotating drum or cylinder. The drawing pens are mounted on the drum. The pens move to the
left or right as the drum rotates. This movement creates the desired image.

Q70: Define System?

A system can be defined as a combination of different related components that interact with each
other to perform some specific tasks.

Q71: Define SDLC?

A set of Activities or steps that are required to develop a system such as software is called system
development life cycle (SDLC). It is an organized way to develop a successful system.

Q72: What is Floppy Disk/Diskette?

It is flexible magnetic disk. It can only store a small amount of data. The standard size of floppy disk
is 3 1/2 inch. The capacity of floppy disk is 1.44MB.

Q73: What is Hard Disk?

It is a type of magnetic disk. It consists of several circular disks called platters. The platters are used
to store data. A platter in a hard disk is coated with a magnetic material.

Q74: Define Parallel Conversion?

It is a type of conversion in which both new and old systems operate together for a period of time. The
results of both systems are compared. The old system is used until all problems in new system are
removed.

Q75: Define Pilot Conversion?

It is a type of conversion in which one part of the organization uses the new system and the rest of the
organization uses the old system. When one part of the organization is satisfied with the new system,
the rest of the organization can start using it.

Q76: What is direct conversion?

In this type of conversion, old system is directly replaced by new system.

Q77: What is phased conversion?

It is a type of conversion in which individual components of new system are implemented one by one.
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Unit 2: Information Networks

Q1: What is computer Network? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

A computer network is a set of two or more computers connected together in order to share
information and other resources. Computer network is also called the information network.
Page | 9
Q2: Write some uses of computer network?

The main benefits or uses of computer network are:

 It allows multiple users to access and share programs and information at the same time.
 It allows multiple users to share peripheral devices, such as printers and hard disks.
 It allows sending e-mails along with files.
 It allows the users to communicate via teleconferencing and video-conferencing.

Q3: What is the difference between server computer and terminal?

A computer in the network that controls the overall functioning of a network is called server
computer. It is also known as central computer. The devices other than server computer within the
network are called terminals. Terminals are also known as nodes. A node may be a personal
computer, printer, or monitor etc.

Q4: What is Workgroup?

A group of persons working together on a project and sharing information through computer networks
is called workgroups.

Q5: What are clients?

All computers (other than server computer) connected in the network are called clients. The clients
send requests to the server. Server receives the requests from clients and takes proper actions on these
requests.

Q6: What is peer-to-peer network model?

In peer-to-peer arrangement, all nodes (or computers) on the network have equal status. No one has
control over other. It means that there is no central computer to control other computers on the
network. Each computer stores files on its own storage devices and has its own peripheral devices.

Q7: Define dedicated server?

A dedicated server is used to perform a specific task. For example, Print Server is used to manage
printers and print job.

Q8: What is hybrid model?

It is a combination of client/server model and peer-to-peer model. Many networks use a mixture of
both network models. This model can provide the advantages of both models.

Q9: What is Client/Server Model?

In this network model, one or more computers work as servers and other computers work as clients.

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The client computer requests a service from the server computer and server computer provides the
requested service to the client computer.

Q10: What are Network Standards?

The standards are the precise documents. These documents contain technical and physical
Page | 10 specification about the network being designed. Normally those standards are taken into
considerations that are worldwide acceptable.

Q11: What is De Facto Standard? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

De facto means “by tradition” or “by facts”. These standards were developed without any formal
planning. These standards came into existence because of historical developments. SNA is an
example of De Facto Standard.

Q12: What is De Jure Standard? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

De jure means “according to law or regulation”. These standards have been properly approved by the
networking governing body. These standards are designed according to the needs of data
communication.

Q13: Write names of some networks governing bodies?

The following organizations approve network standards:

 American National Standard Institute (ANSI)

 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 International Standard Organization (ISO)
 International Telecommunications Union- Telecommunication Standard Sector (ITU-T)
 The Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

Q14: Define the term network Topology?

There are many ways in which computers can be connected together in a computer network. The way
in which computers or other devices are connected in a network is called network topology.

Q15: What is Bus Topology?

In Bus topology, all nodes (or devices) are connected to a common communication medium or central
single cable. The central cable is the backbone cable. This cable is called Bus. The devices or nodes
are attached with the central cable (or Bus) through interface connector.

Q16: What is star Topology?

In a star network, each node is directly connected to a central connection point known as Hub. The
central connection may be an actual Hub or a switch. Star topology is most commonly used in LAN.

Q17: What is Ring Topology? (Lahore Board 2012)

In a ring topology, each node is connected to two adjacent nodes or neighbours. It forms a closed ring
or loop. In this way, the last node is connected to the first node to complete the ring.

Q18: What is Mesh Topology? (Multan Board 2012)

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In mesh topology, each node is directly connected to every other node on the network. This type of
network involves the concept of routes. Mesh topology is rarely used in LAN. Some WANs like the
Internet use mesh topology.

Q19: What is LAN? (Lahore Board 2012)

Page | 11 LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is a type of computer network that covers a small area. The
network of computers in computer laboratory of a college and network of computers in an office
building are examples of LANs.

Q20: List some components of LAN?

1. Communication Media 2. Network-Interface Card (NIC) 3. Bridge

4. Gateway 5. Router
Q21: What is the use of Network-Interface Card? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

A network interface card (NIC) is used to connect a computer to other computers in the local area
network. It is a circuit board that is installed inside the computer‟s internal expansion slots. The NIC
has a socket where the network cable is connected.

Q22: What is Bridge?

A bridge is an electronic device. It is used to connect two similar networks and to control the data
flow between them. When a bridge receives a packet of data; it looks the address where the packet of
data is to be sent. Each packet of data contains the block of actual data and the address of computer of
the computer network where data is to be sent.

Q23: What is Gateway?

A gateway is also an electronic device or system (collection of hardware and software resources). It is
used to connect two different types of networks. It translates data from one format to the other.

Q24: What is Router?

Router is also an electronic device. It is used to connect two or more different or similar networks. It
stores the addressing information (routing information) of each computer on the connected networks
(i.e. each computer on each connected LAN or WAN). Router uses the routing information (addresses
of all computers of all connected networks) to transfer data along the most efficient path.

Q25: What is WAN?

It stands for „Wide Area Network‟. The word „wide‟ means large. WAN is a type of computer
networks that covers a large area. The computers (or terminals) connected to this type of network can
be in different cities or countries.

Q26: What is host computer?

The large computer to which the terminal (or PC) is attached is called host computer. The terminal
can upload or download data files to and from the host computer.

Q27: What is MAN?

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a communication network system. It covers area of a single
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city. Usually, MAN connects more than one LANs in a city or town. It covers a smaller geographical
area than a WAN. In this type of network, fiber optic cables are used as communication media. So it
is very high speed network. Mobile phones (cellular) systems often use MAN.

Q28: What is network protocol?

Page | 12 All machine based communications must follow certain set of rules for exchanging data between
nodes connected to a network. A set of rules for exchanging data between nodes connected to a
network is called network protocol. These rules are implemented with the help of network software.

Q29: What is Ethernet?

Ethernet is the most popular and commonly used LAN protocol. It uses a high speed network cable
and Bus topology. This protocol is very simple than other protocols.

Q30: Define the term token used in networking?

A token is special electronic signal. It consists of a series bits. It is like a ticket. Only one token is
available on the network. When a node on the network wants to transmit data, it first gets the token,
and then it can transmit data. When the node has sent its message, it releases the token back to the
network.

Q31: What is the use of Token ring?

Token ring is another widely used LAN protocol. It is used in local area network using ring topology.
A computer in the network (using ring topology) must get a token to transfer data to other computer
on the network.

Q32: What is token passing?

When a node on the network wants to transmit data, it first gets the token, and then it can transmit
data. When the node has sent message, it releases the token back to the network. This method of
controlling access to the shared network cable is called token passing.

Q33: Write the names of different LAN protocols? (Multan Board 2012)

The most common and popular LAN protocols are:

6. Ethernet 7. Token Ring 8. ARC net

Q34: What is ARC net? (Multan Board 2012)

ARC net stands for Attached Resource Computer network. It is a LAN protocol. It is also a topology.
It uses twisted pair wire or coaxial cable, and the star topology with hub attached to the network.

Q35: What is OSI Model?

OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. It is used for designing network architecture. It was
designed by the International Standard Organization (ISO). It provides a logical framework for data
communication through computer networks. This model provides the reference but not the reality.
Therefore, OSI model is also known as OSI Reference Model.

Q36: Write the names of seven layers of OSI Model.

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The seven layers of OSI models are:

9. 1. Physical 10. 2. Data Link 11. 3. Network

12. 4. Transport 13. 5. Session 14. 6. Presentation
15. 7. Application
Page | 13
Q37: What is the purpose of Application Layer of OSI model?

The Application layer is the topmost layer of OSI model. It provides services directly to the user
applications, to access the network. It provides user interfaces and support for services such as email,
remote file access and transfer, shared database management, and other types of distributed
information services.

Q38: What is the purpose of Presentation Layer of OSI model?

This layer of OSI model performs data transformations to provide a common interface for user
applications. It is concerned with how data is converted and formatted for data transfer. Examples of
format conversions include ASCII text for documents and .gif and .jpg for images.

Q39: What is the purpose of Session Layer of OSI model?

This layer of OSI model establishes maintains and manages connections between communicating
systems or devices, so that they can talk to each other. These connections are called sessions. A
session is actually an exchange of messages among computers.

Q40: What is the purpose of Transport Layer of OSI model? (Lahore Board 2012)

This layer of OSI model controls the flow of data. It ensures that messages are delivered error free. It
breaks large message received from the session layer into segments/packets to be sent to the
destination computer. At the destination computer, it reassembles the data segments/packets and
presents the data to the session layer. Transport layer also sends an acknowledgement of receiving of
data to the sender.

Q41: What is the purpose of network Layer of OSI model?

This layer of OSI model manages the delivery of data packet from source to destination. It determines
logical path between the sender and the receiver. There may be many networks between two
computers.

Q42: What is the purpose of Data link Layer of OSI model?

