Diabetes Prediction

using AI

Innovative Project III

(PROJCS501)

In partial fulfilment for the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Department of CSE
(IOT)
Submitted
by SHRUTI
SEN

Enrolment no: 12021002019064

Under the Guidance

of Dr. Soumadip
Biswas

Institute of Engineering and

Management Kolkata
2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my mentor Dr.
Soumadip Bisawas who has helped me to successfully complete this
project on diabetes prediction using artificial intelligence. His
dedication and support have been invaluable throughout the entire
process.
I would also like to acknowledge the healthcare professionals who
provided valuable insights and domain expertise in shaping the
predictive models. Their input has ensured that the project aligns
with the clinical context and contributes meaningfully to healthcare
practices.
A special thanks to the individuals who contributed anonymized
health data for this project. Their willingness to share data has been
crucial in training and validating the AI models, contributing to the
robustness of the predictions.

____________________________

____________________________

Mentor Signature Student Signature

 AIM

Diabetes is a widespread chronic condition with a significant

impact on global public health. Early detection and proactive
management are critical for preventing complications and
improving outcomes.
The aim of a diabetes prediction project using AI is to leverage
advanced technologies to develop accurate and reliable models that
can predict the likelihood of individuals developing diabetes.
Predicting diabetes using artificial intelligence (AI) involves
developing models that can analyse various data sources to identify
patterns and risk factors associated with diabetes.Leveraging
artificial intelligence (AI) for diabetes prediction holds the potential
to enhance early identification and personalised preventive
strategies. . Nowadays, Healthcare industries generate large volumes
of data. Machine Learning algorithms and statistics are used to
predict the disease with the help of current and past data. Machine
learning techniques help the doctors to predict the early stage for
diabetics. Diabetics patient medical records and different types of
algorithms are added in the dataset for experimental analysis. We
use logistic regression, random forest, decision tree classifier and
gradient boosting to predict whether a patient has diabetes.

Problem Statement :

Diabetes is a most common disease caused by a group of metabolic

disorders. It is also known as Diabetic mellitus. It affects the organs
of the human body. It can be controlled by predicting this disease
earlier. If a diabetic patient is untreated for a long time, it may lead
to increased blood sugar.Current risk assessment methods may lack
precision and fail to capture the complexity of individual health
profiles. Additionally, there is a growing volume of health data that
can be harnessed for predictive modelling, necessitating advanced
AI techniques.
 OBJECTIVE

The primary objective of using AI for diabetes prediction is to

develop accurate and reliable models that can assist in the early
detection and prediction of diabetes.The specific objectives include:

● Identify individuals at risk of developing diabetes at an early

stage before clinical symptoms manifest.
● Early detection allows for timely interventions and lifestyle
modifications to prevent or delay the onset of the disease.
● Facilitate the implementation of targeted preventive
interventions, including lifestyle modifications, dietary
recommendations, and physical activity plans.
● AI models can assist in developing personalised strategies
for diabetes prevention.
● Design and implement AI models that can accurately predict
the likelihood of individuals developing diabetes.
● These models should consider diverse factors, including
genetic predisposition, medical history, lifestyle, and clinical
measurements.
 MOTIVATION

Diabetes is the major cause of death in the world. Early prediction of

diseases like diabetes can be controlled and save human life. To
accomplish this, this work explores prediction of diabetes by taking
various attributes related to diabetes disease. For this purpose we
use the Pima Indian Diabetes Dataset, we apply various Machine
Learning classification and ensemble Techniques to predict diabetes.
Diabetes is a serious and chronic condition. Diabetes can be detected
early enough which can result in more effective treatment. This
study also compares various classification models based on machine
learning algorithms for predicting a patient’s diabetic condition at
the earliest possible stage. After dataset balancing, classifiers’
accuracy was compared. The prime objective of our research is to
determine the early prediction of diabetes using the state of
advanced MLA.To determine the best and most accurate diabetes
prediction algorithm, a variety of various algorithms and
combinations of algorithms can be examined.
Despite advancements in healthcare, there remains a need for
accurate and scalable models to predict the risk of developing
diabetes. Current risk assessment methods may lack precision and
fail to capture the complexity of individual health profiles.
Additionally, there is a growing volume of health data that can be
harnessed for predictive modelling, necessitating advanced AI
techniques.
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

For a project focused on diabetes prediction using machine learning (ML),

you'll need a combination of software tools and libraries to perform
various tasks such as data preprocessing, model development, evaluation,
and deployment. Here's a list of essential software requirements for such
a project:

1. Programming Language: Choose a programming language suitable

for ML tasks. Python is the most popular choice due to its extensive
libraries and frameworks for ML.
2. Integrated Development Environment (IDE): Select an IDE for
coding, debugging, and running ML algorithms. Popular choices
include PyCharm, Jupyter Notebook, and VS Code.
3. Data Processing and Analysis Libraries:
 Pandas: For data manipulation and preprocessing.
 NumPy: For numerical computations and array operations.
 Scikit-learn: For ML algorithms, preprocessing techniques,
and model evaluation.
 Matplotlib and Seaborn: For data visualization.
4. Machine Learning Libraries:
 TensorFlow or PyTorch: For building and training neural
network models.
 Scikit-learn: For classical machine learning algorithms such as
logistic regression, decision trees, and random forests.
 XGBoost or LightGBM: For gradient boosting algorithms.
5. Model Interpretability and Explainability:
 SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations): For explaining
individual predictions of ML models.
 LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations): For
explaining the predictions of any ML classifier.
6. Deployment Tools:
 Flask or FastAPI: For building RESTful APIs to serve the
trained models.
 Docker: For containerizing the application to ensure
consistency across different environments.
 Kubernetes: For container orchestration in production
environments.
7. Database Management System (DBMS):
  If your project involves storing and retrieving large datasets,
you may need a DBMS such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, or
MongoDB.
8. Version Control System:
 Git: For version control and collaboration among team
members. Platforms like GitHub or GitLab can be used for
hosting repositories.
9. Documentation Tools:
 Jupyter Notebook: For creating interactive documents
containing code, visualizations, and explanations.
 Sphinx or MkDocs: For generating documentation from
reStructuredText or Markdown files.
10.Testing and Continuous Integration (CI):
 pytest: For writing and running tests to ensure the correctness
of code.
 Travis CI or CircleCI: For automating the testing and
deployment process.
11.Security and Compliance Tools:
 Ensure compliance with data privacy regulations such as
GDPR and HIPAA by implementing appropriate security
measures and encryption techniques.
12.Collaboration Tools:
 Slack, Microsoft Teams, or other communication platforms for
team collaboration and project management.
 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

1. Identify Costs:
 Development Costs: Include expenses related to data
collection, software and hardware acquisition, salaries of data
scientists and developers, and any consultancy fees.
 Infrastructure Costs: Consider the costs of cloud computing
services, if applicable, for model training and deployment.
 Maintenance Costs: Account for ongoing expenses such as
monitoring, updates, and support.
 Compliance and Regulatory Costs: Factor in any costs
associated with ensuring compliance with data privacy
regulations such as GDPR or HIPAA.
2. Quantify Benefits:
 Healthcare Cost Reduction: Estimate the potential cost
savings resulting from early detection and prevention of
diabetes-related complications. This could include reduced
hospitalization costs, fewer medical interventions, and
improved patient outcomes.
 Improved Patient Outcomes: Consider the value of
improving patient health and quality of life through early
intervention and personalized treatment plans.
 Resource Optimization: Assess the value of optimizing
healthcare resources by directing interventions and resources
towards high-risk individuals more efficiently.
 Productivity Gains: Estimate the productivity gains for
healthcare professionals resulting from streamlined
workflows and more targeted interventions.
 Reduced Economic Burden: Consider the broader economic
benefits of reducing the societal and economic burden
associated with diabetes and its complications.
3. Assign Monetary Values:
 Quantify the costs and benefits in monetary terms where
possible. This may require estimating the value of avoided
healthcare expenses, productivity gains, and improvements in
quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).
 Use available data, such as healthcare cost statistics, to
estimate the financial impact of diabetes-related complications
and the potential savings from preventive measures.
4. Calculate Net Present Value (NPV):
  Calculate the net present value of the project by subtracting
the total costs from the total benefits, taking into account the
time value of money.
 Use an appropriate discount rate to adjust future benefits and
costs to their present value.
5. Perform Sensitivity Analysis:
 Assess the sensitivity of the results to changes in key
assumptions, such as the discount rate, the effectiveness of the
ML model, and the prevalence of diabetes.
 Identify the factors that have the most significant impact on
the CBA results and explore scenarios with varying
assumptions.
6. Decision Making:
 Evaluate whether the project's NPV is positive or negative.
 If the NPV is positive, the project is likely to be financially
beneficial, indicating that the benefits outweigh the costs.
 If the NPV is negative, consider whether there are ways to
mitigate costs or improve the effectiveness of the project to
achieve a positive return on investment.