This layer of OSI model is responsible for carrying a packet of data from one computer (or router) to
the next. It is also responsible for the reliability of the physical link established at physical layer. This
layer provides the error free transfer of data from one computer to another. It checks whether the data
has arrived properly and safely at the destination. Data link layer must decide the following:

1. Framing 2. Flow control 3. Error control 4. Access control

Q43: What is the purpose of Physical Layer of OSI model?

The physical layer of OSI model is the bottom-most. This layer controls and co-ordinates the

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transmission of data in the form of bit steam over a physical medium such as coaxial cable, optic fiber
cable etc. Physical layer must decide the following:

1. Characteristics of 2. Representation of 3. 4. Transmission

Data Rate
Media Bits Mode
Q44: What is tree topology? (Multan Board 2012)
Page | 14
A tree topology combines the characteristics of bus and star topologies. It consists of different groups
of computers attached in star topology. The groups are then connected to a bus backbone cable.

Q45: What is the difference between intranet and extranet?

Intranet contains the information of one organization while extranet may have the information of two
or more organizations. Similarly, intranet is used to provide information to the employees while
extranet is used to share information with other organizations.

Q46: Define CSMA/CR?

It allows multiple devices to talk at the same time. A protocol is used to determine the priority of a
device.

Q47: How does CSMA/CD work?

It is a local area access method. It resolves contention between two or more stations by collision
detection. If two stations transmit data at same time, both stop and generate a signal that collision has
occurred. Each station waits for specified time and then retransmits.

Q48: Define CSMA/CS?

In this method, a node listens to the bus for a specified time before transmitting the data. It waits until
the node has completed the transmission.

Q49: Define ISDN?

It stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It is a set of standards for digital transmission of
data over standard copper telephone lines. One telephone line can carry three or more signals at one
time using the same line. ISDN requires ISDN modem at both sides.

Q50: Define DSL?

It stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It provides high speed transmission over existing telephone
lines. The existing telephone lines are analog. That is why, a DSL modem is required to connect to
DSL. DSL is easier to install than ISDN. It is also faster than ISDN.

………………………………………………………………….

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Unit 3: Data Communication

Q1: What is data communication?

Commutation means the exchange of information or messages. The process of transferring data from
one location to another is called data communication.
Page | 15
Q2: Write names of different elements of data communication system?

The basic components which are used in data communication system are:

5. 1. Message 6. 2. Sender 7. 3. Receiver

8. 4. Medium 9. 5. Encoder 10. 6. Decoder
Q3: What is message?

The message is the information or data that is to be communicated. It may be in the form of text,
numbers, pictures, sounds, videos or any combination of these.

Q4: What is sender?

A device that is used for sending messages is called sender. It is also called transmitter. A sender may
be computer, fax machine, telephone or camera etc.

Q5: What is Receiver?

A device that is used for receiving message is called receiver. It may be a computer, a workstation, a
printer or television etc.

Q6: What is meant by Communication Medium?

The path through which data is transmitted from one location to another is called transmission
medium. It is also called communication channel. It may be a wire, fiber optics, telephone line etc.

Q7: What is Encoder?

The encoder is an electronic device that converts digital signals in a form that can pass through a
transmission medium.

Q8: What is Decoder?

The decoder is an electronic device that converts signals from encoded form into digital form that are
understandable for receiver.

Q9: Define Signals?

The data is transmitted from one place to another in the form of electromagnetic or light waves
through communication medium. The electromagnetic or light waves representing data are called
signals.

Q10: What are Analog Signals?

The analog signals are continues electrical signals in the form of waves. These waves are called
carrier waves. The light waves, sound waves or radio waves are examples of analog signals.

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Q11: Define two characteristics of analog signals? (Multan Board 2012)

The basic two characteristics are analog signals are:

Frequency: The number of times a wave repeats during a specific time interval is called frequency. It
is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Page | 16
Amplitude: The height of a wave within a given period of time is called amplitude.

Q12: What are digital signals?

A digital signal is a sequence of voltage represented in binary form. Actually, digital signals are on-
off electrical pulses in discontinuous form (or in discrete form). Most of the computers are digital.
Data is represented inside these computers in the form of binary numbers.

Q13: What is meant by encoding of data?

A computer accepts and processes data in binary form. Therefore, all data (numeric or non-numeric)
must be converted into binary form before entering inside the computer. The process of converting
data into binary form is called encoding of data.

Q14: What is EBCDIC Code?

EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. It is an 8-bit code. In this
binary coding system, (28 = 256) 256 different characters can be represented inside the computer. It is
used by IBM (International Business Machine) mainframe computers.

Q15: What is ASCII Code?

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It was developed by
American National standards Institute (ANSI). It is a standard code to represent alphanumeric data.

Q16: What do you know about Unicode?

Unicode stands for Universal code. It is a 16-bit code. It can represent 65536 (216 = 65536) characters
or symbols. It is developed by following the ASCII coding scheme. The first 256 codes in Unicode
are identical to the 256 codes used by ASCII system.

Q17: What is BCD code?

It stands for Binary Coded Decimal. It is a 4-bit code. It means that each decimal digit is represented
by 4 binary digits. It was used by early computers.

Q18: Write any five types of data? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

1. Text 1. Numeric Data 2. Image 3. Audio 4. Video

Q19: What are the Modes of Data Communication?

The way in which data is transmitted from one place to another is called data transmission mode. It is
also called the data communication mode. It indicates the direction of flow of information. Sometimes
data transmission modes are also referred to as directional modes.

Q20: What is Simplex Mode?

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In simplex mode, data is transmitted only in one direction. A device with simplex mode can either
send or receive data. Television broadcast is an example of simplex mode.

Q21: What is Half Duplex Mode?

In half duplex mode, data can be transmitted in both directions but only in one direction at a time.
Page | 17 Speed of half-duplex is slow. Internet surfing is an example of half duplex transmission.

Q22: What is Full Duplex mode?

In full duplex mode, data can be transmitted in both directions at the same time on the same channel.
It is the fastest directional mode of communication. The telephone communication system is an
example of full duplex communication mode.

Q23: What is Parallel Transmission?

In parallel transmission, a group of bits of data flow at the same time (in parallel) through separate
communication lines. It is very fast data transmission. The automobile traffic on a multi-lane highway
is an example of parallel transmission.

Q24: What is Serial Transmission? (Lahore Board 2012)

In serial data transmission, a group of bits of data flow in sequential order through single
communication line. The flow of traffic on one lane residential street is an example of serial data
transmission mode.

Q25: What is Synchronous Transmission?

In synchronous transmission, data is transmitted block by-block or word at the same time. Each block
may contain several bytes of data. In this mode, data is saved before sending. A large volume of data
can be transmitted at a time. The data transmission is very fast. It is most commonly used by remote
communication systems.

Q26: What is Asynchronous Transmission?

In asynchronous transmission, data is transmitted one byte at a time. The data is transmitted character-
by-character as the user types it on a key board. In this mode, data is not saved before sending.

Q27: What is Bandwidth?

The amount of data that can be transmitted through the transmission media within the given period of
time is called bandwidth.

Q28: What is Baseband? (Sahiwal Board 2013) (Multan Board 2012)

Baseband is a communication technique in which digital signals are directly transmitted over
transmission line without changing into analog signals (i.e. without using modulation technique. In
this communication technique, there is no need to use any complex modem. The digital signals are
commonly called baseband signals.

Q29: What is Broadband? (Multan Board 2012)

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Broadband is another communication technique in which large amount of data (such as voice and
video) is transmitted over long distance at the same time. The data is sent by modulation each signal
onto different frequency. For this purpose, FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) technique is
used, in which multiple signals can be transmitted at the same time.

Q30: What is communication Media?

Page | 18
A path through which data is transmitted from one place to another is known as communication
media. It is also known as communication channel. Following are examples of communication media:

1. Twisted pair 2. Coaxial 3. Fiber optic

4. Microwave 5. Satellite
wires cable cable
Q31: What is Guided Media?

In guided communication media, communication devices are directly linked with each other via
cables or physical media for transmission of data. The data signals are bounded to a cabling media.
Therefore, guided media is also called bounded media.

Q32: What is Unguided Media? (Multan Board 2012)

In unguided communication media, data is communicated between communication devices in the

form of wave. Unguided media provides mean to transmit data signals but does not guide them along
a specific path. The data signals are not bounded to a cabling media. Therefore, unguided media is
also called unbounded media.

Q33: What is Twisted Pair?

Twisted pair cable is one of the most commonly used communication media. It is used in local area
network (LAN) for data communication between different computers. It is also used in telephone lines
to carry voice and data signals.

Q34: What is Coaxial Cable?

Coaxial cable is also referred to as Coax. It carries signals of higher frequency ranges than twisted
pair cable. Coaxial cable consists of a single solid copper wire, which is called the inner conductor.
The bandwidth of coaxial cable is 80 times greater than twisted pair media. Coaxial cable is also
widely used in local area network (LAN).

Q35: What is Fiber Optic Cable?

In twisted pair cable and coaxial cable, data is transmitted in the form of electric frequencies. The
fiber optic cable uses light to transmit data. The data transmission speed is very high (because fiber
optic cable uses light to transmit data). The data transmission speed is up to billions bits per second.
Today, most of the telephone companies and cable TV operators are using fiber optic cables in their
networks.

Q36: What is Microwave transmission?

In microwave transmission, data is transmitted through air or space unlike cables or wires.
Microwaves are high frequency radio waves. These waves can only travel in straight lines.

Q37: What is Communication Satellite? (Lahore Board 2012)

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A communication satellite is a space station. It receives microwave signals (or messages) from earth
stations. It amplifies the signals and retransmits them back to earth. It is established in space about
22,300 miles above the earth.

Q38: What is mobile communication?

Page | 19 Mobile communication is a radio based network that transmits data to and from the mobile computers.
The data is communicated through radio signals from one location to another. The computers can be
connected to the network through wireless connections or through wires.

Q39: What is a Modem? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

Modem stands for modulator/demodulator. It is an electronic device that converts digital signals into
analog signals and vice versa. Modems are used on both ends of the computers for data
communication between computers through telephone line.

Q40: What is modulation and demodulation?

This process to convert the digital signals into analog signal is called modulation. Similarly, to receive
the data from another computer through telephone line, in the form of analog signals, it must be
converted into digital form to store it into the computer. This process of converting the analog signals
into digital form is called demodulation.

Q41: What do you know about Wireless Modem?

Wireless modem transmits the data signals through air instead of using a cable. Wireless modem is
called radio frequency modem. This type of modem is designed to work with cellular technology, and
wireless local area networks.

Q42: Explain external modem?

External modem is attached to the system unit as an external device through telephone line. This
modem is connected to computer using serial cable to COM1 or COM2 port. It requires external
power supply. It is easy to setup.

Q43: Explain internal modem?

Internal modem is a circuit board that is inserted into an expansion slot on the motherboard. It cannot
be moved from one computer to another easily. It is difficult to setup than other types of modems.

…………………………………………………………………

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Unit 4: Applications and Uses of Computers

Q1: Write the names of some fields where computer is commonly used?

The main fields where computer is commonly used are given blow:

Page | 20  Business  Medical  Education

 Industry  Airline system  Weather forecasting
 Home

Q2: What is the importance of using computer in daily life?

Today, computer technology is playing very important role in every field of life. Different problems
can be solved very easily and quickly by using computer. It saves a lot of time and cost to solve
problems. In an organization, it is used in every functional area. The IT systems are the integral parts
of these functional areas.

Q3: How computer can be useful for marketing the products in business? (Multan Board 2012)

In business, computer is very useful for the marketing of products of an organization. Many marketing
application are available that can be used to provide information about the products to the customers.
Computer is also used for advertising the products and to maintain the record of products.

Q4: What is the role of computer in stock markets?

Today, stock markets around the world are mostly computerized. Many stock markets launched the
computerized system. These systems make it possible for stockbrokers to do all their trading
electronically. Stockbrokers are interconnected through data communication networks. They submit
and receive offers using their interconnected computers, where brokers match buyers with sellers.

Q5: How computer can be useful in banks?

Today, most of the banks are computerized. Computerized banking has provided several benefits and
saved the time of customers. The accounts of customers are maintained through computer.

Q6: What is Office Automation?

Office Automation (OA) refers to the process of automating office tasks using computers. In an
office, workers perform different tasks using computers. Many offices use the computer technology to
perform various tasks.

Q7: List some important tasks that are performed in offices?

In an office, different types of tasks are performed using computers. These tasks include:

 Decision-making  Data manipulation  Document handling

 Communication  Data storage
Q8: List some important computerized systems used in office automation?

Many offices use the following computer-based systems to perform various tasks. These systems may
include:

 document management system  message handling system

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 office support system

Q9: What is meant by document management system?

Document management system (DMS) consists of different applications that are used to prepare
Page | 21 documents. These applications are:

 Word processing  Desktop publishing  Reprographic

 Archival storage
 Image processing applications

Q10: What is E-Commerce? (Lahore Board 2012)

E-commerce stands for electronic commerce. It is also known as e-trade or e-business. E-commerce is
a financial business transaction conducted electronically between business partners over computer
networks (such as on Internet). This saves time for participants on both ends. The users can buy, sell,
and exchange products or services via computer network.

Q11: What is ATM?

ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine. It is installed in most of the banks. You can draw money
through ATM card from any branch of that bank at any time of a day.

Q12: What is Video Conferencing? (Multan Board 2012)

A videoconference is a meeting between two or more people residing at various places. They can
watch and talk with each other. They use a network (i.e. Internet). To participate in a videoconference,
you need a video camera, a microphone, speaker, and software (special video conferencing software).

Q13: What is robot? (Sahiwal Board 2013) (Lahore Board 2012)

A robot is an automatic programmable machine. It can move and perform mechanical tasks. It means
that a robot acts like human beings. Robot can work in environment that is dangerous for human
beings such as opening chemical packages. It can perform repetitive tasks continuously without any
break at very high accuracy than human.

Q14: Discuss some applications of robots in industries? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

Robots can also be used in hundreds of applications such as:

 Assembling & spray-painting of cars.

 Lifting of heavy equipments, power cables etc.
 Testing blood samples.
 Performing experiments in artificial satellites and radioactive environments etc.

Q15: What is Computer-Aided Design (CAD)? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

Computers are also used for designing of products. The computer-aided design (CAD) software is
used to design the samples or models of the products.

Q16: What is computer-Aided Manufacture (CAM)? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

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Computer-aided manufacture is software. It is used to control the manufacturing process of the
products. CAM software uses the output generated by CAD system.

Q17: What is meant by Computer Simulation?

A computer simulation is a special type of computer model. It is used to represent the real world
Page | 22 system. In other words, computer simulation is an artificial system, which represents the working of
an actual system.

Q18: Write the main benefits of CBT? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

CBT has the following additional benefits:

 Students can easily obtain new skills.

 Training times can be reduced.
 Planning and time table problems can be reduced or eliminated.
 It is not costly method.
 It is very attractive method to deliver lectures to students.
 Lectures can be repeated again and again.

Q19: What is online education?

The process of getting education through computer networks is called online education. There are
many websites that provide a lot of information about various topics. Online lectures are also
available on different topics on the Internet.

Q20: How computer can be useful in weather forecasting?

Computer is also used in weather forecasting. For this purpose, computer based weather forecasting
systems or models are used. The weather forecasting depends upon the accurate calculations on
metrological data. The accurate data is collected from different weather stations and weather satellites.

Q21: Write some reasons of using computers?

There are many reasons for using computers. Some common reasons are listed below:

 Computers can work much faster than human beings.

 Computers never get tired or do not need a rest.
 Computers can do jobs that may be dangerous for human beings to do.
 Computer can store large amount of information.
 Computers can find information very quickly.
 Computer never loses or misplaces information.
 Computers always give the accurate results of calculations.

Q22: Write three main Characteristics of computer?

Computer has the following main characteristics:

 Speed  Consistency  Reliability

 Accuracy  Precision
Q23: What is B2C e-commerce?

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Business-to-consumer or B2C e-commerce consists of the sale of goods and services to the general
public. In this type, customers or consumers can visit the website and purchase goods online using
credit cards.

Q24: What is C2C e-commerce?

Page | 23 Consumer-to-consumer or C2C e-commerce takes place between two consumers. For example, one
consumer sells an item through online auction and other consumer purchases the item by offering the
highest bid.

Q25: What is B2B e-commerce?

Business-to-business or B2B e-commerce takes place between two businesses. One business provides
services to the other business. For example, many advertising companies advertise the products of
another company.

Q26: Define reprographics?

Reprographics is a process of reproducing multiple copies of a document.

………………………………………………………………….

Unit 5: Computer Architecture

Q1: What is meant by computer architecture?

The way in which various components of a computer are connected with one another is called
computer architecture.

Q2: List out some important components of Computer system?

The most important components of computer architecture are as follows:

2. 2. Arithmetic and logic

1. 1. Control Unit 3. 3. Main Memory
Unit (ALU)
4. 4. I/O Unit 5. 5. Bus Interconnection
Q3: Define CPU?

CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. It is the most important component of the computer. It is also
known as processor. CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. It performs all operations on
data according to the given instructions. It executes instructions and tells other parts of computer what
to do.

Q4: Define Control Unit? (Multan Board 2012)

It acts as a supervisor of the computer. It controls all parts of the computer. It fetches the instructions
and data from main memory. It interprets those instructions to find what operation is to be performed.
It controls the execution of instructions.

Q5: Define ALU?

ALU stands for Arithmetic and Logic Unit. It is that part of CPU where actual execution of the
instructions takes place. It performs all the arithmetic and logical operations on the data.

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Q6: What is Main Memory?

It is used to store data and instructions that are currently in use. Sometimes, main memory is also
referred to as working area of computer. The main memory is divided into two parts ROM and RAM.

Q7: What is ROM? (Lahore Board 2012)

Page | 24
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It is a type of internal memory. The contents or instructions that
are stored in this type of memory can only be read but cannot be changed or deleted. It is not possible
to write new instructions or information into the ROM. That is why it is called read only memory. The
ROM is divided into following types: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

Q8: Define PROM?

It stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. This form of ROM is initially blank. The
manufacturer can write its own programs or data by using specially devices. If there is any error in
writing the instructions, the error cannot be removed from PROM.

Q9: Define EPROM?

It stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Like PROM, it is initially blank. The
manufacturer can write its programs or data by using special devices. The user can also erase
instructions or data written on EPROM chip with special devices using ultraviolet rays. The user then
can also write new programs on it.

Q10: Define EEPROM?

It stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. The user can erase and write
instructions with electrical pulses. Its contents can be easily modified electronically.

Q11: Define bit and byte?

The binary digit 1or 0 is called a bit. The „bit‟ stands for binary digit. It is the basic unit for storing
data in the computer memory. A combination of 8-bits is called byte. One character takes one byte of
memory. The storage capacity of the memory is expressed in terms of number of bytes.

Q12: Explain the function of input/output unit? (Lahore Board 2012)

I/O unit controls the processor‟s communication with peripheral devices such as monitor, printer etc.

Q13: What is computer bus?

A set of electrical paths through which computer sends and receives data and instructions is called a
computer bus. These are used to connect the CPU with other components of computer. Following are
three types of Buses: 1.Address Bus 2.Data Bus 3.Control Bus

Q14: What is Data BUS?

The computer bus which is used to transfer data from one component of computer to another is called
data bus. It connects CPU with memory and other hardware devices. The number of lines in data bus
affects the speed of data transfer between different components.

Q15: What do you mean by Width of Bus?

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The amount of data that a bus can carry at one time from one component of computer to another is
known as bus width.

Q16: What is Address Bus?

The computer bus which is used to connect CPU with memory to identify the different memory
Page | 25 locations within main memory is called Address bus. An address bus can travel 256 different values at
a time.

Q17: What is Control Bus?

The computer bus which is used to send different commands or signals from one component to
another is called control bus. The control bus directly connects the CPU, main memory and I/O ports.

Q18: What is CPU Register?