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
1. Technical Feasibility:
Data Availability: Assess the availability and accessibility of relevant
data sources, including electronic health records, patient
demographics, laboratory results, and lifestyle information. Ensure
that sufficient data exists to train robust ML models. Data Quality:
Evaluate the quality, completeness, and consistency of the available
data. Address any issues related to missing values, outliers, or data
errors that could impact the performance of ML algorithms. Model
Complexity: Determine the complexity of ML models required for
accurate prediction. Consider computational resources, algorithm
scalability, and model interpretability when selecting appropriate ML
techniques.

2. Financial Feasibility:
Cost of Data Collection and Preparation: Estimate the expenses
associated with data collection, preprocessing, and annotation.
Consider the costs of acquiring, cleaning, and storing large datasets, as
well as any expenses related to data privacy compliance.
Infrastructure Costs: Evaluate the costs of computing resources,
including hardware, software licenses, and cloud computing services,
needed for model development, training, and deployment. Return on
Investment (ROI): Assess the potential benefits of implementing ML-
based diabetes prediction, such as reduced healthcare costs, improved
patient outcomes, and resource optimization. Compare the expected
benefits against the projected costs to determine the project's financial
feasibility.

3. Operational Feasibility:
Integration with Existing Systems: Evaluate the compatibility of ML-
based diabetes prediction with existing healthcare IT infrastructure
and workflows. Ensure seamless integration with electronic health
record systems, clinical decision support tools, and patient
management platforms.User Acceptance: Consider the acceptance and
adoption of ML-based predictions by healthcare providers, patients,
and other stakeholders. Address concerns related to trust,
transparency, and usability to ensure successful implementation and
utilization of the predictive models.Regulatory Compliance: Assess
the project's compliance with regulatory requirements, including data
privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA), medical device regulations,
and ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. Ensure
that the project adheres to relevant standards and guidelines to
mitigate legal and ethical risks.

4. Schedule Feasibility:
Timeline: Develop a realistic timeline for each phase of the project,
including data collection, model development, testing, validation, and
deployment. Consider factors such as data availability, resource
availability, and potential delays in regulatory approval or stakeholder
collaboration.Milestones and Deliverables: Define clear milestones
and deliverables to track progress and ensure accountability
throughout the project lifecycle. Regularly review and adjust the
project schedule as needed to accommodate changes and mitigate
risks.

REVIEW ON PAPER
Traditional Approaches:

Clinical risk scores are developed based on known risk factors for
diabetes, such as age, family history, BMI (Body Mass Index), blood
pressure, and cholesterol levels.
Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels represent the average blood
glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and are commonly used for
diabetes diagnosis.May not capture short-term fluctuations.
Thresholds for diagnosis are fixed and may not be sensitive to
individual variations.
Blood Pressure Monitoring, that is individuals with hypertension
may be considered at an increased risk for diabetes.
Family History Assessment means individuals with a family
history of diabetes may be flagged for closer monitoring.
Anthropometric Measurements such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and
waist circumference are commonly used to assess obesity, a
significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Patients with elevated BMI
or abdominal obesity may be considered at higher risk for
diabetes.Demographic Information includes age, gender, and
ethnicity can influence diabetes risk and are often considered in
traditional risk assessments. Certain populations may have a higher
prevalence of diabetes, impacting risk calculations.

AI Techniques:

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have significantly advanced

diabetes prediction by leveraging machine learning algorithms to
analyse complex datasets. Here are some commonly used AI
techniques in diabetes prediction:
 ● Logistic Regression
● Decision Trees
● Random Forest
● Support Vector Machines (SVM)
● k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN)
● Naive Bayes
Deep Learning Models involve neural networks with multiple
layers (deep neural networks) that can automatically learn
intricate representations from data.
Examples:
● Neural Networks
● Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
● Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)
● Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
● Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
 CONCLUSION
In our project the result is classified into Yes or No. If the result is
classified into No then we use a time prediction module. Time
Prediction - here we predict the time of getting diabetes disease. I
analyse the result of the diabetes prediction and check the accuracy
of the diabetes prediction, time taken to compute the accuracy of the
diabetes prediction, correctly classification and incorrectly
classification of result of the diabetes prediction. I have used KNN
Algorithm to predict diabetes where the result is classified into Yes
or No and also for the time prediction module the same KNN
Algorithm is used. We compared the testing data and actual data to
get the accuracy of our project.