CPU contains small storage areas that are used to store data and instructions during program
execution. The storage areas or locations inside the CPU are called registers. The size of these
registers is 2, 4 or 8 bytes.

Q19: What is program counter (PC)?

This register is used to store the address of the next instruction to be fetched for execution. When the
instruction is fetched, the value of PC is incremented. Thus this register always points or holds the
address of next instruction is to be fetched.

Q20: What is Instruction Register (IR)?

Once an instruction is fetched from main memory, it is stored in the Instruction Register. The control
unit takes instruction from this register, decodes and executes it by sending signals to the appropriate
component of computer to carry out the task.

Q21: What is memory address register (MAR)?

This register holds the address of memory where CPU wants to read or write data. When CPU wants
to store some data in the memory or reads the data from the memory, it places the address of the
required memory location in the MAR.

Q22: What is MBR?

This register is used to store data or instructions coming from the memory or going to the memory.

Q23: What is stack pointer register? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

A stack represents a set of memory blocks. The data is stored in and retrieved from these blocks in an
order, i.e. First in and Last out (FILO). The stack pointer register is used to manage the stacks in
memory.

Q24: What are General Purpose Registers?

A CPU also has some general-purpose registers. These registers are used along with other registers to
perform arithmetic & Logical operations. These registers are also used for data movement purposes
inside the computer. These registers are called EAX, EBX, ECX and EDX.

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Q25: What is Segment Register?

A block of memory is called a segment. The segment register is used to store the addresses of the
memory blocks that are being currently used by CPU. This register is used to store base location for
program instructions, data and the stack. Segment register is also known as address register.
Page | 26 Q26: What is meant by Instruction Set?

A set of instructions that a CPU can execute to perform different operations on data is known as the
instruction set of that CPU. Normally, a modern CPU can execute 80 to 120 instructions.

Q27: Write down different types of operations performed by CPU?

The important types of operations performed by CPU are:

 Data Transfer  Input Output

 Arithmetic & Logical  Control Transfer
Q28: What are Data Transfer Instructions?

The instructions that are used to transfer data from one unit of computer to another during program
execution are called Data Transfer Instructions.

Q29: What are I/O Instructions? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

The instructions that are used to write and read data to and from the I/O devices are called I/O
Instructions. I/O devices are also known as peripheral devices. The peripheral devices may include
keyboard, monitor, and disks etc.

Q30: What are Control Transfer Instructions?

The instructions that are used to transfer the execution control from one part of the program to another
during program execution are called Control Transfer Instructions. These instructions may be used to
execute a set of instructions repeated for a number of times.

Q31: What is meant by instruction format? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

An instruction consists of a group of bits that tells the computer to perform a specific operation. The
group of bits of an instruction is logically divided into different parts. Two main parts are:

1. Operand code & 2. Address of the operand. Each part is used to perform a specific action.

Q32: What is Zero-Address Instruction Format? (Multan Board 2012)

In zero-address instruction format, no address is specified. A stack-organized computer does not use
an address field for the instructions like ADD and MUL.

Q33: What is one-Address Instruction Format?

This format uses only one address field. It uses one accumulator register (AC) for all data
manipulation. A second register is required for multiplication and division.

Q34: What is Two-Address Instruction Format?

The instruction of two-address format uses two address fields. Each address field can specify either a

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register or a memory address. Two-address instructions are the most common in commercial
computers. Examples of such instructions are MOV, ADD, CMP and BIS.

Q35: What is three-Address Instruction Format?

The instruction of three-address format uses three address fields. Each address field can specify either
Page | 27 a register or a memory address. This type of instruction requires too many bits to specify three
addresses.

Q36: What is Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

For every instruction of the program, the control unit (CPU) carries out three basic operations, known
as the Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle. It is also called the Machine Cycle.

Q37: Define Fetch Instruction?

The process of transferring a program instruction from memory to CPU is called fetch instruction.The
CPU gets a program instruction from main memory for taking action on it.

Q38: Define Decode Instruction?

The process of decoding the instruction so that the computer can understand it is called Decode
Instruction.

Q39: Define Execute Instruction?

The process of taking action on the decoded instruction is called Execute Instruction.

Q40: What is operating system?

A set of programs running in the background of a computer system and providing an environment in
which other programs can be executed and the computer system can be used efficiently.

Q41: Write the main functions performed by the operating system?

The main functions performed by the operation system are:

 Management of Hardware
 Load and Execute Programs
Resources
 Memory Management  Data Security
1. Providing Interface to the User

Q42: What is Command Prompt interface?

Command prompt is also referred to as command line user interface. In this type of user-interface, the
operating system provides prompt line on the computer screen. The user communicates with the
computer (or operating system) by typing commands through keyboard. The user interface provided
by MS-DOS operating system is an example of command prompt.

Q43: What is a computer programming Language?

A programming Language provides the way of communication between user and computer. A
computer program is written in a programming language. The programming language provides a set

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of rules for writing computer programs. The instructions of the program are written in a specific
manner and according to the rules of the programming language.

Q44: Define high-level programming languages?

The programming languages that are close to human languages (e.g. like English language) are called
Page | 28 high-level programming languages. They are easy to understand.

Q45: Define low-level programming languages?

The programming languages that are very close to machine language are called low-level
programming languages. The program instructions written in these languages are in binary form i.e.
(0 and 1) and symbols.

Q46: What is the difference between source code and object code?

The program written in high level language is called source code. Source code is very easy to
understand and modify. The translated program into machine code is known as object code.

Q47: What is the function of language translator?

The special software that is used to translate the programs written in high level language (or assembly
language) into machine language programs is called language translator or language processor.

Q48: What is compiler? (Sahiwal Board 2013) (Lahore Board 2012)

The language translator that translates the complete source program into machine code as a whole is
called compiler.

Q49: What is Interpreter? (Lahore Board 2012)

The language translator that translates the source code into machine code statement by statement is
called interpreter. It translates one statement of source program into machine code and executes it
immediately before translating the next statement.

Q50: What is Assembler? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

The language translator that translates the programs written in assembly language into machine code
is called assembler.

Q51: What are the disadvantages of Interpreter?

The main disadvantages of Interpreter are:

 It is a time consuming process of translating and executing statements one by one.

 Each time the program is run, the source code is translated again. For this purpose you must
have a translator program (interpreter) permanently in your computer.

Q52: What is SRAM?

It stands for Static Random Access Memory. Its memory cells are made from digital gates. Each cell
can store data without any need of frequent recharging. SRAM is more expensive and does not need
to be power-refreshed.

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Q53: What is DRAM? (Multan Board 2012)

It stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. Each memory cell must be constantly refreshed to
keep data in DRAM. DRAM is least expensive RAM.

Q54: Differentiate between RAM and ROM?

Page | 29
RAM is a volatile memory while ROM is nonvolatile memory. The contents in RAM are not stored
permanently. The contents of ROM can only be read and the new information cannot be written in
ROM.

Q55: State the use of serial port? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

A serial port is used to connect devices to the system unit. A serial port transmits data one bit at a
time. It is usually used to connect devices that do not require fast data transmission like mouse and
keyboard etc.

Q56: State the use of parallel port?

Parallel port is used to connect devices that transfer many bits at a time. Printers are connected to

computers using parallel ports.

Q57: Describe assembly language? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

Assembly language is a low level computer language. It is one step higher than machine language. In
assembly language, symbols are used instead of binary code. These symbols are called mnemonics.

Q58: What are interrupts? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

An interrupt is a signal. In this scheme, the processor issues a command to an I/O device for input or
output operation. The device generates an interrupt signal to processor when it becomes ready. When
CPU receives interrupt, it suspends all other processing and performs I/O operation.

Q59: Define DMA?

DMA stands for Direct Memory Access. In this scheme, processor issues I/O command and then gets
busy in some other processing. A special hardware receives data from I/O device. It uses system bus
to store data in main memory directly without going through CPU.

Q60: Explain cache memory? (Lahore Board 2012)

A cache memory is a small and very fast memory. It is designed to speed up the transfer of data and
instructions. It is faster than RAM. The data and instructions that are most recently or more frequently
used by CPU are stored in cache.

Q61: What is the concept of memory address? (Lahore Board 2012)

The main memory consists of memory cells. Each memory cell has a unique number. This number is
called memory address.

Q62: Why RAM is called volatile memory? (Multan Board 2012)

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RAM is temporary memory. When the power is turned off, the information in this memory is lost.
Thus it is called volatile memory.

Q63: What is bus interconnection? (Multan Board 2012)

A computer system consists of different devices such as CPU, main memory and I/O devices. These
Page | 30 devices are connected to an internal communication channel of the computer system to transfer data
between these devices. The internal communication channel of the computer system is called bus
interconnection.

…………………………………………………………………

Unit 6: Security, Copyright and the Law

Q1: What is meant by security?

Security is a system of safeguards. It is designed to protect a computer system and data from being
damaged or accessed by unauthorized persons.

Q2: What is computer virus?

A small hidden program that may disturb the normal functioning of the computer is called computer
virus. It may also destroy the important data stored in the computer. The computer virus cannot
damage hardware, only data or software is corrupted.

Q3: How virus spread from one computer to another?

Just like a biological virus, a computer virus can spread from one computer to another computer.
Usually viruses are transferred from one computer to another due to exchange of data and programs
through floppy disk, CD-ROM, and through computer networks.

Q4: Write down some causes of computer viruses?

There are many ways through which viruses may be transferred from one computer to another. Most
common ways are:

 E-Mail  Network  Removable Storage

 Pirated software
Media
Q5: List some types of viruses?

There are many types of viruses, but the most importance types of viruses are:

 Boot Sector
 Chernobal Virus  Logic bomb  Trojan Horse
Virus
 Redlof

Q6: What is boot sector virus?

The boot sector virus is a type of virus. It modifies the program in the boot sector. It is loaded into
memory whenever computer is turned on. This virus is attached with the executable files, i.e. exe, .dll
files.

Q7: What is Trojan horse?

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Trojan horse is a type of virus which hides itself in some computer programs. When these programs
are executed, the Trojan virus is activated. This virus affects the performance of the computer. An
example of Trojan horse is format C.

Q8: What is Redlof?

Page | 31 Redlof virus is a polymorphic virus. Polymorphic means „to change nature with passage of time‟. This
virus changes its nature with passage of time and therefore, it is difficult to catch by an anti-virus
program. It is written in visual basic script. Normally, this virus infects the file „„Folders.htt‟‟.

Q9: What are anti-viruses? (Multan Board 2012)

The special programs that are used to detect and remove the viruses from the computer are called
antivirus programs. Antivirus programs contain information about different known viruses. McAfee
and Norton are examples of most popular antivirus programs.

Q10: What is meant by data security? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

The protection of data is called data security. Most of the data of an organization stored inside the
computer is very important. The data can be lost or destroyed due to different reasons. It can be

deleted accidentally or intentionally.

Q11: What is meant by encryption?

Data encryption is a technique in which sensitive data is encoded before its storage or transmission
over a network. If anyone (unauthorized person) gets access to the data, he could not be able to
understand it.

Q12: What is meant by protection?

Hiding data belonging to a person or organization from other persons or organizations is called data
protection.

Q13: What is meant by password?

A secret word or code assigned to documents and programs, or computer system to protect from
unauthorized access is called password. You have to type the correct password to open the system.

Q14: What is meant by copyright?

Copyright is the branch of law. It protects the creative work from illegal use. The categories of works
that copyright protects may include: software, books (or any other written material), recording films
and many other products etc.

Q15: What is 1998 Data Protection Act?

This act came into force early in 1999. It is much broader in its scope than the 1984 act. It applies to
anything done to the personal data. It may include collection, use, disclosure and destruction or
simply holding the personal data.

Q16: What is Copyright Act?

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The principal law governing software piracy is the “Copyright Act 1976”. Some amendments were
made in this law in 1983. Now “software piracy” is believed to be a punishable crime. It may involve
huge amounts of penalties. Software is believed to be an “intellectual property”. It is developed and
brought into market after a lot of efforts and cost.

Q17: Define backup?

Page | 32
An additional copy of data or information stored on secondary storage media is called the backup of
data.

Q18: What is the difference between complete backup and incremental backup?

Backup of all data on the hard disk is called complete backup while incremental backup creates a
copy of only the data that is newly created or modified since the last backup.

Q19: Write down the names of different media used for data backup?

 Floppy Disks  Zip Disk  Magnetic Tape  CD

Q20: State the purpose of password? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

The purpose of password is to protect data stored on a computer. It protects data from being lost,

misused or deleted by any person. The system can be accessed by a person who knows the password.

Q21: What is 1980 Piracy Protection Act? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

This act prohibits agents of federal government from making unannounced searches of press office.

Q22: What is 1984 Cable Communication Policy Act?

This act restricts cable companies in the collection and sharing of information about their customers.

Q23: What is 1987 Computer Security Act?

This act makes actions that affect the computer security files and telecommunication illegal.

Q24: What is 1988 Video Privacy Protection Act?

This act prevents the disclosure of a person‟s video rental records without a court order.

Q25: What is Matching Privacy Protection Act of 1988?

This act prevents the government from comparing certain records to find a match.

Q26: What is Computer Misuse Act of 1990?

This act makes provision to secure computer material against unauthorized access or modification.

Q27: How can virus damage a computer? (Multan Board 2012)

1. A virus can damage data or software on the computer

2. It can delete some or all files on the computer system
3. It can destroy all data by formatting hard drive

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Unit 7: Windows Operating System

Q1: What is the purpose of operating system?

 It manages the software and resources of the system. These resources may include the
processor, memory, storage devices, Input/output devices etc.
Page | 33
 It provides stable and efficient way to use the hardware without having to know all the details
of the hardware.

Q2: What is GUI Operating System?

A GUI operating system provides the user a graphical user interface to communicate with the
computer. It provides graphical objects such as icons, menus, windows, buttons etc. to the user to
perform different tasks. Examples of GUI operating system are Windows, Linux, and Solaris etc.

Q3: What is Command Line Operating System?

A Command Line Operating System provides a command prompt to the user for typing different
commands to interact with the computer. The commands are given to the computer according to the
predefined format. It is not an easy way to interact with the computer. The user needs to memorize
commands to perform different tasks. Examples of Command line operating system are DOS (Disk
Operating System), and Unix etc.

Q4: List out different objects of Windows Operating System?

The important basic objects of Windows Operating System are:

 Desktop  My computer  Recycle Bin

 My Documents  Windows Explorer  Internet Explorer
 Windows  Control panel  Start Button
Q5: What is Desktop?

The on-screen working area on which icons, menus, and dialog boxes appear is called desktop. It is
called desktop because the surface of screen looks like a desk with objects you might have on your
own personal desk.

Q6: What is the use of My Computer icon?

My computer is a special icon on the desktop. It is very important object used for interfacing with
computer. It enables user to see easily what is in his computer. The user can access everything in his
computer such as hardware devices, disk drives, files & folders etc.

Q7: What is the use of My Documents folder? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

My Documents is also a special folder on the desktop. It is automatically created when windows is
installed. Many Windows based applications use „My Documents‟ folder as default folder for storing
files. These applications may include: Ms-Word, MS-Excel, MS-Access etc.

Q8: What is Recycle Bin? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

The Recycle Bin is a special folder of Windows on the hard disk. It has an icon on desktop. It contains
file and folders that are deleted from the hard disk. Any file or folder you delete from the hard disk,

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are transferred to the Recycle Bin. These files or folders can be restored from the Recycle Bin to their
original location if required for use.

Q9: What is Internet Explorer?

Internet Explorer is a web browser. It is a part of Microsoft Windows operating system. It is used to
Page | 34 access information on the Internet. It is a powerful web browser providing advance features to work
on www.

Q10: What is Windows Explorer?

Windows Explorer acts as a File Manager in Windows. It provides an efficient way for locating and
managing files on computer. It also provides the most efficient way to manage the computer
resources.

Q11: What is the use of Start Button?

The start button is located at the left most side of the taskbar. Start button is the gateway of accessing
most of the programs installed on the computer. When start button is clicked, a menu known as start
menu appears on the desktop.

Q12: What is Control Panel?

The Control panel is special folder that contains the Administrative Tools (system software) used to
perform system management tasks such as installing or uninstalling hardware devices, managing
system resources, sharing printers, and setting up date and time etc.

Q13: What are Mouse Events?

Mouse events are the actions that can be performed by using the mouse. The most common events of
mouse are as follows:

 Left Click  Right Click  Drag etc.

Q14: What do you mean by drag event of mouse?

This event occurs when you press the left mouse button and move the mouse while keeping the left
mouse button pressed. This event is used to select more than one item at a time. It can also be used to
move an object from one location to another.

Q15: List out features of Windows?

Microsoft Windows is a complete operating system. Some important features of Windows are:

 Multitasking  Multiprocessing  Plug and Play

 Multi-user Operating System  Networking  Backup and Recovery
Q16: Define Multitasking? (Lahore Board 2012) (Multan Board 2012)

Loading multiple programs into memory and executing them at the same time is called multitasking.

Q17: Define Multiprocessing?

In multiprocessing, multiple programs are executed on different processors at the same time. Some

Operating Systems have features of multiprocessing. In multiprocessing, Operating System divides a

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task among different processors.

Q18: Define Multi-User Operating System?

Windows 2000 is a multi-user operating system. A multi-user operating system allows multiple users
to use the same computer at the same time (or at different times).
Page | 35
Q19: What do you meant by plug and play?

Some operating systems automatically detect and configure new devices when they are connected to
the computer. This capability of operating systems is referred to as plug and play.

Q20: What is clipboard? (Lahore Board 2012)

The clipboard is a temporary space in the computer‟s memory used for holding data that is being
copied or moved. After data has been placed in the clipboard, it can be inserted from the clipboard
into other documents, in the same application or in a different application.

Q21: What is print queue?

When multiple documents are sent to the printer for printing, they are added in a queue in an order in
which they are sent to the printer. This list of document waiting to be printed is called print queue.

Q22: Define Partition?

Disk partition is a disk management technique. It is the logical division of the hard disk. It divides the
memory unit into sections. Partitioning is useful if the user wants to use multiple operating systems.

Q23: What is primary partition?

Primary partition is a type of partition that can be used as system partition. It can be created to occupy
the entire hard disk or a portion of it. Any hard disk can have a maximum of four partitions. Each
primary partition must be formatted after partitioning. The primary partition should be formatted as a
single logical drive only. It cannot be subdivided into multiple logical drives.

Q24: Define file management? (Lahore Board 2012)

File management is a process of maintaining and organizing files in the computer. Files are
recognized by their extension. File extension is checked to determine what action should be taken.

Q25: What is extended partition?

It is a type of partition that can be further divided into sub-partitions. These sub-partitions are known
as logical partitions. It is done to use multiple operating systems. A hard disk can have only one
extended partition.

…………………………………………………………………

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Unit 8: Word Processing

Q1: What is word processing?

The process of creating and editing word documents is called word processing. The word document
may contain text and graphical images. Word processing also involves formatting documents in
Page | 36
different forms.

Q2: What is a word processor? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

Word processor is application software. It provides facility for creating and editing all kinds of
documents. Word processor also enables you to add images, charts and graphics in documents.

Q3: What is text editor?

A word processor that provides only the basic features for creating and editing documents is called
text editor. A text editor is also called simple word processor. It is used for creating and editing simple
word documents. WordPad and Notepad are examples of text editors.

Q4: What is meant by Word Wrap?

During text entering process into document, the cursor automatically shifts to the next line when it
reaches to the right margin. It means that text “wraps around” to the next line. The user does not need
to hit Enter key after typing one line. The word processor will also re-adjust text if you change the
margins.

Q5: What is meant by WYSIWYG?

WYSIWYG stands for What You See Is What You Get. It means that printout of document will be
similar as appears on the display screen.

Q6: Define insertion point? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

Insertion point is the place or point where the text or graphics are to be inserted/paste.

Q7: What is mail merge?

The most important feature of Word processor is the mail-merge, in which the records of a database
can be merged into the document. It is a very shortcut method used to create form letters, mailing
labels, envelopes etc. For example to send result cards to all the students of a college; the mail-merge
method is used.

Q8: What is macro?

A macro is a small code. It represents a series of keystrokes or commands. Usually, a single key is
assigned to a macro. All commands in a macro are executed when a key assigned to a macro is
pressed.

Q9: What is thesaurus?

Thesaurus means vocabulary. Microsoft Word has a complete dictionary and you can select a simple
word for a difficult word from a list of alternate words.

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Q10: What is Undo Command?

The command that is used to cancel an action is called Undo command. Each time the Undo
command is applied, the last action is cancelled.

Q11: What is Redo Command?

Page | 37
This command is used to cancel an Undo command action. Each time the Redo command is applied,
the last Undo command action is cancelled.

Q12: What is meant by Formatting Document?

The process of changing the appearance of the document is called document formatting. The
document is formatted to make it more attractive and beautiful.

Q13: What is font?

The appearance of text in the document is referred to as font. It is also known as typeface. Same text
in different fonts has different appearances.

Q14: What is meant by paragraph formatting?

Formatting applied on a paragraph is called paragraph formatting. Paragraph formatting includes line
spacing, paragraph spacing, indents, alignment, tab stop, borders and shadings etc. Most of the
paragraph formatting is done using paragraph dialog box, horizontal and vertical Ruler elements.

Q15: Differentiate between line spacing and paragraph spacing?

The white space between two adjust lines of paragraph is called line spacing. The white space before

and after the paragraph is called paragraph spacing.

Q16: What is meant by margins?

The white spaces on all sides of a document page are called margins. Margins define the boundaries
of the text. The text cannot cross these boundaries. In every document, all the four margins (top,
bottom, left and right) can be the same or different.

Q17: What is meant by Indent?

The white space between the page margin and the text in a paragraph is called indent. You may indent
some text in the document to highlight it.

Q18: What is meant by alignment?

Arrangement of lines of text in a paragraph with respect to left and right margins is called text
alignment. There are four alignment options: left, right, center and justified.

Q19: What is Page Formatting? (Multan Board 2012)

The layout of the page when it is printed on the printer is called page formatting. It includes page size,
page orientation, page margins, headers and footers etc.

Q20: What are Headers & Footers?

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Header is the information that is added to the top of every page of the document. Footer is the
information that is added to the bottom of each page of the document.

Q21: What is meant by page orientation?

The direction in which a document is printed on paper through printer is known as page orientation.
Page | 38 You can also change the page orientation. In page orientation, printing direction of the document is
selected.

Q22: What is the use of table in MS-Word?

Most of the word processors provide the feature to create table into document. A table is used to
organize information in rows and columns. The intersection of a row and column is called cell.

Q23: What is the use of text column in MS-Word?

The text of word document can be arranged into multiple columns. The number of columns that can
be created in document depends upon the size of paper. For example, in most of the newspapers and
in some of the magazines, the text appears in column form.

Q24: What is the use of text box in MS- Word?

A text box is a rectangular box. The text or image is inserted into text box. You can set its size,
position, border and shade as well as alignment and orientation of text inside it. Text box can be set at
any location into the document. Text box along with text can be moved around the page.

Q25: What is WordArt?

is a feature of MS Word programs. It is used to create stylish text in a variety of shapes. It

provides the facility of stretching, coloring and shading text. It converts text into graphics.

Q26: Write some uses of word processor? (Multan Board 2012)

Word processor is used for:

1. Preparing notes 2. Writing books 3. Writing letters

4. Designing resumes 5. Preparing newspapers, magazines & advertisements etc.

…………………………………………………………………

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Unit 9: Spreadsheet Software

Q1: What is Spreadsheet? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

A spreadsheet is an application program. It provides worksheets to enter and process data. In a

worksheet, data is arranged into rows and columns just like a table. MS-Excel is an example of
Page | 39
spreadsheet program.

Q2: List some features of spreadsheet program?

 Grid of Rows and Columns  Formulas  Commands

 Built-in Functions  Printing  Text Manipulation
Q3: What is a Worksheet?

A spreadsheet program provides worksheets to enter data. A worksheet is divided into a grid of
columns and rows. In Excel, a worksheet consists of 256 columns and 65536 rows. The columns are
labeled with letters A, B, C…. etc. The rows are labeled with numbers 1, 2, 3… etc.

Q4: What is Workbook?

In MS-Excel, the document or file in which data is permanently stored on the disk is called workbook.
It is a collection of worksheets. Like a book that contains many pages, a workbook may contain many
worksheets. Data is stored into the worksheets.

Q5: What is a Cell?

The intersection of a column and a row is called a cell. The data is entered into the cell of worksheet.

Q6: What is an Active Cell?

The currently selected cell where data can be entered or edited is called the Active Cell. When
another cell is selected or cell pointer is moved to another cell, then that cell becomes the Active cell.

Q7: What is a Column Header?

A horizontal bar that has headings of columns with labels A, B and so on (It is from A to IV) is called
Column Header.

Q8: What is a Row Header?

A vertical bar that has headings of rows with labels 1, 2, 3, and so on (It is from 1 to 65536) is called
Row Header.

Q9: What is the use of formula bar in Excel interface?

When a formula is used into a cell, then the calculated result is displayed into the cell. The actual
formula is displayed into the Formula Bar. If a formula is not applied into the cell, then the contents of
cell are displayed into the Formula Bar. Formula Bar is also used to edit the contents of cell.

Q10: What is meant by cell formatting?

The process of changing the appearance of the text in the cell of worksheet is called cell formatting.
The default format assigned to a cell is the General format.

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 Notes For Computer ICS (part-I) By Rana M Fiaz (0300-7366785)
Q11: What is formula?

A formula is a mathematical expression that is combination of numbers, constants, cell addresses (or
cell references) and arithmetic operators. In Excel, mostly the formula is build by using cell references
along with arithmetic operators. Formula is entered in the worksheet cell and must begin with an
equal sign “=”. The cell in which formula is written, displays the result of formula only.
Page | 40
Q12: What is cell address?

Every cell of a worksheet has a unique address. This address is called the cell address. The cell
address is also known as cell reference. Cell address represents the position of a cell in worksheet
with respect to the column and row number. For example, the cell reference A 12 represents the
column „A‟ and row „12‟.

Q13: What is Relative Referencing?

Calling a cell with the reference to its address (such as “A1”) is called relative referencing. When a
formula contains relative referencing and it is copied from one cell to another, the spreadsheet does
not create an exact copy of the formula. It will change cell addresses relative to the row and column
they are moved to.

Q14: What is Absolute Referencing? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

The cell references used in formula that do not change when you copy formula to another cell in the
worksheet are called the absolute references. An absolute references specified in the formula by using
$(Dollar) sign before column letter and row number.

Q15: What is a chart?

The graphical representation of numerical data is known as Chart or Graph. It makes easy to compare
and to analysis the numerical data. A Chart is created with a range of data stored in the worksheet cell.
When the data values in the range of cell are changed, the Chart is automatically updated.

Q16: List some functions of spreadsheet?

1. SUM 2. AVERAGE 3. MAX

4. MIN 5. SQR 6. TODAY
Q17: Define functions in Excel? (Multan Board 2012)

A function is a predefined or built-in formula. Excel provides different types of functions. A function
provides more efficient and quick way of performing calculations than formula.

Q18: Write the formula for calculating the average of cells B2 and B3? (Multan Board 2012)

The formula is = (B2 + B3)/2

Q19: Write some applications of spreadsheet?

1. For managing home budgets

2. To make graphs and charts
3. To keep track of profits and losses
……………………………………………………………………………

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 Notes For Computer ICS (part-I) By Rana M Fiaz (0300-7366785)

Unit 10: Fundamentals of the Internet

Q1: What is Internet?

The Internet is a huge collection of computers all over the world that are connected to one another. It
is a global network of computers. These computers are connected through different
Page | 41
telecommunication links.

Q2: What is DARPA?

DARPA stands for Defense Advanced Research Project Agency. It is a defense department of USA.
DARPA worked to share data not only on single network but also among different networks.

Q3: What do you know about ARPANET?

During Cold War, America developed a network named ARPANET. It was developed for Advanced
Research Project Agency. It was used to send information to armed forces at long distances.

Q4: What is ISP?

ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. It is a company that provides the internet connections to the
users. There are many ISP companies in each big city of each country of the world. You have to get
an internet connection from any ISP company of your local city to connect to the internet.

Q5: What is TCP/IP?

TC/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet protocol. It is a real communication
protocol that drives the Internet. It is used to share and transfer data among different networks.

Q6: Write the names of services provided by Internet?

The main services provided by Internet are:

 World Wide Web  E-mail  Telnet

 File Transfer Protocol(FTP)  Gopher  Chat Groups
Q7: What is FTP?

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is a way for transferring files from one computer to another.
The process of transferring a file from a server to your local computer is called downloading. The
process of transferring a file from your own computer to the server on the Internet is called uploading.

Q8: What is Gopher?

Gopher is an Internet service. It organizes resources into multilevel menus to make searching of
information easier in the Internet. Before Gopher, it was difficult to find information on the Internet.

Q9: What is IP Addressing?

IP stands for Internet protocol. It is a unique identifier for a host or node on the Internet. It is
numerical address with four numbers separated with dots. A typical IP address looks like this:
216. 27. 61. 137. The four numbers in an IP address are called octets. They can have values between 0
and 255.

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Q10: What is DNS addressing? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

Every server (or host) on the Internet also has a unique name. The human readable name assigned to
the computer (server) on the Internet is called the domain name. It is a common and unique text name
and is alternative to an IP address. For example, “hotmail.com” is a permanent, human readable name.
It is easier to remember that an IP Address.
Page | 42
Q11: What is Top-Level Domain (TLD)?

The domain name has two parts, a host name and domain. The domain is also known as top level
domain (TLD). The top-level domain specifies the type of domain such as type of organization. It
comes at the end of domain name separated with dot (.).

Q12: What is Web Browsing?

Searching information on the World Wide Web is referred to as web browsing.

Q13: What is the Web Browser?

Software that allows the Internet users to search, retrieve, view and send information over the
Internet is known as web browser. It is also simply called a browser.

Q14: What is WWW? (Sahiwal Board 2013)

The World Wide Web is also known as Web. It was launched in 1989 at the European Particle
Physics Laboratory in Geneva. Web is the greatest network of Web Servers that stores web pages.
These pages are accessible on the Internet. The WWW uses Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to
link hypertext documents (web pages) on the World Wide Web.

Q15: What is web page?

The documents on the Web are called web pages. Web pages are written in Hyper Text Markup
Language (HTML). The web pages are also known as hypertext documents. A web page may contain
simple text, images, and hyperlinks (or simply links). The web pages are linked to one another using
hyperlinks.

Q16: What is meant by website?

A collection of related web pages is called a website. Websites or web pages are stored on computers
that are permanently connected to the Internet. These computers are called Web servers.

Q17: What is difference between uploading and downloading the page? (Multan Board 2012)

The process to store your Web page on the Web Server is called publishing the page or uploading the
page. Similarly, retrieving Web document from server to client computers is called downloading the
page.

Q18: What is URL?

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. Every web page has a unique address on World Wide
Web. This address is called the URL address of the web page. If you want to access a web page on the
World Wide Web, you will have to specify the URL of the required page in the web browser.

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 Notes For Computer ICS (part-I) By Rana M Fiaz (0300-7366785)
Q19: What is search engine?

Search engines are the special websites that provide facility to Internet users to search information on
the Internet. A lot of information is available on the Internet in different websites. Search engines
maintain a list of billions of web pages containing information on various topics.
Page | 43 Q20: List some popular search engines?

The most popular search engines and their URL addresses are:

YAHOO http://www.yahoo.com

ALTA VISTA http://www.altavista.com

ASK http://www.ask.com

GOOGLE http://www.google.com

Q21: What is an e-mail?

E-mail stands for electronic mail. It is the most popular service (or facility) provided by the Internet.
We can send and receive message anywhere in the world. One message can be sent to many persons
with a single e-mail. E-mail message takes very short time to reach its destination.

Q22: What is e-mail client?

An e-mail program that is used to create, send and receive e-mail is called e-mail client.

Q23: What is e-mail address?

E-mail is sent and received with the reference to e-mail address. Therefore, each Internet user must
have an e-mail server, to send and receive e-mails. E-mail address consists of user ID and Identity of
email service. For example, [email protected]

Q24: What are News Groups?

News Groups are discussion groups or forums. They provide the services to exchange messages on
the Internet about a particular subject. Newsgroups are classified according to different subjects. For
example, Heath, hobbies, celebrities, and cultural events etc, are the subjects of many newsgroups.

Q25: What is news server? (Lahore Board 2012)

The news group facility is provided on the Internet on special servers known as news servers. A news
server is a host computer that exchanges articles with other servers on the Internet. These servers use
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) to exchange messages.

Q26: What is the difference between the FTP and HTTP?

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This protocol is used to download and upload files on the
Internet. HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is used for accessing web pages or
documents to and from the Web servers. It was developed in 1990 when World Wide Web was
introduced. The browser requests document from server through this protocol. The server also returns
the required documents to the browser through this protocol.

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 Notes For Computer ICS (part-I) By Rana M Fiaz (0300-7366785)
Q27: Define web hosting?

Web hosting is a facility for providing space on Internet for storing web pages. Web hosting is
provided by different organizations commercially.

Q28: What is meant by email attachment? (Lahore Board 2012)

Page | 44
Attachment is the process of sending connecting files with email message. Any type of file can be
attached to email such as documents, spreadsheets, audio and video etc. MIME is an Internet protocol
that supports email attachment.

Q29: How can we connect to Internet? (Multan Board 2012)

The required things to establish connection to Internet are: Computer, Modem, Dialup software, ISP
connection and Web Browser.

Q30: Write four problems associated with e-mail? (Multan Board 2012)

E-mail can be a threat to privacy. It can be faked. It cannot communicate emotions properly. It may be
delayed due to communication problems.

Q31: Describe web publishing? (Multan Board 2012)

The process of developing and maintaining web pages is known as web publishing. Web development
does not require programming skills. Many tools are available to develop professional web pages.

Q32: Write any three positive impacts of computer and Internet on society?

1. The use of computer and Internet makes different tasks easier, quicker and efficient.
2. Computer and Internet is used by people to conduct financial transactions.
3. Computer and Internet is used in education to improve teaching and learning

Q33: Write any three negative impacts of computer and Internet on society?

1. The use of computer and Internet has increased unemployment as different tasks are
performed automatically.
2. Many people use computer without any purpose, which cause wastage of time and energy.
3. Computer and Internet is used to commit crimes.

Q34: Write some advantages of Email?

Email is quick, easily accessible, free and convenient.

Q35: What is the difference between ICANN and DNS?

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a group that assigns and controls
the top-level domains. A method used to store domain names and corresponding IP addresses is called
Domain Name System (DNS).

……………………………………………..Best of Luck…………………………...……….…………

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 Notes For Computer ICS (part-I) By Rana M Fiaz (0300-7366785)

Unit 11: Important Multiple Choice Questions

Q. 1: Encircle the correct option from the given options.

1. The name for the screen clarity:

a) Resolution b) Discrete c) Pixel d) LCD
Page | 45
2. Another word for pointer:
a) Monochrome b) Pixel c) Cursor d) None of
the above
3. A device used for optical-character recognition is a:
a) Wand b) Cursor c) Pen d) MICR
reader reader
4. Imaging uses what device to input data:
a) Scanner b) Icon c) Bar code d) Tablet
reader
5. An ink-jet printer is an example of a/an:
a) Laser b) Impact c) COM d) Non-impact
printer printer printer printer
6. Soft copy refer to:
a) Screen b) Peripheral c) OCR d) None of
output devices the above
7. Smallest unit of memory is:
a) Byte b) Bit c) Character d) Word
8. The printer which can print one complete line at a time is:
a) Dot matrix b) Daisy wheel c) Laser printer d) Line printer
printer printer
9. The microphone converts the sound into:
a) Mechanical b) Electrical c) Computer d) Software
signals signals file
10. An input device, which is used for playing computer games:
a) Light pen b) Mouse c) Joy stick d) Scanner
11. A LAN is a combination of:
a) Network b) LAN cables c) LAN d) All of
adapter cards application above
software
12. What layer of OSI model does data compression:
a) Network b) Presentation c) Data d) Physical
link
13. Cabling on a linear bus topology can be extended using which of following?
a) Terminator b) Barrel c) Network d) Medium
connector adapter card attachment
14. The Media Access Control sub layer resides in which layer?
a) Physical b) Data link c) Network d) Transport
15. FDDI is a:
a) Ring b) Star c) Mesh d) Bus
network network network network
16. How many pairs of computers can simultaneously communicate on Ethernet LAN?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) Multiple
17. One or more computers connected to a hub computer is a:
a) Ring b) Node c) Information d) Star
network utility network

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18. Project 802 defines standards for which layers of the OSI model?
a) Application b) Physical c) Transport d) Network
and and data and network and data
presentation link layers layers link layers
layers
19. Terminal is a:
Page | 46 a) Device to b) Point at c) The last d) Any
give power which data instruction input/outpu
supply to enters and in a t device
computer leaves the program
computer
20. Software to peruse the internet
a) Gateway b) EFT c) Browser d) Teleconferencing
21. Microwave transmission, coaxial cables, and fiber optics are examples of:
a) Modems b) Communicating c) Gateways d) Ring
links networ
k
22. Data communication requires only a:
a) Sender b) Receiver c) Transmission d) All of
medium the
above
23. BIT stands for:
a) Binary b) Binary digit c) Binary d) None of the
Integer interval above
24. Communication between a computer and a keyboard involves transmission?
a) Simplex b) Half- c) Full- d) Automatic
duplex duplex
25. The is the physical path over which a message travels:
a) Protocol b) Medium c) Signal d) All of the
above
26. The electromagnetic or light waves representing data are called:
a) Information b) Signal c) Sender d) None of
the above
27. Television and radio broadcasts are examples of:
a) Full-duplex b) Half-duplex c) Simplex d) None of the
transmissio transmissio transmission above
n n
28. The internet surfing is an example of:
a) Simplex b) Half-duplex c) Full-duplex d) None of the
above
29. A communication technique to transmit large volume of data over long distances is:
a) Baseband b) Broadband c) Bandwidth d) None of
the
above
30. Which is an advantage of synchronous over asynchronous transmission?
a) Simplicity
b) Speed
c) No error checking
d) Two-way communications

31. CBT stands for:

a) Computer Based Trade

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b) Computer Based Training
c) Certificate Based Training
d) None of the above
32. The benefit of CAD may be summed up as:
a) Accuracy
b) Repeatability
Page | 47 c) Speed and flexibility of production
d) All of the above
33. Computers at home can be used:
a) Keeping b) Making c) Watching d) All of the
records budgets movies above
34. A word processor can be used to:
a) Write Text b) Edit Text c) Print Text d) All of the
above
35. CAL stands for:
a) Computer b) Computer c) Computer d) None of
Aided Learning Assist Learning Added the above
Learning
36. Typically, an ATM can be used to:
a) Keeping b) Making c) Watching d) None of the
records budgets movies above
37. Modern computer can perform calculations or process at high speed
a) Per second b) Per minute c) Nino second d) None of the
above
38. CAT stands for:
a) Computerized b) Computer c) Computer d) None of
Axial Topography Axial Aided the above
Topography Topography
39. Computer based weather forecasting depends on accurate collection of data from:
a) Television b) Weather c) Radar d) Antenna
stations
40. MICR stands for:
a) Magic in b) Magnetic Ink c) Magnetic Ink d) None of the
Character Character Character above
Redo Recorder Reader
41. Data and programs not being used by computer are stored in:
a) Secondary b) Cache c) Primary d) printer
storage storage
42. A set of instructions that run the computer are:
a) Hardware b) Document c) CPUs d) Software
43. The program that contains instructions to operate a device is called:
a) Device driver b) Device c) Device linking d) Device system
operator
44. CPU is an example of:
a) Software b) A program c) Hardware d) An output
unit
45. The address of instruction under the processor execution is contained within:
a) Program b) Current c) Memory d) Memory
counter Instruction Address Buffer register
register register
46. A computer drives its basic strength from:
a) Speed b) Memory c) Accuracy d) All of above

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47. The arithmetic/logic unit performs the following actions:
a) Control computer operations
b) Performs arithmetic functions such as addition and subtraction etc.
c) Perform logical comparisons such as equal, greater than, less than
d) Both b and c
Page | 48 48. Which is a storage device:
a) CPU b) Clock c) Floppy disk d) Bus
49. Which component is responsible for comparing the contents of two pieces of data:
a) ALU b) Control unit c) Memory d) None of
above
50. Which one is faster:
a) RAM b) Cache c) Register d) Hard disk
51. A virus program is usually hidden in:
a) The operating system only
b) An application program only
c) The disk drive
d) The operating system or application programs
52. Most computer crimes are committed by:
a) Hackers
b) International spies
c) Highly trained computer consultants
d) Company insiders who have no extraordinary technical ingenuity
53. Types of software that can be freely distributed without violating copyright laws are
called
a) Shareware b) Public domain c) Copy d) a and b
protected
54. Information is:
a) A marketable commodity
b) Can be stolen while leaving the original behind
c) Should be free, according to the original hacker ethic
d) All of the above
55. A virus that replicates itself is called a:
a) Bug b) Worm c) Vaccine d) Bomb
56. Another name for free software:
a) Encrypted a) Copy b) Public c) Shareware
software protected domain
software software
57. Another name for antivirus is:
a) Vaccine b) Worm c) Trojan horse d) DES

58. Security protection for personal computers include

a) Internal b) Locks and c) Software d) All of these
components cables
59. A secret word or numbers to be typed in on a keyboard before any activity can take place
are called:
a) Biometric data b) Data b) Password d) Private word
encryption
60. What is the most common computer crime of the listed below
a) Extortion of bank funds
b) IRS database sabotage
c) Putting people on junk mailing lists
d) Software privacy

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61. An operating system is a:
a) System a) Application b) System c) Software
utility software software package
62. Ctrl + Alt + Del is
a) An invalid key combination
b) Recognized by windows only
Page | 49 c) Used to close the active window
d) Both b and c
63. As compared to command line operating system, a GUI operating system is
a) More efficient b) Easier to use c) More reliable d) All of these
64. The maximum number of primary partitions that can be created on a disk is
a) Two b) Three c) Four d) None of these

65. Window explorer is used to:

a) Access the internet
b) Explore system resources
c) Perform maintenance on the hard disk
d) Navigate files and folders on the computer
66. Windows is the most popular product of:
a) Sun system b) Microsoft c) Hewlett d) ANSI
67. Which interface uses icons?
a) Command-line b) Windows- c) Graphical-user d) None of
oriented these
68. Devices which are automatically detected by windows are called:
a) Plug & play b) Automatic c) Serial devices d) Installed
devices devices devices
69. Which of the following is used to surf internet?
a) Windows b) Internet c) Start button d) Control panel
explorer explorer
70. Which of the following is a keyboard event?
a) Key up b) Key down c) Both a and b d) Neither a nor b

71. Which of the following is a word processor:

a) Adobe Acrobat b) Photo Express c) MS Excel d) MS Word
72. Which of the following keyboard shortcuts is used to change the case?
a) Ctrl + F3 b) Shift + F3 c) Alt + F3 d) Ctrl + Shift + F3
73. In MS Word, the data that is being copied or moved is:
a) Temporarily stored in Recycle bin
b) Permanently stored in Recycle bin
c) Temporarily stored in Clipboard
d) Permanently stored in Clipboard
74. Which of the following can be used to launch the Word Art:
a) Status bar b) Ruler c) Standard d) Drawing
toolbar toolbar
75. Which of the following feature enables you to reverse the changes you have made to the
document?
a) WYSIWYG b) Redo c) Undo d) GUI
76. The extension of MS-Word file is:
a) wrd b) xls c) jpg d) doc

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77. Clipboard stores:
a) Entered Text b) Copied Text c) Deleted Text d) Repeated Text

78. How many orientation types are available?

a) Four b) Two c) Five d) One
79. Menus are a part of the:
Page | 50 a) Hard ware b) Status bar c) Monitor d) User interface
80. For help function key is used:
a) F1 b) F2 c) F3 d) F7
81. Which of the following is a spreadsheet:
a) MS-Word b) MS Excel c) MS d) Both b and c
PowerPoint
82. The actual working area in Microsoft Excel is:
a) Work book b) Worksheet c) Spreadsheet d) Note sheet
83. Which of the following is an absolute address?
a) A1 b) A1$ c) A$1$ d) None of these
84. Formula can only be applied on
a) Values b) Labels c) Unmerged cells d) None of
these
85. Which of the following function is used to get the current date?
a) Exact() b) Today() c) Month() d) Year()
86. The extension of MS-Excel file is:
a) wrd b) xls c) jpg d) doc
87. The function that is used to get the minimum value is called:
a) MAX b) Min c) Minimum d) Lower
88. The wrap text feature is available under what menu?
a) Edit b) Insert c) Format d) Tools
89. The position of data in a cell is called:
a) Direction b) Alignment c) Position d) Placement
90. By default numbers in cell are aligned to:
a) Left b) Right c) Downwards d) Upwards
91. A computer can be linked to the Internet through
a) A phone-line b) DSL c) Cable modem d) All of these
cable
92. Which of the following is an Email client?
a) Internet b) Outlook c) Google d) None of these
Explorer Express
93. Which of the following protocol is used to access web pages on World Wide Web?
a) TCP/IP b) Gopher c) HTTP d) HTML
94. Which of the following is used to find information on World Wide Web?
a) Web browser b) Web Site c) Search Engine d) Web Server
95. The length of IP Address is
a) 8 bit b) 16 bit c) 32 bit d) 64 bit
96. ARPA stands for:
a) Association of Russian Policy with America
b) Association of Republic Partition
c) Advanced Research Project Agency
d) Advanced Regional Political Agency

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97. Who owns the Internet?
1. USA Government 2. Pak Telecom 3. United Nations 4. None of these
98. ISP stands for:
a) International Service Provider
b) Internet Service Provider
Page | 51 c) Interlinked Services Provision
d) Internet Service Party
99. A collection of related web pages is called:
a) Web-link b) Web site c) Internet d) Linking
100. DNS stands for:
a) Domain Name System
b) Decimal Number System
c) Dual Number System
d) Decimal Numeric System

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Solution of Multiple Choice Questions

Unit 1 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. d 9. b 10. c

Unit 2 11. d 12. b 13. b 14. b 15. a 16. d 17. d 18. b 19. d 20. c

Unit 3 21. b 22. d 23. b 24. a 25. b 26. b 27. c 28. b 29. b 30. b

Unit 4 31. b 32. d 33. d 34. d 35. a 36. d 37. d 38. a 39. b 40. c

Unit 5 41. a 42. d 43. a 44. c 45. a 46. d 47. d 48. c 49. a 50. c

Unit 6 51. d 52. a 53. b 54. d 55. b 56. c 57. a 58. d 59. c 60. c

Unit 7 61. c 62. b 63. d 64. c 65. d 66. b 67. c 68. a 69. b 70. c

Unit 8 71. d 72. b 73. c 74. d 75. c 76. d 77. b 78. b 79. d 80. a

Unit 9 81. b 82. b 83. c 84. a 85. b 86. b 87. b 88. c 89. b 90. b

Unit 10 91. d 92. b 93. c 94. c 95. c 96. c 97. d 98. b 99. b 100. a

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Important Extensive Questions

Page | 52
1. What is Communication Media in computer? Explain Guided Media in detail.
(Sahiwal Board 2013) (Multan Board 2011)
2. What are pointing devices? Explain any three pointing devices.
(Sahiwal Board 2013) (Multan Board 2012)
3. What are mark and character recognition devices? Describe any three in detail.
(Lahore Board 2012)
4. What is network standard? Discuss different types of network standards?
(Lahore Board 2012)
5. Define data transmission mode? Explain its types with examples.
(Lahore Board 2012) (Multan Board 2012)
6. Explain difference between LAN and WAN?
(Multan Board 2012) (Multan Board 2010)
7. What is Communication Media in computer? Explain Unguided Media in detail.
8. Define language processors? Explain different types of language processor.
(Lahore Board 2012) (Lahore Board 2011)
9. Write a note on different network topologies?
(Sahiwal Board 2013) (Lahore Board 2011)(Multan Board 2011)
10. Explain different network models? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each model?
11. What are impact printers? Explain the types of impact printers. (Multan Board 2011)
12. What are non-impact printers? Explain the types of non-impact printers.
13. Define virus? Discuss different types of computer viruses.
14. Define anti-virus? Give examples. Write some benefits of using anti-virus?
(Sahiwal Board 2013)
15. What is Bus Interconnection? Explain different types of system buses.
(Sahiwal Board 2013)
16. Briefly discuss different security threats to data security. What are the solutions to these threats?
(Lahore Board 2012) (Lahore Board 2011)
17. Define computer system. Describe its primary components? (Multan Board 2010)
18. What is RAM? Explain different types of RAM.
19. What is ROM? Explain different types of ROM.
(Multan Board 2012)
20. What is meant by encoding of data? Explain different coding schemes to represent data.
(Lahore Board 2011
21. Explain different causes of computer virus. How virus is activated?
(Multa
n Board 2011)(Multan Board 2012)
22. What is Instruction format? Explain various Instruction Code Formats. (Multan Board 2011)
23. What is Instruction Set? Explain different types of operations performed by the computer.
24. What are CPU registers? Briefly describe special-purpose and general-purpose registers.
(Multan Board 2010)
25. Explain different ways of transferring data from peripheral devices to the computer?
26. What is plotter? Explain different types of plotters. (Lahore Board 2011)

COMPUTER DEPARTMENT